HISTORIA NUMORUM
HEAD
HENRY FROWDE
Oxford University Press Warehouse
Amen Corner, E.G.
HISTORIA NUMORUM
A MANUAL
OF
GREEK NUMISMATICS
BARCLAY V. HEAD
ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COINS AND MEDALS
IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1887
\All rights reserved \
o
cP
MEMORIAE
lOSEPHI • ECKHEL
SCIENTIAE . NVMORVM ■ VETERVM
INSIGNIS - MAGISTRI
D- D- D
C O N T E N T 8.
PREFACE .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
USTTRODUCTION
PAGE
xiii
§ I. Primitive methods of Exchange by Barter .
§ 2. The Metric Systems of the Egyptians, Babylonians, and
Assyrians ......
§ 3. Tlie Phoenician Traders ....
§ 4. The Lydians ......
§ 5. The Invention of Coinage in Lydia
§ 6. The Babylonic and Phoenician Silver ]Minae
§ 7. Derivation of Coin-weights . . .
§ 8. Transmission of Weight Standards from Asia to Europe by
four principal I'outes
§ 9. Further transmission of Weight Systems to Italy, Sicily
and the West
Greek Coin-types
Symbols
The Chronological Classification of Coins by sty
Inscriptions on Autonomous and Regal Coins
Magistrates' names on Autonomous and Imperial Coins
Public Games and Sacred Festivals .
Titles and Epithets applied to Cities
Alliance Coins
Colonial Coins
§ 10.
§11.
§ 12.
§ 13-
§ 14-
§ 15-
§16.
§ 17.
§18.
§ 19-
Dated Coins
NOTANDA
COERIGENDA
EUROPE
HISPANIA
GALLIA
BRITANNIA
ITALY .
ETRURIA
XXVlll
xxxi
xxxii
xxxiii
XXXV
xxxvi
xlix
Ivi
lix
lix
Ixiii
Ixiv
Ixviii
Ixxiii
Ixxvii
Ixxvii
Ixxviii
Ixxx
Ixxx
I
I
7
9
10
10
CONTENTS.
UiMBKIA .
PICEXUM .
LATIUM
SAMNIUM .
FRENTANI
CAMPANIA
APULIA
CALABEIA
LUCANIA .
BBUTTIUM
SICILY .
MACEDON
A. PANGAEAN DISTEICT
B. EMATHIAN DISTRICT
C. BISALTIAN DISTRICT
D. CHALCIDICE ....
E. STRYMONIAN AND BOTTIAEAN DISTRICTS
F. KINGS OF MACEDON
G. KINGS OF PAEONIA
H. MACEDON UNDER THE ROMANS
THRACE
I. SOUTHERN COAST
K. THRACIAN CHERSONESUS
L. ISLANDS OF THRACE
M. EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PROPONTIS
N. THE DANUBIAN DISTRICT
O. TAUEIC CHERSONESUS .
P. THRACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS
Q. INLAND CITIES OF THRACE .
R. KINGS OF THE SCYTHIANS
THESSALY
ISLANDS ADJACENT TO THESSALY
ILLYRIA
KINGS OF ILLYRIA ....
ISLANDS OF ILLYRIA ....
ILLYRIO-EPIROTE SILVER COINAGE
EPIRU.S
KINGS OF EPIRUS ....
EPIROTE REPUBLIC ....
CORCYRA
ACARNANIA
FEDERAL COINAGE OF ACARNANIA
AETOLIA
PAGE
17
19
20
24
25
25
36
42
57
75
99
169
174
176
178
181
190
193
207
208
213
213
222
225
229
233
237
239
244
245
246
264
265
267
268
2O9
269
272
274
275
278
282
283
CONTENTS.
ix
PAGE
LOCRIS
285
LOCEI OPUNTII (ePICNEMIDII)
285
LOCKI OZOLAE ....
286
PHOCIS
287
BOEOTIA
291
EUBOEA
301
ATTICA ......
309
MEGARIS
329
AEGINA
331
CORINTHIA
334
COLONIES OF CORINTH
340
PELOPONNESUS ...
342
PHLIASIA .....
344
SICTONIA
345
ACHAIA
347
ACHAEAN LEAGUE
350
ACHAIA (Roman Province) .
352
ELIS .....
353
ISLANDS OFF ELIS
358
MESSENIA
361
LACONIA
363
ISLANDS OFF LACONIA
365
AEGOLIS .....
366
AECADIA .....
372
CRETE
382
ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN SEA (CYCLADES AND SPORADES)
407
ASIA
422
BOSPORUS
422
COLCHIS
423
PONTUS
423
KINGS OF PONTUS, AND OF PONTUS "WITH BOSPOKUS
427
KINGS OF THE CIMMEEIAN BOSPOEUS .
430
PAPHLAGONIA
431
BITHYNIA
436
KINGS OF BITHYNIA
444
MYSIA .... <^r(VCoayi la^VfU^ rK. (/ w rVj^
^46
THE CISTOPHOEI .
461
TROAS
467
TENEDOS ..........
475
AEOLIS
478
CONTENTS.
LESBOS
HECATONNESi (Islands near Lesbos)
IONIA
SATEAPAL COINAGE IN IONIA
ISLANDS OF IONIA
CARIA .
DYNASTS OF CAEIA
ISLANDS OFF CAKIA
LYDIA .
PHRYGIA
LYCIA
PAMPHYLIA .
PISIDIA .
LYCAONIA
CILICIA WITH ISAURIA
ELAEUSA, ISLAND ADJACENT TO CILICIA
KINGS OF CILICIA
CYPRUS .
GALATIA
KINGS OF GALATIA
CAPPADOCIA
KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA
CAPPADOCIA (Roman Province) .
ARMENIA
KINGS OF ARMENIA
KINGS OF THE REGIONS ABOUT ARMENIA
SYRIA .
THE SELEUCID KINGS
COMMAGENE
CYRRHESTICA .
CHALCIDICE
CHALCIDENE
PALMY RENE
SELEUCIS AND PIERIA
COELE-SYRIA
THACIIONITIS
DECAPOLIS
PHOENICIA
GALILAEA .
SAMARIA .
JUDAEA
Kings, Princes, and Konian I'rocurator.s ut Judaea
kw^-*^
483
488
489
512
513
519
533
534
544
556
571
581
588
595
597
618
618
620
628
628
631
631
633
635
635
636
637
637
652
654
655
655
656
656
662
663
664
665
676
678
679
68 1
CONTENTS.
XI
AKABIA .
KINGS OF NABATHAEA
CITIES OF ARABIA PETKAEA
ARABIA FELIX .
MESOPOTAMIA
BABYLONIA .
ASSYRIA
PARTHIA
ARSACIDAE
PERSIS .
SASSANIDAE •
CHARACENE, &c. .
PERSIA (achaemenidae)
/ BACTRIA AND INDIA
y
SICIIiY
AFRICA ....
EGYPT . . • •
^ THE PTOLEMIES .
GREEK CITIES OF EGYPT
THE NOMES OF EGYPT
ETHIOPIA ....
^CYRENAICA • ■ • •
LIBYA
SYRTICA . • • •
BYZACENE ....
/ ZEUGITANA ....
ISLANDS BETWEEN AFRICA AND
^ NUMIDIA . . . ■
KINGS OF NUMIDIA
CITIES OF NUMIDIA .
/mauretania
KINGS OF MAUEETANIA
CITIES OF MAUEETANIA
INDEXES
I. GEOGRAPHICAL
II. KINGS AND DYNASTS .
III. REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS
(a) GEEEK
(P) LATIN, ETEUSCAN, &C. .
(y) PHOENICIAN, AEAMAIC, PUNIC, AND HEBEEW
\
c-
PAGE
685
685
686
687
688
690
690
691
691
696
697
697
698
701
711
711
718
722
724
725
735
735
736
737
743
744
744
745
746
746
747
751
751
759
763
763
774
774
CONTENTS.
PAGE
IV. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES and MENTIONS OF SITES 776
(«) GEEEK
. • . . 776
(^) LATIN
780
V. MAGISTERIAL TITLES
782
(0) GBEEK
782
(3) LATIN
. . . . 784
VI. ENGRAVEES' NAMES
785
VII. INDEX RERUM ....
786
Table of Weights
Table of Measurements
806
808
PLATES OF ALPHABETS.
I. Etruscan, Umbeian, Sabellian, Oscan, anb Latin.
II. Greek Earlier, Greek Later, and Lycian.
III. Cypriote.
IV. Phoenician Earlier and Later, Punic Earlier and
Later, Israelite Earlier and Later, Aramaic (Satrap
Coins).
V. Arian Pali (Bactrian Coins).
PREFACE.
In few departments of historical research has more advance been
made within the last half-century than in Greek Numismatics, and in
none perhaps is it more difficult for the student to gain access to the
papers, scattered up and down the pages of the publications of learned
societies, which deal with the subject. The time is fast approaching
when Greek Archaeology and Numismatics will take their due place, too
long denied them, in the curriculum of study at our English and American
Universities. It has therefore become incumbent upon the few who in
this and other countries hold the key of knowledge, to pause for an
interval to take stock of their possessions, to count their gains and
arrange and classify the mass of new material which has been accumu-
lated in years of patient enquiry, to eliminate the ore from the dross, of
which there is no small quantity, and to piece together for the benefit of
younger students the scattered fragments of truth which their predeces-
sors and contemporaries have been at the pains of collecting.
The last thorough retrospect of the science with which we are now
called upon to deal was Eckhel's monumental work Loctrina mimornm
retenim, published at Vienna during the closing years of the last century,
a marvellous compendium of wide research and profound erudition, a work
which can never be altogether superseded, and which the Numismatist
may always consult with advantage for the first principles of the science
of his predilection. But since Eckhel's time much has been accomplished ;
whole fields of study of which Eckhel was entirely ignorant have
been opened up and explored, and hoards upon hoards of ancient coins
have been brought to light, such for instance as the electrum staters of
Cyzicus, of which at the present time no fewer than 1 50 varieties are
known, though not one single specimen had ever come under Eckhel's
observation, a circumstance which led him to doubt the evidence of the
ancient writers and seriously to dispute the fact that such coins had ever
existed {Prolegomena, p. 42). Other series such as those of Elis and of
Corinth, although known to Eckhel, were wrongly attributed by him,
the former to Faleria in Etruria, the latter to Syracuse. Eckhel
again had never seen a gold stater of Athens and disbelieved in the
genuineness of the few specimens which had been described by others.
Hence the following statement, startling as it now appears in the light
of our fuller knowledge, concerning the coinage of Cyzicus, Phocaea,
Corinth, and Athens, was by Eckhel's disciples accepted as the final
decision of the master : — 'At ne horum quidem populorum vel unus repertus
xiv PREFACE.
est aureus et Corinthiorum quidem nullum omnino habemus numum
certum ex quocunque metallo antequam romanam coloniam recepissent.'
Passing from Greece to the East, we find Eckhel's work all but
useless to the student. The Lycian, the Cypriote, the Arian and Indian
Pali alphabets and syllabaries were absolutely unknown in Eckhel's
time. All these and many other series of coins, some now thoroughly,
and others as yet but partially investigated, were, in the beginning of
the present century still silent witnesses to the history of a dead past,
lying undiscovered, though fortunately uninjured by the lapse of ages
in the safe keeping of that mother-earth to whom they had been com-
mitted more than two thousand years ago.
I have still to mention two very important subjects concerning which
the author of the Boctnna was very imperfectly acquainted : (i) The history
of the development of Greek art, and (ii) Metrology. With regard to the
first it is only indeed within quite recent years that archaeologists have
been aware of any strict scientific basis of criticism for determining the
exact age of works of ancient art. Archaeology as a science can hardly
be said to have existed in the last century. There was little or nothing
in the nature of things which precluded the possibility of assigning almost
any uninscribed coin, within certain limits, to almost any age. All this
is now changed, and we may approach the study of Greek Numismatics
armed with at least a 2:eneral knowledge of the laws which hold ijood in
the growth, the development, and the decay of Greek art. Numismatics
and Epigraphy have been of immense assistance in determining these
fixed laws of criticism, and it is now a matter of no great difiiculty for
the experienced Numismatist to place a coin within certain definite
temporal and local limits often surprisingly narrow. It is thus possible
with a tolerably complete series of the coins of any one city at our dis-
posal to arrange them in the order in which they were issued, and so to
reconstruct the numismatic history of the town. How much light may
be thrown upon the dark spaces of political history by a series of coins
classified and duly arranged in order of date can only be fully appreciated
by those who are familiar with the science of numismatics and accus-
tomed to handle and study minutely the money of the ancients.
One of the distinctive features of the present work is an attempt to set
forth clearly the chronological sequence of the various series, and thus to
build up in outline the history of the ancient world as it existed from the
seventh century before our era down to the closing years of the third
century a.d., a space of nearly a thousand years. If in some districts this
historical outline is ot" the barest and most fragmentary kind, it will
generally be found that this is due to the absence of numismatic evidence.
Wherever coins arc at hand in any (juantities, there we have authentic
documents on which to work. However rash therefore and tentative
some of my chronological hypotheses may be thought to lie b}' more
cautions numismatists, I have preferred to sid)mit such juduuients as T
PBEFACE. XV
may perhaps sometimes too hastily have formed, to the criticism of all
who are competent to give an opinion on these matters rather than to
shield "ovj ignorance under the convenient cloak of silence. I shall be
only too glad if any errors into which I may have fallen may serve to
call forth discussion and so to elicit the full truth.
Next, as regards Metrology, Eckhel was perfectly justified in refusing
to discuss the subject in detail in his great work. Much, it is true, had
been written about the weights of ancient coins before Eckhel's time, but
scarcely anything of solid and permanent value. ' Fatendum est etiam,' he
says {Trokcjomena, p. 34), ' multa esse adhuc in hac causa dubia atque
incerta, multa Cimmeriis adhuc noctibus involuta, quod satis ex erudi-
torum litibus atque dissidiis apparet.' The true reason why it was not
possible at that time to draw any inferences from the weights of Greek
coins was also duly appreciated by Eckhel, who however does not seem
to have anticipated that this then valid reason would not ahvays apply.
So long as it was impossible to assign definite dates to the various issues
of cities of the ancient world, so long were all metrological theories vague
and worthless, as he most justly remarks, ' arduam tamen is sibi provin-
ciam imponet qui volet monetae argenteae v. g. Syracusanorum, pondere
mirum difFerentis certam secum rationem reperire. Tempora, inquies,
esse distinguenda, atque aliis aliud pondus adsignandum. At enim quis
noverit haec apte tempora distinguere ? ' Not Eckhel himself, much less the
metrological writers of his own and the preceding century. Now however
this is happily no longer the case, and the metrologists of the nineteenth
century, Eoeckh 1838, Queipo 1859, Mommsen 1865, Brandis 1866,
Lenormant 1878, Bortolotti 1878, and Hultsch 1864 and 1882, have, in
the light of their fuller knowledge of the exact dates of the coins on which
their theories are based, placed the science of ancient numismatic metro-
logy at last on a firm footing. It can no longer be maintained that this
branch of our subject is shrouded in ' Cimmerian darkness ■" ; the night
has at last broken and we are beginning to see well enough to feel our way.
It is true that much still remains to be done, and all is not quite clear,
and it is doubtless possible that before many years have passed those
portions of the present work which deal with the origin and extension of
the various systems of weight will need careful revision or may have to
be entirely re-written. I am quite ready to admit that many of my
opinions are hypothetical, and that some of my inferences may be based
upon insufiicient data. Further discoveries may confirm or modify my
views on many points which are now obscure. My introductory chapters
on metrology will perhaps be accepted as they are intended merely as
plausible theories. This portion of my Manual may therefore be passed
over by those who look only for facts, of which I trust a sufficient abun-
dance will be found in the body of the work.
One word more with regard to the scope and intention of the present
Manual. In the first place it lays no claim to be a complete ' Corpus ' of
xvi PREFACE.
Greek coins. The time has not yet arrived for such a colossal undertak-
ing, nor will it, I fear, ever be possible for a single student, by his own
unaided efforts, to compile such a work. When the great Cnfalnr/ue of
(he Greek coins in the Brilish Museum is completed, and when the French
and German Museums have followed the example set by England and
have published full catalogues of all their coins, then and not till then
will the task be feasible, if competent scholars can be induced to under-
take it. Meanwhile Mionnet's voluminous work in fifteen volumes,
Description de Medailles antiques grecqnes et romaines, Paris, 1807-1837,
will, in spite of its many inaccuracies, continue to hold the field as, longo
intervallo, the nearest approach to a complete if not to a scientific Corpus.
In the second place this Manual is not a general treatise or series of
essays like Lenormant's valuable and suggestive, though alas ! unfinished,
work, La Monnaie dans P Antiqiiife, Paris, 1878-9, 3 vols.
My aim has been to produce a practical handbook in a single portable
volume containing in a condensed form a sketch of the numismatic history
of nearly every city, king, or dynast, known to have struck coins
throughout the length and breadth of the ancient world. I do not
attempt to provide a complete catalogue of all the known coins of any
city, nor even to describe in minute detail the specimens which I have
found space to mention. Either course would have involved the addition
of at least a second volume, and the scope and object of the work would
not have been the same. All that I have found it possible to accomplish
in a Manual of moderate size has been to draw attention to the leading
and most characteristic coin-types of each city and king, as far as possible
in chronological order, taking care to distinguish the dialectic forms of
the ethnic noun or adjective, to note the metrological standards in use in
the various periods, the local myths, and the names and epithets of the
deities chiefly revered in each locality, and to indicate remarkable palaeo-
graphical peculiarities, in so far as this could be done without having
special types cut for the purpose, which would have necessitated a large
addition to the price of the volume. In the Imperial period I have
endeavoured to give the titles, though not the names, of all the local
magistrates, and the names of the chief religious festivals and public
srames, and I have also been careful to note the local eras wherever the
coins bear dates.
In all those regions where I have thought it helpful to the student to
do so I have added a chronological conspectus of the coinage in a tabular
form, with the object of showing at a glance in what periods the several
cities struck money in gold, silver, or bronze. The four hundred engrav-
ings executed by one of the new mechanical photographic printing
processes will perhaps serve to give the reader a general idea of the
labric and style of many of the more remarkable specimens, but the
numismatist who would study them in greater detail must have recourse
to iny (juide lo lite go/d and si/cer coins of the Ancients, London, 1881, to
PREFACE.
XVII
Professor Gardner's valuable work T/ie Tijpes of Greek coins, Cambrido-e,
1882, to the Plates of the Numistnatic Chronicle, and to the volumes of the
British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, where the autotype process (the
only thoroughly reliable method of reproducing ancient coins) will enable
him to ap23reciate delicacies of treatment which it is at present impossible
to indicate by means of cuts inserted in the text, which last however
^ possess the advantage of greater convenience than plates at the end of
Pt the volume. The vexed question of the best mode of spelling Greek
/ names I have not attempted to solve. Any system carried out with un-
deviating consistency can hardly fail to lead to unsatisfactory or pedantic
and sometimes even to absurd results. I have therefore preferred to be
a little inconsistent, but have adhered as much as possible to the following
rule. For all names of cities, kings, and dynasts, I have chosen the Latin
spelling, as the Greek would have involved an alphabetical arrangement
different from that which has been generally adopted in numismatic works
and in the coin-cabinets of all the great museums of Europe. The names
of the Greek divinities, heroes, and other mythological personages, on the
other hand, I have kept approximately in their original Greek forms, as
Zeus, Kybele, Odysseus, instead of Jupiter, Cybele, Ulysses, but I have
never ventured upon such ugly and unnecessary transliterations as
Odusseus or Akhilleus.
At the end of the volume after the necessary Indexes will be found
five plates of alphabetical forms, which will I trust prove to be of some
use to young students. These I have compiled partly from the coins and
partly from the following sources: — Lenormant's article 'Alphabet' in
Daremherg and Saglio's Dictionary/, Lenormant's Essai sur la Propagation de
V alphaljet j)1iSnicien, KirchhofF's Studien ziir GescJiichte des griecliischen Alplia-
hets, Isaac Taylor's Tlie Aljiliabet, S. Reinach's Traite d^ ilpigraj)Me grecqtie,
Part II, Savelsberg's Beitrcige zur Entziffcrung der Lyhisclien Sprachdenkmdler,
J. P. Six's Plate of the Cyprian syllabary in his Series Cypriotes, and
Gardner's Table of Arian and Indian Pali characters in his Catalogue
of the Coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of India.
In conclusion, I have to return my sincere thanks to my friends and
colleagues, Professor P. Gardner, Mr. H. A. Grueber, and Mr. Warwick
Wroth, for the great assistance they have rendered me in the correction
of the proof-sheets. I have also to acknowledge the many valuable hints
which Professor W. M. Ramsay has from time to time been kind enough
to give me in those portions of my work which deal with the Imperial
issues of Phrygia and the southern coast of Asia Minor.
My indebtedness to Dr. Imhoof-Blumer is, I fear, but inadequately
attested by the many references to his works, citations which, numerous
as they are, should have been still more frequent. MM. Rollin and
Feuardent have likewise rendered me an invaluable service by most liber-
ally placing at my disposal the volumes of the late Mr. M. Borrell's
carefully compiled MS. Catalogue of Greek coins.
b
xviii PREFACE.
For the rest, I commit my book to the kindly judgment of numisma-
tists, not without much misgiving and an inward consciousness of its many
shortcomings and of the countless errors which in spite of all my strivings
after accuracy of detail cannot fail to have crept into its pages.
I shall be only too grateful to those who may have occasion to make
use of it, if they will draw my attention to any mistakes which may come
under their observation. These will, I fear, be more in number than I
care to anticipate, but I console myself with the reflection that I have
done my best, and with the well-worn French proverb, Le viienx est Vennemi
du bien.
BARCLAY V. HEAD.
September, r886.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
A COMPLETE bibliography of Greek Numismatics would doubtless be a most
interesting compilation, but from a practical standpoint fully three -fourths of it
would probably be useless. As space is valuable, I have only thought it necessary
to mention (a) those works which I have myself had most frequent occasion to
use or refer to in the course of my numismatic studies, and especially in the
preparation of the present work. To these I have added one or two, such as
Garucci's recent folio on the coinage of ancient Italy, which have apjjeared since
this Manual has been in the Press. With the object of being as concise as jDossible,
I have taken the liberty of abbi'eviating some of the more lengthy titles, and I
have omitted many of the shorter, and what I have deemed less important, articles.
These will, however, be found without much difficulty by the student who will de-
vote a short time to the perusal of the Indexes of the various numismatic period-
icals (/3), such as the JVumismatic Chronicle, the Revue numismatique, the Zeitschrift
fur Numismatik, and others of which I have appended a short list (y). I have also
added a select number of Geographical, Mythological, Historical, Archaeological,
Metrological, and Epigraphical books (5), which will be most useful and indeed
generally indispensable to the numismatist.
(a) Numismatic Wobks.
Babelon (E.).
Monnaies royales in^dites. Rev. Num., 1883.
Monnaies cr^toises. Bev. Num., 1885.
Monnaies de la Cyr^naique. Rev. Num., 1885.
Monnaies de la Republique romaine. Faris, 1885.
Balirfeldt (M.) and Samwer (C). Geschichte des alteren romiscben Miinzwesens. Vienna,
1883.
Behr, Catalogue. See Lenormant (P.).
Beul^ (E-)- 1^63 monnaies d'Athfenes. Paris, 1S58.
Birch (S.). Articles in the Num. Ghron., Ser. I.
Blau (O.). De Nummis Achaemenidarum aramaeo-persicis. Leipzig, 1S55.
Bompois (F.).
Medailles grecques autonomes frapp^es dans la Cyr^naique. Paris, 1869.
ij&tude historique et critique des Portraits attribu^s k Cl^omfene III, roi de Lac^d^mone
Paris, 1870.
Explication d'un Didrachme in^dit de la ville d'lchnae (Macedoine). Paris, 1874.
Observations sur un Didrachme in^dit de la ville de Ci^rium en Thessalie. Paris, 1876.
Examen chronologique des Monnaies frappdes par la communautcS des Mac^doniens.
Paris, 1876.
Sale Catalogue. Paris, 1882.
Various other articles on Greek numismatics.
Borrell (H. P.).
Numerous and valuable articles in the Num. Chron., Ser. I. vol. ii-xi.
MS. Catalogue in the British Museum.
Borrell (M.). Voluminous MS. Catalogue in the possession of MM. Rollin and Feuardent.
Bosset (C. P. de). Sur les Medailles des lies de C^phall^nia et d'lthaca. London, 1845.
Boutkowski (A.). Dictionnaire Numismatique, vol. i. Leipzig, 1877.
British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins. (Cited as P. M. Cat.)
(i) Italy (Poole, Head, and Gardner) ; (ii) Sicily (Poole, Head, and Gardner) ; (iii) Thrace
b2
XX BIBLIOGBAPHY.
(Head and Gardner); (iv) Macedon (Head); (v) Thessaly (Gardner) ; (vi) Central
Greece (Head) ; (vii) Crete, etc. (Wroth) ; (viii) Seleucidae (Gardner) ; (ix) Ptolemies
(Poole) ; (x) Greek and Scythic Kings of India (Gardner). In progre.<s.
British Museum. Guide to the Coins of the Ancients (B. V. Head). London, 1881. (Cited
as B. M. Guide.)
Bunbury (E.H.).
Tetradrachms of Alexander. Num. Chron., 1868 and 1883.
Unpublished Coins of the Seleucidan Kings of Syria. Nitm. Chron., 1883.
Unpublished Cistophori. JViim. Chron., 18S3.
Biirgon (T.).
Various articles in the Num. Chron., Ser. I.
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Cadalvdne (E. de). Eecueil de Mi^dailles grecques. Paris, 1828.
Carelli (Pr.). Numorum Italiae veteris tabulae ccii. Ed. C. Cavedoni. Leipzig, i8,;o.
Casati (C). Epigraphie de la Numismatique etrusque, Rev. Ntttn., 1885.
Cavedoni (C).
Numismatica biblica. Modena, 1850-1855.
Monete antiche dell' isola di Lipari. Modeiia, 1869.
Various articles in the Annali and the BuUetino delV Inst, di Corr. Arch.
Chabouillet (A.). Statfere d'or du roi Aces. Paris, 1866.
Cohen (H.).
Monnaies de la R(;publique romaine. Paris, 1S57.
Monnaies frappees sous I'Empire remain. Paris, 1 859-1868. 7 vols. New edition in
progress.
Combe (C). Nummorum veterum populorum et urbium qui in museo Gul. Hunter asservantur
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Combe (T.). Veterum populorum et regum numi qui in Museo Britannico asservantur.
London, 18 14.
Cousin^ry (E. M.). Essai historique et critique sur les Monnaies d'argent de la Ligue ach^enne.
Paris, 1825.
Cunningham (A.). Coins of Alexander's successors in the East. Num. Chron., 1868-1870.
Curtius (E.). Uber den religiiisen Character der griechischen Miinzen. Translated by B. V.
Head. Nam. Chron., 1870.
Delgado (A.). Medallas autonomas de Espaiia. Seville, 1S71-1876.
Droysen (J. C). Zum Miinzwesen Athens. Sitzunrjsberichte der K. preussischen A/cademie
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 18S2.
Duchalais (A.). Description des Mddailles gauloises. Paris, 1S46.
Dumersan (M.). Description des M ^dailies antiques du cabinet AUier de Hauteroche. Paris,
1829.
Eekhel (J.).
Doctrina numorum veterum. Fi'eww«, 1 792-1 798. 8 vols.
Addenda to the same. Vienna, 1826.
Evans (A. J.). Hlyrian Coins. Num. Chron., 1880.
Evans (J.). Ancient British Coins. London, 1S64.
Fellows (C). Coins of ancient Lycia. London, jS^c,,
Feuardent (F.). Numismatique. — ifcgypte ancienne. Paris, 1 870-1873. 2 vols.
Fiorelli (G-.). Catalog© del Museo nazionale di Napoli. Naples, 1866-1872.
Pox (C. E..). Engravings of unedited or rare Greek Coins. Part I. Europe, London, 1S56.
Part II. Asia and Africa. London, 1862.
Priedlaender (J.).
Die Oskischcn Miinzen. Leipzig, 1850.
Ein Verzeiclmiss von griechischen falschen Miinzen. Berlin, 1883.
Kepertorium zur antiken Nuuiismatik. Ed. R. Weil. Berlin, 1885.
Numerous articles in tlie Jierliner Blatter and in the Zeit.f. Num.
Priedlaender (J.) and von Sallet (A.). Das koenigliche Miinzkabinet. Berlin, 1877.
Gardner (P.).
Sicilian Studies. Num. Chron., 1876.
The Coins of Elis. Num. (Jhron., 1879.
Pollux' account of ancient Coins. Num. Chro7i., i88i.
Samos and Samian Coins. Num. Chron., 1882.
The Parthian Coinage. London, 1S77.
The Types of Greek Coins. Cambridye, 1882.
ZacynthuB. Num. Chron., 1885.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. xxi
Numerous other articles in the Num. Cliron. from 1S71.
See also British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins, and Imhoof-Blumer (F.).
Garucci (R.)-
Le monete dell' Italia antica. Home, 1885. (Too recently published for use in the compi-
lation of the present work.)
Monnayage antique de lihegium et de Calabre. Ann. de Num., 1882.
Origines du monnayage d'or et d'argent en ]<Itrurie. Ann. de Num., 1884.
Gough (E.). Coins of the Seleucidae. io«f?o«, 1S03.
Gr^au. Sale Catalogues, 1867 and 1869.
Greenwell ("W.). Kare Greek Coins. Num. Cliron., 1885.
Grotefend (C. L.). Clironologische Anordnung der Athenischen Silbermiinzen. Hanover,
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Head (B. v.).
Greek autonomous Coins from the Wigan Cabinet. Num. Cliron., 1873.
History of the Coinage of Syracuse. Num. Chron., 1874.
Metrological Notes on ancient electrum Coins. Num. Chron., 1875.
Notes on the Staters of Cyzicus. Num. Chron., 1876. Addenda, 1877.
The Coinage of Lydia and Persia. London, 1877.
Himyarite and other Arabian imitations of Athenian Coins. Num. Chron., 1878.
Ancient Systems of Weight. Journal of the Institute oj" Bankers, 1879.
A Himyarite tetradrachm and the Tr^sor de San'a. Num. Chron., 18S0.
History of the Coinage of Ephesus. Num. Chron., 1880. Addenda, 1881.
History of the Coinage of Boeotia. Num. Chron., 18S1.
A Guide to the Coins of the Ancients. London, Brit. Mas., 18S1.
The Young Collector's hand-book of Greek and -Roman Coins. London, 1883.
Unique Coins of Aetna and Zancle. Num. Chron., 1883.
Coins discovered on the site of Naucratis. Num. Chron., 1886.
Various other ai-ticles in the Num. Chron., etc., from 186S-1886.
See also British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins.
Heiss (A.). Monnaies antiques de I'Espagne. Paris, 1S70.
Hucher (E.). L'Art gaulois d'apres les M^dailles. Paris, 1868.
Hunter Catalogue. See Combe (C).
Imhoof-Blumer (F.).
Zur Munzkunde und Palaeographie Boeotiens. Num. Zeit., 1871 and 1877.
Choix de Monnaies grecques. (Plates only.) TVijiterthur, iS'ji.
Beitriige zur Miinzkunde und Geographie von Altgriechenland und Kleinasien. Zeit.f.
Num., 1873.
Griechische Miinzen in dem K. Miinzkabinet im Haag, etc. Zeit.f. Num., 1876.
Die Miinzen Akarnaniens. Num. Zeit., 1878.
Griechische Miinzen in der Sammluug in Karlsruhe. Zeit.f. Num., 1880.
Die Euboische Silberwiihrung. Monatsbericht der k. Akad. der Wissenscli., Berlin, iSSi.
Zur Miinzkunde Kilikiens. Zeit.f. Num., 18S3.
Mallos, Megarsos, et Antioche du Pyramos. Ann. de Num., 1883.
Monnaies grecques. Paris, 1883.
Die Miinzen der Dynastie von Pergamon. Berlin, 1884.
Griechische Miinzen aus dem Museum in Klagenfurt, etc. Num. Zeit., 18S4.
Portratkopfe auf antiken Miinzen. Leipzig, 1885.
Beitrage zur griechischen Miinzkunde. Zeit.f. Num., 1885.
Various other articles of which there is a list in his Mon. Gr., p. iii.
Imhoof-Blumer (F.) and Gardner (P.). Numismatic Commentary on Pausanias (II- VIII),
Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1885 and 1886. (Part II too recently published for use
by the author of the present work.)
Ivanoff. Sale Catalogue. London, 1863.
Keary (C.F.). The Morphology of Coins. Num. Chron., 1885 and 18S6.
Kenner (F.). Die Miinzsammlung des Stiftes St. Florian. Vienna, 1871.
Knight (K. Payne-). Nummi veteres civitatum, regum, gentium, in Museo K. P. K.
asservati. London, 1830.
Koehler (U.).
Die Miinzen der Kleruchen auf Delos. Mittheil. d. arch. Inst. Athen. ,YJ.
Numismatische Beitrage. Die Solonische Miinzreform. Mittheil. d. arch. Inst. Athen, IX.
Miinzfunde auf Euboea und in Eleusis. Mittheil. d. arch. Inst. Athen., IX.
Various other articles in the same publication.
Koehne (B.). Description du Musde Kotschoubey. St. Petersburg, 1857.
xxii BIBLIOGBAPHY.
Lambros (P.)-
NoiJ.i(riJ.aTaTrjs vrjcrov 'A/xupyov. Athens, 1870.
Articles in the Zeit.f. Num.
Langlois (V.).
Numismatique des Nomes d'Egypte. Paris, 1852.
Numismatique de rArmenie dans I'antiquit^. Paris, 1859.
Lang (R. H.), Coins discovered in Cyprus. Num. Chron., 1871.
Lavy (C. F.). Museo numismatico Lavy. Parte I, Medaglie greche. Turin, i%2>9-
Leake ("W. M.). Numismata Hellenica. London, 1854. Supplement, 1859.
Lemm6. Catalogue de M^dailles du Bosphore Cimm^rien. Paris, 1872.
Lenormant (C).
Essai sur les Statferes de Cyzique. Rev. Num., 1856.
See also Tr6sor de Numismatique.
Lenormant (F.^i.
Description des Monnaies, etc. composant le cabinet du Baron Behr. Paris, 1859.
Statferes in(5dits de Cyzique. Eei: Num., 1S64.
De quelques espfeces de Monnaies grecques mentionn^es dans les auteurs anciens et dans les
inscriptions. Rev. Num., 1867.
Monnaies royales de la Lydie. Paris, 1876,
La Monnaie dans I'antiquittl. Paris, 1878-1879. 3 vols.
Monnaies et M^dailles. Paris, 1S83.
Monnaies ^gyptiennes mentionnees dans les contrats d^motiques. Ann. de Num., 18S4.
Other articles in the Rev. Arch, and Rev. Num.
Lloyd ("W.). Articles in Num. Chron., Ser. I. vols, x and xi. On the types of Coins of
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Longperier (A. de).
Numerous articles in the Rev. Num., Annali, and Bulletino di Corr. Arch., all reprinted in
the QSurres de A. Longperier. Paris 1883, ^d. Schlumberger.
Eois Parthes Arsacides. Paris, 1853-1S82.
Luynes (H. de).
Choix de M^dailles grecques. Pans, 1840. (17 Plates, no text.)
Essai sur la numismatique des Satrapies et de la Ph^nicie. Paris, 1846.
Numismatique et Inscriptions Cypriotes. Parity, 1852.
Various articles in the Annali and in the Nouvelles Annates de VInst. di Corr. Arch, and
in the Rev. Num.
Madden (F. W.). Coins of the Jews. London, 1881.
Marchi and Tessieri. L' Aes grave del Museo Kircheriano. Rome, 1839.
Margaritis (P.). Catalogue. Paris, 1874.
Millingen (J.).
Kecueil de quelques M^dailles grecques inedites. Rome, 1812.
Ancient Coins of Greek cities and kings. London, 1831.
Sylloge of ancient unedited coins. London, 1837.
Considerations sur la Numismatique de I'ancienne Italic. Florence, 1841. Supplement,
1844.
Mionnet (T. E.). Description de Mddailles antiques grecques et romaines. Paris, 1807-1837.
15 vols.
Mommsen (T.). Histoire de la Monnaie romaine, Tr. Blacas and De Witte. Paris, 1865-
1875. 4 vols.
Miiller (L).
Description des Monnaies antiques du Muscle Thorvaldsen. Copenhagen, 1S51.
Numismatique d' Alexandre le Grand. Copenhagen, 1855.
Die Miinzen des Thrakischcn Konigs Lysimachos. Copenhagen, 1858.
Numismatique de I'ancienne Afrique. Copenhagen, ii6o-iS6'i. Supplement, 1874. 4 vols.
Muret, (E.).
Monnaies de Lydie. Rev. Num., 1883.
Monnaies antiques rares ou inedites du Cabinet de France. Rev. Num., 1883.
Other articles in the Annuaire de Numismatique, liulletin de Corr. Hell., etc.
Newton, (C. T.).
On a Greek Inscription at Myiilene relating to the coinage of that city and of Phocaea.
Trans. R. Soc. Lit., vol. viii.
On an electrum Stater possibly of Ephesus. Num. Chron., 1870.
On an inedited Tetradraclim of Orophernes, king of Cappadocia. Ntim. Chron., 1871.
Other articles in Num. Chron., Ser. I. vol. vii.
Northwiok. Sale Catalogue. Jjondon, 1859.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. xxiii
Oresclinikow (A. "W.). Zur Miinzkunde des Cimmerischen Bosporus. Moscow, 1883.
Panofka(T.). Dissertations numismatiques. Pan*, 1832.
Pellerin (J.). Ilecueil de Mc^dailles de peuples et de villes. Paris, 1763-1770. 9 vols.
Pembroke. Sale Catalogue. London, 1848. By T. Burgon.
Pinder (M.).
Die antiken. Miinzen des K. Museums. Berlin, 185 1.
Tiber die Cistophoren, etc. Berlin, 1856.
Pinder (M.) and Friedlander (J.). Beitrage zur iilteren Miinzkunde. Berlin, 1851.
Podschiwalow (A. M.). Miinzen von Sarmatia Europaea, Chersonesus Taurica, und Bosporus
C'immerius. Moscow, 1882.
Poole (R. S.).
On the Coins of the Ptolemies. Ntim. Cliron., 1S64-1867.
Greek Coins as illustrating Greek art. Num. Chron., 1864.
The Coins of Camarina. Trans. R. Soc. Lit., 1873.
Athenian Coin- engravers in Italy. Num. Chron., 1883.
Article ' Numismatics,' 'Encyclopaedia Brit., 9th ed.
Various other articles in the Nam. Chron., 1861-1862.
See also British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins.
Postolaka (A.).
KaTd\o70S ruiv dpxaioov vofiicr/xaTwv rwi> vrjacov KepKvpas, AevKaSos, 'WaKTjS, K€(paWr]via?j
ZaKvvOov Kal Kvdrjpaiv. Athens, 1S6S.
KaTa\o7os tHu dpxaioov vofiicr^aToiv, k.t.K. Athens, 1872.
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Prokesch-Osten (A. von). Inedita. Fte«Ma, 1854 and 1859.
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Rathgeber (G-.). Silberne Miinzen der Athenaier. Weissensee, 1858.
Reinach (Th.). Essai sur la Numismatique des rois de Cappadoce. Rev. Num., 1886.
Revillout (E.). Les plus anciennes Monnaies h^bra'iques. Ann. de Num., 1884.
Robert (C). Monnaies gauloises. Paris, 1880.
Roug^ (J. de).
Monnaies des nomes d'Egypte. Bev. Num., 1874.
Monnaies nouvelles des nomes d'Egypte. Ann. de Num., 1882.
Salinas (A.). Le Monete delle antiche cittJi di Sicilia. Palermo, 1867-1871.
Sallet (A. von).
Die Fiirsten von Palmyra. Berlin, 1866.
Numismatik der Konige des Bosporus und Pontus. Berlin, 1866.
Zu den Ktinstlerinschriften auf griechischen Miinzen. Zeit.f. Num., II.
Copien von Miinztypen im griechischen Alterthum. Zeit. f. Num., II.
Nachfolger Alexanders des grossen in Bactrien und Indien. Zeil.f. Num., VI-X.
Numerous other articles in the same Zeitschrift.
See also Friedlaender and Sallet.
Sambon (L.). Eecherches sur les Monnaies de la presqu'ile italique. Naples, 1870.
Sanclementi. Musei Sanclementiani numismata selecta. Rome, 1 808-1 809.
Saulcy (F. de).
Eecherches sur la Numismatique juda'ique. Paris, 1854.
M^moire sur les Monnaies dat^es des Seleucides. Paris, 1871.
Sur les Monnaies des Antiochdens frapp^es hors d'Antioche. Num. Chron., 1871.
Numismatique palmyrenienne. Rev. Arch., 1872.
Numismatique de la Terre Sainte. Paris, 1874.
Articles in the Rev. Nam. and other periodicals.
Saussaye (L. de la). Numismatique de la Gaule Narbonnaise. Paris, 1842.
Schlumberger (G.). Le Tresor de San'a. Paris, 1880.
Sestini (D.).
Descriptio numorum veterum. Leipzig, 1796.
Lettere e dissertazioni numismatiche. Livorno, Rome, Berlin, 1 789-1806. 9 vols.
Lettere, etc., di continuazione. 3Iilan, Pisa, Florence, 181^-1820. 9 vols.
Descrizione degli Stateri antichi. Florence, 181 7.
Classes generales. Florence, 1S21.
Descrizione d' alcune medaglie Greche del museo Fontana. Florence, 1823.
Ditto, del Museo Hedervariano. Florence, 182 2-1829. 3 vols.
Ditto, del Museo Chaudoir. Florence, 1831.
With other less important works.
xxiv BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Six (J. P.).
Les deux Dicaea. Ntm. Chron., 1875.
Observations sur les Monnaies ph^nicienne*. Num. Chron., 1877.
Monnaies d'Hieropolis en Syrie. Num.. Chron., 1878.
Tetraclima Antigoneia. Ann. de Num., 1S82.
Miinzkunde Pisidiens, etc. Zeit.f. Num., VI. 187*^-
Du classement des Series Cypriotes. Rev. Num., 1883.
Le Satrape Mazaios. Num. Chron., 1884.
Dropion roi de P^onie. Ann. de Num., 1883.
Sinope. Num. Chron., 1885.
L'^re de Tyr. Num. Chron., 1886.
Monnaies lyciennes. i?er. Num., 1SS6.
L'ere de Tripolis. Ann. de Num., 1886.
Numerous smaller articles in the same periodicals.
Subhy. Sale Catalogue. Constantinople, 1874. By C. Sibilian.
Thomas. Sale Catalogue. London, 1844. By T. Burgon.
Tochon (J. F.). Eecherches sur les Medailles des nomes de I'Egypte. Paris, 1822.
Tr^sor de Numismatique.— Numismatique des rois Grecs. Ed. C. Lenormant. Paris, 1S49.
Vaux (W. S. W".). Articles in the Num. Chron., Ser. I and II.
TJgdvilena (G.). SuUe monete Punico-Sicule. Palermo, 1857.
Waddington (AV. H.).
Voj'age en Asie Mineure au point de vue numismatique. Paris, 1853.
Melanges de Numismatique. Paris, 1&61-1867. 2 parts.
Numismatique de I'lsaurie et de la Lycaonie. Sev. Num., 1883.
Warren (J. L.). An Essay on Greek Federal Coinage. London, 1863.
■Weil (B.).
Bemerkungen zu den griechischen Bundesmiinzen. Zeit. f. Num., I.
Akarnanische Bundesmiinzen. Zeit.f. Num., VII.
Arkadische Miinzen. Zeit.f. Num., IX.
Miinzwesen des Achaeischen Bundes. Zeit.f. Num., IX.
Die Kiiustlerinschriften der Sicilischen Miinzen. Berlin, 1884.
Various articles in the Zeit.f. Num., the Mitth. d. arch. Inst. inAthen., and other periodicals.
"Werlhof (A. von). Handbuch der griechischen Numismatik. Hanover, 1850.
"Whittall. Sale Catalogue. London, 18S4.
"Wicsay (C. M.). Musei Hedervarii numos antiques graecos et latinos descripsit. Vienna, 1814.
"Witte (J. de). Various articles in the Per. Num., etc. See also Mommsen, Histoire de la
Monnaie romaine, ed. Blacas and De "Witte.
Wroth (W.).
Asklepios and the Coins of Pergamon. Num. Chron., 1882.
Coins of Isauria and Lycaonia. Num. Chron., 18S3.
Cretan Coins. Num. Chron., 1884.
The Santorin Find of 1821. Num. Chron., 1884.
Other articles in the Num. Chron. and Journal of Hellenic Studies. See also British
Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins.
Zobel de Zangroniz (J.). Estudio historico de la Moneda antigua espanola. Madrid, 1878-
1880.
Zoega (G.). Numi ^gyptii imperatorii. Pome, j'jS'j.
(i3) Chief Numismatic Periodicals.
Annuaire de Numismatique. Pan's, 1866 ff. {Cited a,s Ann. de Nutn.).
Berliner Bliitter fiir Miinz- Siegel- und Wappenkunde. Berlin, 1863 If. {Berl. Bldtt.).
Melanges de Numismatique. J'aris, 1875-18S2. {31el. de Num.).
Numismatic Chronicle. London, ist Series, 1838-1S58; 2nd Series, 1861-1880; 3rdSeries,
18S1 tf. (Nitm. Chron. or N. C.)
Numi.smatische Zeitschrift. Vienna, 1S70 if. {Nuin. Zeit.).
Periodico di Numismatica. Florence, 1869 ff. {Per. di Num.).
Bevue Beige de Numismatique. lirusseh, 1842 ff. {Pev. Beige).
Bevue Numismatique frau9aise. Par?*, 1836 ff. {Rev. Num.).
Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik. Berlin, 1874 ff. {Zeit.f Num. or Z.f N.).
BIBLIOGBAPHY.
XXV
(7) Otuer Periodicals occasionally containing Numismatic Articles.
Archaeologische Zeitung. Berlin, 1843 ff. {Arch. Zeif.).
Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. Athens, 1877 ff. {Bull, de Corr. Hell.).
Bursian's Jahresbericht and Bibliotheca philologica classica. Berlin, 1874 ^•
Compte rendu de la Commission imp^riale arch^ologique. St. Petersburg, 1859 ff.
'E<})'»)p,€pls dpxotioXoYiKT]. Athens, 3rd Series, 1S83 ff.
Institute di Corrispondenza Archeologica.
Annali, Rome, 1S29 ff. {Ann. delP Inst.).
BuUetino, Borne, 1829 ff. {Bull, di Corr. Arch.).
Nouvelles Annaies, Pan's, 1 836-1838. {Nouv. Ann.).
Journal of Hellenic Studies. London, 1880 ff. {Journ. Sell. Stud.).
Mittheilungen des deutschen archaeologischen Instituts in Athen. Athens, 1876 ff.
{Mitth. d. Arch. Inst. Athen.).
Monatsbericht der Koniglichen preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin,
1836 ft'. {Monatsbericht d. K. Ahad. d. Wissensch.).
Revue Archeologique. Paris, 1844 ff. {Bev. Arch.).
(S) Geography, Mythology, History, Archaeology, Metrology, and Epigraphy. —
Select Works.
Baumeister (A.). Denkmaler des Klassischen Alterthums. Ilunich, 1884 ff.
Boeckh (A.).
Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Berlin, 1828-18^^. (C. I. G.)
Metrologische Untersuchungen. Berlin, 1838.
Bortolotti (P.). Del primitivo cubito Egizio. il/o(?e?ia, 1878-1883.
Brandis (J.). Miinz- Mass- und Gewichtswesen in Vorderasien. Berlin, 1866.
Bursian (C). Geographie von Griechenland. Leipzig, 1862-1868.
Chisholm (H. "W".). Ninth Annual Report of the Wai-den of the Standards. London, 1875.
Clinton (H. F.). Fasti Hellenici. O.rford, 1834.
Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum. Ed. A. Kirchhoff. Berlin, 1873 ff.
Cousinery (E. M.). Voyage dans la Mac(^doine. Paw, 183 1.
Curtius (E.). Griechische Geschichte. Berlin, 1874.
Daremberg (Ch.) and Saglio (E.). Dictionnaire des Antiquites grecques et romaines.
Paris, 1873, etc.
Deecke ("W.).
Etruskische Forschungen. Stuttgart, 1875-1884.
Die griechisch-kyprischen Inschriften in epichorischer Schrift. Gottingen, 1883.
Dittenberger (G.). Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. Leipzig, 1883.
Droysen (J. G.).
Geschichte des Hellenismus. Gotha, 1877.
Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen. Gotha, 1880.
Fabretti (A.). Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum. Turin, 1861-1867.
Grote (G.). History of Greece. London, 1862.
Hertzberg (G. F.). Geschichte Griechenlands. Gotha, 1876-1879.
Hicks (E. L.). Manual of Greek Inscriptions. Oxford, 1882.
Holm (A.). Geschichte Siciliens. Leipzig, 1870-1874.
Hultsch (F.). Griechische und Komische Metrologie. Berlin, 18S2.
Kirchhoff (A.).
Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets. Berlin, 1877.
See also Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum.
Koehler (IJ.). Urkundenund Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Delisch-Attischen Bundes.
Berlin, 1870.
Le Bas (Ph.) and 'Waddington ("W. H.). Voyage archdologique en Grfece et en Asie
Mineure. Inscriptions. Paris, 1848 ff.
Lenormant (F.).
Essai sur la Propagation de I'Alphabet phdnicien. Paris, 1872-1875.
La Grande Grfece. Paris, 1881-1882,.
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Mitcliell (L. M.). History of ancient Sculpture. London, i%S^.
Miiller (C. O.). Denkmiiler der alten Kunst. New edition by Wieseler. 1862 fiF.
Murray (A. S.). History of Greek Sculpture, iowc?o^^, 1880-1883.
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Overbeck (J.).
Griechische Kunstmythologie. Leipzig, 1 871-1878.
Griechische Plastik. Leipzig, 1880-iSSi.
Pape ("W.). Worterbucb der griechischen Eigennamen. 3rd ed. Brunsmich, 1%']',.
Perrot (G.) and CMpiez (C). Histoire de I'Art dans I'Antiquite. Paris, 1882 ff.
Preller (L.). Griechische Mythologie. Berlin, 1860-1861.
Queipo (V.). Essai sur les Systfemes m^triques et mon^taires des anciens peuples. Paris, 1859.
Kamsay ("W. M.). Various articles on Inscriptions and discoveries in Asia Minor in the Journ.
Hell. Sti(d., i\\e Journal of the Boyal Asiatic Society, etc.
Reinacli (S.). Traits d'fipigraphie grecque. Paris, 1885.
Eoscher ("W. H.). Ausfiihrliches Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie. Leip-
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Savelsberg (J.). Beitrage zur Entzifferung der Lykischen Sprachdenknialer. jBomw, 1878.
Schmidt (M.).
Sammlung Kyprischer Inschriften. Berlin, 1876.
Zeitschrift fiir vergleich. Sprachforschung — Lycia. Bd. 25. Berlin, 1883.
Schroeder (P.). Phoenizische Sprache. Halle, 1869.
Smith ("W".). Dictionaries of Greek and Roman Geography, Biography and Mythology, and
Antiquities. London, 1849-1S57.
Soutzo (M. C).
Systfemes mon^taires primitifs. Bucharest, 1884.
£talons ponderaux primitifs. Bucharest, 1884. ^
Taylor (I.). The Alphabet. London, 1883. |
Waddington ("W". H.).
Fastes des Provinces asiatiques. Part I. Paris, 1872.
See also Le Bas and 'Waddington.
Welcker (F. G.). Griechische Gotterlehre. Gotlingen, 1857-1863.
INTRODUCTION.
§ I. Primitive methods of Exchange hy Barter.
The Science of Numismatics [vofjuafia, a coin established by law) lias long Values
been recognised as a special branch of archaeology, but in some respects it fstimated
comprises a wider field of research than classical archaeology in the generally
accej)ted, though somewhat restricted, meaning of that word.
For many centuries before the invention of coined money there can be no
doubt whatever that goods were bought and sold by barter pure and simple,
and that values were estimated among pastoral peoples in the produce of the
land, and more particularly in oxen and sheep,
A relic of this primitive custom may yet be traced in the names which
various nations have given to money, such as the Latin pecunia, the English
fee, from the same root as the German Vieh, which still retains its original
sense, and the Indian Rupee from the Sanskrit Rupa, also meaning cattle.
The next step in advance upon this primitive method of exchange was a
rude attempt at simplifying commercial transactions by substituting for the
ox and the sheep some more portable substance, either possessed of real or
invested with an arbitrary value.
This transitional stage in the development of commerce cannot be more Aristotle
accurately described than in the words of Aristotle, ' As the benefits of com- Qj.jg.jjj ^f
merce were more widely extended by importing commodities of which there was a a metal
deficiency and exporting those of which there was an excess, the use of a currency •^'^^^^^cy.
was an indispensable device. As the necessaries of Nature were not all easily
portable, people agreed, for purposes of barter, mutually to give and receive
some article which, while it was itself a commodity, was practically easy to
handle in the business of life ; some such article as iron or silver, which was
at first defined simj)ly by size and weight, although, finally, they went
further, and set a stamp upon every coin to relieve them from the trouble
of weighing it, as the stamp impressed upon the coin was an indication of
quantity.' (Polit. i. 6. 14-16, Trans. "Welldon.)
In Italy and Sicily copper or bronze in vei'y early times took the place of Bronze and
cattle as a generally recognised measure of value, and in Peloponnesus the ?1 J®
Spartans are said to have retained the use of iron as a standard of value money in
long after the other Greeks had advanced beyond this point of commercial *^® West.
civilization.
In the East, on the other hand, from the earliest times gold and silver Gold in
appear to have been used for the settlement of the transactions of daily life, ® ^®
xxviii INTRODUCTION.
either metal having its value more or less accurately defined in relation to
the other. Thus Abraham is said to have been ' very rich in cattle, in silver,
and in gold ' (Gen. xiii. 2, xxiv. 35), and in the account of his purchase of the
cave of Machpelah [Gen. xxiii. 16) it is stated that 'Abraham weighed to
Ephron the silver which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth,
four hundred shekels of silver current with the merchant.'
That gold was plentiful in ' Ur of the Chaldees ' is proved also by the
remains of the temples in that place and at the neighbouring Abu Shahrein
excavated by Mr. Taylor in 1855. These temples, which date from a period
as early as Abraham's time, appear to have been richly decorated with gold
and polished stones, with the fragments of which the ground about the base-
ment of the second storey was found to be strewn.
As there are no auriferous rocks or streams in Chaldaea, we must infer
that the old Chaldaean traders, of whom Isaiah says (xliii. 14) that 'their
cry was in their ships,' must have imported their gold from India by way
of the Persian gulf in the ships of Ur frequently mentioned in cuneiform
inscriptions.
But though gold and silver were from the earliest times used as measures
of value in the East, not a single j)iece of coined money has come down to
us of these remote ages, nor is there any mention of coined money in the
Old Testament before Persian times. The gold and silver ' current with the
merchant ' was always weighed in the balance ; thus we read that David gave
to Oman for his threshing-floor 600 shekels of gold by weight (i Chron.
xxi. 25).
Gold and It is nevertheless probable that the balance was not called into operation for
silver bar- gvery small transaction, but that little bars of silver and of gold of fixed weight,
but without any official mark, (and therefore not coins), were often counted
out by tale, larger amounts being always weighed. Such small bars or
wedges of gold and silver served the purposes of a currency and were
regulated by the weight of the shekel or the mina.
This leads us briefly to examine the standards of weight used for the
precious metals in the East before the invention of money,
§ 2. Tlie Metric Systems of the Egyptians, Babylonians, and Assyrians.
The evidence afforded by ancient writers on the subject of weights and
coinage is, in great part, untrustworthy, and would often be unintelligible
were it not for the light which has been shed upon it by the gold and silver
coins, and bronze, leaden, and stone weights which have been fortunately
preserved down to our own times. It will be safer therefore to confine
ourselves to the direct evidence afforded by the monuments.
Egypt. Egypt, the oldest civilized country of the ancient world, first claims our
attention, but as the weight-system which prevailed in the Nile valley does
not appear to have exercised any traceable influence upon the early coinage
of the Greeks, the metrology of Egypt need not detain us long. There
are two names of Egyptian weights which are frequently mentioned on
the walls of the temple of Karnak (temp. Thothmes III, 1 700-1 600 B.C.),
the Uten and the Kat, but the exact relation of the one to the other was
EGYPTIAN AND BABYLONIAN METRIC SYSTEMS. xxix
not known until it was fortunately disclosed by a passage in the Harris papyrus
which contains the annals of Eamoses III, circ. 1300 B.C. From this it appears
that the Uten consisted of ten Kats. A heautifull}- preserved serpentine weight
in the same collection bears the inscription ' Five Kats of the Treasury of On '
and weighs 698 grs. Troy. Allowing for its extremely slight loss, we may suppose
the original weight to have been 700 grs., which gives a unit of -^ or 140 grs.
for the Kat and 1 400 grs. for the Uten. Signor P. Bortolotti {Del 2)rimitivo
cuhito Egizio) is of opinion that this Uten is exactly the y^- part of the
weight of a cubic cubit of Nile water, the cubit in question being not the
ordinary royal cubit of 20-66 inches, but a measure which he calls the primitive
Egyptian cubit of i7"7i inches in length. Besides this primitive (?) Uten
of 1400 grs., there was also in use another and heavier form, of which a
large number of examples (Kats and divisions of the Kat) have been re-
cently discovered by Mr. Petrie on the site of Naucratis ^. Signor Bortolotti
{oj). cit.) suggests that the standard weight of this heavy Uten may have been
i486 grs. and that it may have been based upon the j— part of the weight
of a cubic royal cubit (20-66 inches in length) of the Nile water, but
Mr. Petrie's weights seem to show that the mean weight of this Uten cannot
have exceeded 1436-14 50 grs. although some specimens attain to as much
as 1530 grs. The practical distinction between the two forms of the Uten
is quite unknown. Possibly the light Uten may have been only a local variety,
as the specimens of the heavier form are far more common.
The Chaldaeans and Babylonians, as is well known, excelled especially in Babylonia
the cognate sciences of arithmetic and astronomy. ' On the bread and mono- ^^^
tonous plains of lower Mesopotamia,' says Prof. Eawlinson ^, ' where the earth
has little to suggest thought or please by variety, the " variegated heaven,"
ever changing with the hours and the seasons, would early attract attention,
while the clear sky, dry atmosphere, and level horizon, would afford facilities
for observations so soon as the idea of them suggested itself to the minds of
the inhabitants ^'
The records of these astronomical observations were inscribed in the cunei-
form character on soft clay tablets, afterwards baked hard and preserved in the
royal or public Libraries in the chief cities of Babylonia. Large numbers of
these tablets are now in the British Museum.
"When Alexander the Great took Babylon it is recorded that there were
found and sent to Aristotle a series of astronomical observations extending
back as far as the year b. c. 2234. Recent investigations into the nature
of these records render it probable that upon them rests the entire structure
of the metric system of the Babylonians.
The day and night were divided by the Babylonians into 24 hours, each ofThesexa-
60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds — a method of measuring time oesimal
... system
which has never been superseded, and which we have inherited from Babylon, of the Ba-
together with the first pi'inciples of the science of astronomy. The Babylonian bylomans.
^ Publications of the Egypt Exploration Fund. NuuJcratis, 1 886.
^ Ancient Monarchies, p. 126.
^ Cicero, De Divin. i. 2 : ' Principio Assyrii propter planitiem magnitudinemque regionum
quas incolebant, cum caelum ex omni parte patens atque apertum intuerentur, trajectiones
motusque stellarum observaverunt.'
INTRODUCTION.
measures of capacity and their system of weights were based, it is thought,
upon one and the same unit as their measures of Time and Space ^, and as they
are believed to have determined the length of an hour of equinoctial time by
means of the dropping of water^, so too it is conceivable that they may have
fixed the weight of their Talent, their Mina and their Shekel, as well as the
size of their measures of capacity, by weighing or measuring the amounts of
water which had passed from one vessel into another during a given space of
time. Thus, just as an hour consisted of 60 minutes, and the minute of 60
seconds, so the Talent contained 60 minae, and the Mina 60 shekels.
The division by sixties, or Sexagesimal system, is quite as characteristic of
the Babylonian arithmetic and system of weights and measures, as the Decimal
system is of the Egyptian and the modern French. And indeed it possesses
one great advantage over the Decimal system, inasmuch as the number 60,
upon which it is based, is more divisible than 10.
About 1300 years before our era the Assyrian Empire came to surpass in
importance that of the Babylonians, but the learning and science of Chaldaea
were not lost, but rather transmitted through Niniveh by means of the Assyrian
conquests and commerce to the north and west as far as the shores of the
Mediterranean Sea.
Lion and Let US now turn to the actual monuments.
. , , p Some thirty years ago Mr. Layard discovered and brought home from the
weights of . . "^ "^ . ° "^ . . ° .
Babylonia ruius 01 aucient Niniveh a number of bronze Lions of various sizes, which may
aiid . now be seen in the British Museum. "With them were also a number of stone
objects in the form of Ducks. The bronze Lions are for the most part fur-
nished with a handle on the back of the animal, and they are generally in-
scribed with a double legend, one in cuneiform chai-acters, the other in
Aramaic.
These inscriptions furnish us with the name of the king of Assyria or of
Babylonia in whose reign the Lions and Ducks were fabricated ; and what is
more to the purpose, they also state the number of minae or fractions of a mina
which each one originally represented. There can therefore be no manner of
doubt that these Lions and Ducks are genuine weights ; or possibly even
official standards of weight deposited from time to time in the royal palaces.
At any rate it seems to be implied by the inscriptions on some of them, such as
on three of the largest and most ancient of the Duck-weights, the following in
cuneiform characters : —
(i) 'The Palace of Irba-Merodach, king of Babylon [circ. B.C. 1050], 30
Manahs.' Wt. 15060-5 grm. yielding a Mina of 502 grm.
(2) ' Thirty Manahs of Nabu-suma-libur, king of Assyria ' [date unknown].
Wt. 14589 grm.
A small portion of this weight is broken off : if this is allowed for, it
would yield a mina of about the same weight as No. i .
(3) ' Ten Manahs' (somewhat injured) ; bears the name of ' Dungi,' according
to Geo. Smith, king of Babylon about b. c. 2000.
Wt. 4986 grm. yielding a Mina of 498-6 grm.
* Br&ndis, Milnz- Mass- u. Gewichtswesen, p. 33 seqq. ' Brandis, op. cit., p. 19.
THE PHOENICIANS. xxxi
On three of the Lions we read : —
(i) 'The Palace of Shalinaneser [circ. B.C. 850], king of the country, two
manahs of the king ' in cuneiform characters, and ' Two manahs
weight of the country ' in Aramaic characters.
Wt. 1992 grm. yielding a Mina of 996 grm.
(2) ' The Palace of Tiglath-Pileser [circ. B.C. 747], king of the country, two
manahs ' in cuneiform characters.
Wt. 946 grm. yielding a Mina of 473 gnn.
{3) ' Five manahs of the king ' in cuneiform characters, and ' Five manahs
weight of the country ' in Aramaic characters.
Wt. 5042 grm. yielding a Mina of 1008 grm.
The whole series of these ancient weights was some years ago subjected to a
careful process of weighing in a balance of precision by an officer of the Stan-
dards Department, and the results were published by Mr. W. H. Chisholm in
the Ninth Annual Report of the Warden of the Standards, 1874-5, where a
complete list of all of them may be found.
All the more important pieces had, however, been weighed many j-ears before,
and it need only be stated that the results of the process of reweighing under
more favourable conditions are in the main identical with those formerly arrived
at by Queipo and by the late Dr. J. Brandis.
A glance down the list of weights will convince us that there were two dis-
tinct Minae simultaneously in use during the long period of time which elapsed
between about B.C. 2000 and B.C. 625. The heavier of these two minae
appears to have been just the double of the lighter. Brandis is probably not
far from the mark in fixing the weight of the heavy mina at loio grammes,
and that of the light at 505 grammes.
It has been suggested that the lighter of these two minae may have been
peculiar to the Babylonian and the heavier to the Assyrian Empire ; but this
cannot be proved. Nevertheless it would seem that the use of the heavy mina
was more extended in Syria than that of the lighter, if we may judge from the
fact that most of the weights belonging to the system of the heavy mina have,
in addition to the cuneiform inscription, an Aramaic one.
The purpose which this Aramaic inscription served must clearly have been
to render the weight acceptable to the Syrian and Phoenician merchants who
traded backwards and forwards between Assyria and Mesopotamia on the one
hand and the Phoenician emporia on the other.
§ 3. The Phoenician Traders.
The Phoenician commerce was chiefly a carrying trade. The richly em-
broidered stuffs of Babylonia and other products of the East were brought
down to the coast, and then carefully packed in chests of cedar-wood in the
markets of Tyre and Sidon, whence they were shipped by the enterprising
Phoenician mariners to Cyprus, to the coasts of the Aegean, or even to the
extreme west. Hence the Phoenician city of Tyre was called by Ezechiel
[ch. xxvii] ' a merchant of the people for many isles.'
But the Phoenicians in common with the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the
Hebrews, etc., with whom they dealt, were at no time without their own pecu-
xxxii INTROBUCTIOM
liar weights and measures, upon which they appear to have grafted the Assyrio-
Babylonian principal unit of account, or the weight in which it was customary
to estimate values. This weight was tlie 6oth part of the manah or mina.
Phoenician The Babylonian sexagesimal system was foreign to Phoenician habits. "While
^^^vu °^ therefore these people had no difficulty in adopting the Assyrio-Babylonian'doth
mixed one. as their own unit of weight or shekel, they did not at the same time adojjt the
sexagesimal system in its entirety, but constituted a new mina for themselves,
consisting of 50 shekels instead of 60. In estimating the largest weight of all,
the Talent, the multiplication by 60 was nevertheless retained. Thus in the
Phoenician system, as in that of the Greeks, 50 shekels (Gk. staters) = i Mina
and 60 Minae or 3000 shekels or staters = i Talent.
The particular form of shekel which appears to have been received by the
Phoenicians and Hebrews from the East was the 60th part of the heavier of
the two Assyrio-Babylonian minae above referred to.
The 60th of the lighter, for some reason which has not been satisfactorily
accounted for, seems to have been transmitted westwards by a different route,
viz. across Asia Minor and so into the kingdom of Lydia.
§ 4. The Lydlans.
'The Lydians,' says E. Curtius [Hist. Gr. i. 76), 'became on land what the
Phoenicians were by sea, the mediators between Hellas and Asia,' It is related
that about the time of the Trojan wars, and for some centuries afterwards, the
country of the Lydians was in a state of vassalage to the kings of Assyria ^
But an Assyi'ian inscription informs us that Asia Minor, west of the Halys, was
unknown to the Assyrian kings before the time of Assur-bani-apli or Assur-
banipal, circ. B.C. 666, who it is stated received an embassy from Gyges, king
of Lydia, ' a remote ' country of which Assurbanipal's predecessors had never
heard the name. Nevertheless, that there had been some sort of connection
between Lydia and Assyria in ancient times is probable, though it cannot be
proved '^,
Derivation Prof. Sayce is of opinion that the mediators between Lydia in the West and
of the Assyria in the East were the people called Kheta or Hittites. According to
syttem of this theory the northern Hittite capital Carchemish (later Hierapolis), on the
the Euphrates, was the spot where the arts and civilization of Assyria took the
y lans. ^^^^^ which specially characterizes the early monuments of central Asia Minor.
The year b. c. 1400, or thereabouts, was the time of the greatest power of the
nation of the Hittites, and if they were in reality the chief connecting link
between Lydia and Assyria, it may be inferred that it was through them
that the Lydians received the Assyrian weight, which afterwards, in Lydia,
took the form of a stamped ingot or coin.
But why it was that the light mina rather than the heavy one had become
domesticated in Lydia must remain unexplained. We know, however, that one
of the Assyrian weights is spoken of in cuneiform inscriptions as the ' weight of
Carchemish^.' If then the modci'n hypothesis of a Hittite dominion in Asia
' Ctesias, Frag. 2. 18 ; ed. Muller. * Maspero, Sisi. Ann., p. 480.
" Cuneiform Inscr. of West. Ax., vol. iii. PI. XLVII. No. 9.
THE INVENTION OF COINING MONEY.
Miuor turu out to be well I'ouiuled, the ii:ei(j]it of CarcheinisJi might by means of
the Hittites have found its way to Phiygia aud Lydia, and as tlie earliest Lydiau
coins are regulated according to the divisions of the Light Assyrian Mina, this
would probably be the one alluded to. (See below, p. xliv.)
From these two points then, Phoenicia on the one hand and Lydia (through
Carchemish) on the othei", the. two Babylonian units of weight appear to have
started westwards to the shores of the Aegean sea, the heavy shekel by way of
Phoenicia, the light shekel by way of Lydia.
§ 5. The Invention of Coinage in Lydia.
It is somewhat surprising that the nations of the East, acquainted as they were
with commerce, and familiar, as they also undoubtedly were, with the use of the
precious metals for purposes of exchange, and even of usury ^, should have
continued for so many centuries to carry on their business transactions without
a regular currency ; and yet nothing can be more certain than that such was the
case.
' So far as we have any knowledge,' says Herodotus (i. 94), ' the Lydians were Invention
the first nation to introduce the use of gold aud silver coin.' From the little we ?^ ^-omage
^ . ... by the
know of the character of this people .we gather that their commercial instinct Lydians.
must have been greatly developed by their geographical position and surround-
ings, both conducive to frequent intercourse with the neighbouring j^eoples of
Asia Minor, Orientals as well as Greeks.
About the time when the mighty Assyrian Empire was falling into decay,
Lydia, under a new dynasty called the Mermnadae, was entering upon a new
phase of national life.
The policy of these new rulers of the country vv^as to extend the power of
Lydia towards the West and to obtain possession of towns on the coast. With
this object Gj'ges, the founder of the dynasty of the Mermnadae, who ascended
the throne circ. B. c. 700, established a firm footing on the Hellespont, and
endeavoured to extend his dominions along the whole Ionian coast. This
brought the Lydians into direct contact with the Asiatic Greeks.
These Ionian Greeks had from very early times been in constant intercourse
(not always friendly) with the Phoenicians, with whom they had long before
come to an understanding about numbers, weights, measures, the use of the
alphabet, and such like matters, and from whom, there is reason to think, they
had received the 60th part of the heavy Assyrio-Babylonian mina as their
unit of weight or stater. The Lydians on the other hand had received, probably
from Carchemish, the 60th of the light mina.
Thus then when the Lydians in the reign of Gyges came into contact and
conflict with the Greeks, the two units of weight, after travelling by different
routes, met again in the coast towns and river valleys of western Asia Elinor, in
the borderland between the East and the West.
To the reign of Gyges the founder of the new Lydian Empire^ as distinguished
from the Lydia of more remote antiquity, may perhaps be ascribed the eai'liest
essays in the art of coining. The wealth of this monarch in the precious metals
'■ Lenormant, La Mon. duns VAnt., i. 114.
C
xxxiv INTRODUCTION.
may be inferred from tlie munificence of his gifts to tlie Delphic shrine, con-
sisting of golden mixing cups and silver urns, and amounting to a mass of gold
and silver such as the Greeks had never before seen collected together ^
It is in conformity with the whole spirit of a monarch such as Gyges, whose
life's work it was to extend his empire towards the west, and at the same time
to keep in his hands the lines of communication with the East^ that from his
capital Sardes, situate on the sloi^es of Tmolus and on the banks of the Pactolus,
both rich in gold, he should send forth along the caravan routes of the East into
the heart of ]\resopotamia, and down the river valleys of the West to the sea, his
native Lydian ore gathered from the washings of the Pactolus and from the
diggings on the hill sides.
Lydian This precious merchandize (if the earliest Lydian coins are indeed his) he
electrum. Jgsued in the form of oval-shaped bullets or ingots, officially sealed or stamped
on one side as a guarantee of their weight and value. For the eastern or land-
trade the liglit mina was the standard by wliich this coinage was regulated,
while for the western trade with the Greeks of the coast the heavy standard
was made use of, which, from its mode of transmission, we may call the
Phoe7iician, retaining the name Bahylonic only for the weight which was
derived by land from the banks of the Euphrates.
The earliest Lydian coins were composed of a metal called by the Greeks
electrum (Sophocles, Ant. 1037) or white gold (Herod, i. 50). This was a
natural compound of gold and silver, and seems to have been recognized by the
ancients as a metal distinct from either. It was obtained in large quantities
from the washings of the river Pactolus and from the mines on the mountain
slopes of Tmolus and Sipylus. It consisted of about 73 per cent, of gold and
27 per cent, of silver (Hultsch, Metrologie, 2nd ed. p. 579), and therefore stood
in a different relation to silver ^ from that of pure gold to silver. Thus wdiile
gold stood to silver as 13.3 : i electrum would stand at 10 : i or thereabouts.
This natural compound of gold and silver possessed some advantages for
purposes of coining over gold. In the first place it was more durable, being-
harder and less subject to injury and waste from wear ; in the second j^lace it
was more easily obtainable, being a native product ; and in the third place,
standing as it did in the proportion of about 10 : i to silver, it rendered needless
the use of a different standard of weight for the two metals, enabling the
authorities of the mints to make use of a single set of weights and a decimal
system easy of comprehension and simple in practice.
On this account clectium ajipears to have been weighed according to the silver
standard, one Talent., one Mina, and one Slater of electrum were consequently
considered as equivalent to 10 Talents, 10 Minae, or 10 Staters of silver of the
same weight.
The weight of the electrum stator in each district would depend therefore
upon the standard which hajjpcned to be in use there for silver bullion or silver
in the form of bars or oblong bricks, the practice of the new invention of
stamping or sealing metal for circulation being in the first place only applied
to the more precious of the two metals, electrum representing in a conveniently
' Curtius, Gr. Ge-ich., Bd. i. p. 466; Herod, i. 14.
^ 'Ubicninqne qiiint.i argpiiti jxirtio est, ct eloetriini voRatiir,' I'liiiy. IT. X. 33. 4. 23.
BABYLONIC AMI PHOENICIAN SILVER MINAE. xxxv
small compass a weight of uncoined silver ten times as bulky and ten times as
difficult of transport.
Once however in general use, the extension to gold and silver of the new Improve-
invention would not be long delayed ; and there is good reason to suppose "J_^"* *°
that both these metals were used for purposes of coinage in Lydia as early coining
as the time of Croesus (b. c. 568-554) (see p. 546). effected
The Greek cities which studded the coasts and islands of Asia Minor j^^jg^jj
w^ere not slow to adopt and even improve upon the simple, but none the Greeks,
less valuable, Lydian invention, and to the Ionian Greeks of Miletus and
the neighbouring towns the credit is probably due of substituting artistically
engraved dies for the primitive Lydian punch-marks and, at a somewhat
later period, of inscribing them with the name of the people or ruler by whom
the coin was issued.
The official stamps by which the earliest electrum staters were distinguished
from mere ingots consisted at first only of the impress of the rude unengraved
punches between which the lump or oval-shaped bullet of metal was placed
to receive the blow of the hammer. Subsequently the art of the engi'aver
was called in to adorn the lower of the two dies, which was always that of the
face or obverse of the coin, with the symbol of the local divinity under whose
auspices the currency was issued, the gods being as it were called to witness
to the good weight and purity of the coin.
This symbol, device, or tyjie as it is called, consisted usually of the figure
of an animal or of the forepart of an animal, or of some inanimate object, heads
and figures of gods and men being rare or unknown in the earliest period.
The reverse side of the coin does not at first bear a type, but onlj- the
impress in the form of a quadrangular depression, (commonly called an incuse
square,) of the upper of the two dies between which the bean-shaped lump
of metal was placed, probably after having been softened by heating it red
hot, in order that it might receive wuth greater ease the impression of the
lower die.
§ 6. The Bahylonic and Phoenician silver Minae.
Silver was very rarely at this early period weighed by the same talent
and mina as gold, but according to a standard derived from the gold weight
somewhat as follows : — The accepted value of gold as compared with silver
was in these times and for long afterwards as I3"3 : i ^. There is no evidence
that there wei'e the same fluctuations between the relative values of the two
metals which are now so common.
The consequence of this steadiness of exchange was the early introduction
in Asia of a double cvirrency ('bi-mefallism'). The proportion of I3'3:i made
it inconvenient to weigh the two metals by one and the same standard, as in
that case a given weight of gold would not have been easily exchangeable
for a round number of bars or wedges of silver of like weight, but for 133
of such bars; hence, in order to facilitate the exchange of the two metals,
' Herod, says 13:1 (iii. 89), but this is not minutely correct, as lias been shown by
Mommsen, Hist. Mon. Som., ed. Blacas, torn. i. p. 407.
C 2
XXXVl
INTRODUCTION.
the weiglit of the silver shekel, mina, and talent, was raised aLove or lowered
beneath that of the gold shekel, mina, and talent, in order that the gold shekel
might be the more readily convertible into a round number of silver shekels.
§ 7. Derivation of Coin- weights.
Assyeio-Babylonic Gold Minae.
HEAVY
Mina , 15,600 grs.
tAt or Shekel ' 260 errs.
LIGHT.
7800 grs.
130 grs.
Phoenician
Standard.
Persic
Standard.
Silver standards derived from the Gold Minae.
I. From the heavy gold shekel of 260 grs.
260 X I3'3 = 3458 grs. of silver.
3458 grs. of silver =15 shekels of 230 grs.
On the silver shekel of 230 grs. the Phoenician or Graeco-
Asiatic silver standard may be constructed.
Talent 690,000 grs. = 3000 staters.
Mina 11 500 = 50 staters.
Stater 230 grs.
II. From the light gold shekel of 130 grs.
130 X 13*3 = 1729 grs. of silvei-.
1729 grs. of silver =10 shekels of i72"9 grs.
On the silver shekel of 17 2*9 grs. the Babijlonic, Lydian, and
Persian silver standard may be thus constructed.
Talent 518,700 grs. = 3000 staters = 6000 sigli.
Mina 8645 grs. = 50 „ =100 „
Stater i72'9 grs. := i „ = 2 ,,
Siglos 86*45 gi"^-
The above figures must of course only be taken as approximately correct.
In some districts the weights of the coins will be found to yield a higher,
in others a lower, average. All such deviations will be noticed under the
headings of the localities in w^hich they occur.
For the present it will be sufficient to take note of the fact that in Asia
Minor and in the earliest period of the art of coining, (a) the heavy gold
stater (260 grs.) occurs at various places from Teos northwards as far as
the shores of the Propontis, (/S) the light gold stater (130 grs.) in Lydia
[Kpoiaeios ararrip) and in Samos Q) ; (y) the electrum stater of the Phoenician
silver standard chiefly at Miletus, but also at other towns along tlie west coast
of Asia Minor as well as in Lydia, never however of full weight ; (S) the
electrum and silver stater of the Babylonic standard chiefly, if not solely, in
Lydia; (e) the silver .stater of the Phoenician standard on the west coast
of Asia Minor.
TRANSMISSION OF WEIGHT STANDARDS. xxxvii
§ 8. Transmission of Weight Standards from Asia to Europe hy
four jpnncipal routes.
We have seen how, from the banks of the Euphrates and the Tigris, the
standards by which the precious metals were weighed found their way to
the shores of the Aegean sea, the heavy stautlai'd by way of Phoenicia and
the sea, the light standard by way of Lydia and by land.
It is now time to turn to European Greece and to trace the migration of
these same standards of weight from Asia Minor to Greece, to Macedon, and
to the Greek colonies in the west.
This transmission of weight standards, in so far as we are able to follow
it, seems to have taken place by three or four distinct routes, the southern
route, the central route, and the northern routes.
The shekel, or, as the Greeks called it, the stater, of the Phoenician standard i. The
probably weighed originally as much as 230 grs., but this must have been^^"*^®™
before the invention of coining, for the earliest Greek staters of Phoenician
weight, whether of electrum or of silver, seldom exceed 220 grs.^
' The Phoenicians,' says Herodotus (i. i.), ' after having settled in the counti7 Early
which they now inhabit, forthwith began to adventure on long voyages, ^^°^'^^'''*°
•' ' * , commerce
freighting their vessels with the wares of Egypt and Assyria. They landed ^ith Pelo-
at many places on the coast, and among the rest at Argos, which was then poii^esus.
pre-eminent above all the states included now under the common name of
Hellas. Here they exposed their merchandize and traded with the natives
for five or six days, at the end of which time, when almost everything was
sold, there came down to the beach a number of women, and among them the
king's daughter, whose name as the Greeks say was lo, daughter of Inachos.'
Then follows the story of the abduction of lo by the Phoenicians while the
women were standing round the stern of the ship intent upon their purchases.
Here we have a picture of the Phoenician traders in direct communication
with the Peloponnesus. Such Phoenician fairs or markets were pi'obably held
at stated intervals, although at some places they may have been permanent.
Among the first lessons which the Greek coast-population Avould learn from
this constant habit of bargaining with the foreign merchants would naturally
be the use of the weights by which the Phoenicians doled out to them the
precious gold and silver ornaments which they coveted.
In some such way as this it must have been that the Phoenician weights
were first introduced into Peloponnesus. Subsequently the Greeks themselves
became a sea-going people, and little by little drove the Phoenicians back
from the coasts of European Greece, but the lessons which the Oriental
mariners had taught them Avere not so soon forgotten.
Nevertheless, as is continually the case where there is no state authority
to regulate the standard, the weights which the Phoenicians had introduced
into Peloponnesus suffered in the course of time a gradual reduction, if this
* The Rhodian and some other M staters attain 240 grs., but these are of a later period
and perhaps degraded Attic. See p. 539.
XXX viii INTB OB UCTION.
inference may be drawn from the weight of the staters of Aegina, which are
the earliest of all the European coins.
It is usual to ascribe the first issue of these Aeginetan coins to Pheidon
king of Argos, about the date of whose reign there is still much difference
of opinion. The Parian chronicle places him in the fii'st half of the ninth
century, and states moreover that ^elhav 6 'Apyelos edrjixfvae to. fierpa .... koi
av((TK(vaae, Kai v6y.i<T}j.a apyvpovv iv Alyivrj (noirjaev. Other and better authorities ^
bring him down to the 8th Olympiad (b. c. 748), while Weissenborn '^ and
E. Curtius go still further, and have attempted to prove that he reigned
about B.C. 668. Lastly Herodotus (vi. 127) mentions a tyrant of Argos
{rov TO. ptrpa noirjaavTOi Uf'KoTrovvrjaLOKxi) named Pheidou, whose son was one
of the suitors of Agariste the daughter of Cleisthenes of Sicyon. The
date of this Pheidon can therefore hardly be much earlier than b. c. 600.
We are not at pi-esent concerned to reconcile these contradictory statements.
It is sufficient that all the traditions concur that a Pheidon of Argos was the
first to introduce measures, weights, and coinage into European Greece.
Pheidon It may be assumed, therefore, that the bullet-shaped coins of Aegina,
of Argos undoubtedly the earliest coins of Greece proper, are the Pheidonian currency
introduces ''. . t 1 i • • n
coined referred to in the Parian chronicle. It may be also positively asserted that
money into jjQj^g of these Aeginetan coins are older than the earliest Lydian electrum
Greece.' money, and that consequently the date of the introduction of coined money
into Peloponnesus is subsequent to circ. B.C. 700. It follows that Pheidon
was not the inventor of money, for already before his time all the coasts
and islands of the Aegean must have been acquainted with the pale yellow
electrum coins of Lydia and Ionia. This coinage was, however, not current
in the Peloponnesus, and, as Curtius remarks in his History of Greece,
' every business transaction in the Peloponnesian harbours gave rise to a
complication of difficulties.' The weight standard which the Pelojionnesians
had received in old times from the Phoenician traders had suffered in the course
of about two centuries a very considerable degradation. Pheidon accepted
these weights as he found them in his own time (before B.C. 600), and on
the basis of this reduced Phoenician weight he organized a system of weights
and coinage of his own which was thenceforward called the Pheidonian, or
more usually the Aeginetic after the island of Aegina, which then formed
part of Pheidon's dominions, and where he set up the earliest Peloj)onnesian
mint.
Aegina the The island of Aegina, in spite of the Dorian migration, had always continued
earliest Iq maintain itself in the direct current of the maritime commerce with Phoe-
mint nicia. The Aphrodite of Aegina, in her capacity of a goddess of trade, and, as
such, a promoter of international unity, was identical witli the Phoenician
Astarte. The sanctuary of this goddess had formed the kernel of every Phoe-
nician settlement on the coasts and islands of the Aegean sea. Every occupa-
tion, trade, or industry, such as fishing and mining, pursued by the inhabitants
was under her protection. Through her means the precious metals with the
Phoenician system of weights made their way across the sea into Greece.
* Pausanias, vi. 22. 2. See also Clinton, Fast. Hell., i. p. 248.
' Beitrage zux Gr. Alterthinuskunde, p. 18.
TRANSMISSION OF WEIGHT STANDARDS. xxxix
When maritime expeditions had become more freciuent, and when improve-
ments in the construction of ships had brought about increased facilities of
intercourse throughout the basin of the Mediterranean, the primitive method
of exchange by barter was seen to be insufficient. The priests of the goddess
of trade then first introduced the metals as measures of value. It was they, in
all probability, wlio first collected stores of precious metal, and marked with
the symbol of the goddess the ingots belonging to the Temple-treasury\
This symbol was the sea-tortoise or turtle, a creatui'e sacred to Aphrodite,
in whose temples even the wooden foot-stools were made in the form of tor-
toises, the goddess herself being sometimes represented as standing on the back
of a tortoise.
In the island of Aegina then, and perhaps in the very sanctuary of Aphro-
dite, Pheidon found all the material for his undertaking ready at hand. Here
he instituted the first Peloponnesiau silver mint, and adopted as the type of his
coinage the tortoise, the sacred symbol of the Phoenician goddess of the sea,
and then in the temple of the goddess Hera at Argos he hung up, in memoi'y of
the old order of things, specimens of the cumbrous bronze and iron bars,
0|3eXio-Kot, which had served for money before his time i^Etymol. M., s. v.
o/3cX/irKoyV
The weight of the stater of the Aeginetic standard, judging fi-om the coins
which have come down to us, seems to have been fixed at about 194 grs. (see
p. 332). The Aeginetic standard obtained in early times a wide extension not The
only throughout Peloponnesus, but in most of the island states, such as Ceos, ^egmetic
Naxos, Siphnos, and Crete. We find it also at all the towns which coined money
in central Greece (Thessaly, Phocis, and Boeotia), but not at Corinth, Athens,
or in Euboea, although at Athens Aeginetan money appears to have been
current until the time of Solon (b. c. 590). This standard even seems to have
crossed the sea to the Chalcidian colonies in Italy and Sicily. The money of
Corcyra also follows the Aeginetic standai'd, somewhat reduced. Towards the
north coins of Aeginetic weight occur at Abdera in Thrace. This standard is
also met with sporadically in Asia Minor, at Cyme (?), Tetjs (?), Cnidus, Celen-
deris, and perhaps in Cyprus. It was for the most part superseded by the
Attic after the age of Alexander, but this was by no means the case univer-
sally. In some places it continued to be used even down to the time of the
Roman conquest.
The central route is that by which the Babylonic gold stater of 130 grs. II. The
passed over the sea into the island of Euboea, whence it received the name of °®^*''*
. ... route,
the Euhdic Standard, somewhat in the same way as the Phoenician became in
European Greece the Aeginetic standard.
Among the most important trading cities of the eighth and seventh centuries
B. c. were Chalcis and Eretria, in the island of Euboea. These two towns,
although in population they may not have rivalled the more famous cities of
Corinth and Athens, were yet in these remote times more influential than
either of them in spreading Greek culture and Greek ideas over the civilized
world. They were the great rivals of Miletus across the sea, and they were
the ports from which the ships set sail which bore to their new homes the
colonists bound for the shores of Italy and Sicily in the west, and of Thrace
xl
INTRODUCTION,
The
Eiibo'ic
Standard.
and Macedoii in the north. Here in the north the peninsula of Chalcidice,
with its numerous hopiiitahle bays, attracted in early times a great number of
colonists from Chalcis, who founded cities in every promising spot, and named
the whole district after their mother city, Chalcidice.
The colonies of Eretria, the rival sister of Chalcis, were hardly less nu-
merous, and were for the most part situate on the promontory of Pallene and
round the foot of Mount Athos.
These two Euboean towns, Chalcis and Eretria, were the most enterprising
Ionic cities in European Greece, and were perhaps scarcely inferior in this
respect to Samos and Miletus in Asia. Their ships covered the seas and carried
the native copper ore of Euboea, for which Chalcis was so famous, and from
which its name was derived, to the coasts of Asia Minor, Thrace, Italy, and
Sicily, bringing back in exchange the products of every land, — the gold of the
East, the electrum of Lydia, and especially silver from the highlands of Chal-
cidice, in which district no less than thirty-two towns had been founded
from Chalcis alone, not to mention those of which Eretria was the mother
city.
From Ionia, possibly through Samos \ the Euboeans imported the standard
by which they weighed their silver. This standard was the light Assyrio-
Babylonic gold mina with its shekel or stater of about 130 grs. The Euboeans,
having little or no gold, transferred the weight used in Asia for gold to their
own silver, raising it slightly at the same time to a maximum of 135 grs., and
from Euboea it soon spread over a large portion of the Greek world by means
of the widely extended commei'cial relations of the enterprising Euboean
cities.
This may have taken place towards the close of the eighth century, and
before the war which broke out at the end of that century between Chalcis and
Eretria, nominally for the possession of the fields of Lelantum, which lay
between the two rival cities.
The war, which goes by the name of the Lelantian war, was in i-eality a
Lelantian contest for maritime supremacy', in which the commercial interests of both
towns were at stake. The evidence of this is the universal character which it
assumed. Nearly all the important states of Greece took one side or the
other, and the whole Aegean sea became one vast theatre on which the quarrel
was to be fought out. Corinth took the side of Chalcis, Corcyra that of
Eretria. In Asia Minor Samos and Miletus also took opposite sides.
Such a separation of all Greece into two hostile camps, we must suppose to
have been occasioned by the clashing commercial interests of neighbouring
states, the advantages of some being more closely bound up with one party,
those of others with the other.
The Lelantian commercial war shows what frequent intercourse there must
have been in the eighth century between Euboea and the opposite coasts
of Asia.
From what Asiatic port the Euboeans received the Babylonic gold weight is
doubtful, but there is some reason to think that it mt.y have been Samos.
The
' Num. Chron., 1875, p. 272.
TRANSMISSION OF WEIGHT STANDARDS. xli
This island was in the eighth century, and for some time afterwards, one of
the cliief maritime powers in the Aegean. Its situation no doubt contributed
much to its importance as a maritime trading state, and made it one of the
natural outlets through which the products of the interior of Asia and of the
coast-lands of Ionia made their way across to the opposite continent, and even
into the i-emote lauds of the West ; for it was a Samian ship which first passed
the pillars of Herakles and made the Greeks familiar with the phenomenon of
the tides.
The theory that Samos was the port whence the Euboeans derived the gold
standard subsequently used by them for silver, rests upon the weights of some
very early electrum coins (about 44 grs.) which have been found in the island
of Samos, and of the earliest Euboean coins, Euboea and Samos having been
two of the greatest colonizing and maritime powers of the Aegean sea.
Thus I think we may account for the fact that the towns of Euboea, when
they began to strike silver money of their own, naturally made use of the
standard which had become from of old habitual in the island, precisely in the
same way as Pheidon in Peloponnesus struck his first silver money on the re-
duced Phoenician standard, which was prevalent at the time in his dominions.
Between Peloponnesus and Euboea lay the tw^o great cities of Corinth and Corinth.
Athens. K^ow Corinth and Euboea, as E. Cvirtius has pointed out ^, wei'e
closely connected in early times. Wherever we find Corinthian colonies,
whether in Aetolia, in Corcyra, in Thrace, or in Illyria, we find also a Euboean
element mingled with the Corinthian ; and this is perhaps the reason why the
earliest Corinthian coins follow the Euboic standard and not the Aeginetic,
which we might rather have expected from the proximity of Corinth to Pelo-
ponnesus and from its ancient connection with Phoenicia, from which country
the Corinthian worship of Aphrodite was derived.
The unrivalled excellence of the site of Coi'inth, Avith her two fine harbours,
one in direct communication with the East and the other with the West, enabled
her enterprising population to extend their commerce in all directions, and
2)ari 2)cissu with the Corinthian trade the beautiful Corinthian silver money,
struck on the Euboic standard, obtained a Avide popularity to the north of the
Corinthian gulf and across the sea as far as the island of Sicily.
On the obverse of these Corinthian staters is a Pegasos and the koppa (9),
the initial letter of the name of the city, and on the reverse, an incuse pattern
in the form of the sivastica^ at an early period replaced by the head of Pallas.
These coins, on account of the Pegasos, were commonly called ncokoi, while the
Aeginetan staters went by the name of xf^wrat ^.
Unlike the early coins of Euboea, the Corinthian stater was not divided into
2 diachms, but into 3. The reason for this division of the unit by 3 instead of
by 2 may have been to accommodate the Corinthian currency to the Aeginetic
coins of the neighbouring Peloponnesian states, for a Corinthian drachm of 45
grains, the third part of their OAvn stater, would pass current as an Aeginetic
hemidrachm or the fourth pai't of an Aeginetic stater.
The weights, it is true, do not correspond exactly but sufficiently for
ordinai'y purposes of small exchange.
1 Hermes, x. p. 217. ^ Poll. ix. 74, 75.
xlii INTRODUCTION.
The Corinthian system of dividing the stater by three prevailed also in the
Chalcidice during the period in which the Euboi'c standard was there in
use, but with this difference, that while at Corinth we get tridrachms of
135 grs. and drachms of 45 grs., in the Chalcidian towns we have distaters or
hexadrachras of 270 grs, and sixths or drachms of 45 grs.^
Dr. Imhoof-BIumer (Z. c.) would also apply the Corinthian system of division
by 3 and 6 to the coinage of the Chalcidian colonies in Sicily and Italy
(Ehegium, Himera, Zancle, Naxus), where the earliest coinage consists of
pieces of about 90 grs. and 1 5 grs. which he would consequently call Tliirds
and Eighteenths of the Euboic-Attic distater of 270 grs. But in this case
they may also be called Aeginetic drachms and obols'-.
Athens. Next comes Athens, and here we must be cautious not to accept without
evidence the ancient traditions respecting the origin of the Athenian coinage,
such as that recorded by Plutarch, which ascribed to Theseus the issue of coins
with a Bull upon them ^.
The safest guide here, as indeed everywhere, is the coinage itself, w^hich
neither in style of art nor fabric has the appearance of being more ancient
than the time of Solon. Before the age of Solon, Aeginetan didrachms
averaging about 194 grs. would seem to have been the only money current in
Attica as in Boeotia and Peloponnesus ; but there are no extant Athenian
coins of Aeginetic weight, and there is consequently no proof whatever that
there were any coins minted at Athens before Solon's time. There is only
the doubtful evidence of tradition.
For some long time after the first introduction into European Greece of
coined money its actual issue appears to have been confined to a ievf great
commercial centres such as Aegina, Corinth, and possibly Chalcis.
Athens, it will be remembered, was by no means a wealthy trading state
before Solon's reforms ; on the contrary, the lands were burdened with debt
and every farm in the country was heavily mortgaged.
One of the most important of Solon's measures of reform was the famous
Seisachtheia, a scheme for relieving the poorer masses of the Athenian popu-
lation from a portion of the debt which lay so heavily upon them.
This end appears to have been attained by the opening of a mint at Athens
itself, and by the issue for the first time of Athenian silver money on the
Euboic standard. It was now decreed that all existing debts should be
payable in the new Attic money, and as these debts had been contracted in
the previously current money of Aegina it is clear that a saving of as much
as 27 per cent, was made by the debtor. A man who owed 100 Aeginetic
drachms (one mina) was thus enabled legally to discharge his debt by the
payment of 100 Euboic- Attic drachms (one mina) of the new Solonian coinage,
which were worth in actual metal value only 73 Aeginetic drachms.
This at least seems to be the sense of the passage in Plutarch *, eKarov yap
enoiTjae opa^fxibv rrjv fxvav irporepov i^doprjKovra /cat rpioiu ovaav' coar' npiOpco pev icrov,
' Imhoof-BIumer, Annuaire de Nmnismatique, 1882, p. 94.
* Cf. tlie ar},'umeiits of J. Friedliinder, Zeit.f. Num., iSSi, p. 99 if.
' Plut. The.i. 25; Hchol. ad Aristoph. Aves, 1106. Cf. also the remarks of Hultsc-h, Gr.
Metrologie, 1862, p. 138.
♦ Sol. 15.
TRANSMISSION OF WEIGHT STANDARDS. xliii
bvvcni.il 8' fXarrov airohihovTODV ucfxXe'icrBai n(i> roiis fKJivopTas fieyuXa, nrjbiv 8e [d\cm-
recrdai tovs KOfii^ofMtpovs.
Solon's new Athenian coinage was distinguished by extreme purity of
metal and by accuracy of weight, the full Euboic weight of 270 grs. to the
tetradrachm being more nearly maintained at Athens than anywhere else
where the Euboic standard prevailed. The result of this was that the Athenian
money was everywhere taken with preference. Thus Hellas after the time
of Solon was divided, quite irrespectively of political alliances, between the
Aeginetic and Euboic-Attic standards, the Attic generally tending to super-
sede the Aeginetic, if not in Greece itself, yet certainly in the western
colonies.
The types of the first Athenian coins were, like all those of the early Greek
money, pui'ely religious. On the obverse is the head of Athena the protecting
goddess of the city and on the reverse her sacred owl and olive-branch, and the
inscription AOE or A©E, the whole within an incuse square. It is noticeable
that the Athenian coins are the earliest with a iype on both sides.
These coins were popularly called on account of their types Kopai, napdevoL \
or y\avK€s ^.
The marvellous resurrection of Athens after the Persian wars and the rapid
extension of her Empire naturally gave to the Athenian coinage an almost
universal prestige and currency.
After the fall of Aegina about the middle of the fifth century, Athens and
Corinth were the two chief silver coining states of European Greece. The
Athenian ' Owls ' penetrated into the farthest East ^, while the Corinthian
' Colts ' made their way to Italy and Sicily, where they are at present found
in lai'ger numbers than in Greece itself..
To this almost international character of the Athenian tetradrachm is
to be ascribed one of the strangest phenomena in the whole range of ancient
Numismatics. I mean the fact that the Athenian coins do not improve in
point of style as time goes on. The Athenians, much as they loved art, were
merchants first and artists afterwards. They probably deprecated any change
in the familar aspect of their coins lest the Barbarians with whom they traded
should hesitate to accept them at the same favourable rate of exchange as
of old. Thus it happened that even in the age of Philip of Macedon the art
work of the coinage of Athens was still very much where it had been in that of
the Persian wars.- It is archaism stereotyped.
With the exception of Athens there is hardly a single town in Greece
whose coinage does not faithfully reflect the art of the period and place in
which it was issued..
This imitation of the archaic style on works of art of a later period
has been called by modern archaeologists, archaizing. The Athenian coins
' Poll. ix. 75, 76.
^ Plut. Lysand. 16; Aristoph. Ar. 1106:
npwra jxiv yap ov paXiara va.'s Kpir^s ftpifTat,
jXavKfs vfids ovttot' eniXdipovai AavptojTtKai'
dW' IvoiKrjaovaiv tvSov, tv re toTs ^aKavrioi^
(vveoTTevcrovai Ka.K\eipov<n p-iKpa Kippara,
^ Numbers of tliem have been found as far east as the Oxus.
xliv INTRODUCTION.
of tlie fourth century are therefore arcJiaistic, hut not truly archaic (cf. Fig.
209 with 211, the former archaic, the latter archaistic).
We have now traced the Phoenician silver standard in its progress west-
wards and seen it domesticated in Peloponnesus in a deteriorated form under
the name of the Aeginetic.
We have also seen the AssjTio-Babylouic gold standard ti-ansmitted from
Asia Minor to Euboea, Corinth, and Athens, to become in European Greece
the Euhoic-Gorinihian and the Euhdic-Attic silver standards : these two being
only distinguishable by their divisional systems, respectively 3 and 6 (Corin-
thian) and 2 and 4 (Attic).
From Chalcidice and Thessaly in the North to Crete and Cyrene in the
South the earliest coins belong to one or other of these two standards,
Aegiuetic and Euboic.
Our attention must next be called to the northern shores of the Aegean
sea, to Thrace and Macedon, in order if possible to indicate the origin of the
coinage or rather coinages of those districts. But before pointing out the
two routes by Avhich coined money may have passed from Asia Minor into
Thrace we must return for a while to Asia j\Iinor and briefly examine the
silver standard which has been called the Bahylonic, the Lyclian, or the
Persian. (See above p. xxxvi.)
e erso- rpj^g shekel or the 50th part of this niina appears to have weighed about
Standard. 1 73 grs. Of this weight are all the earliest coins of the southern coasts
of Asia Minor from the gulf of Issus as far as Lycia.
We also find it in use in Lydia probably as early as the time of Gyges
for electrum, and of Croesus for silver, as well as in later times along the
northern shores of Asia Minor. In fact, except in the western coast-lands
of Asia Minor, this weight seems to have been widely extended from the
Black Sea in the north to the island of Cj^prus in the south.
We are even warranted in thinking that this so-called Bahylonic silver
mina was in use in the Troad ages before the invention of coined money,
at the period of the burial of the treasure discovered by Dr. Schliemann.
There are in that treasure six flat bars or wedges of silver from seven to
eight inches long by about two inches in breadth.
These weigh respectively 171, 173, 173, 174, 183, and 190 metric grammes.
The heaviest, which is also the best preserved, has gained slightly in weight
by oxydisation and incrustation at one end to the amount of about 3 grammes.
Supposing its original weight to have been about 187 grammes, or 2885 grains
Troy, it may well have been a third of the Babylonian silver mina, which, if
we may draw an inference from the coins, was very generally divided by
3 and 6 ' and not by 2 and 4 -. The six wedges together would therefore have
represented 2 minae of silver.
If my proposed identification of the mina of Carchemish (see above ]). xxxii)
with the light Babylonian silver mina of from 8645 to 8656 grs., which was
likewise the mina used in the Troad about the 14th century B.C. (the conjectural
' Brajidis, Mihizwe.ieii, p. 48.
'^ ])r. Schliemann calls these bars ITomeric talents. But there is no evidence as to the
weight of the Homeric talent. All we know about it is that it was a small weight of gold
perhaps not heavier than the Daric. Hultsch, MetVologie, p. 104, note 4.
TRANSMISSION OF WEIGHT STANDARDS. xlv
(late of the burial of the treasure), be accepted, may it not prove suggestive
when considered in connection with the Egyptian text (the poem of Pentaur),
in which the people of lliura, Pedasus, Dardauus, Mysia, and Lycia, are mentioned
as allies of the Kheta (Hittites) in their wars with B,ameses II about the same
period 1
All this tends to show that the various populations of western and central
Asia Minor received not only their early art and religion, but their weights
and measures from the East.
When therefore we find a particular form of silver mina designated on an
x\ssyrian cuneiform clay tablet as the Mina of Carchemish \ it is to be pre-
sumed that this is the weight whicli passed into Cilicia, Lydia, Phrygia, and
the Troad, and that the six bars of silver in the Schliemann treasure represent
in all 2 minae of Carchemish.
Whether and by what roixte the Babylonic standard with its stater of 173 III.
grs. passed out of Asia Minor into Europe is the question which we have now ^^°^*'^f*?
to consider. Phrygia to
- It is well known that the Thracians and Phrygians were kindred peoples. Thrace.
The religious rites of these tribes were closely connected. Even the name
of the Thracian Bacchus, Sabazius, is the same as that of the Phrygian
Bacchus. It seems to be quite certain that Thracian ti-ibes crossed over
from Phrygia in prehistoric times, and that they brought with them into
Europe the worship of the Phrygian Bacchus. The earliest Thracian silver
coins are staters weighing about 1 60 grs., to which the system of division by
3 and 6 is applied ^. This is clearly the Babylonic stater in a deteriorated
form.
The coins therefore seem to prove that these barbarous tribes inherited
the Babylonic silver mina which, as we have seen, was predominant in central
Asia Minor.
The connection between the temples of the gods and the origin of coinage
is a point to which I shall recur later on. I need here only remark that the
types of these earliest Thracian coins reflect the religion of the country and
more especially the wild orgiastic rites which were celebrated on the mountains
of Phrygia and of Thrace in honour of Sabazius or Bacchus (see p. 174 sqq.).
There can be hardly any doubt then that the Thracian mining tribes settled on
the slopes of Mount Pangaeum had migrated originally from Phrygia by land,
and that they brought with them into Europe the Babylonic silver standard.
It is not surprising that among tribes whose trade was in the precious
metals a currency should have been adopted as soon as the idea reached their
shores, which we may assume it did in the course of the sixth century B.C.
The Paugaean region with its port Neapolis and the neighbouring island
of Thasos may therefore be taken as the starting point of a coinage which
gradually spread in a westerly direction into the plains of lower Macedon,
where the silver stater of 170-150 grs.^ held its own down to the age of
1 Cuneif. Inscr. of West. As., vol. iii. PI. XLVII. No. 9.
^ Brandis, Miinzwesen, p. 147.
^ The weights in this region are very inexact ; many specimens of the stater fall as low
as 140-130 grs. But the higliest weights, here as elsewhere, must be taken as representing
the true standard.
xlvi
INTROBVCTTON.
IV.
Northern
route (/S)
Ionia to
Thrace.
Macedon.
Philip the father of Alexander, side by side with the stater of 224 grs. (the
Phoenician stater) which had also penetrated into Thrace and Macedun at an
early period.
The origin of the Phoenician standard for weighing silver has already been
explained (pp. xxxii and xxxvi). We have also seen how it may have been
imported into Pelopoimesus (p. xxxvii), where, after a gradual deterioration, it
finally became domesticated under the name of the Aeginetic standard.
In the flourishing Ionian seaports, on the other hand, the Phoenician stater
was maintained more nearly at its normal weight. Here it makes its appear-
ance in electrum as early as the seventh century B. c. (the silver coins are all
apparently later).
The primitive electrum staters of this standard weigh about 220 grs. They
are among the earliest coins which have been handed down to us. Their re-
verses are characterized bv a peculiar triple indentation consisting of an oblong
incuse depression between two square ones (Fig. 300. p. 503).
The chief place of mintage in these regions was the great trading and colo-
nizing city of Miletus, and it was from this city, or perhaps from its near
neighbour Teos, that the Phoenician stater reached Abdera, a colony of Teos
and the most important city on the Thi'acian coast.
The type of the silver staters and distaters of Abdera is a seated Griffin
(Fig. 161). This is also the type of the coins of Teos (p. 511), and were it not
for the fact that the coins of Teos are all considerablj^ lighter in weight than
those of the colony, we should say that the derivation of the coinage of Abdera
from that of Teos was proved ^
From Abdera by way of the river valleys of the Nestus and the Strymon
the Phoenico-Ionian stater passed into the inland districts of Thrace, where
dwelt the Pelasgian tribe of the Bisaltae and the Thracian Edoni and Odo-
manti. All these peoples coined silver money of the Phoenician standard
during the half century which preceded the Persian invasion ; and when,
shortly after the retreat of the Persians, Alexander I, king of INIacedon,
acquired the Bisaltian territory with its rich silver mines, which are said to
have yielded him a talent of silver daily, he too adopted the Bisaltian coinage
both in type and weight, merely substituting his own name for that of Bisaltae.
(Cf. Figs. 120 and 132.)
During the century Avhich elapsed between the reign of Alexander I of
Macedon and the accession of Philip II, the coinage of the Macedonian kings
appears to have been more or less regulated by that of the important city of
Abdera, the centre of commercial activity' in the north. In each case the
Phoenician standard gives place to the Persian, the weight of the staters falling
from 230 to about 170 grs. (See p. 194.)
The cities of the Chalcidice, on the other hand, during the same period,
almost universally abandon the Eubo'ic-Corinthian lor the Plioenician standard
(p. 181).
The causes of these changes are hard to explain, but the facts are neveithe-
less not without interest, as they tend to define the courses of trade.
' The Rtater at Teos weighs no more than 186 grs. A similar degradation of weight
seems therefore to have taken place liere as in Peloponnesus.
TBANSMISSION OF WEIGHT STANDARDS. xlvii
When Philip succeeded to the throne of his fathers he reorganized the coinage
of his dominions, and again introduced the Plioenician standard for his silver
money, while for his gold staters he adopted the Euboic-Attic weight of 135
grs., causing them to he minted a few grs. heavier than the I'ival gold money
of Persia.
The adoption of a double standard for gold and silver was a device borrowed
from Asia, to which Philip probably had recourse for the purpose of artificially
keeping up the price of gold as compared with that of silver.
The immense influx of gold from the newly opened mines of Philippi soon,
however, proved the futility of this scheme. Gold, in spite of Philip's bi-
metallic currency, based upon a relative value of gold as compared with silver
which was no longer the actual market value of that metal, began rapidly to
fall in value.
The consequence of this would have been that the silver coinage, forced to
pass for less than its value, would have been either melted down or exported
as bullion, and so have disappeared from circulation.
There is reason to suj^pose that this exportation of Philip's silver money was
actually taking place when Alexander the Great succeeded to the throne.
Otherwise how is the sudden change of standard in the early part of his reign
to be accounted for ? Certainly he lost no time in returning to a single coin-
standard, and though he struck both gold and silver coins there can be no
doubt that he returned in fact to a monometallic currency based upon silver,
not upon gold.
The rapid fall in the value of gold, which had commenced in Philip's reign,
was still further accelerated in that of his son by the vast treasures of that
metal which Alexander found stored up in the coffers of the Great King, and
wdiich he poured out freely in the form of gold staters, with the head of Pallas
on the obverse and a Nike on the reverse.
The significant fact, however, that Alexander did not seek to maintain his
gold coin at an artificially high price by the adoj)tion of a double standard, but
issued both gold and silver according to one and the same weight (the Attic),
is a proof that the gold money was regarded by his financial advisers simply as
bullion, and that no attempt was made to fix, as Philip seems to have done, the
luimber of silver drachms for which a gold stater should exchange.
This would naturally vary according to the locality and the laws of supply
and demand.
Having now passed rapidly in review the origin and transmission from Asia Results,
to European Greece of the four jDrincipal silver standards, viz. the Aeginetic,
the Eubo'ic-Attic, the Babylonic, and the Phoenician, it may be useful to re-
capitulate the routes by which these four standards, all be it remembered
derived in the first instance from Babylon, found their way into Europe.
These were briefly as follows : —
I. The Southern Route, starting from Sidon and Tyre and proceeding
from one Phoenician station to another, across the Cretan sea to
Peloponnesus and Aegina, wdiere the Phoenician silver stater of 236-
220 grs. was gradually deteriorated into the Aeginetic stater of
194-180 grs.
INTRODUCTION.
II. The Central Route leading straight across the sea from Samos to
Euboea, Corinth, and Athens. By this route the light Babylonic
gold weight of 130 grs. passing into Europe, and being tnere used for
silver, Lccame known as the Euho'lc [Attic, or Cofinthian,) silver stater.
Wt. 135-125 grs.
III. The Northern Route (a) by land from Phrygia across the Hellespont
into Thrace, where the old Babylonic silver stater of 1 73 grs. took root
in tlie Pangaean district as a stater weighing usually about 150 grs.
IV. The Northern Route (/3) by sea from Miletus and other towns of
Westei'n Asia Minor to Abdera in Thrace, whence the Phoenician
stater of 236-220 grs. penetrated into Macedon, and there gave rise
in later times to the Macedonian standard (224 grs.)'.
' Since writing tlie above sketcli of the origin of the various systems of weight in Asia
Minor and Greece, I have read an ingenious essay by M. Michel Soutzo, Systemes
monetaires primitifs de VAsie Mineure et de la Grece, Bucharest, 18S4, in which he
endeavours to derive the Lydian, Aeginetic, and Euboic standards from the Egyptian Uten,
fixed by him at 1496 grs. of silver, and the Phocaean gold, and the Persic and Phoenician
silver standards, from the Assyrian mina.
M. Soutzo supposes that bars of silver of the weight of an Egyptian Uten were used in
Lydia long before the invention of coins, and that, when the Assyrian influence began to
preponderate in Asia Minor, the Lydians grafted the sexagesimal system upon the old
Egyptian weight, and thus formed a gold mina for themselves equivalent to 60 Utens of
silver, thus ; —
I Uten (or 10 Kats) = 1496 grs. of silver.
1496 grs. -f- 13-3 (the proportion of gold to silver) = 112.5 g^^s. of gold.
Therefore 1 12.5 grs. ^ = 10 Kats of I49'6 grs. ^ or i Uten.
225 grs. iV = 20 „ „ 2 Utens.
6750 grs. N. = 600 „ „ 60 Utens.
The stater of 225 grs. thus became the Lydian unit for gold; and the equivalent of its
20th part, 149 grs. Ai, the primitive uiut for silver ; a unit which, though occasionally found
of full weight as in Lycia and Thrace, gradually fell to 135 grs., at which point it served as
the basis of the Euboic- Attic and Corinthian systems.
As this primitive silver unit of 149 grs. was the rru part, so the Aeginetic silver stater
of about 199 grs. was the -^ part of the gold stater of 225 grs.
On the other hand, M. Soutzo accepts the derivation of the Persic and the Phoenician
silver standards from the light Assyi-ian gold mina of 7800 grs., its ^\f part (260 grs.) being
the Phocaean gold stater, and its ^ part (130 grs.) the Persian daric. The equivalent in
silver of the ttq P^^^ of the gold piece of 260 grs. is the Persic silver stater of 173 grs.,
wliile that of —^ part is the Phoenician silver stater of 230 grs. I give his results in a
tabular form : —
LYDIAN AND EUBOIC GOLD MINA.
6750 grs. ^ = 60 Utens or 600 Kats JR.
j^= 112-5 grs. ^ = 10 Kats of 149 grs. M.
^B - 225 grs. N — 20 Kats of 149 grs. jSi.
{Lydian Stater).
149 grs. .51.
Primitive
silver stater
from which tlie
Euho'ic-Attic
stater of 135 grs.
is derived.
199 grs. JR.
Aeginetic
silver stater.
LIGHT ASSYRIAN GOLD MINA.
7S00 grs. H.
u^ = 130 grs. N. = {Persian Daric).
^ = 260 grs. N = {Phocaean Stater).
II
173 grs. ^.
Persic
silver stater.
TS
II
230 grs. JR.
Phoenician
silver stater.
TRANSMISSION— GREECE TO THE WEST. xlix
§ 9. Further transmission of Weight Systems to Itahj, Sicily, and the West.
Thus far we have not wandered beyond the basin of the Aegean sea. It
now remains for lis to cast our eyes westwards and to follow the track of the
early Greek trader to the coasts of Italy and Sicily, Gaul and Spain.
The first Greek settlers in Italy are said to have been Euboeans, mostly The
from Chalcis, and by far the oldest colony in the western seas was the ancient Ji^/^^lcidian
, . . . . Colonies of
city of Cumae, which took its name from Cj^me in Euboea. This city stood on the West.
a height to the north of the bay of Naples. For a long time Cumae remained
a solitary outpost of Hellenic enterprise in the then unknown and dreaded
western seas. The colony continued, however, to maintain some relations with
the mother country, and when, towards the close of the eighth century, the
Chalcidians began again to turn their attention to the West, they were joined
by their kinsmen of Cumae, who were probably not unwilling to aid them in
planting colonies at all such points as were most favourable to the development
of their carrying-trade between the Aegean and the Etruscan seas.
For this purpose it was essential for them to secure for Chalcidian ships a
free passage through the Sicilian straits, and it was perhaps with this object
that they founded the sister cities of Zancle and Rhegium, the one on the
Sicilian, the other on the Italian shore. These twin arsenals were to be to all
vessels other than Chalcidian as a Scylla and a Charybdis, not to be passed
with impunity. Naxus, Catana, and Leontini, near the foot of Mount Aetna,
and Himera on the northern coast of Sicily, complete the circle of the western
colonies, in the foundation of which the enterprising mariners of Chalcis took
a leading part.
It is somewhat remarkable that the earliest coins of Cumae (p. 30), Ehegium
(p. 92), Naxus (p. 139), Zancle (p. 133), and Himera (p. 125) (of Catana and
Leontini there are no coins of the earliest period), all follow the Aeginetic
standard, of which they are drachms, and not, as we should naturally have ex-
pected, the Euboic ^.
The weak link in M. Soutzo's chain of argument is that he recognizes no difference in
value between pale electrum (containing from 20 to 30 per cent, of silver) and pure gold.
He ignores in fact the existence of electrum, and treats the early Lydian electrum staters as
if they stood to silver in the proportion of 13-3 to i, that of pure gold to silver.
Now it has been most clearly pointed out by Brandis {M'dnzwesen, p. 164) and others that
from the time of Sophocles {Ant. 1037), who contrasts the Sardian electrum with the Indian
gold, and of Herodotus (i. 50), who distinguishes p!<re gold from white gold, down to that
of Pliny and other late writers, Greeks as well as Eomans recognized electrum or white
gold as a special variety of gold, possessing a distinct value of its own in relation both to
gold and silver. The Lydian and Milesian electrum stater of 225 grs. (a weight by the way
which the coins never attain) cannot therefore be considered as equivalent to 2980 grs. of
silver or 20 Egyptian kats, but only to about 2250 grs. of silver or 10 Phoenician silver
staters of 225 gTS. or 15 pieces of 150 grs. Whether these coins of 150 grs. which undoubt-
edly occur in some districts such as Lycia and Thrace are identical with the Egyptian kat,
and consequently of Egyptian oi-igin, or whether they are as I have supposed merely a
degraded form of the Babylonic silver stater of about 1 70 grs. is another question, and one
which we have no positive data for determining. The one point upon which I wish to insist
is that the pale silvery electrum can never have passed current on an equality with dark
yellow coloured pure gold.
' Hence Dr. Imhoof-Blumer argues that these pieces of about 92 grs. are in reality Euboic
octobols or thirds of the Euboic tetradrachm of 270 grs. slightly over weight ; Monatsbericht
d. K. Akad. d. Wissensch. Berlin, 1881.
d
1
INTRODUCTION.
The
This may perhaps be owing to the circumstance that the earliest colonies
from Chalcis in Italy and Sicily were in great part (and perhaps in the
main) not Chalcidiau at all. Chalcis was, it is true, the port of embarkation
and the city under whose auspices ^the colonies in question were organized
and planted out, but the actual colonists may well have been dra^^n from
the mainland and islands of Greece, where the Aeginetic standard was pre-
dominant.
IMoreover, the reasons, whatever they may have been, which induced the
Euboeans in their own island and in their Thracian settlements to adopt the
stater of 135 or the distater of 270 grs., may not have applied to their western
colonists, who consequently adhered to the Aeginetic standard, which, while
Aegiua was still one of the great maritime powers, had obtained its widest
circulation.
Traces of this early extension of the Aeginetic standard may be found in the
weight-system of the oldest coins of Corcyra which, though a colony of Corinth,
never accepted the Eubo'ic- Corinthian standard, but from the first beginning of
her coinage started with the Aeginetic (p. 275).
But — to return to Italy and Sicily,— the earliest coins of the Chalcidian
colonies are essentially different in fabric from the contemporary money of
Greece proper; being flat and circular, not globular or bullet -shaped like the
ancient coins of Aegina or the coasts of Asia Minor (cf. Figs. 81, 85, and 220).
In this they resemble the contemporary money of Corinth (Fig. 222) and of
the Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia (Fig. 54). The coinage of this group of
cities is that which we must next examine.
The most famous of the cities which owed their origin to the Achaeans were
Achaean gybai'is, founded B.C. 720 and Croton B.C. 710.
Ma<ma Both these towns stood on the shores of that great 'gulf which took Its name
Graecia. from the Dorian city of Tarentum ; Sybaris in the low country at the conflu-
ence of the two rivers, Sybaris and Crathis, Croton about fifty miles south, on a
height facing the Lacinian promontoiy, on Avhich, in the midst of a forest of
dark pine trees, stood the far-famed temple of Hera Lakinia, the scene of the
great annual gathering of all the Italian Greeks.
Sybaris, Sybaris during the century and a half in which she flourished attained to a
height of power, wealth, and magnificence truly surprising. Her population,
not including the slaves, is said to have amounted to more than 300,000,
and the number of mounted knights, all belonging to the wealthier classes,
which she was able to equip was no less than 5000. The luxuiy and the
effeminacy in which this vast population habitually lived have made the very
name of ' Sybarite' a bye-word through all the ages.
Now whence came all this wealth and why did it all flow to this one particular
spot 1
M. Lenormant, with his usual insight, has divined the true answer to this
question '.
Sybaris, like Corinth, held the isthmus between two seas, the Ionian on the
east and the Etruscan on the west.
* La Orande Qrvce, i. p. 262 sqq.
TRANSMISSION —GREECE TO THE WEST. li
Etruria was between the eighth and sixth century b. c. the great market for
Oriental and Graeco- Asiatic articles of luxury, such as rich stuffs and precious
vases both of metal and fine pottery. In return for these she exported chiefly
the products of her mines of copper and iron.
The territory of Sybaris, which extended across the narrow part of Southern
Italy, from sea to sea, was the land on which both the buyer and the seller dis-
embarked their goods. The Milesian trader on the one hand unloaded his ship
in the jiort of Sybaris, while the Etruscan merchant on the other sailed into the
harbour of Laiis, a dependency of Sybaris on the western side. The Sybarites
on their part had merely to carry the goods in safety across their own territory
from one port to another, reaping, it may be assumed, no small profit for them-
selves out of the transaction.
The insecurity of the Etruscan seo, infested as it was with Carthaginian and
other pirates, combined with the fact, above alluded to, that the Chalcidians
held a firm grip on the Sicilian straits, had given to Sybaris a practical monopoly
of the carriage of goods by land across her tei-ritory.
It was this carrying trade which was the source of that vast wealth which
by its too rapid and too easy acquisition demoralized in less than one hundred
years the whole population of the largest city of the ancient world.
Croton, the rival Achaean settlement in these regions, was for more than a Croton.
century second in importance to Sybaris, and was gradually sinking into the
same condition of luxury and effeminacy, when it became the scene of that
great political and religious revival which was due to the personal influence
of Pythagoras the Samian.
About the middle of the sixth century B. c, under the rule (for such
it practically was) of the Pythagorean brotherhood, Croton suddenly assumed
a leading position among the Greek cities of Southern Italy.
Then followed the famous war between Croton and Sybaris, and the utter
destruction of the latter by the Crotoniates, about B.C. 510.
From the rarity of the coins of Sybaris as compared with the contemporary
coins of Croton, we can only infer that during the first century and a half of
her history Sybaris carried on her extensive commerce without the aid of coined
money.
The coinage appears simultaneously in all the Greek cities of Southern Italy,
during the period of the supremacy of Croton, but still some time before the
destruction of Sybaris (see Table, p. 58).
It is therefore almost certain that the use of coined money was introduced Federal
into the Achaean towns of j\Iagua Graecia, while the government of all these *^°'"^S^
cities was practically in the hands of the Pythagorean clubs, whose policy seems Achaean
to have been to unite into a single nation all the Greeks of Italy. That some towns of
such project as this was entertained can hardly be doubted by anyone who is
familiar with the numismatics of South Italy in the sixth century before
our era.
The coinage of these cities is very distinctive in character. It stands by
itself as a class apart, unlike all other coinages, and it has all the ajjpearance
of having been a federal currency, that is to say a coinage in which each
Hi INTBOBUCTIOK
participating city, while retaining its own jJarticular type\ maintained never-
theless a strict uniformity in the matter of the fabric, size, weight, and value of
its coins, as compared with those of the other cities of the League.
The fabric of the early coins of the Achaean cities of Italy is peculiar. On
the obverse is the leading type of the city where the coin was issued, in relief,
and on the reverse either the same type repeated or the type of some neigh-
bouring city incuse. These coins are also to be distinguished from those of
Greece and Asia Minor by their circular shape and thin beaten out plate-
like aspect (Figs. 36, 37, 43, etc.)
The standard and divisional system which they follow is that of the coins of
Corinth somewhat reduced, the stater in good preservation weighing about 126
grs., and the Third, or drachm, about 42 grs.
The fact that the Achaean colonies in Italy, in beginning to coin money of
their own, took the Corinthian coins as their models, rather than the Asiatic
or the Aeginetic, is an indication that the course of trade between these cities
and Asia mainly flowed through the Corinthian Gulf, and across the isthmus
of Corinth, and not in a direct line from Sybaria to Miletus. Thus the dangers
of an ojDen sea voyage were avoided, and the Achaean mariner never felt him-
self in strange waters, for by this route land is hardly ever lost sight of. This
early trade with Italy and Sicily must have been chiefly in the hands of the
Corinthians. From Corinth it was that the Achaean towns received the idea
of coining money, and the early Corinthian coins natui'ally served as models
for those of Southern Italy. From Corinth (Fig. 222) they got the thin and
flattened out metal disk, which distinguishes the coinage of this monetary con-
federacy. From Corinth too they borrowed the idea of placing an incuse
device upon the reverse of the coin, for this practice is a mere development of
the Corinthian custom of placing an incuse geometrical pattern on the reverse
of their money.
Of the cities which took part in the Federal currency known as the incuse
coinage of Magna Graecia the following may be mentioned : —
In the north the Dorian Tarentum (Fig. 25), but only exceptionally, the bulk
of the coinage of this great city belonging to a different category.
Next, Metapontum (Fig. 37), then Siris (p. 69), in alliance either with
Sybaris, or with Pyxus on the T}Trhenian sea, the latter alliance proving that
Siris held commercial relations by way of her river valley with the western
coast.
Next, Sybaris (Fig. 46), either alone or in alliance with Siris on the north or
Croton on the south.
Then Croton (Fig. 54), sometimes in alliance with Sybaris and sometimes
with Pandosia (p. 90), which stood inland among the mountains on the little
river Acheron, an affluent of the Crathis, and sometimes again with Temesa
(p. 96) on the eastern or Tyrrhenian sea.
Last of all comes Caulonia (Fig. 52) the farthest to the South. The towns on
' In some of the later Federal currencies, such as that of the Achaean League in Pelopon-
nesus (p. ^^o), uniformity of type was also insisted upon.
TRANSMISSION— GREECE TO THE WEST. liii
the Tyrrhenian sea, Temesa, Laiis, and Pyxus, which participated in this coinage
appear to have been dependencies of Croton, Sybaris, and Siris.
Poseidonia (p. 67) (afterwards Paestum), bordering on Campania, had a
coinage of a mixed character, the earliest coins with incuse reverses resembling
in fabric those of the Achaean cities (cf. Figs. 43 and 52), but belonging to
the weight-system prevalent in the Campanian towns (stater 118 grs.) ; while
the somewhat later, but also archaic coins, on the other hand, follow the
Achaean standard and system of division by three, but do not belong in fabric
to the incuse class (cf. Figs. 43 and 44).
Tarentum, like Poseidonia, seems to have i-eceived her first impulse in the Tarentum.
direction of coining money from the cities of the Achaean union, her earliest
staters belonging to the incuse series (Fig. 25).
But after a short time the character of the Tarentine coins undergoes a change.
The stater is no longer issued as a thin disk with an incuse reverse, but in a
thicker and more compact form and with a type in relief on both sides (Fig. 26).
The weight, however, remains the same (126 grs.), and the divisional system by
two and not by three prevails from the first.
The coinage of Tarentum therefore was but slightly affected by that of the
Achaean union, and must be classed as Euboic-Attic rather than as Euboic-
Corinthian.
In this respect the money of Tarentum resembles that of Syracuse and the Sicily,
other Sicilian cities in which the principal coins were the Attic tetradrachm
(270 grs.), didrachm (135 grs.), and drachm (67 grs.), (except in the earliest
period at the Chalcidian towns Naxus, Zancle, and Himera, where, as we have
already seen, the Aeginetic drachm (circ. 90 grs.) was in use down to about
B. c. 500, when it began to give place to the Attic tetradrachm), (Figs. 85
and 86).
Of the Epizephyriau Locrians (pp. 86 and 341) who shared with theLocriEpi-
Rhegians the southern extremity of the Italian peninsula, the earliest coins ^^^ y^"'
which have come down to us are Corinthian staters of the Pegasos type,
but with the inscription AOK or AOKPHN (135 grs.), all the other Locriaa
coins follow the Italic standard, 120 to 115 grs.
The only other town in this part of Italy which did not belong to the Rhegium.
Achaean monetary union was Pvhegium, which, as has been already stated,
began to coin at an early date, though probably not before B.C. 530, on the
Aeginetic standard (p. 92). About the year B.C. 500 Rhegium, together with
Zancle, from this time forward called Messana, on the Sicilian shore, and the
two other Chalcidian towns Himera and Naxus, simultaneously exchanged the
Aeginetic for the Attic standard, thus bringing their coinage into harmony
with that of Syracuse and all the other Sicilian cities.
We have now to consider the coinage of the Campanian coast from Velia Campania,
and Poseidonia in the South to Neapolis and Cumae in the North. The Cam-
panian standard appears to have been derived directly from Asia ]\Iinor.
The town of Velia was founded by fugitive Phocaeans in B. c. 540, and
there can be little doubt that they brought with them the Phocaean drachm
of 59 grs. of which the standard is distinctly Asiatic, as is also the type,
lion devouring his prey (p. 73 sq.).
liv INTRODUCTION.
From Velia this staudard sjiread to the neighbouring town of Poseidonia,
which, while adopting the Campanian standard and striking drachms of 59
and didrachms of 118 grs., sought nevertheless to bring her money into
harmony with that of the Achaean federation by imitating the flat fabric with
incuse reverse-type common to the money of the Achaean union (of. Figs. 43
and 46).
About the beginning of the fifth century we find both these towns
abandoning the Phocaean standard, Velia in favour of the reduced Attic
standard of Tarentum (stater about 126 grs. divided into two drachms), and
Poseidonia in favour of the Achaean standard — stater about 126 gi's. divided
into three drachms (pp. 67 and 74).
This change of staudard on the part of Velia and Poseidonia did not,
however, take place until the Phocaean standard had had time to take firm
root at the Chalcidian Cumae (p. 31) and its colony Neapolis. The money
of these two cities aud of the Campanian towns issued on the ancient Phocaean
standard is very plentiful. It consists in the main of didrachms weighing
from 118-115 g^s., which are on the average about 6 grs. lighter than the
Achaean and the Tarentine coins, the two latter being almost identical in
weight and differing only in the divisional system, which in the Achaean
is by 3 and in the Tarentine by 2.
Etruria. Passing still farther northwards into Etruria, we there find two standards
in use for weighing silver in the fifth century B.C., the larger denominations
of these two standards weighing respectively 354, 177, and 88 grs. for the
one, and 260, 130, and 65 grs. for the other. This last is clearly the Euboic
standard which found its way into Etruria probably from Syracuse.
As to the other standard, it is generally supposed to be the Persic, derived
in some way from commerce with Asia Minor. For my own part, however,
I am inclined to think that it is the reduced Aeginetic standard which pre-
vailed from the earliest times in Corcyra, and that it was received into Etruria
by way of the Adriatic sea and the trading jDorts of Hatria and Spina on
the mouths of the Po, which before the inroad of the Gauls were included
in Etruria.
K. O. Miiller^ has already, on other grounds, conjectured that the Cor-
cyraeans and the Etruscans held commercial relations with one another by
this route, which was very important in early times in connection with the
amber trade. If this be so, it would seem that the two coin-standards which
we find in use at one and the same time in Etruria, arrived in that country
by different routes and from opposite sides ; the Euboic by the Tyrrhenian sea
through Poj)ulonia on the western coast, and the Corcyraeo-Aeginetic by way
of the Adriatic sea and the valley of the Po.
Meantime the indigenous money of Etruria based upon the native pound
weight of uncoined bronze remained in use down to a late period. With
this and with the analogous heavy bronze currency of Rome and central Italy
in general {aes rude) I shall not concern myself, as it hardly falls within the
scope of the present work.
' Die Etrusker, i. 4. 2, p. 266.
TRANSMISSION— GREECE TO THE WEST. Iv
It ma)^ be remarked, however, that from the marks of value on the silver
money of Etruria XX, X, A, IIA ( = 20, 10, 5, and 2\), etc., it is certain that
there was a legalized rate of exchange between silver and bronze, which there
is also evidence to show varied both in Etruria and in Central Italy, very
considerably in a comparatively short period of time ^ (see pp. 11, 12).
It does not, however, appear that the weights of the silver coins were in
any way affected by the altered relations of the silver and bronze coins, the
standards used for silver being in every case of Greek origin, while that
according to which the native bronze money was cast was perhaps indigenous.
Bronze was in fact originally the only medium of exchange, not only in Bronze the
Italy, but in Sicily. In both it was probably related to silver in the proportion standard
of about 250 : 1 ^ the pound weight of bronze in Italy, Libra, in Sicily, Litra, in Italy
being the primitive unit of account. and Sicily.
The Roman As before its reduction in Aveight (b.c. 269) represented this
pound of bronze, and was called the As libralis (p. 15).
Tlie silver equivalent of the Sicilian Litra was a small silver coin called
a vofios, weight 13-5 grs., and when in b.c. 269 the Romans instituted a silver
currency, they applied the term nummus to their own unit, the scripulum,
equal in value to i As libralis or 2| of the asses of reduced weight, whence
the silver unit obtained the name of nummus sestertius or simply sestertius
(see p. 55).
The Sicilian Litra of bronze, in weight 3375 grs. or | of the Roman libra,
was never coined in that metal, but it was none the less the basis of the silver
currency, its equivalent in silver, the vojioi, or silver litra, was in weight ^L.
of the Attic didrachm and of the Corinthian stater, which latter in Sicily went
by the name of the hiKoKirpos a-Tarrip ^. Thus the Attic standard Avas grafted
upon the native Sicilian system of the litra of bronze ; the Decadrachm being
equivalent to 50 litrae and going by the name of Peutecontalitron, the Tetra-
drachm to 20 litrae, the Didrachm to 10, and the Drachm to 5.
After the time of Agathocles (b.c. 317-310) we meet with many other
multiples of the litra which are foreign to the Attic system, such as pieces
of 32, 24, 18, 16, 15, 12, 8, 6, and 4, litrae, etc., but before his time, with the
exception of the litra of I3"5 grs., none but coins of Attic weight occur ^ The
Sicilian bronze coins, though only money of account, and of merely nominal
value, sometimes bear marks by which they can be identified as belonging to
the system of the litra which, like the Roman libra, was divided into 1 2
ounces. Thus the Hemilitron has six pellets, the Pentoukion five, the Tetras
four, the Trias three, the Hexas two, and the Uncia one (see p. 127).
Even in the Greek towns of Southern Italy it is probable that, before the
introduction of coined money, values were calculated on the basis of the
pound weight of bronze ; and it may be inferred that the Tarentine silver
vofios was^a small coin similar to the Roman sestertius or the Sicilian litra.
Aristotle cited by Pollux (ix. 80) describes the nummus of Tareutum as
having for type a representation of Taras the son of Poseidon borne upon a
dolphin, and small silver coins of this type weighing about 16 grs. are known
^ Mommsen, Hisi. Mon. Rom., i. p. 372. ^ Mommsen, Hist. Mon. Rom., ii. p. 31.
^ Pollux, ix. 80. * Num. Chron., 1874, p. 80.
Ivi
INTRODUCTION.
(B.M. Cat. Gr. G. Italy, p. 109) which are perhaps the nummi alluded to by
Aristotle (see p. 55).
Mommsen, however [Hist. Mon, Rom., \. p. 141), is of opinion that the
Tarentine vo^ios is the didrachm of circ. 127 grs., and it must be confessed
that the type of Taras on the dolphin is far more frequent on the didrachm
than on the smaller coins ^
Gallia. Proceeding from Populonia in a north-westerly direction along the Ligurian
coast we reach the shores of Gaul without coming upon a single town which
was in the most ancient period (of which alone we are now speaking) acquainted
with the use of money, or perhaps we should say which struck coins of its own,
until Ave reach the Phocaean colony of Massalia or Massilia.
In the neighbourhood of this town there was found at Auriol in 1867^ a
hoard consisting of 2130 small Greek silver coins of archaic style, comprising
in all about twenty-five different types. Smaller finds of similar coins have
subsequently come to light at Volterra ^ in Tuscany and on the eastern coast
of Spain.
These little coins are all uninscribed and cannot therefore be attributed
with absolute certainty. One point, however, seems clear, viz. that from the
great variety of their types they can hardly be the coinage of any single town.
They are probably the currency of a loose kind of monetary confederacy of
which the Phocaean towns of Velia in Italy, Massilia in Gaul, and perhaps
Emporiae in Spain were members.
The weight standard to which these interesting little coins belong is the
Phoenician, of which the stater Aveighed about 220 grs. or somewhat less.
They are for the most part I2ths or obols (wt. 18 grs.).
The coast of Catalonia appears to be the limit towards the West beyond
which the use of coins did not penetrate until a considerably later period than
that for which I have hitherto spoken.
Religious
character
of early
coin-types,
§ 10. Greek Coin-types.
The stamp, device, or, as it is conveniently termed, the type, placed by
authority on metal intended to circulate as money, was not originally, or indeed
at any time primarily, an indication of a given quantity or value, as Aristotle
imagined it to have been^o yap x^paKT^p eredr} tov noa-ov trrip-eiov (^Polit. i. 3. 14).
It was simply the signet or guarantee of the issuer, a solemn affirmation on
the part of the State that the coin was of just weight and good metal, a calling
of the gods to witness against fraud. Such being its object it was of course
necessary that the coin-type should consist of a generally intelligible device,
which might appeal to the eyes of all as the sacred emblem of the god whose
dreaded name was thus invoked to vouch for the good faith of the issuer.
Hence the religious character of all early coin-types. Just as the word
GEO I frequently stands at the head of treaties engraved on stone, so the em-
blems of the gods stand consiDicuous on the face of the coins.
^ See Num. Chron., 1S81, p. 296. '■' Ber. Num., N. S. xiv. pp. 348-360,
' I'eriodico di Numismafica, 1872, p. 208.
GREEK COIN-TYPES. Ivii
Whether, as Professor Curtius thinks [Num. Citron., 1870, p. 92), the earliest
coins were struck within the precincts of the temples antl under the direct
auspices of the priests, we have no means of deciding.
At Rome indeed we know that the first regular mint was established in the
temple of Juno Moneta, after whom we still call our current coin ' money,'
and it is not unreasonable to suppose that the precious metals which, either as
offerings, tithes, or rents, found their way into the temple treasuries of Greece,
were put into circulation in the form of coin marked with the symbols of the
gods, or with some animal or object emblematical of their worship. However
this may originally have been, there can be no doubt that the assumption by
the civic authorities of the sole I'ight of coinage made no difference whatever
in the character of coin-types ; the gods were still invoked on the coins as the
protectors of the State, and their heads or emblems were alone deemed worthy
of representation on the money.
Apparent exceptions to the almost universal rule as to the sacred character
of the types of Greek coins are the so-called agonistic types commemorating
victories in the Games ; but it should be borne in mind that all Greek games
partook of a religious nature, and that the representation of a victorious
chariot or other agonistic emblem would be in a certain sense symbolical of
the god in whose honour the games were held. The sacred nature of the
types on Greek coins, from the earliest times down to the age of the Diadochi,
naturally precluded all direct references on the coinage to victories in war,
political revolutions, or other historical events, the commemoration of which
we might otherwise have looked for on the current coin of the State ; not in-
deed that such references are altogether wanting, but they are indirect, and
though perhaps intelligible enough at the time of their introduction, are to our
modern eyes mere hints to the initiated, the meaning of which is not readily
apparent. Thus, for instance, when an olive-bi"anch aj)pears as an adjunct
s}Tnbol by the side of the bull on the reverse of certain of the coins of Samos,
the careful student of the series of the Samian money may see in it an allusion
to the Athenian conquest of the island, the olive being the special symbol of
Athena, and appearing regularly on the Samian coins while the island was
subject to Athens, and only during that particular period (see p. 516). So also
at Syracuse, when the Corinthian Timoleon succeeded in liberating that city
from the tyranny of the Dionysian dynasty, the coinage of Syracuse was for a
time assimilated to that of Corinth (p. loi).
All through the history of free and independent Greece, and even until the
death of Alexander the Great, the main object of the coin-type was to place
before the people an ideal representation of the divinity most honoured in
the distiict in which the coin was intended to circulate.
No tyrant, however despotic, no general, however splendid his achievements
by land or sea, no demagogue, however inflated his vanitj', ever sought to per-
petuate his features on the current coin. Hence the mythological interest of
the coin-types is paramount, from the first introduction of the art of coining
down to the age of the successors of Alexander.
It is not until after Alexander's death that the first indication of a change
of ideas becomes apparent. In the course of a single decade a new world had
been added to Greece, a great wave of Hellenic influence had swej^t over the
Iviii INTRODUCTION.
ancient kingdoms of the East, and in its reflux liad borne back to the West
the purely oriental conception of the divinity of kings.
Petty local interests, local cults, local trade, were now merged in larger
circles of activity ; commerce was now carried on over a wider field and on a
grander scale, and Alexander, the one man by whose impetuous force and insati-
able ambition this mighty change had been brought about, over the whole face
of the ancient world, came to be regarded as a demi-god. The altered political
aspect of the world, and the inward change in men's minds were at once re-
flected as in a mirror, on the current coin. The head of the deified Alexander
now first api^ears on the coinage in his character of son of Zsus Amnion, and,
as one after another of his generals assumed the title of king and the insignia
of royalty, each in turn was emboldened to place his own portrait on the money
which he caused to be struck in his name.
Introduc- From this time forward Greek coins possess for us an altogether different
tion of kind of interest. The ideal gives place to the real, and we are in the presence
after 0^ ^ g^^ll^ry of royal portraits of undoubted authenticity, invaluable as illustra-
Alexander tions of the characters of the chief actors on the stage of the world's history.
Meanwhile the reverse types become more and more conventional in style.
This is in part due to the exigencies of an enlarged commerce which demanded
a fixity and uniformity of type fatal to all originality of conception and design
on the part of the die-engraver, a conventionality which in the case of some
coinages extends to the obverse as well as to the reverse. This is especially
noticeable in the Ptolemaic series, where the stereotyped head of Ptolemy
Soter is repeated with wearisome similarity for no less than two centuries and
a half, not however to the total exclusion of portraits of the reigning monarch.
Character- Among the bronze coins of the Imperial age struck in Greek cities, cora-
istjcs of laonly known as the Greek Imperial series, there are many which are in the
in Imperial highest degree instructive, although it must be confessed that they can lay no
times. claim to be regarded as works of art. The interest of this class of coin-types
is both mythological and archaeological. They tell us what gods were held in
honour and under what forms they were worshipped in every town of the
ancient world. On this series also are to be found numerous copies of the
actual statues of the gods as they stood in the temples ; — the hideous ui^right
effigy of the Ephesian Artemis with her many bi^easts, no longer idealized and
Hellenized as on the coins of the best period of art, but in her true barbarous
Asiatic form (Fig. 317); the Aphrodite which Praxiteles made for the Cni-
dians (p. 525); the famous chryselephantine Zeus of Pheidias at Olympia
(p. 357) ; the simulacrum of the Sidonian Astarte (p. 673), and many others.
Sometimes a complete myth is I'epresented in the pictorial style, as on a
coin of Myra in Lycia (Fig. 319), where we see the veiled effigy of an Asiatic
goddess mounted on a tree, on either side of which stands a man wielding an
axe in the act of striking at its roots, while two serpents emerge from the
trunk seemingly to defend the tree against its assailants. This strange type
seems to be another version of the story of the maiden JNIyrrha who was trans-
formed into a tree, from the trunk of which, when her father hewed it with
his swoid, Adonis was born.
Anotlier mythological type which may be here mentioned possesses for us
still greater interest, I allude to the famous coins struck at Apameia in
SYMBOLS. lix
Phrygia, surnamed ^ ki^cotos or ' the Aik.' Here a local form of the legend
of the Noachian deluge prevailed, due perhaps to the existence of a Jewish ele-
ment iu the population of the town. On these coins w^e see the Ark in the form
of a chest bearing the inscription Nn€ floating on the waters. Standing in the
ark are two figures, and beside it two others, a man and a woman On the top
of the ark is a raven and above it a dove carrying an olive-branch (Fig. 316).
The importance of such types as these can hardly be exaggerated, and we may
turn to the Greek Imperial coins, as we might have done to the pages of Poly-
histor had they been preserved, for illustrations of many obscure local cults
which prevailed in Greece, Asia Minor, and the East under the Pioman rule.
§ II. Syvihols.
A symbol has been well defined as a sign included in the idea which it
represents, a part chosen to represent the whole. Thus the club is the symbol
of Herakles, the lyre of Apollo, the trident of Poseidon, the thunderbolt of
Zeus. As a rule in the archaic period, the coin-type is itself strictly speaking
a symbol. Afterwards, when the die-engravers had become more skilful, the
head or entire figm*e of the god takes the place of the mere emblem.
The symbol is then either entirely omitted or becomes an adjunct of the
principal type. In numismatic terminology such secondary devices which
occupy some vacant space in the field of the coin are alone called symbols.
Sometimes the symbol merely serves to emphasize or give greater precision
to the main type, as for instance the olive-bi-anch beside the owl on the earlier
coins of Athens (Fig. 209), or the bow beside the heads of Apollo and Artemis
on certain coins of Syracuse (Fig. 104). But far more frequently the symbols
have no connection whatever with the principal types, and are constantly varied
on coins of one and the same series (Fig. 157). These changing symbols are
generally the personal signets of the magistrates under whose authority the
coins were issued ; cf. the symbols in the field on the later tetradrachms of
Athens, which vary from year to year with the names of the magistrates
(p. 319 sqq.). A third class of symbols consists of those which occur on the
various regal series from the age of Philip and Alexander down to Eoman
times (p. 200). Here the symbol has sometimes a local signification, and indi-
cates the place of issue, as for instance when the Rose on late coins of the second
century b. c. beai'ing the types of Alexander stands for the town of Rhodes.
Such symbols might be preferably termed mint-marks were it not for the
occasional difficulty of distinguishing them from the personal signets of the
officers entrusted with the supervision of the currency.
§ 12. The Chronological Classification of Coins by style.
It has been often and truly said that Greek coins are the grammar of Greek
art, for it is only by means of coins that we can trace the whole course of
art from its very beginning to its latest decline. Neither statues, bronzes,
vases, nor gems can, as a rule, be quite satisfactorily and exactly dated. Coins,
on the other hand, admit of a far more precise classification, for in every jjeriod
there are numerous coins of which the dates can be positively determined ;
and ai'ound these fixed points a little experience enables the numismatist to
group, within certain limits, all the rest.
Ix
INTRODUCTION.
Period of
Archaic
Art.
Period of
Transi-
tional Art.
Period of
Finest Art,
The main chronological divisions or periods into which the coins of the
ancients fall according to their style are the following : —
I. B. c. 700-480. The Period of Archaic Art, which extends from the in-
vention of coining down to the time of the Persian wars. Within these two
centuries there is a gradual development from extreme rudeness of work
to more clearly defined forms, which, however, are always characterized by
stiffness and angularity of style, the distinguishing mark of archaic Greek
art. As a rule the coin-types in this period consist of animal forms or
heads of animals. The human face is of rare occurrence, and, even when
in profile, is drawn with both corners of the eye visible, as if seen from
the front (Fig. 85). The hair is generally represented by minute dots, and
the mouth wears a fixed and foi'mal smile, but withal there is in the best
ai-chaic coin-work, especially about the close of the period, a strength and
a delicacy of touch which are often wanting in the fully developed art of
a later age. The reverse sides of the coins in the archaic period do not
at first bear any type, but merely the imjiress in the form of an incuse
square (often divided into four quarters (Fig. 118) or into eight or more
triangular compartments (Fig. 195), some deeply indented) of the punch used
for driving the ingot of metal down into the slightly concave die in which
the type was engraved, and for holding it fast while it was struck by the
hammer.
In Magna Graecia, Sicily, and in some parts of European Greece the coins
are from the very first provided with a type on both sides. For examjDles
see B. M. Guide, Plates I-IX.
II. B.C. 480-415. The Period of Transitional Art from the Persian wars to
the siege of Syracuse by the Athenians. In this period of about 65 years
an enormous advance is noticeable in the technical skill with which the
dies of the coins are prepared. The rude incuse square is generally
superseded by a more regularly formed incuse square often containing a
device or a kind of ornamental quartering (Fig. 124) together with, in many
cases, the name of the city or of the magistrate (in an abbreviated form)
under whose jurisdiction tiie coin was issued. In Asia Minor the incuse
square is for the most part retained down to a much later jDeriod than
in European Greece. The devices on the coinage of this period are cha-
racterized by an increased delicacy in the i-enderiug of details, and by
a truer understanding of the anatomical structure of the human body
(Fig. 86) and, towards the close of the 5th century, by greater freedom of
movement. Some of the most delicately wrought and powerfully conceived
Sicilian coin-types belong to the close of this transitional period; cf. the
two eagles devouring a hare on the well-known coins of Agrigentum
(Fig. 68).
III. B.C. 415-336. The Period of Finest Art, from the siege of Syracuse to
the accession of Alexander. During this period the art of engraving coins
reached the highest point of excellence which it has ever attained, either in
ancient or modern times. The types are characterized by intensity of action,
perl'cct symmetry of proportion, elegance of composition, finish of execution,
and richness of ornamentation. Tlie head of the divinity on the obverse
ClTJiONOLOGTCAL CLASSIFICATION. . Ixi
is frequently represented almost facing and in high relief ; cf. the beautiful
heads of Apollo at Clazomenae (Fig. 296), Rhodes (Fig. 312), and Amphipolis
(Fig. 131), of Hermes at Aenus (Fig. 157), of the Nymph Larissa (Fig. 176),
of Hera Lakinia at Pandosia (Fig. 61), of Arethusa and Pallas at Syracuse
(Figs. 102, 103), and of Zeus Ammon at Cyrene (Fig. 390). Among the
more remarkable reverse-types are the seated figures of Pan on a coin of
Arcadia (Fig. 242) and of Herakles at Croton (Fig. 57).
It is to this period that nearly all the coins belong which bear artists'
signatures, a proof that the men employed at this time to engrave the
coin-dies were no mei-e mechanics, but artists of high repute ; among them
the two names of Euainetos and Kimon of Syracuse, the engravers of the
splendid silver medallions (dekadrachms) of that city (Figs. 100, loi) can
never be forgotten as long as their works remain, notwithstanding the fact
that no ancient writer has recorded them.
IV. B. c. 336-280. The Period of later Fine Art, from the accession of Alexander Period of
to the death of Lysimachus. The heads on the coins of this age are f V^ ^°®
remarkable for expression of feeling. The eye is generally deeply set
and the brows more defined. The human figure on the reverses gradually
becomes more elance, and the muscles of the body are more strongly in-
dicated. On both obverse and reverse the infl.uence of the school of
Lysippus becomes apparent. The most frequent reverse-type is now a
seated figure, the general aspect and pose of which is borrowed from the
seated figure of the eagle-bearing Zeus on the money of Alexander. For
examples, see Figs. 142-144, 172, 201, 239, and 254.
V. B.C. 280-146. The Period of the Decline of Art, from the death of Lysi- Period of
machus to the Roman conquest of Greece. As the chief silver coinages i V^''
of this period are regal, there is little or no difficulty in dating them.
They present us with a series of portraits of the kings of Egypt, Syria,
Bactria, Pontus, Bithynia, Pergamum, Macedon, Sicily, etc. The defeat of
Antiochus by the Romans at the battle of Magnesia, B.C. 190, was for
Western Asia Minor no less important than the defeat of Philip V at
Cynoscephalae in B.C. 197 had been for European Greece. The freedom
of many Greek cities in Asia was forthwith proclaimed by the Romans, in
consequence of which they again obtained the right of coining money. This
privilege they immediately took advantage of by issuing coins either in
their own names or on the pattern of the money of Alexander the Great,
and in his name, but with the addition of their respective badges and of
the names of their local magistrates in the field ; a proof that the mass of
the currency still consisted of the money of the great conqueror, for in
no other circumstances could we explain the adoption by so many towns
of Alexander's types more than a century after his death. All these coins
are easily distinguished from the real coinage of Alexander by their large
dimensions and sjoread fabric.
In European Greece, the money of the kings of Macedon comes to an
end in B.C. i68 on the defeat of Perseus (Fig. 149) by the Romans, but
soon afterwards silver was again issued in Macedon on its division into
four regions under Roman protection (Fig. 153). Athens, after an interval
Ixii
INTIiODUCTION.
Period of
continued
decline.
Imperial
period.
of about a century, during which she was not permitted by the kings of
Macedon to strike money, recovered the right of coinage about B.C. 220,
and from that time her tetradrachms of the 'new style' (Fig. 216) began
to be issued in great quantities. In Italy the commencement of the Eoman
silver coinage in b. c. 268 put an end to almost all the other autonomous
silver coinages in that country. In Africa the money of Carthage, down
to its destruction in B.C. 146, is remarkable for a rapid degradation in
the style of its execution, and in the quality of the metal employed.
Artistically, the coins of Asia are throughout this entire period incomparably
superior both to those of European Greece and of the West, although it
cannot be affirmed that they in any degree reflect the best contemporary
art of the flourishing Schools of Pergamum, Ehodes, and Tralles.
VI. B. c. 146-27. The Period of continued Decline in Art, from the Roman
conquest of Greece to the rise of the Roman Empire.
In Northern Greece, when Macedonia, west of the river Nestus, was finally
constituted a Roman Province (b. c. 146), and when the coinage of silver
in that country consequently ceased, Maroneia (Fig. 160) in Thiace and
the island of Thasos (Fig. 166) endeavoured for a time to supply its place
by the issue of large flat tetradrachms of base style. Athens, almost the
only silver coining state in Greece proper, continued to send forth vast
quantities of tetradrachms at least down to the capture of the city by Sulla
in B.C. 86 (Figs. 218, 219), about which time she too was deprived of the
right of coinage. In Asia Minor the chief silver coinage consisted of the
famous Cistophori (Fig. 287), a special currency which was long permitted
by the Romans, even after the constitution of the Province of Asia in b. c.
133. Farther East, the regal series of Syria and Egypt remain unbroken
down to the Roman conquest of those countries. The Bactrian money rapidly
loses its Hellenic character and becomes at last purely Indian.
Almost the only coins in this period which can lay claim to any high
artistic mei'it are those which bear the idealized portrait of the great
Mithradates (Fig. 265).
VII. B.C. 27-A.D. 268. Im^yerial Period. Augustus to GaUienus. Under
the Roman Emperors the right of coining their own bronze money was
from time to time accorded to a vast number of cities in the eastern half
of the Empire. In the western provinces this privilege was much more rarely
granted. These coinages which now goby the name of Greek Imperial'
are in reality rather municipal than Imperial. The head of the Emperor
is merely placed on the obverse out of compliment to the reigning monarch,
and is frequently exchanged in the Province of Asia for that of the Roman
senate (CYNKAHTOC or KPA CYNKAHTOC) or that of the local
council, senate, or people (BOYAH, TePOYCIA, AHMOC). At many
small towns the privilege of coining money appears to have been enjoyed
only on certain occasions, such as during the celebration of games and
festivals (Fig. 333) or under certain emperors, and to have been renewed
only after an interval of perhaps many years. The dimensions of the
present work will not permit me to give in detail the periods during which
the local mints were active or dormaht. I mn.st content myself with
INSCRIPTIONS. kill
indicating the highest and lowest limits within which coins occur at each
town. It will be seen that the Greek Imperial series nowhere extends
beyond the reign of Gallienus, except at a few towns chiefly in southern
Asia Minor, where it is continued down to that of Aurelian, a.d. 270-275,
and at Alexandria, where it does not finally come to an end until the reign
of Diocletian, A. D. 284-313.
§ 13. Inscrijitions on Autonomous and Regal Coins.
The inscriptions on Greek coins, when present, which in the archaic period
is rarely the case, consist as a rule of the first three or four letters of the
ethnic, e.g. AGE (Fig. 211), META (Fig. 37), SYPA (Fig. 92), for 'Adrjvalcov,
MeraTToi/riVcoi/, 2vpaKo(Tia>v, or of the name of a dynast sometimes at full length
as TETAZ HAONEON BASIAEYZ (Fig. 121), ZEYOA KOMMA (Fig. 171),
<t)ANOS EMI ZHMA (Fig, 308), the last being especially remarkable, not
only as the earliest inscription yet found on any coin, but as being couched
in the first person. Although in the vast majority of cases the legend is in
the genitive plural of the ethnic there are nevertheless instances where the
name of the city itself occurs either in the genitive or nominative singular,
as AKPAfAZ and AKPArANTOZ (Fig. 67), rOPTYNOS TO nAIMA
(p. 394), etc. Sometimes also an adjectival form is met with, as ZEPMY-
AIKON (Fig. 126), APKAAIKON (p. 372), etc. agreeing, when in the neuter,
probably with vofxicrixa or some such word understood, or when in the
masculine as KATANAIOS (p. 115), PHTINOZ (p. 93), etc., with the name
of the divinity whose figure is represented on the coins. In addition to or
in place of the name of the people we frequently meet with legends referring
directly to the type, as TEPlNA and NIK A accompanying the head of the
nymph Teriua and the figure of Nike on a coin of Terina (Fig. 64), or again
AIOZ EAAANIOY (p. 160), lEYZ EAEYOEPIOZ (p. 156), APEOZ (p. 136),
etc. on Sicilian coins written I'ound the heads of Zeus Hellenios, Zeus Eleu-
therios and Ares.
On some coins of the finest period of art the name of the engraver occurs Engravers'
in minute characters either in the nominative or genitive, as K I MHN (Fig. loi), ^lames.
EYAlNETO, EYMENOY, etc. on coins of Syracuse; the verb iiroUi being in
a few rare cases added, as OEOAOTOZ ETTOEI on a coin of Clazomenae
(Fig. 296) and NEYANTOZ ETTOEI on one of Cydonia in Crete (p. 391).
Another class of inscriptions consists of the signatures of the officers ofMagis-
the State or of the mint who were responsible for the coinage. sr^atures
These usually occupy some prominent place in the field of the coin, but
as a rule they are expressed in an abbreviated form or in monogram. When
they are written at full length they doubtless stand for some superior Magi-
strate such as an Archon or a Prytanis during whose tenure of office the coin
was issued (Fig, 298).
When the sovereign power was in the hands of a tyrant or a king his name Names of
occupies the place of honour to the exclusion of that of the people. Such <iy^^s*'S-
names are almost always in the genitive, as AFAOOKAEOZ (p. i59)>
AAEIANAPOY TOY NEOHTOAEMOY (Fig. 182), BAZIAEHZ ZEAEY-
KOY (p. 637), etc.
Ixiv
INTRODUCTION.
Responsi-
bility of
Magis-
trates.
Magis-
strates'
titles.
§ 14. Magistrates' oiames on Autonomous and Imperial Coins.
M. Lenormant has well remarked in his interesting treatise ' Les Magistrats
monetaires chez les Grecs ' [Monn. dans V Ant., iii. 69), to which I am indebted
for many of the observations contained in this section, that whenever a
Magistrate's name appears in the genitive the preposition eVt, when not ex-
pressed, is to be understood, signifying that the coin was struck under a
certain magistracy, the person mentioned being the eponymous magistrate
of the state. It does not follow, however, that the chief magistrate was always
directly responsible for the coinage ; but in case of fraud the presence of his
name would render it an easy matter to fix the responsibility upon the proper
person, viz. the man who held the office of IToneyer during such and such a
magistracy. On the other hand direct responsibility for the quality of the coin
is implied, in M. Lenormant's opinion, by the use of the nominative case.
Thus for instance on the silver coins of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, Avhere
there are two names, the one on the reverse in the genitive case is that of
the eponymous magistrate for the year, while that on the obverse in the
nominative is the name of the superintendent of the mint. When the name
of an eponymous magistrate occurs alone and in the nominative case it is
probable that he was himself directly responsible for the coinage. Immediate
responsibility seems also to be implied by the addition of a symbol or signet
even when the chief magistrate's name is in the genitive with or without iwL
Of the three magistrates' names all in the nominative case which occur on
the later Athenian tetradrachms it is probable that the first two, who held
office for the sj^ace of a year, were immediately responsible to the State, and that
the third magistrate, whose name changes with each successive prytany (about
once a month), was a sort of auditor of accounts appointed as a check upon the
two annual magistrates.
In Imperial times the presence of a magistrate's name on the bronze coins
of Greek cities is usually, though by no means always, equivalent to a date,
conveying no information as to the persons who were actually entrusted with
the suj)erintendence of the mints. The magistrates' names on the Imperial
coins are frequently accompanied, especially in the Roman Province of Asia,
by their titles, preceded by the preposition eVt, as iirX iipx^^vros tov belva. In
most cases it would seem that the magistrate whose name is inscribed on the
coin was a chief magistrate of the town, but we must beware of inferring
that the title which accompanies his name is always the one by virtue of
which he caused the money to be minted. Thus for instance at many cities
where we know that the eponymous magistrate was a strategos we read some-
times ini (TTpaT7]yov and Sometimes eVl apxovTos. It is clear that in such cases
the word apx^p must be taken in a general sense and translated, not by ' under
the Archonship,' but by ' under the Magistracy ' of so and so, whose real title,
perfectly well known at the time and therefore not specified, was strategos, and
not archon.
This applies more particularly to the numerous agonistic, sacerdotal, and
MAGISmATES. Ixv
other honorary titles. When a chief magistrate happened to be also invested
with the office and dignity of a priestliood he would, as often as not, omit
all mention of the true title which constituted him eponymous Magistrate,
while taking especial care to i-ecord the fact that he was 'Acridpxrjs, dpxtepew,
lepevt, <TT((f)avTicf)6pos, dfoXoyos, OV Avhat not.
The above remarks of course only apply to the coins of cities which
we know to have been governed by a civil Magistrate, for there can be no
doubt that at some towns the eponymous INIagistrate was regularly the
dpxiepevt or some other sacerdotal dignitary. It is only by a careful study of
the whole series of the coins of any particular city that we can ascertain
positively what was the local custom in such matters.
Although the use of eVi with a proper name in the genitive usually im2)liea
an eponymous date, many instances may be cited where this is not the case.
Thus for examj)le when the title accompanying the name partakes in any way
of a financial character, such as Tafias, Aoyior^s, f7rip.e\r]Tfjs, etc., it is not to
be supposed that these officers were eponymous Magistrates ; evidently they
were aj)pointed for some special purpose which included the supervision of
the coinage. The less important cities indeed seem only to have coined
money at intei'vals as occasion required, when some one of the citizens would
be delegated by the regular Magistrates to direct the issue, or might even
voluntarily undertake the whole expense. In such cases the prepositions
8id and irapd are sometimes used instead of eVi before the name of the person
who caused the money to be struck.
Nothing in fact can be clearer than the evidence afforded by the coins of
the Province of Asia as to the prevalence in Imperial times of what we should
term a laudable public spirit among the citizens. It appears to have been Dedicatory-
no uncommon practice for private individuals to present to their native towns '^^^^^ ^®'
considerable sums of money in acknowledgment of municipal or sacerdotal
honoui's conferred upon them by the city or the Emperor. The money so
contributed to the j)ublic purse by private munificence w'as, we may suppose,
forthwith minted in the name of the donor, the usual dedicatory formula being
the name of the donor in the nominative with or without his honorary title,
followed by the verb dveSrjKe and the ethnic either in the genitive or dative,
as nOA€MnN CTPATHrnN ANeOHKe CMYP[NAIOIC], OCTIAIOC
MAPKCAAOC 0 ICPeYC TOY ANTINOOY KOPINOinN ANeOHK€N.
Even women occasionally contributed in this manner to the expenses of the
municipalities, as we gather (among other instances) from coins of Attuda
in Phrygia reading lOY(Xm) K(XauSia) KAAYAIANH AN€OH(«r) ATTOY-
A€nN (Mion. Sujp})!., vii. p. 522),
Sometimes the verb dvedrjKe is either abbreviated to AN or A, or even
altogether omitted for want of space, but it is always to be understood when
a proper name in the nominative is followed by the ethnic in the dative, as
BETOYPIOC TOIC APKACI (Mion. ii. 245).
Dedicatory issues, such as those above described, are on the whole of rare
occurrence, although at certain towns it appears to have been the rule for
the eponymous Magistrate, or even for an ordinary citizen, to provide out of
his private means for the bronze coinage of his native town.
e
Ixvi INTBODUCTION.
The Magistrates' titles which occur on the coins chiefly of the Greek Impe-
rial series may be divided into the following classes : —
I. Roman.
II. Greek (a) Municipal.
ip) Financial,
(y) Agonistic, Sacerdotal, and Honorary.
I. Boman.
'AvOu'iraTOs — Proconsul. Chiefly on the coins of the Roman Provinces of
Bithynia and Asia.
'AfTioTTpciTTiYos — Propraetor. Thrace, Galatia, Cyrenaica.
Auo acSpes — Duumviri. This title very rarely occurs in Greek, hut it is
frequent on colonial coins in Latin, as II V I R I .
'ETTirpoTTos — Procurator. Bithynia.
'Hyefiw;' or 'HyouiJiev'os — Praeses. Frequent on Thracian coins.
'i-n-iriKos — Eques Romanus. Occasional in the Province of Asia.
Kop[»'iKouX(Ipios] (?) — Cornicularius (?). Adjutant, Tribune, Assistant, etc.,
Laodiceia Phrygiae.
ndrpcoi' — Patronus. Nicaea and Nicomedia in Bithynia, where it is applied
to the Proconsul.
npcapeoTTis — Legatus. Various cities of Thrace, Galatia, and Cappadocia.
Tofxias — Quaestor. This title is applied both to Roman Provincial Quae-
stors, as on coins of Macedon (p. 210 sq.), and of Cyrenaica (p. 733), and
to the Treasurers and Comptrollers of the public moneys of certain
Greek cities, such as Smyrna (p. 510), and Rhodes (p. 542).
"YiraTos — Consul, in the formula AHM. EZ. YTTAT. {8ri^apxiKTjs e^ova-las
inraTos), equivalent to the Roman TR. POT. COS. Chiefly met with on
coins of Caesareia Cappadociae, and Antiochia Syriae, but it occurs also in
Crete (p. 384) and Cyprus (p. 627).
II. Greek.
(a) Municipal.
"Apxwi' — Chief Magistrate. "Apxo!>v a. First Archon, at cities where there
were several Archons. This title occurs very frequently throughout the
Roman Province of Asia. It is met with also at Byzantium (p. 232). On
the coins of Asander and Hygiaenon of Bospoi-us it is a dynastic title.
iTpaTTiyos is also a title of the chief civic Magistrate of still more frequent
occurrence than that of Archon, with which it is sometimes interchange-
able. It appears to be confined to the cities of the Province of Asia. At
Smyrna this ofiice was sometimes held for life, ^Tparrjyos 8ia /3iou (p. 510).
rpa)X|ji,aT6u9 — Seci'etary (A. V. Townclerk, Acts xix. 35). Chief magistrate
in many cities of the Province of Asia.
Dpuxai'is — Prytanis, or one of a board of several Prytaneis. Chief magis-
trates of some cities of the Province of Asia.
Bou'Xapxos — President of the BovXtj or Town Council. Mastaura Lydiae
(Mion. iv. p. 234).
Nop,o9^TTis — Lawgiver. Laodiceia Phrj^giae.
Bao-[tXcu'9] C?) — This word as a magisterial title occurs on certain coins of
Byzantium (p. 232).
MAGISTRATES. Ixvii
'Hp['r)ji€Vos] (?) — Electus (?). Byzantium (p. 232).
Tepoi'Tcs — Elders. Laccdacmon (p. 365).
''E(j)opoi, — Ephoi-s. Lacedaemon (p. 365, Ancyra, 557).
Nop.o<|)u\aKes — Guardians of the Laws. Lacedaemon (p. 365).
no\e'p,apxos — Polemarch. Thebes (p. 299).
(P) Financial, etc.
Tafiias — Treasurer. Smyrna (p. 510), Rhodes (p. 542).
AoYio-Ti]9 — Curator reipuhUcae. Cidyessus (p. 561), Synnada (p. 569).
'ETrifxeXriTTis, 'E7rip.eXT)cras, 'Eiri|Ji6XTi9eis, 'Ein|uLeXi(]6eicra — Curator. Philadel-
phia Lydiae ; Eucarpia and Hierapolis Phi-ygiae ; Antiochia, Mylasa, and
Stratoniceia Cariae. Whether this ofl&cer undertook the charge of the
coinage, or whether he bore the title eVt/xeXtjrTj? in virtue of some other
function, cf. enifxf'^rjTt^s Uavadrjvaiav on a coin of Mastaura Lydiae (p. 551),
can hardly be decided.
'Eirio-KOTTOs — Overseer, Inspector. Ephesus (p. 498).
'AiTTjo-dfAefos — Alia (p. 556), Ancyra (p. 557), and Eucarpia (p. 563) in
Phrygia. Friedlaender (Hermes, ix. 494) explains this word as referring
perhaps to the statue or other object represented on the coin. It would
thus mean that the work in question had been erected, or possibly that
the coinage itself had been issued, on the requisition of the magistrate
■whose name appears as alTrjcra.i).(vos.
«l'T)4)icrci|jLei'os — on a coin of Stratoniceia (p. 531) — maybe explained as signi-
fying that the coin was issued in pursuance of a decree voted by the
Council on the motion of the magistrate mentioned on the coin.
(y) Agonistic, Sacerdotal, and Honorary, etc.
'Apxtepeu's — Chief Pi-iest. Frequent in Roman Asia.
'Apxiepareuwv — Chief Priest. Sala (p. 568).
'Apxiepeus fAe'vas — Chief Priest. Sardes (p. 553).
'Apxiepeus pteyiffTos — Chief Priest. Crete (p. 384).
'lepeu's — Priest. Frequent in Roman Asia.
'lepeus 8ia Pi'ou twi/ lepaCTTcii' — Priest for life of the Augustan worship. Per-
perene (p. 464).
'le'peia — Priestess. Smyrna, Acmonia, Attuda, Eucarpia, and Prymnessus.
'U'peia OoydTYip tou Arip.ou — Priestess, daughter of the People. Smyrna (Im-
hoof, Mon. Gr., p. 296).
'AoridpxTis, 'Apxiepeus 'Acn'as — President of the Saci*ed Festivals or High Priest
of the Augustan worship of the Province of Asia {koivov 'Ao-t'aj).
Ylos 'Ao-tdpxou — Son of the Asiarch. Acmonia Phrygiae (Imhoof, Mon. Gr.,
V- 391)-
KiXiKapx^is — President of the Festival of the koivov KiXiKias. Tarsus {Ann. de
Num., vii. 18).
KpT)Tdpxris — President of the Festival of the koivov Kprjrap. Crete (p. 384, 396).
lTe4)acT]<j)6pos — Superintendent of Sacrifices, so called from the crown which
he wore while performing his sacred duties. Province of Asia.
'AYa)vo0e'Tifis — Superintendent of the Games. Province of Asia.
'AYwi'oGe'Tris 8ia Ptou — Superintendent of the Games for life. Cotiaeum (p. 56 1 ).
rup.v'aaidpx'Tis — Director of the Gymnasium. Province of Asia.
e 2
Ixvili
INTRODUCTION.
nai'Y)Yupi({pxiiS, Uavr\y\}p\.<TT(\<5 — Director of Public Festivals. Apameia
(p- 558). <^'adi (p. 560).
NcuKopos — A Magistrate entrusted with the care of a temple, probably that
of the Augustan worship in the Province of Asia. (Coins of Lydia and
Phrygia.) See also this title applied to cities.
©eoXoyos — Interpreter of Oracles. Pergamum (p, 464).
'kpojxvTifjiwi' — A Sacerdotal Officer, Sacred Eecorder. Byzantium (p. 232).
'Apxiarpos — Chief Physician. Heracleia loniae and Heracleia Salbace.
Ylos TToXeojs — Son of the City. Attuda (p. 559), Cotiaeum (p. 561).
Io<J)io-TT)s — Sophist. Smyrna (p. 510), Laodiceia (p. 566), probably used as
an honorary distinction by certain magistrates who happened also to be
Sophists.
'Ap.<}>iKTuofes — The Amphictyons, Presidents of the Pythian games. Delphi
(p. 289 sq.).
ripoiroXoi — Ministers of the Temple. Delphi (p. 290).
Among other titles, which are dynastic rather than magisterial, are 'Apxifpds,
Avvda-rrjs, and Torrapxos, employed by the priestly family which ruled over Olba
in Cilicia ; "Apxoov, used by Asander and Hygiaenon of Bosporus ; 'Edvdpxrjs,
the title of Herod Archelaus, and TfTpdpxrjs that of Ptolemy the son of Men-
naeus, Lysanias I (p. 655), Herod Antijjas, and Herod Philip II (p. 683).
Local
Amphic-
tyonies
and Hoiva.
§ 15. Public Games and Sacred Festivals.
In all Greek lands there existed, from the earliest times down to the latest,
certain unifoi'm customs and common ties which served to bind together the
divergent branches of the Hellenic race into one comparatively homogeneous
family. . . . to 'EWtjvikou eov ofiaipov re Koi op-oyKaxraov, Kai 6e5>v iBpiipard re Koiva
Ka\ Qvalai, TJOed re oporpoTra (Herod. viii. 1 44). Among these the Olympian,
Pythian, Neraean, and Isthmian games were undoubtedly the most influential
bonds of union. These great festivals may be regarded as types of many
smaller associations of a similar character, local amphictyonies and Koivd of
various districts, partly political and partly religious, common to the inhab-
itants of one and the same district or to j)eople of homogeneous race.
So long as Greece remained free these common councils and periodical con-
ventions exercised a well marked political influence and watched over the in-
terests of the various cities which were enrolled as members of the Union, but
under the rule of the Eomans the political functions of the Koivd ceased to exist,
although for purposes of common worship, and as a most valuable means
of keeping the subject populations contented in the apparent exercise of
their ancient privileges, and hajipy in the real performance of their time-
honoured rites and sacrifices and in the enjoyment of frequently recurring
splendid festivals, these gatherings were not only permitted, but were looked
upon with an approving eye by the Emperor himself.
As a stimulus to trade and as a convenient means of inculcating the Augustan
worship the Common Games and Festivals of the Greeks were not only main-
tained in many places where they already existed, but received still further
extension at the hands of the Roman governors and of successive Emperors,
under whose diiect auspices many new festivals were founded, of which the
GAMES AND FESTIVALS. Ixix
temijles of Rome and Augustus in the numerous metropolitan centres of the
various provinces (more especially in Asia Minor) were the chief points
of union.
From the frequent mention of the Public Games on the coins of the Impe- Festival
rial age struck in Greek cities, it is evident that these periodical festivals ^o'^^g^.
everywhere created a demand for current coin in larger quantities than was
sufficient for the ordinary requirements of the citizens. It is even probable
that many of the less important towns only coined money at such times. On
these occasions, when a great concourse of people poured into the city from the
surrounding districts and from neighbouring towns, the magistrate whose
function it was to arrange the details of the festival ('Afftap;^?;?, apxupevi, navr)-
yvpidpxrjs, aya>vo6eTr]s, etc., by whatever title he may have been called), would,
either at his own expense or on behalf of the ordinary municipal magistrates,
cause an extra quantity of bronze money to be minted and put into circulation,
and the name of the Festival for which the coin was struck would be inscribed
in conspicuous characters usually across the field of the reverse.
Most valuable is the information which may be gathered from these out-
wardly unattractive bronze coins, concerning the wide-spread popularity of the
famous Hellenic games which formed the prototypes of similar local agonistic
contests held from time to time in almost every city which could boast of a
strain of pure Hellenic blood, and in many which had little or no claim to do so.
The names of these festivals are sometimes identical with those of the four
famous Hellenic contests, the Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian, but
in the majority of cases the coins furnish us with the names of the local games
prevalent in various parts of the ancient world.
The following list, though not complete, comprises all the more important
Games and Festivals mentioned on the coins. They may be divided into
the following groups : —
I. Festivals named after the four great Hellenic Games —
(a) Olympian.
(/3) Pythian,
(y) Isthmian.
(8) Nemean.
II. Festivals called after other Greek divinities, e. g. Asklepeia, Demetreia,
Dionysia, Helia, Herakleia, Heraea, Koraea, Letoeia, Pauathenaea, Theo-
gamia, etc.
III. Festivals called after Alexander the Great, Attains, etc., Alexandreia,
Attaleia, etc.
IV. Festivals commemorating the battle of Actium — Aktia, etc.
V. Augustan and other Games named after Roman Emperoi's — Augusteia,
Sebasteia, Antoniniana, etc.
YI. District Festivals or Common Games, as Koivh. 'Aalas, Koiuov KiXi/ciaj, etc.,
celebrated at various cities in each province or smaller district probably in
rotation. These Kowd Avere under the direction of the Asiarch, the Bithyniarch,
the Cilicarch, etc., who presided over the Koivo^ovXiov of the Union.
VII. Oecumenic Festivals, so called because the contests were open to all
comers.
Ixx INTBOBUCTION.
VIII. Local and other Games which hardly admit of classification.
In most cases the Festivals bore imposing double titles, so that in point of
fact we can hardly say to which of the above groups they properly belong, thus
the games called Olympia Augusteia Pythia may be assigned either to the first
or the fifth groujD.
I.
(a) OAYMTTI A, in imitation of the famous Olympian Games in honour of the
Olympian Zeus, were celebrated at numerous cities under various titles,
such as lEPOZ OAYMniKOZ, OAYMniA HYOIA, OAYMHIA
AYrOYSTEIA HYOIA, 2EBAZMIA OAYMHIA, OAYMHIA OIKOY-
MENIKA, OAYMniA AAEZANAPEIA, HPAKAEIA OAYMHIA
ZEYHPEIA, OAYMniA EOlNEIKIA.
(0) TTYOIA. The Pythian Games at Delphi were, after the Olympian, the
greatest in importance of the four chief Hellenic Festivals. In Imperial
times many cities assimilated their agonistic contests to the Pythian
Festivals, and called them by the same name, frequently with the addition
of other more distinctive titles, as AKTIA HYOIA, AKTIA HYOIA
ANTnNlNlANA, AAEZANAPEIA HYOIA, AIONYZIA HYOIA,
HAIA nYOIA, IZOnYGIA, KABEIPIA OYOIA, KENAPEIZEIA
nYGIA, AHTHEIA HYOIA, OAYMOIA HYOIA, OAYMHIA
AYrOYITEIA nYGIA, nANinNiA nYGIA, lEPOZ nYGIOS
MYZTIK02 OIKOYMENIKOZ, HPAKAEIA HYGIA, etc.
(y) IZGMI A. The Isthmian Games, celebrated on the Isthmus of Corinth in
honour of Ino and Melikertes, were the third of the four great Greek
Festivals. Games called after these were held at Nicaea (p. 443) under
the title of IZGMIA nYGIA as well as at Corinth.
(S) N EM El A, the last of the four, were celebrated at Argos, NEMEIA,
N EM El A HP A I A, and at Anchialus under the title 2E0YHPIA
NEMAIA.
II.
AZKAHnEIA, AZKAHniA, AZKAHniEIA, AZKAHnEIA SniHPEIA,
etc., in honour of Asklepios. Various cities (see Index).
AHMHTPEIA, in honour of Demeter. Kicomedia, Tarsus.
A I A YM E I A, in honour of Apollo Didymeus. Miletus.
AIONYZIA, AIONYZIA nYGIA, in honour of Dionysos. Adana, Nicaea.
AOYZAPIA, AKTIA AOYZAPIA, in honour of Dusares, the Arabian
Bacchus. Adraa andi Bostra. ACT! A DVSARI A, J5os<ra.
HAIA, HAIA nYGIA, in honour of Helios. Odessus, Emisa.
HPAIA, NEMEIA HPAI A, in honour of Hera. Argos.
HPAKAEIA OAYMniA, HPAKAEIA nYGIA, AKTIA EPAKA., in hor>our
of llcriiklcs. Ti/ri(.-i, Perintlms, etc.
KABEIPIA, KABEIPIA EniNElKiA, KABEIPIA nYGIA, Thessalonica.
KAnETHAIA, ATTAAEIA TOPAIANEIA KATTITnAIA, CERTAMINA
SACRA CAPITOLINA OECVMENICA ISELASTICA HELIOPOLI-
TANA, in honour of Jupiter Capilolinus. Aphrodisias, Sidon, etc.
KOPAIA, KOPAIA AKTIA. in honour of Persephone. Tarsus, Sardes.
GAMES AND FESTIVALS. Ixxi
AHTHEIA, AHTnEIA FTYOI A, in honour of Leto. Hiera2)olis aw^ Tripolis
Pliryijiae.
nANAOHNAIA, AAPIANA nANAOHNAIA, after the famous Athenian
Festival in honour of Athena. Mastaura, Synnada.
III.
AAEZANAPEIA, AAEZANAPEIA HYGIA, OAYMniA AAEZAN-
APEIA, in honour of Alexander the Great. Byzantium, Odessus, Fhilipjpo-
polis, Magnesia ad Sipylum, etc.
ATTAAHA, ATTAAHA TOPAIANHA, ATTAAEIA TOPAIANEIA KAni-
TriAl A, in honour of Attains king of Pergamum. Aphrodisias, etc.
IV.
AKTIA, Games in honour of the Actiau Apollo. This festival was restored by-
Augustus after the battle of Actiura. Actian games were afterwards cele-
brated at a great many cities, usually with the addition of various epithets,
as AKTIA AOYIAPIA, AKTIA KAIZAPIA, AYFOYZTIA AKTIA,
AKTIA KOMOAEIA, OAYMOIA AKTIA, AKTIA HYOIA, AKTIA
nYOIA ANTHNINIANA, KOPAIA AKTIA, AKTIA HYOIA 0IAA-
AEA(t)EIA, AKTIA EPAKA., etc. (See Index.)
V.
KAIZAPEIA, AKTIA KAIZAPIA, AYfOYITEIA, AYfOYZTEIA AKTIA,
OAYMniA AYrOYZTEIA HYOIA, AYfOYZTEIA APIZTA, AY-
rOYZTEIA APIZTA METAAA, AYfOYITEIA API2TA OAYMOIA,
AYrOYSTEIA HYOIA, OAYMniA AYfOYZTEIA HYOIA, AYPOY-
ZTEIA ZEBAZMIA or ZEBAZTA, AYfOYZTIA ZEYHPIA, AY-
rOYITIA KAI 0IAAAEACDIA, ZEBAZMIA, ZEBAZMIA OAYMniA,
APIA lEPA ZEBAZMIA, ZEBAZTA KAIZAPHA, etc., in honour of
Julius Caesar, Augustus, etc.
AAPIANA, AAPIANA nANAOHNAIA, AAPIANOZ OIKOYMENlKOZ,
in honour of Hadrian.
ANTflNElNlA, ANTHNEINIA ZEBAZTA, ANTHNElNl ANA, AmN
ANTHNINIANOZ, AKTIA nYOIA ANTHNlNlANA, AYPHAIA AN-
TnNlNIANA, etc., in honour of the various Emperors who bore the name
of Antoninus.
KOMOAEIA, AKTIA KOMOAEIA, KOMOAEIOZ OIKOYMENlKOZ,
etc., in honour of Commodus.
ZEYHPEIA, ZEBHPEIA, ZEOYHPIA, ZEBHPEIA METAAA, ZEBHPIA
NYM<DIA, ZEYHPEIA nPHTA, ZEOYHPIA NEM A! A, etc., in honour
of Septimius Severus ; EniAHMIA B ZEYHPEIA, in commemoration of
the second visit of Severus to Perinthus.
ZEOYHPIA (t)IAAAEA0IA, KOINOZ ZEYHPIOZ <t)IAAAEAct)IOZ,
OlAAAEAcDEIA, (DIAAAEAcDEI A nYOIA, AKTIA nYOIA <DIAA-
AEAcDIA, AYrOYZTIA KAI *IAAAEA<DIA, etc., in honour of the
brothers Caracalla and Geta.
Ixxii INTRODUCTION.
rOPAIANEIA, ATTAAEIA rOPAIANEIA KAHITnAIA, ATTAAHA
rOPAIANHA, rOPAIANHA OYAAEPIANA OIKOYMENlKA, OYA-
AEPIANA, etc., in honour of Gordiau III and Valerian.
VI.
KOINON— KOINON AZIAZ, nPHTA KOINA AZIAZ, KOINON
BEIGYNIAZ and COM. BIT., KOINON BYZANTinN, KOINON
TAAATnN and KOINON TAAATIAZ, KOINON EOEZinN, KOI-
NON EcDEZinN KAI AAEZANAPEnN, KOINON OEZZAAHN,
KOINON OPAKnN, KOINON inNnN, KOINON HANinNION,
KOINON MHTPOnOAEITHN THN EN inNiA, KOINON IT
nOAEHN, KOINON KIAIKIAZ, KOINOZ KIAIKIAZ, KOINON
KPHTIiN, KOINON KYHPinN, KOINON AAAAZinN KAI KEN-
NATHN, KOINON AEZBinN, KOINON AYKAONIAZ, KOINON
MAKEAONnN, KOINON nONTOY, KOINON ZYPIAZ, KOINON
TAPZOY, KOINOZ THN TPinN EHAPXinN, KOINON OOINIKHZ,
KOINON (t)PYriAZ, KOINOZ ZEOYHPIOZ (DIAAAEAOIOZ, etc.
District Festivals and Common Games. See Index III.
VII.
OIKOYMENlKA— OIKOYMENIKOZ, lEPA OIKOYMENlKA, lEPOZ
OAYMniOZ OIKOYMENIKOZ, OAYMniA OIKOYMENlKA, OEO-
TAMIA OIKOYMENlKA, AAPIANOZ OIKOYMENIKOZ, KOMO-
AEIOZ OIKOYMENIKOZ, rOPAIANHA OYAAEPIANA OIKOY-
MENlKA.
CERT[AMEN] SAC[RVM] CAPflTOLlNVM] OECV[MENlCVM] ISE-
LASTIfCVM] HEL[IOPOLITANVM].
CeRT[AMEN] SAC[RVM] PER[IODICVM] OECYME[NlCVM] ISE-
LAS[TICVM]. Oecumenic Festivals.
VIII.
ArnNEZ lEPOl — Sacred Games. Nicaea.
AmNOOEZIA — The right or privilege of Presidency of the Games and not
the name of a Festival. TJies^alonica, Gordas Julia.
APIZTA— AYrOYZTEIA APIZTA, AYfOYZTEIA APIZTA OAYMHIA
with addition sometimes of MET AAA.
rYMNAZIAPXIA— The office of President of the Gymnasium. No games
ajipcar to have heen so called. Anazarbus, Coh/hrassufi, Syelra.
E N M 0 N I A E I A — Signification doubtful. Magnesia ad Sijvjlum (p. 55 1 ).
EniAHMIA. See above (V).
Em N El K I A, EniNEIKIOZ — r^T-s?*.'^, Laodiccta Plirytjiae. Games in com-
memoration of Victories, e.g. KABEIPIA ET[\HE\Y.\ k, Thessalonica : EN
KOAPirAIZ OPOIZ KIAIKnN ZEYHPEIA OAYMHIA EOlNEIKIA,
Tarsaa.
EOEZIA — Games in honour of the Epliesian Artemis.
GEMIAEZ — Games of which the prize consisted of a sum of money, cele-
brated at various Pamphilian and Cilician cities.
GAMES ANB FESTIVALS. kxiii
OEOrAMI A — Games in honour of the Epithalamia of Hades and Persephone,
Corycus, Tarsios : OEOTAMIA OIKOYMENIKA, Nysa.
I EPA — Sacred games in general; an epithet applied to various festivals.
ISELASTICA — The celebration of the triumphal entry into the city of a
victor, formed from the verb d<ri\aii^eiv : CERTAMEN SACRVM PERIODI-
CVM OECVMENICVM ISELASTICVM, >S'iWo7^ .- CERTAMEN SA-
CRVM CAPITOLINVM OECVMENICVM ISELASTICVM HELIO-
POLITANVM, IleUopolis, p. 663.
KEN APE I IE I A— Signification doubtful. KENAPEIZEIA HYOIA, Philip-
popolis : KENAPEZIA, Nicaea.
MET AAA — Epithet applied to various games, as ZEYHPEIA METAAA, etc.
MYZTIKA — Games held in connection with certain mysteries, as lEPOZ
nYOIOZ MYITIKOZ OIKOYMENlKOZ, a festival held at ;StVZe.
N AYM AX I A — Contests of ships. Gadara Decap.
NYM<1)IA — Games in honour of local Nymphs. CEBHPIA NYM^IA.
Anchialus.
OPTYrOGHPA— Quail hunt. Tarsus.
HEPIOAIKA-CERTAMEN SACRVM PERIODICVM OECVMENICVM
ISELASTICVM, etc. NiKOf Tr]v Trepiobov was a j^hrase applied to one who
had borne off the prize at each of the four great public games. Hence
wfplodos came also to mean the period of time between one celebration of the
games and the next, and so games recurring at fixed periods were termed
Periodica.
nPHTA — Games held at cities claiming the title nPHTH, as FTPnTA
nAM<l>YAnN at Side, the 'first city' of Pamphylia; HPHTA KOINA
AZI AZ at Smyrna, the ' first city ' of the Province of Asia.
ZnTHPEI A — Festivals held in honour of the saviour of the State, as at Sicyon
in honour of Aratus, at Ancyra in honour of the god Asklepios, AZKAH-
nEIA ZnTHPEIA, etc.
XPYZANOEINA, Sardes (p. 553), XPYZANTINA, Hierapolis (p. 564),
ZEBHPEIA XPYZANOEIA, etc.— Games probably so called from the
colour of the flowers which formed the prize.
§ 16. Titles and Epithets aj^plied to Cities.
Under Roman rule many Greek cities sought to preserve a semblance of
their ancient freedom by adding to their names high-sounding titles or epithets,
with some of which there can be no doubt that certain immunities and privi-
leges were bound up, while others seem to have had little or no distinct value
or signification. The limits of this Manual do not warrant an enquiry into
the nature of the privileges conveyed by these titles (where such existed).
I shall therefore content myself with enumerating as briefly as possible some
of the more remarkable which the student will meet with in the course of this
work.
It will be therefore unnecessary to recapitulate in tliis place all the Imperial Civic titles:
titles, such as KAIZAPEnN, lOYAIEHN, AAPIANHN, ANTHNEINI A-\"^P?"^^^'
II ; ' ' ethmo, geo-
NHN, etc., which so many cities ajipended to their names by permission of graphical.
the Emperor or of the Senate, either out of gratitude for benefits conferred
Ixxiv INTRODUCTION.
upon them or merely out of flattery to the reigning prince. I may also pass over
another class of titles by which certain Asiatic cities sought to iierjietuate the
memory of their origin, such as AHPIEHN, EinNUN, MAKEAONHN,
etc. ; nor need I dwell upon those cases where the geographical position of
a city is specified by the addition to its name of the prepositions ano, eV, eVi,
Kara, irpos, or vtto, followed by the name of the mountain, river, or sea, on which
the city stood, as ZEAEYKEnN THN UPOZ THI KAAYKAANjQI. Lists
of these three classes of titles will be found in Index IV.
Civic titles These eliminated, the following list will be found to be still divisible into
indicating ^^^.^ ggctions, (a) Titles involving privileges more or less real and substantial,
privileges . . o i o
and empty and (/3) Vainglorious and empty titles,
titles.
(a) Titles involving Privileges.
A. M. K. r. B. and A. M. K. T. P., Uparr] fieylaTr} KaWia-TTjj ypa/z/iari BovX^y or
Tepovala^. Tarsus and Anazarhus Ciliciae. (Le Bas and Waddington, Voy.
arch., iii. 349.)
APX[OYZHj nA0A[ArONlAE]. Gangra and GermanicopoKs Pajda-
goniae.
AZYAOZ, I EPA AZYAOZ, I EPA KAI AZYAOZ. The titles 'sacred and
inviolable ' are usually found combined in the formula THZ lEPAZ KAI
AZYAOY, which occurs most frequently on the coins of Cilician and Syrian
cities from the second century B. c. downwards. The towns which enjoyed
the right of Asylum claimed to be under the divine protection of the gods
whose temjiles stood within their territories. In some few instances the
Divinity itself is said to possess the right of asylum, as AZYAOY APTE-
MIAOZ {i:j)hesus, p. 498).
ATEAHZ. Possessing the privilege of immunitas or exemjition from tribute
{Alahanda, ]). 519).
AYTONOMOZ. The privilege of ' autonomy ' was conferred by the Romans
upon certain cities chiefly in Pisidia, Cilicia, and Syria. With regard to
the lex or constitution of such cities see Marquardt, Ilandbuch cler romischeii
AUertliUmer, iv. ji. 78.
EBAOMH THZ AZIAZ. Seventh city of Asia, il/a^?iesza (j). 502); referring
to the order of precedence which the city took in the festal procession with
which the games called Koivh 'Aalas were opened.
EAEY0EPA. Civitas libera, an epithet applied to those cities which had
received the rights and privileges of freedom at the hands of the Romans
by means of a Senatus consultum. The right of lihertas was a free gift
which could be withdrawn at the pleasure of Rome. Cf. Tacitus, Ann.
xii. 58.
H TOlYZJ KAnOYZ EXOYZA(?). Guardian of the sacred groves(l)
{Termessus, p. 594).
MHTPOTTOAIZ. In its literal accejitation of the ' mother city ' in respect
of her colonies this title rarely occurs; but cf. the legend of certain Imperial
coins of I/eracleia in Bithynia, HPAKAEHTAN MATPOZ AnOIKHN
TTOAEflN (p. 442). Many towns were, however, called M/^rpoTroXets which
had never sent forth colonies. In such cases the word simply means the
chief city of a province or district. In some provinces, as in Asia, there
CIVIC TITLES. Ixxv
were several Mr^rponoKeis, which is to be perhaps accounted for by the fact
that such pi'ovinces were composed of several previously distinct parts. In
many instances, however, the title MTjrpoVoXis seems to have been gvanted
merely as an honorary distinction, probably in the case of the Province of
Asia, to those towns in which the games called Kotm 'Ao-iar were celebrated.
Similarly the title M»j7-pd7roXis t^? 'lutvias, applied to Miletus (Corii. Inscr. Att.,
iii. 480), may be explained as referring to the Panionian Festival koivov ly
■nokeMV, KOIVOV TravMviov, or koivov nrjTpoTToXfiTcov ratv iv 'loivia, etc., common to
the thirteen cities of the Ionian League. Another meaning must be assigned
to MjjrpoTToXts when there is reason to suppose that it was adopted from
religious motives. It then means the ' city of the mother,' i. e. Kybele. Cf.
the analogous names Diospolis, Letopolis, etc.
N AYAPXIZ was a title adopted by, or conferred by the Emperor upon, various
maritime cities, such as Nicopolis in Epirus, Tomi in Moesia, Side in Pam-
phylia, Aegae, Corycus, and Sebaste in Cilicia, Bora, Sidon, and Tripolis in
Phoenicia, on account of their convenience as naval stations or of their naval
importance in their several provinces.
NEHKOPOZ, probably ' Temple -Keeper,' was a title applied to those whose
function it was to keep in repair the sacred edifices and generally to super-
intend all affairs connected with the due observance of the sacred rites and
ceremonies, and to safeguard the temple treasury. The office of Neokoros
was a dignity often conferred upon the highest magistrates of the State, such
as Archons, Strategi, Prytaneis, Grammateis, etc.
As an honorary title it was also commonly adopted by the city itself. Of
this practice the Imperial coinage affords ample evidence, as does also the
well-known passage in the Acts of the Apostles (xix. 35),*Aj'Spey 'E(/)ecrtot, Ws-
yap fCTTiv avOpconos os ov yivatCTKfi rijv^Ecpea-iav ttoKiv vecoKopov ovcrav T^i fjLeyaXrjs 6fas
'Apre'/itSos Koi tov Aionerovi ;
So also when temples were erected and altars set up in honour of the
Eoman Emperor and of the Imperial city, the servile Greek towns of Asia
sought and usually obtained permission to style themselves NEHKOPOI,
the words TflN ZEBAZTHN being either expressed or understood. The
Imperial Neokorate probably carried with it the right of presidency at
the Augustan Festivals (ZEBAZMIA) and the duty of providing for the
expenses of the sacrifices and games appertaining thereto. From time to
time the Neokorate appears to have been conferred afresh upon the more
illustrious cities. Thus Ephesus in the reign of Claudius is simply
NEnKOPOZ, from Hadrian to Caracalla AlZ NEHKOPOZ, then under
Caracalla TPIZ NEHKOPOZ, and in the time of Elagabalus TETPAKIZ
NEHKOPOZ, and then again TPIZ NEHKOPOZ under Maximinus. A
similar return to a lower number after a higher had already been in use
has been noticed at several cities. Eckliel suggests in explanation, that a
Neokorate conferred by a deceased Emperor whose name was no longer held
in honour may have been suppressed or eliminated, either because its con-
tinued observance involved too heavy an expense, or perhaps to flatter the
new Emperor, to whom the mention of benefits conferred by his predecessor
may not always have been acceptable.
Ixxvi INTRODUCTION.
TTPnTH. The precise signification of the title irpaTrj has been a suhject of
neai-ly as much discussion among archaeokigists as tlie claim to possess it
was a matter of eager contention between rival cities in ancient times.
Among the towns which claimed the irpcorflov or primacy in their several
districts were Nicaea and Nicomedia in Bithynia, Ephesus and Smyrna in
Ionia, Perganmm in Mysia, and others. By Dio Chrysostom this strife was
ridiculed as a contention about a mere empty title signifying nothing, as is
evident from the following passage : fjfiels 8e olofxeOa, eav emypacpwpev TTOV
TTpcoTOt, TO TTpmre'iov t^tiv' TToiov, avBpes NtKo/xr^Sfty, irpcoTflov; oil ri to o(p(\6s
f OTii/ ; ov tL to 'dpyov ; a(^' oil noTfpov TrXouo-tcorepot yevrjaopeda Jj pd^oves i] Sui/arco-
Tepoi; K.T.X. {Oral, xxxviii. 144.) In the words of an old Greek proverb
he also says Trept ovov o-klos 8ia(j)epovTm, ' they quarrel about the shadow of an
ass.' The most probable explanation is that jrpwTrj, like i^Bofit] ttjs 'Aa-ias,
applied to Magnesia, and TpiTt) tmv eVel to Aspendus (Philostratus, V. Apoll. i.
15), referred simply to the order of precedence of the various cities in the
grand processions with which the public games were opened. Thus when
Ejihesus proudly styles herself 17 irpaiTr] ttuo-cov koi peyia-Ti], povoi irpcoToi 'Aaias,
etc., and Smyrna irpoiToi 'Aaias (caXXtt kuI ptyedei, we may infer that the refer-
ence is to the Koiva 'Acrlas celebrated sometimes at Ephesus and sometimes at
Smyrna. Similarly when Mytilene is npaTrj Aea-^ov, Samos Trpcor?; 'iwi/tay,
Tralles iTpi>Tr] 'EXXaSoj, etc. (for other examples see Index IV, s. v. nparrj),
it would appear that they were ' First ' in the local Festivals called Koiva
AeajBiav, Koiva 'icovwv, and KOivov r^s 'EXXaSos ((7. /. Gl'., 5852).
(DIAH ZYMMAXOZ PHMAinN or niZTH 0IAH ZYMMAXOZ PH-
MAinN, Civitas foederata, a title to which those cities only had a right
between whom and Rome a formal treaty existed by which it was stipulated
td eosdem, quos po2)ulus Romanus, amicos atque hostes habeant (Livy, 38. 8.
10). See Side (p. 587), and Sillyum (j). 588).
0IAOPnM AIOZ, A7nica Romanorum [Carrhae, p. 688), has perhaps a similar
signification.
(/3) Empty Titles.
APIITH MEri2:TH, Best and greatest. Nicaea, p. 443.
r[NnPI MOZ (?)], Notable. Abila, p. 664 ; Gadara, p. 665.
EN AOZOZ, Illustrious. Side, p. 587 ; Anazarhus, p. 598 ; Damascus, p. 662.
ENAOZOTEPA, More illustrious. Syedra, p. 612.
ENTIMOZ, Honourable. Lalassis, ]}. 604.
E TT I Z H M 0 Z , I)i stinguished. Neapolis Samariae, p. 6 7 8 .
EZTI A GEnN, Home of the Gods. Germamco2)olis, p. 433.
EYZEBHZ, Holy. Zephyriuni, p. 618.
EYZEBHZ KAI EYfENHZ, Holy and noble. Nicaea, p. 443.
OEIOZ, Divine. Carrhae, p. 688.
AAAAnPOTATH, IFost splendid. Side, p. 587.
MATPOZ ATTOIKnN TTOAEnN, Mother of Colonics. Ilemdeia Bith.,
p. 443. See also MHTPOnOAIZ.
MYZTIZ, Initiated. ;S«/e, p. 587.
TTEIOZ (1), Pius, after Antoninus Pius(1). Ephesus, p. 498.
ZEMNH, Venerable. Syedra, p. 612.
ALLIANCE AND COLONIAL COINS. kxvii
§ 17. Alliance Coins.
Alliances of two or more cities are of very common occurrence on the
coinage of the Imperial age, especially in Asia Minor. A ' Concordia ' of two
cities is expressed by the word OMON 01 A, as ANTIOXEflN KAI AAOAI-
KEnN OMON 01 A. The types of alliance coins are various, but they almost
always contain some kind of allusion to the alliance. In most cases the allied
towns are represented by their respective divinities ; thus a coin of Ephesus,
Smyrna, and Pergamum, in alliance, has for its type the Ephesian Artemis,
the Nemesis of Smyrna, and the Asklepios of Pergamum. Sometimes the types
were considered as alone sufficient to indicate the towns between which the
alliance was contracted, a single name, that of the issuing state, being placed
on the coin, as OMONOIA MYTIAHNAinN, the divinities represented
showing quite clearly that the alliance in question was between Mytilene, Per-
gamum, Ephesus, and Smyrna. Another type of common occurrence is Two
hands joined. This device occasionally takes the place of the word OMONOIA,
whicli may be said to be implied in the type.
With regard to the exact nature of the oyiovoiai recorded on Greek coins of
the Imperial age Eckhel (iv. 338) has justly remarked that they cannot be
regarded in the light of veritable alliances for purposes of mutual defence, or
even of monetary alliances, for these would hardly have been j)ermitted by their
Roman masters. Sometimes when the allied towns happen to be near neigh-
bours we may suppose that the alliances consisted in the joint celebration of
games and festivals, but in the case of cities remote from one another they
can be little else than mere empty compliments paid by one municipality to
another.
§ 18. Colonial Coins.
The coinage of the Roman colonies in the "Western portion of the Empire comes
to an end quite early. In Sicily it does not extend beyond the reign of
Augustus ; in Africa and Numidia, that of Tiberius ; in Spain, that of Cali-
gula. Babba in Mauretania is the only colony in the West which continues to
coin money down to the time of Galba^ A. D. 68-69 (Eckhel, iv. 500).
In the East, on the other hand, the colonial coinage was prolonged, like that
of the Greek towns, down to the age of Gallienus. A large number of cities
were, in point of fact, not colonized until the time of Sept. Severus or even
later. Nearly all such towns on their colonization had the Latin language
imposed upon them, in place of the Greek which they had formerly made use of.
The tj-pes of colonial coins are various. There are, however, a few which, from
their continual recurrence on the coins of colonies, and of colonies only, must
be considered as distinctive colonial types. These are the following : —
(i) The Founder of the Colony performing the sacred rite of marking out
the boundaries of the town with a plough to which a bull and a cow are yoked.
Cf. Servius ad Virg. Aen. vii, 755, * Conditores enim civitatis taurum in
dexteram, vaccam intrinsecus jungebant, et incincti ritu Gabino, id est, togae
parte caput velati, parte succincti, tenebant stivam incurvam ut glebae omnes
Ixxviii INTRODUCTION.
intrinsecus cadereut. Et ita sulco ducto loca murorum designabant, aratrum
suspeiidentes cii'ca loca portarum.'
(ii) Military standards, sometimes accompanied by the numbers of the
Legions from which the colonists were drawn,
(iii) The Wolf and Twins, symbolical of the Roman origin of the colony.
(iv) Aeneas can-ying his father Auchises and accompanied by the young
Ascanius.
(v) The Satyr Marsyas, standing with his right hand raised and with a
wine-skin thrown over his shoulder, in the attitude of the famous statue in the
Roman Forum and symbolical of the jus Latinum enjoyed by a town. (Cf.
Servius ad Aen. iii. 20 ; iv. 58 ; and Macrob. Saturn., iv. 12.)
The inscriptions on the coins of Colonies are in the nominative case and
often much abbreviated, as C. I. A. D. for Colonia Julia Augusta Diensis, on
coins of Dium. (For other abbreviations see Index IV (iS).) In addition to
the names which the colonies received from the Emperors by whom they were
founded, such as Julia, Trajana, Hadriana, etc., they frequently adopted an
additional epithet or title, such as VICTRIX, INVICTA, FELIX, PIA,
NOBILIS, PVLCHRA, PACENSIS, PRIMA, GEMINA or CEMELLA,
CONCORDIA, LAVS IVLIA, etc. The origin of most of these is doubtful;
the title GEMINA, however, clearly signifies that the colonies so called were
founded by veterans from two legions, or from a legion itself called Gemina or
Gemella from its mixed composition. Cf. Caesar, Bell. Civ., iii. 4, * Unam
(legionem) quam factam ex duabus gemellam appellabat.'
The following among other magistrates' titles are of frequent occurrence on
the coins of Roman colonies (see Index V (/3) ) : —
II VIR., Duumviri.
II VIR Q_. or Q_V I N Qj, Duumviri quinquennales.
PRAEF. 11 VIR., Praefecti duumviri; PRAEF. Q_V I N Q^, Praefecti quinquen-
nales ; 1 1 1 1 VIR., Quatuor viri.
AED., Aediles. (Coins of Spain.)
DD., Decuriones. The formula EX D.D. stands for ex decreto decurionum.
§ 19. Dated Coins.
The ordinary method by which the ancients dated their coins was, as we
have seen, by inscribing upon them the name of the eponymous annual magis-
trate. It was not until after the age of Alexander that the custom of placing
dates in the form of numerals upon the coins began to prevail. After the
foundation of the dynasty of the Seleucidae in Syria the j)ractice was intro-
duced of dating the Royal Syrian coins according to the Seleucid era, which
was computed from B.C. 312. In Egypt the Ptolemies usually dated their
money by the regnal years of the king. This custom of dating according to an
epoch became common in parts of Asia Minor and Syria in the second and
first centuries B. c, and was continued under the Empire.
The epochs in use at the various cities owed their origin to various cii'cum-
stances. Some are local eras, dating from an important event in the history
of the city on the coins of which they occur. Others were computed from one
BJTEB COINS. ■< Ixxix
or other of the great landmarks in the history of the district or the province in
which the cities using them were situated. Of the former class it is frequently
impossible, in the absence of sufficient evidence, to decide to what event they
owe their origin, although thex'e is no great difficulty in fixing the year from
which they start.
Among the well known and Avidely used historical eras the following may be
here mentioned. The eras of merely local interest will be noticed under the towns
where they occur, and a list of them will be found in Index VII, s. v. ' Era.'
The Seleucid Eea. After the victory of Seleucus and Ptolemy over
Demetrius at Gaza, B.C. 312, the former took possession of Babylonia. Hence
the Seleucid era was reckoned from October ist, B.C. 312.
The Pompeian Eea. In b.c, 64 Pompeius after the defeat of Tigranes
entered Syria. During the winter B.C. 64-63 he had his headquarters in
Damascus and spent some months in organizing the affairs of Syria and
reducing it to the condition of a Pvoman province. The coins of Antioch,
Epiphaneia, and Seleucia in S}Tia, of all the cities of the Decapolis, and of
Dora in Phoenicia, confirm the fact that the Pompeian era was computed from
B.C. 64.
The Caesaeian Eea dates from the victory of Caesar over Pompeius at
Pharsalia, Aug. 9th, B.C. 48. The city of Antioch, however, reckoned the com-
mencement of the era from the autumn of the preceding year, B.C. 49. The
people of Laodiceia in Syria, on the other hand, made the first year of the
Caesarian era to end in B.C. 47, when Caesar spent some time in their city and
confei'red many benefits upon it. For like reasons Aegae in Cilicia and Cabala
in Syria computed the beginning of the Caesarian era from the year B.C. 47.
The Actian Eea dates from the victory of Caesar over Antony at Actium
in B.C. 31. See Beroea, p. 211; Antioch, p. 657; Apameia, p. 658; Rhosus,
p. 661; and Seleucia, p. 661.
The mode of expressing the date is as follows : —
Units ..123456789
ABTAEfZHO
Tens . .
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
,K
A
M
N
^
0
n
9
Hundreds
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
90c
P
S
T
Y
CD
X
[t
a
'^]
The numerals are sometimes preceded by the woi'd CTOYC, as €TOYC PAT,
Anno 133. On the Egyptian coinage, both under the Ptolemies and under the
Koman Emperors, the character L almost always precedes the date. This sign
is an ancient Egj-ptian symbol, which is used in papyrus inscriptions to show
that the characters which follow it are numerals. It was formerly thought
that it was the initial letter of the rare word AvKa^as, a year, but there is no
doubt that this was a mistaken explanation.
NOTANDA.
Gold coins (auruui) are distinguished by the letters S.
Electrum coins ,, „ „ EL.
Silver coins (argentuui) „ „ -3^.
Billon and Potiu coins (alloys of silver and bronze) by Bil. and Pot.
Bronze coins (aes) „ ^•
The disk of metal on wh'ch the types are struck is called the Flan.
The front or face of a coin is called the Obverse. Obi:
The back of the coin is called the Reverse. Rev.
The principal device represented on the obv. or rev. is called the Type.
Adjunct devices or secondary types are called Symbols.
The area or space between the ty^je and the circumference is called the Field.
The lower portion of the area beneath the type and cut off from the rest of the field by
a horizontal line is called the Fxergue.
Portions of a coin which are sunk below the level of the surface of the field are said to
be Incase.
COEKIGENDA.
Page 39, line 15, /or site read side.
Page 53, line 7, /or PYAAH read APOAA (?).
Page 53, line 4 from bottom /or AYK I ZKOZ read AYK I NOZ.
Page 243, line 11, Demetrius. This coin, a cast of which from the specimen in the
Hunter Collection I have only lately had an opportunity of examining, is
false. The name of this Demetrius must therefore be struck out from the
list of Thracian dynasts.
Page 323, line I, /or HP AK A HZ rrnfZ HP AK AEI AHZ.
Page 323, line 8, /or Koma? read Metellus ?
Page 348, line 7 from bottom, for Buraecus read Buraicus.
Page 400. The coins here attributed to Naxus in Crete must be transferred to Axus
in the same island, the initial letter V\ or /V being a local form of the
Digamma. See Halbherr, Mittheiluncjen des Arch. Inst, in Alhen., Bd. XI.
p. 84.
Page 422, line 6 from bottom, /or First read Fourth to First.
Page 424, line 2, for TTON.TOY read nONTOY.
Page 462, 1. 10, for Caria read Lydia.
Page 630, Germa Galatiae. The coins reading ACTIA DVSARIA probably
belong to Bostra in Arabia (see Zeit.f. Nutn., 1886, p. 279).
Page 651, line 15 from bottom, /or Tripolis B.C. 64 read Tripolis B.C. iii.
Page 674,1. 2,/or from the Seleucid and Pompeian eras B.C. 312 and B.C. 64 read
from the Seleucid era B.C. 312 or from the era of Tripolis B.C. ill. (See
J. P. Six, Virede Trijiolif!, Ann. de Num., 1886.)
Page 689, line 22, for Marciniana read Macriniana.
Page 783, line 24, /or HP[EMENOZ] read HP[HMENOZ].
MANUAL
OF
GREEK NUMISMATICS,
HISPANIA.
[Heiss, Mnnnaies aniiques de VE^pagnp. Paris, 1870.
Delgaflo, Medallas aiifnuomn.i de Espaua. Seville, 1871-1876.
Zobel de Zangrilniz, Estudio hii^tdnco de la moiieda antir/na E^'pauola. Madrid, 1879.]
The ancient coins of the Spanish peninsula are of the following
classes : Greek, Phoenician, Hispano-Carthaginian. Romano-Ibevian, and
Roman.
Before circ. B.C. 350.
Uncertain mints. The earliest coins struck in Spain consist of small
divisions of the Phocaic drachm, Thirds, Sixths, Twelfths, and Twenty-
fourths, weighing i-espestively about 18, 9, 4^, and 2\ grains. These
coins are of the class which appears to have been current in various
Greek colonies along the north-western coasts of Italy, and those of
Liguria. The varieties found in Spain are, however, less archaic in style
than those discovered in 1867 at Auriol in the Department of the
Bouches-du-Rhone, and at Volterra in Tuscany {Revue mmkmatkpie,
N. S. xiv. 348-360, and Periodico di Nvnrisimafica, 1872, 208). For
the most part these little coins have archaic heads on the obverse and
incuse reverses.
Emporiae was founded by Phocaeans of Massilia in the first half of the
fourth cent. B.C. It was situated near the north-eastern extremity of
Spain, and it soon rose to be one of the chief ports in the western basin
of the Mediterranean, supplanting the neighbouring town of Rhoda.
Clrc. B.C. 350-250.
Among the uncertain coins of Spanish origin above mentioned are some
with types on both sides bearing the legends E, EM, or EM P. They bear
on the obverse either a head of Persephone or a head of Pallas, and on
the reverse a cock, one or two ivy-leaves, three astragali, a cuttle-fish, a
two-handled vase, a bull's head facing, a wolf's head, an owl, a man-
B
HISPANLL
headed bull, or a goat standing. The later varieties show sometimes a
female head facing with Howing hair or a head of Persephone in profile,
and on the reverse a horseman with flying chlamys, a bh-d, three birds,
a female head, a butting bull, two dolphins, or last, a flying Pegasos
^vhose head is sometimes fancifully formed like a little winged Eros
seated in a stooping posture and stretching out his hands towards his
feet. These last-mentioned obols of the Pegasos type are contemporary
with the better-known drachms of Emporiae, of which the chief varieties
are the following: —
Shortly before circ. B.C. 250.
ENPOPIinN Head of Persephone
coijied ft-om Siculo-Punic coins.
Similar head surrounded by dolphins.
Id.
Head of Ai-temis r., in front, dolj)hins.
Horse standing crowned by flying Nike,
(Heiss, 3fon. ant. de VEspagne, PI. I.
i) M, Drachm
ENPOPIinN Pegasos fljnng r.
(Heiss, PI. I. 2) . . . M Drachm
EMPOPITIiN Pegasos r., his head
formed like a crouching Eros. (Heiss,
PI. I. 3-7). . . . '. ^Drachm
„ Id. (Heiss, PI. I. 8) . M Drachm
These drachms are of the same standard as those of Massilia, Rhoda,
and Gades. In weight they range between 78 and 6% grs.
Civc. B.C. 250-206.
The drachms of this period struck at and in the vicinity of Emporiae,
frequently bear Iberian inscriptions and are clearly imitated from the
purely Greek coins above described. These continued to be struck at
least down to the time of the formation of the Roman Province in
B. c. 206 ; the later issues having been already reduced to the weight
of the older Roman denarii of y\ lb., somewhat less than 70 grs.
The remaining coins of Emporiae are bronze of the Romano-Iberian
class (see below, p. 5).
nhoda was an ancient foundation from the island of Rhodes. It
stood in the bay at the foot of the Pyrenaeum promontory. Its coinage
is contemporary with that of the earliest drachms of Emporiae, by which
it was superseded after being current for a short time only.
Sliortly before circ. B.C. 250.
POAHTnN Head of Persephone. I Rose in full bloom seen in front. (Heiss,
I PI. I. 1-3) . M. Drachm 78-70 grs.
Of these coins, which are all of good style, there are great numbers of
Iberian and Gaulisli imitations, many of them extremely barbarous and,
for the most part, belonging to a more recent period. The reverse-type
of the coins of this city, the Rose, contains an allusion to the name of
the town. Cf. also the same type on the coins of Rhodes.
Gades {Cadiz), the extreme western emporium of the ancient world,
was established by the Phoenicians long before the beginning of classical
history. Its silver coinage cannot, however, have connuenced much
before the middle of the third cent. B. C"., and it comes to an end in
B. C. 206, when the town subn\itted to the Romans. The types of its
coins refer to the cultus of the Tyrian Herakles (Melkart) and to the
HISPANLL 3
fisheries for which Gades was famous (Athen. vii. p. 315 ; Pollux, vi. 49 ;
Hesych. s. v. Gatleira).
Before circ. B.C. 250-206.
Head of the Tyrian Horakles (Melkart) | Tunny fii^li and Plioenkian inscrr. ;
in lion's skin. (^Heiss, PL LI. 1-4. 1 above, bv2K> or D^JHO ; beneath, "njK
I or '■\l}r\ M
The denominations known are the drachm, 78 grs., half-drachm,
39 gi's-) together with Sixths, Twelfths, and Twenty-fourths of the
drachm, the three last being uninscribed. The standard to which these
coins belong is either indigenous or of Carthaginian origin, and appears
to be the same as that of the money of Emporiae and Rhoda.
Ebusus. The island of Ebusus (Iv!:a) was inhabited by a Phoenician
population. It was always closely allied with Carthage, whence the
standard of its coins was derived. The silver money of Ebusus is prob-
ably contemporary^ with that of Emporiae, but it does not extend
beyond B.C. 317, when the Balearic islands submitted to Rome.
Dancing Kabeiros facing holding ham-
mer and serpent.
Bull walking. (Heiss, PI. LXIII. i,
2) M
Didrachm 154 grs., Hemicbachm 39 grs., and Quai'ter-drachm. The
bronze coins of Ebusus have usually on the obverse the figure of a
Kabeiros with hammer and serpent, and on the reverse an inscription,
in Phoenician characters, □ti/2"'i^, containing the name of the island.
The soil of Ebusus was supposed to possess the property of destroying
venomous reptiles: ' Ebusi terra serpentes fugat' (Plin. R.N. iii. v, 11).
Hence perhaps the type.
Hispano-Carthaginian Coinage. The founder of the Carthaginian
empire in Spain, Hamilcar Barca, and his successors Hasfh-ubal and
Hannibal, have left us a record of their dominion in that country in
a series of silver coins which, however, are unfortunately for the most
part without inscriptions, but the circumstance that they are almost
always found in Spain places their attribution beyond all reasonable
doubt. Their place of mintage must have been Carthago Nova, the
capital of the Barcide rulers of Spain, in the neighbourhood of which
were the prolific silver-mines then worked for the first time. This
coinage begins about B.C. 234 and comes to an end in r.. c. 210, when the
city of Carthago Nova was surprised and taken by P. Scipio. It con-
sists of the following types : —
Circ. B.C. 234-210.
Horse and Palm-tree JR
Horse without Palm-tree . . . M
Horse's head JE
Horse and Palm-tree JR
Horse without Palm-ti-ee . . . JR
Elephant M
(i) Head of Persephone.
Id.
Id.
(ii) Young male head.
Id.
(iii) Head of young Herakles, laur. with
club.
Head of bearded Herakles, laui'.
Head of Pallas in round crested
helmet.
Id.
(See Monatshericht (ley kirn. Akad. d. Wissenscliaflf.n. Berlin, 1863.)
B 2
Elephant with rider M.
Horse standing JEt
Palm-tree JE
IIISFANLL
The standard which these coins follow is derived from the Phoenician,
the denominations found are the Hexadrachm 354 grs., Tetradrachm
236 grs., Tridrachm 177 grs., Didrachm ii<S grs., Drachm 59 grs., and
Hemidrachm 29 grs.
Tlie attribution of the above-described series of coins to Spain rather
than to the African Carthage, Numidia, and Mauretania, to which
countries they were ascribed by Midler, is due to Sefior Zobel de
Zangroniz [Esfudio Jiisfdnco cle Ja moneda antujna EfipafioJa, Madrid, 1H79),
who defends it in the first place because they have hitherto been found
exclusively in Spain, and this not only singly but in whole hoards ; and
in the second place on historical grounds, it being extremely improbable
that the Barcide rulers of Spain, who derived their wealth from the rich
Spanish silver-mines, should have contented themselves with an insigni-
ficant bronze currency, or should have been at the pains of sending their
silver to be coined at Carthage.
The coins of type (i) (head of Persephone) are attributed by Miiller to
Carthage ; those of type (ii) (young male head) to Masinissa, king of
Numidia (B.C. 202-T48); and those of type (iii) (head of Herakles) to
Micipsa and his brothers (B.C. 148-11(8).
Zobel points out the improbability of these kings having issued pure
silver in large quantities at a time when Carthage herself, for half a
century before her destruction, was obliged to have recourse to a billon
coinage after having lost the Spanish silver-mines. Style of art, histo-
rical probability, and the pror'enance of the coins themselves, all seem to
indicate a Spanish origin under the rule of the Barcides, B.C. 234-210.
Senor Zobel also regards as Spanish the following coins : —
Bust of king diademed.
Head of kiiiff diademed
Fig. I.
Punic iupcr. (Tallopiuif liorpe (Fig. i).
AX 224 grs.
Prow of war-galley with oars. (Miiller,
Nvin. cle Vane. Afriqiie, IV. 71) •
AT 117, and A\ 229 and 113 grs.
Fig. 2.
Head of king with wi-eaili and diadem ' Ele])hant (Fig. 2)
entwined. !
. ^108 grs.
' The gold stater here defloribed, I believe for the first time, is at present in the pos.sesaion of
M. Sambon of Najdcs. Its authenticity is, however, not above suspicion.
HISFANIA.
These are attributed by Miiller respectively to Verniina of Mauretania,
cire. B.C. 200, to Eocchiis I or II or Bogiui I of Mauretania, B.C. 106-50,
and to Jugurtha of Numidia, B.C. 1 18— ic6.
Romano-Iberian and Latin Currency. This extensive group of coins
owes its origin to the introduction of Roman money into Spain, and to
the organisation of a native currency under Roman supervision.
The Romano-Iberian coinage is classed by Seiior Zobel under the
following geographical headings : —
II.
Eastern Region.
1. District of Emporiae.
2. „ ,. Tariaco.
3. „ ., Ilerda.
4. ,, ., Saguntum.
Northern Division.
5. District of Osca.
HlSPANIA CiTEEIOR.
III. Central Eegion.
9. District of Numantia.
„ Pompaelo.
„ Turiaso.
,, Calagurris.
10.
II.
BilbiHs.
Segobriga.
IV.
Southern Region.
12. Distiict of Carthago Nova.
13-
14.
Acci.
Castulo.
HlSPANIA UlTERIOK.
I. Eastern Region.
1. District of Obulco [Corduba];
2. ,, ,, Iliberis.
II. Southern Region.
3. District of Malaca [Abdera];
4. „ ,, Asido [Carteia].
5. „ „ Gades.
III. Western Region.
6. District of Cai'mo [Hispalis].
7. ,, j, Myrtihs [Emerita].
8. ,, ,, Salacia [Ebora]^
It may be laid down as a general rule that the Iberian inscriptions on
the reverses of the coins furnish the names of the tribes for whom, or by
whom, the coins were issued. These names are in many cases identical
with those of the chief towns of the district, but this is by no means
always the case ; and it is remarkable that on the mone}' of the most
important towns the name of the tribe takes the place of that of the
city. Thus, for example, the Iberian coins
Of Empoiiae are struck in the name of the Iniligetes.
Barcino
Tarraco
Osca
Numantia
Saguntum
Carthago Nova
Acci
Laietani.
Ce.ssetaiii.
Celsitani;
Aregoradenses.
/ Arse uses or
( Ardeates;
Sethicensesi
Iffloetes;
* The names in brackets are those of the chief minting places of the Latin and later Imperial
coins in the Ulterior province.
HISPANIA.
The difficulty of attributing the coins with Iberian legends to the
various localities is considerable, for it must be borne in mind that a
large proportion of these ?.ncient names were exchanged during the
period of the Roman dominion for Latin names, and in such cases
the attributions must of necessity be more or less conjectural. Only
the repeated discovery of the same classes of coins in the same districts
can atlbrd us any solid basis for a geographical distribution of the various
coins ; and even when we are tolerably certain as to the district to
which a given class belongs, there must frequentl}^ remain an element
of uncertainty as to the precise locality within that district to which the
class in question ought to be ascribed. Further, when the exact find-
spot of a coin is known, its importance as evidence that the coin was
issued there must not be exago-erated, for the reason that the Iberian
money was issued for military purposes, and was carried about from
town to town, and often from province to province in the military
chests of the various legions.
The Iberian coinage was, in fact, Roman money, which it was the
policy of the Romans to introduce among the various Spanish peoples
of the Citerior Province in the form in which it would be most accept-
able to them, viz. with native Iberian inscriptions.
In the Ulterior Province, on the other hand, in the south and south-
west, the various communities were left very much to follow their own
devices in the matter of coinage, which was, however, restricted to
bronze. They chose their own coin-types, and placed upon their money
the name of the tribe and the names of their own local magistrates in
Iberian, Phoenician, Liby-Phoenician or Latin characters. The difficulty
of deciphering these inscriptions brings a new element of doubt into the
work of attributing the coins of this province, which exists to a far less
degree in the case of the money of the Citerior.
The Romano-Iberian coins are classed c/ironoIoglcaUj/ by Senor Zobel
in the following periods :— -
C'irc. B.C.
I. 226-214. Victoriati of Saguntum, 1st series, wt. 3 scruples. (Wt. 52^ grs.)
Emporitau drachmae reduced to the older standard of the dena-
rius of y\ lb. (Wt. 70 grs.)
Oldest coins with Latin legends in the Ulterior Province.
218. The Romans begin to strike bronze coins in the Citerior Province
with Iberian inscrijjtions.
[217.] [Reduction of the Roman denarius to the weight of Jj lb.]
(Wt. 60 grs.)
II. 214-204. New issue of Victoriati of Saguntum on the reduced standard.
(Wt. 45 grs.)
III. 204-154. Largest issues of Romano-Iborian money.
B.C. 195. Emporiae and Saguntum cease to strike silver.
]i.c. 171. Foundation of tlie colony of C'arteia.
Carteia strikes the divisions of the As in bi'onze.
IV. 154-133. B.C. 154. Lusitano-Celtiberian War [of Viriatus or Numantia].
B.C. 138. Foundation of the colony of Valencia.
Valencia strikes uncial bronze with Latin Legends.
B.C. 133. Fall of Numantia.
All coinage proliilntcd in the Citerior except the bronze of
Kiiiporiae and Saguntum.
GALLIA. 7
The provincial reforms of B.C. 133 put an end to the official coinage of
money with Iberian inscriptions.
The war of Sertorius, B.C. 80-72, brought about a temporary renewal
for a few years of bronze money with bilingual (Iberian and Latin)
inscriptions. There is also an isolated coin with an Iberian legend, and
a type which perhaps refers to the fall of Ilerda, B.C. 49. With these
exceptions it may be safely affirmed that there are no Iberian coins
subsequent to B.C. 133.
Latin Coixaue.
Cii'c. B. r.
49-45. Civil war iu Spain.
Ilenewal in some towns of the Citerior Province of a bronze coinage
with Latin inscriftions.
29-A.D. 41. Imj^erial Coinage.
B.C. 27. Augustus. Bronze and brass coinage in the three new
provinces, Tarracouensis, Baetica. and Lusitania, continued under
Tiberius, A. d, 14-37, ^"^^ Caligula, A. D. 37-41; but under the
last only in Tan-acouensis.
GALLIA.
[Saussaye, Numi.onatiqne de la Gaule Narbouuai'n'. Paris, 1842.
buchalais, Vescriidion des medaine>< Gaidohe». Paris, 1846.
Hucher, V Art Gaulois. Paris, 186S.
Robert, Moniiaies Gauloises. Paris, 1880.]
The coins of ancient Gaul consist of three principal classes : (i) Greek,
of the town of Massilia; (ii) native Gaulish, imitated originally from
Greek coins ; and (iii) Roman colonial of Lugdunum, Nemausus, Vienna,
and Cabellio in the valley of the Rhone.
Massilia was a colony of Phocaea founded about B. c. 600. Its earliest
coins are small uninscribed divisions of the Phocaic drachm with incuse
reverses and of various types (Tresor d'Auriol, Hev. mm. N. S. xiv. 348,
and Melanges de Num. i. 12 sqq.). Notwithstanding their archaic appear-
ance it does not seem that these little coins are much earlier than the
middle of the fifth century b. c It is not improbable that there were
several issues of such coins, extending perhaps over a period of 70 or 80
years.
Next in order of time comes a series of small coins, for the most part
obols, struck on both sides. Among these the following types may be
mentioned : —
Before circ. B.C. 350.
Head of Apollo (?) ^ of archaic style,wear-
inff a helmet on which is a wheel.
^\Tieel. (Saussaye, PL I. 1 2 -i 7.)
yRObol 13-8 gis.
The wheel may be here an emblem of Apollo as the sun-god.
Head of Artemis, of archaic style. M Crab. (Saussaye, PI. I. 6-10.)
^ ^Obol.
The crab may be here a symbol of Artemis as the Protectress of Ports,
Ailxevoa-KOTTos (Callim, Diati. 39, 259).
' Of. the archaic statue of the Amyclean Apollo as described by Paus. Lac. 19, tx«< S* «"' '^^
KepaXy Kpavos.
8 GALLIA.
After lire. B.C. 350.
About the middle of the fourth century the drachm makes its first
appearance at Massilia : —
Vm.
Head of Aitemii^, lur hair adoriitd
with sprigs of oUvt'.
MACS A Liuu. (Fig. 3) . . . .
A\. Dnirhni 58-55 gi
The earliest specimens of these drachms are of very beautiful work.
The first branch of the olive-tree is said to have been brought to Massilia
with the statue of Artemis from Ephesus ', hence its presence on these
coins. The cultivation of the olive was a source of great wealth to the
town.
The fine style of art was not long maintained on the coins of Massilia.
This is partly due to their having been carelessly manufactured in large
quantities, for they were for a long time the chief currency not only
of Southern Gaul as far as Lyons but even of the whole valley of the Po.
They were extensively copied by the various Celtic tribes, and the
barbarous imitations are now far more common than the pieces of pure
Greek work. The smaller divisions have generally on the obverse a head
of Apollo, and on the reverse a Wheel and the letters MA (Saussaye, PL
I. 34-50}-
After circ. B.C. 200.
About the close of the third century a change takes place both in the
style and weight of the Massilian coins.
Head of Artemis, with quiver at her I MACCAAIHTjQN Lion
shoulder (B. M.Guide, PI. XLIV. i). | (.11. 42-40 grs.)
This reduction in the weight of the di-achm was sudden, not gradual.
It was the result of the adoption of the standard of the ric/oriatits
( = I of the Roman denarius) ^.
Among the bronze coins of Massilia the following are of frequent
occurrence : —
Head of Apollo (Saussaye, Pl.VL 283- M ASCAAIHTON Bull buttiug .E 95
303).
Head of Pallas (Saussaye, PI. IX. MA Tripod M -c,
377-387)-
It is probable that Massilia finally lost the right of coining after its
capture by C. Trebonius, Caesar's Legatus, is. c. 49 (Dion Cass. xli. 25,
Caesar).
* The two principal temples at Massilia were those of the Ephesian Artemis and ofAjiollo
DelpliinioK (Sirub. p. 179).
'■^ Tiie Victoriatiis was originally a Cainpanian coin, but after the fall of C"apu;i, B.C. 211,
the coinage of the A'ict.oriatu was transl'erreil to Home, where it continued to Lu minted for the
uue of the provinces (^Mommsen, Hut, Man. lioiii. ii. p. 104).
JJJ^lTjyNU. U
Gaulish Money. The money of the Gaulir, like that of most barbarous
races iu ancient times, consisted of imitations of tlie coins of Greece and
Rome. The models selected were naturally coins already widely cii-cu-
lating in Western Europe, such as the gold staters of Philip of Macedon,
large numbers of which had fallen into the hands of the Gaulish invaders
of Greece, the drachms of Massilia and of the Greek cities on the coast of
Spain, and, somewhat later, the denarii of the Roman Republic.
Southern Gaul. In this district, comprising the Roman province of
Nai'bonensis, the coins most frequently met with are silver, often
inscribed with Greek characters and bearing types derived from the
coins of Massilia, Rhoda, etc., and of quinarii with legends in the Latin
character, having on the obverse a helmeted head and on the reverse
a horseman. The Roman colonies of Cabellio, Nemausus, Lugdunum,
and Vienna, all situate in the valley of the Rhone, issued bronze coins
with Roman types.
Central Gaul, comprising portions of the Roman provinces of Aqui-
tania, Lugdunensis, and Celtica, was the district in which the gold staters
of Philip were first imitated, and where the copies follow most closely
their Greek model. The silver and bronze coins are of various types,
and become very abundant in the time of Caesar and Augustus, after the
suppression by Rome of the native gold currency.
Western Gaul. In the maritime districts the coins depart further
from their Greek and Roman prototypes and exhibit more characteristi-
cally Gaulish devices, such as the head on the obverse surmounted by
a boar, and the man-headed horse on the revej-se. (Fig. 4.)
V*r?>v
Northern Gaul (Belgica). The coinage of this region is almost wholly
of gold, and the Greek origin of the types is scarcely traceable. In fabric
the specimens which come from the parts about the Rhine are usually of
concave form, the concavity becoming less and less perceptible as we
approach the West.
BRITANNIA.
[Evans, Ancient JJiitish Going, 1S64.]
The coinage of the island of Britain Avas derived from that of the Belgic
and other tribes of the opposite coast, some of whose chiefs held sway on
both sides of the Channel. It is probable that the Britons of the southern
coast began to strike gold coins in the last half of the second century B.C.
The earliest specimens show a laureate-head on the obverse and a rude
horse or chariot on the reverse. The types are clearly degenerate copies
of the stater of Philip of Macedon, or rather of Gaulish imitations of that
10
ETIWIUA.
coin. From this prototype a number of distinct types gradually arose by
means of successive imitations until, as Mr. Evans has shown [Nion. Chron.
xii. p. 127), their original was quite lost sight of. A few of the later
British issues bear evidences of Roman influence, these being principally
the inscribed coins of the age of Cunobelinus, the son of Tasciovanus,
who reigned over the Trinobantes with Camulodunum (Colchester) for
his capital B.C. 5 to circ. A.D.43. (Fig. 5,) The British coinage comes to
an end with the invasion of Claudius.
Fig. 5.
ITALY.
[Millingen, Considerations sur la Numismaiique de Vuncienne Italie. Florence, 184T, with
Supplement, 1844.
Carelli, Numonim Italiae veferix Tabulae CCII, ed. Cavedoni.
Sambon, Monnaies de In Presqu'ile ifalique. Naples, 1870.
Mommsen, Bistoire de la Monnaie romaine, ed. Blacas and de Witte. Paris, 1S70-1875.]
ETRURIA.
The silver coins of Etruria are usually struck on one side only, but,
with one or two exceptions, there are none which can properly be classed
to the period of archaic art. The absence of a reverse tj^pe is merely
a local peculiarity.
The Etrurian coins frequently bear marks of value, from which we
gather that a decimal system was applied both to gold and silver money.
The marks of value which occur are : —
/f. = 5o, AXX = 25, >IIX = I2i, XX = 20, X = io, A = 5, IIA = 2i and I = t.
Gold.
Lion's head with open jaws. Reverse, Plain.
/f. =50 Wt. 44 grs. (Deecke, Etruskische Forschungen, Heft II, PI. i, 2.)
AXX =25 ., 22 grs. {Periodico di Nu7nismatica,y I, Yl. III. 2.)
X I K = 1 2 ^ „ II grs. {lb., PI. III. 3.)
Young male head. Reverse, Plain.
AXX = 25 AVt. 22 grs. {Per. dl Num.,yi, PI. III. 4-6.)
X =10 „ 9 grs. (76., PI. III. 7-9.)
Female liead (Artemis V).
I. c, PI. I. 6").
(Deecke
FEUSV retrograde in Etruscan cha-
racters. Dog running. Mk. of value
A = 5 A I S grs.
ETRURIA.
11
Younff male head bound with wreath.
FEUZPAPI retrograde in Etruscan cha-
racters. Bull crowned by bird with
wreath in beak ; in front, star. (Fig. 6.)
K I2'i grs.
Fig. 6.
It will be noticed that we have here gold coins belonging to two
distinct standards, of which the units are o-y grs. and y6 grs. respectively.
The two classes do not seem to be contemporary.
Silver.
(a) Eiihdic-Syracusan Standard. Reverse, Plain.
Chimaera . . . Wt. 257 grs. (Sambon, Monnaies cZe la Presqu'tle italique,
PI. III. 6.)
Boar ,254 grs. {lb., PI. III. 5.)
Gorgon-head X . . ,,130 grs. (B. M. Guide, PI. VII. i.)
Head of Hermes A ,, 64 grs. (B. M. Cat. Italy, p. 7.)
Sea-horse ... „ 65 grs. {lb.)
Hare ,, 62 grs. {lb)
Young male head . ., 60 grs. (Sambon, op. cit., p. 50, No. 14.)
Gorgon-head II' . ,, 32 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 396.)
Young male head I ,, 14 grs. {Per. di Num., I. c, PL III. 11.)
Wheel Rl . . „ 13 grs. (/&., Ph ni. 12.)
(/3) Eubdic-Syracusan Standard reduced by one half.
Reverse, Plain (or occasionally with a symbol in a plain field).
Gorgon-head . . . XX Wt. 131 grs. (B. M. Ca<. /i!a?., p. 2.)
Head of Herakles, facing XX „ 130 grs. Sjnnbolon R.Club. (B.M.Ca<./i{a^.,p. i.)
Male head .... X ,, 66 grs. (Deecke, op. cit., p. 15, No. 17.)
Id A „ 32 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 8.)
Head of Apollo ... X „ 66 grs. (/ft., p. 3.)
Id. .... A ,,29 grs. (Deecke, oj). cit., p. 18, No. 30.)
Id. .... All „ 19 grs. (/&., No. 32.)
Head of Hermes . . A ,, 31 grs. (76., No. 28.)
Head of youth ... A „ 31 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital,, p. 4, 19.)
Female head .... X „ 60 grs. {lb., p. 3, 13.)
Sea-horse „ 31 grs. (Sambon, op, cit., j). 50, 8.)
Head of Athena, facing, R.
rUV „ 129 grs. (B. M. Crt<. /to/., p. 396.)
Owl ,,32 grs. (Sambon, op. cit., PI. III. 9.)
Lion's head with open jaws ,, 17 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 8.)
The unit of the first series is a small coin identical in weight with the
Sicilian silver litra (13-5 grs.) The unit of the second series is exactly
half that weight, but as the weights of the various denominations remain
unchanged, the marks of value alone being doubled, it is clear that
between the first and second series a reduction in the value of bronze as
12
ETUUMLL
compared with silver must have taken place similar to that which occurred
in Sicily about the middle of the fourth century B. c. [Nitiii. Chrou.,
1874, p. 74).
It is further noticeable that the smallest denomination which has a
mark of value, A 1 1, is. in the second period, only slightly heavier than the
Roman sestertius, which also bears the mark of value 2^ IIS. Hence it
may be inferred that the Etrurian silver of class (/3) extended from circ.
B. c. 350-269, when it was superseded by the Roman silver then coined
for the first time, the system adopted by the Romans being a slight modi-
fication of that which then prevailed in Etruria. The silver coins of
class (a) are, of course, previous to ?.. c. 350, some of them belonging to the
archaic period, while others are comparatively of recent style.
(y) Co re 1/ reel 1 1{^) {Ae'/inetic degraded) or Persic Standard.
Head of Zeus (I)
Head of Apollo A
Id.
Gorgou-head.
Plain. (B. M. Cat., Ital., p. 13.) . .
.iii73gvs.
Id. (//>., p. 12.) . . .^ 175 gis.
Wheel. (tSambon, op. cit., p. 51, 40.) .
^Iii75grs.
Crescent. (Deecke, op. cit., p. 14, 15.)
M 84 gTS.
The unit on which these coins are based appears to have been about
36 grs. of silver, or twice the weight of the Roman scripulum.
Kunning Gorgon, holding in each hand . OEII Wheel. (Fig. 7-) -K 172 grs.
a serpent. |
Fig. 7.
0EIU Male head facing; above and 1 Sphinx. (Deeekc, op. (•</!., PI. II. 16.)
hclow, a serpent. I M 84 grs.
OEIUE Cow's head.
Sea-horso. (Fig. 8.)
M 144 grs.
Fig. 8.
ETBVBJA.
13
(^) Corcyrean{?) or Persic Standard reduced hij one-half.
Sepia emerging from an ampliora XX
LI. X
Sea-horse, around wliieli (loli)liins A
Plain, (/'er. di Num., 1. c, p. 65.) .
Id. (Deeckc,o;).c/<.,Pl.1. 4.)ylli78grs
Kerberos in linear square. (Brit. Mus
\ ined.) ^i 83 grs
The unit for the coins of class (8) is a weight in silver of about 18 grs.
maximum, -which may be considered as practically identical with the
Roman scripulum of i7\56 grs.
The reduction Avhich took place between the issue of classes (y) and [h]
corresponds precisely with that which wo have already remarked between
classes (a) and (/3), and is probably one and the same with it, and not
a subsequent reduction of the same amount.
Deecke [EtrusM-v^he Fomclivngen, Heft II, 1876) argues that the four
classes above enumerated followed one another in chronological sequence,
thus : —
(y) P.. C. 500-450. (a) B, C. 4OO-269.
(8) B. c. 450-400. (/3) B. c. 269-200.
This order I cannot bring myself to accept. Judging by style — in such
matters our surest criterion — I have no hesitation in affirming that some
of those of the Syracusan standard (a), all of which he would place after
B. c. 400, are distinctly earlier than some specimens of the Corcyrean or
Persic standard (y and h). all of which he would make anterior to that date.
I am therefore compelled to fall back upon the hypothesis that the two
standards Syracusan and Corcyrean, were for a long time simultaneously
in use in Etruria, although, probably, not in the same cities.
Broxze.
The bronze coins of Etruria are numerous.
The larger pieces belong to the class of aep^ fjrar<\ and are cast ; the
smaller are struck, and are, for the most part, of later date. As a general
rule both cast and struck coins bear marks of value.
The following is a list of the types as arranged in approximate chrono-
logical order by Deecke {op. cff., Heft II. pp. 89 sqq.), to whose work
I must refer the student for the details of the weight, fabric, etc., of the
various specimens.: —
Wheel.
Wheel.
Wheel.
Wheel.
Wheel.
Wheel.
Wheel.
Wheel.
Circle with Angnr',«
Head of Janu?.
head.
Wheel with sti-aight spokes.
Whe^l with two straight and fonr curved
spokes.
Circle with three crescents (?)
Circle with bipennis.
Circle with krater.
Circle with ampliora.
Circle with anchor (Vetluna).
„_ (Cha).
Circle with sacrificial instinments.
Marks of valne. "j
Club.
Dolphin.
(Velathri.)
14
ROME,
Hammer and tongs. (Pupluna, pufl.)
Club, bow and arrow. (Pupluna.)
Caduceiis and two stars.
Hammer and tongs. (Pupluna.)
Owl, crescent, stars. (Pupluna.)
Sea-liorse in square.
Griffin.
Bird and lizard.
Eagle.
Cock.
Serpent.
Square.
Anchor or Trident with two dolphins.
(Vatl.)
Two crescents and two or three stars.
Elephnnt.
Fox dog.
Owl.
Prow. (Tla.)
Prow. (Tlate.)
Prow. (Tl.)
Half Lion (?) (Vercnas.)
Owl. (Peithesa.)
The inscriptions on the coins of Etruria have given rise to much dis-
cussion. Many of them undoubtedly contain the name of the city where
they were struck: among these P/^y;/?/;^ has been identified as Populonia ;
Velsit asVolci; Vatl, Vetluna, asVetulonia; /WaZ/^yi as Volaterrae ;
Cha{mars) as Camars {Livi/, x. 25, ' Clusium quod Camars olim appella-
bant'); Tla[mnn) as Telamon; Vd:[ua) as Volsinii. On this subject see
Corssen {Zeif.f. N /////. iii. p. i).
Most of the Etruscan coin-types are of Greek origin. The Wheel, the
Gorgon, and the Cow"s-head point clearly to solar and lunar worship,
the liead of Vulcan with his hammer and tongs refers to the metal work-
ing and mining activity of some of the districts about Populonia, and
especially to the island of Elba. Other types, such as the Sea-horse,
the Polypus, Dolphin, and Prow, indicate the power of the Etruscans on
the sea ; while some, such as the head of Hades, the Kerberos, Griftin,
Sphinx, Leonine Chimaera, and the head of a Priest or Augur, are
symbolical of those gloomy and horrible or fantastic ideas connected with
death and the world of shades, which are especially characteristic of the
relitrion of the Etruscans.
Head of Vulcan,
Head of Herakles.
Head of Hermes,
Head of Athena,
Head of Poseidon,
Head of Hades.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Athena.
Head of Asklepios.
Male head.
Head of Herakles,
Head of youth.
Head of negro.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Apollo,
Head of Janus,
Head of Zeus (?)
Head of youth,
Helmeted head.
Head of Hermes,
The Aes Grave of Italy.
Although the history of the coinage of Rome is a subject which I do
not propose to include within the limits of the present volume, neverthe-
less the system of the Aes Grave holds so conspicuous a place in the
coinage of Italy that occasional reference to it will be necessary.
A slight sketch of the development of the heavy bronze money of Italy
will not therefore be out of j)lace, and will indeed be requisite for the dis-
cussion of the chronology of the coinage of the Italo-Hellenic states. For
AES Gil AVE. 15
full details I would refer students to Mommsen's Hhiolre <le la Monnaic
romaine, as translated and annotated Ijy the Due de Blacas and the Baron
de Witte, Paris, 1870 ; and especially to Bahrfeldt's recent work, Geschichie
(les dlteren romisclien Miinziveseiis, Vienna, 1883.
The earliest measure of value throughout Central and Northern Italy
was bronze, which circulated in large blocks or bricks of irregular form.
In this primitive condition of the currency we have no reason to suppose
that the Aveight of the blocks of bronze was fixed by the State or in any
way regulated by law. It is, nevertheless, highly probable that it was
customary to cast the lumps of metal according to the Roman pound
weight of about 5057 grs. Troy, divided into 12 ounces of about 421 grs.
each. This ancient Italian money was called aes rude (Plin. H. N. xxxiii.
3, 13). Subsequently it was found convenient, in order to avoid constant
recourse to the balance, to adopt the custom which had long prevailed in
the Greek cities of marking the bronze with an official stamp, as a
guarantee of just weight. According to the popular tradition it was
Servius Tullius who first introduced the practice of stamping bronze for
circulation, prinnts signavit aes (Plin. /. c), which was thence called aes
signafnm, but the advanced style of art exhibited even by the earliest
specimens of Roman and Italian aes signatum is quite sufficient to show
that the tradition which ascribes them to the age of the kings is not
worthy of credit. Nor does the theory that the Roman coinage began in
the time of the Decemvirs, b. C. 454, and that coins were mentioned in the
laws of the XII Tables, rest upon much more solid foundation (see
Bahrfeldt, p. 20). Neither does the often cited Lex Julia Papiria,
B. c. 430, specifically fix the payment of fines in coined money, but
probably hi/ weight in bronze.
Of the exact date of the first introduction of coined bronze money at
Rome we have therefore no record ; but the style of the heads upon the
earliest Roman asses points unmistakably to the first half of the fourth
century. There are indeed no Roman coins which can be positively
assigned to an earlier date than circ. B.C. 350, for although the workman-
ship of the heads of Janus and the other divinities on the As and its
divisions is necessarily rough, owing to the process of casting employed,
yet there is no trace of archaism, nor even of the severity characteristic
of the period of transition from archaism to fine art, which we should
expect to find at the close of the fifth century.
When bronze was first coined at Rome it was on the basis of the pound
of 12 ounces. The As libralis of 5057 grs. was not, however, maintained
for long at its full weight. In the course of a very few years it fell
to about 10 ounces, at which point it appears to have remained practi-
cally stationary for nearly half a century. It seems that this reduced
libral As was equivalent at a rate of exchange of 250 : i to the nummus
or scripulum of silver which had at an earlier date been introduced into
Etruria and thence into Central Italy. The weight of the scripulum
was 17*56 grs., and if the As came to be regarded as its equivalent in
bronze, this fact may have tended to fix its weight somewhere about
4390 grs. ; but there is so much irregularity in the actual weights of
the early Roman Asses that these figures can only be regarded as
approximate.
16 ROME.
The following are the typos of the As and its divisions : —
Prow of galley. !Mavk of vnluc
An.
He:
d of Janus.
Semin.
,,
Jupiter.
Triens.
j>
Minerva.
Quadrnns.
Hercules
Si'xtana.
!9
Mercury.
Uncia.
Roma.
s
In B.C. 268 a complete re -organisation was effected in the Roman
coinage. Accord ino; to Mommsen the weight of the As was now reduced
to 4 ounces \ not on account of any material change in the value of
bronze, but probably because the use of money for purposes of exchange
had now become universal in Italy, and the old clumsy coins were found
to be inconvenient. This first /efjaJ change in the weight of the Roman
aesi grave goes by the name of the Triental Reduction, the reduced As
being equal in weight to the old Triens.
One of the old A'<ses lihrnIfH of about to ounces was consequently
worth 25 of the new Triental Asses of 4 ounces. For some time
previous to the Reduction of B.C. 268, the use of silver as a medium of
exchange had been gradually spreading in Italy, and a silver currency
had now become a matter of necessity.
Rome here followed the example of Etruria, in which country silver
money, as we have already seen, had been long in use. The divisional
system of the new Roman silver coins, and their marks of value, IIS,
V and X (24, 5, and 10), may be compared with the Etrurian. They
prove that bronze was still the legal standard, the Sestertius (IIS) of
1 7-56 grs. being equal in value to I libral as of 4390 grs., or to 2h of the
new Triental Asses of 1756 grs., while the Quinarius was worth 5 and
the Denarius 10.
In this period multiples of the As, such as the Dupondius marked 11,
the Tressis III, and the Decussis X, were added to the series of the
Roman bronze money.
It is worthy of remark that the legal reduction in the weight of the
As from 12 (practically 10) to 4 ounces was not universally adopted in
Italy. Latium, Cisalpine Gaul, and Picenum, continued to cast their
asses according to the old liljral standard, while, in Apulia and Umbria, on
the other hand, the weight of the As suddenl}- falls, as at Rome, to about
4 ounces.
The weight of the Roman As, although legally fixed at 4 ounces in
B.C. 268, now began to decline rapidly and sank during the next half
century to 3, 2, and finally to not more than i ounce.
In B.C. 217. under the Dictatorship of Q. Fabius INiaximus. a law was
passed with the ol)ject of fixing the minimum weight of the As at i
ounce. This has ])eGn called tlie Uncial Reduction.
From this time forward bronze in Ital}' began to assume the character
of a mere money of account, the true measure of value being now no
longer bronze but silver.
It therefore ceased to be any longer a matter of importance wliether
the As was of the full legal weight or not. Hence when C. Papirius
' Balirfeklt however adduces Rome strong rensona for placing the St.rfantnl reduction in
n.c. 26S. In any case it is certain that tliere were onlj' two legal reductions of tlie As, one in
n.C. 268, which raay have be n Triiiilitl ot Si.rldiifol, and another in B.C. 217. which w;>s I'ncial.
Concerning the so-called Semuncial Reduction of n.c. S9 see infra.
UMBBIA. \t
Carbo, a tribime of the people, introduced a law in b. c. 89, by virtue of
which it was permissible to strike the As of the minimum weight of half
an ounce (Semuncial Beduction), this was merely a legal authorization
of a custom which tie facfo had prevailed for some years before that date,
if not in Rome itself, at any rate in some of the Confederate towns.
Soon after the passing of the Lex Papiria the issue of bronze money
ceased altogether in Rome (circ. B.C. 87-74), and it was not reintroduced
until B.C. 15, when the right of coining gold and silver was taken away
from the Senate by Augustus, who at the same time conferred upon that
body the privilege of coining in the baser metal. Then begins the Roman
Imperial series, commonly called large, middle, and small brass (sester-
tius, dupondius, and as), distinguished by the letters S. C. (Senatus
Consulto).
The use of heavy bronze cast coins was not confined to Rome, al-
though it is probable that it originated there, for the earliest specimens of
aes grave with types are the asses of Rome itself.
During the greater part of the fourth and third centuries b. C, nearly
the whole of northern and central Italy made use of cast bronze coins
similar to those of Rome ; similar, but by no means identical. Each of
the more important centres had a distinct coinage of its own, differing
from that of Rome in type, and not unfrequently also in weight, for
it does not appear that the pound was everywhere of the same weight.
In Etruria, for instance, the pound was only about 3375 grs., not much
more than § of the Roman libra, while in Picenum it attained a weight
of more than 6000 grs.
The various series of aes grave cannot be all attributed with certainty
as many of them have no inscriptions, but they may be assigned con-
jecturally to certain districts, and even towns, on the evidence of
repeated discoveries of the same classes in the same localities.
The dates of the several series of aes grave are frequently no less
difficult to fix than the places to which they belong. In this matter we
must not be deceived by style, for the rudest and most clumsily executed
pieces are not necessarily the earliest, as would doubtless have been the
case if the art exhibited upon them had been of native growth, but this
is not so. The art- work of the aes grave is everywhere borrowed from
that of the Greeks, and the degree of excellence attained in any particular
district depended upon the closeness of its relations, direct or indirect,
with some Greek city, or at least with a population imbued with the
spirit of Greek art.
UMBRI A.
Little is known of the early history of this district, the coinage is
whoUy of bronze, and belongs almost entirely to the series of aes
grave.
There are three towns which issued coins : Ariminum, Iguvium, and
Tuder.
Ariminum [Rimini). The coinage of this town is of the rudest possible
style and execution. It is distinguished by its type, the head of a
Gaulish warrior wearing the national torques round his neck, recalling
the fact that the Senones, a Gaulish tribe, after expelling the Etruscans,
c
18
UMBRIA.
made themselves masters of Ariminum early in the fourth century.
About B. c. 268 the Romans sent a colony to Ariminum (Liv. xv. 8), and
this is the time to -which the coinage probably belongs \
Aes Gii.vvE. (The As weighs more than 6oco grs.)
As. Head of Gaul.
Quincunx. ., „
Triens. „ .,
Quadrans. ,, „
Sextans. „ „
Uncia. .. „
Semuncia. „ ,,
The following large oblong Quincusses may be also attributed to
Ai-iminum. They weigh about 25,000 grs.
Horse's head.
Shield
Sword and shei
ith • • • •
Trident
• • •
Dolphin
• •
Rostrum
Cockle-shell.
Oval shield.
Sword.
Inner side of oval shield (B. M. Cat.
Ital., p. 27).
Sheath {lb., p. 28).
Struck Coin.
Head of Vulcan (B. M. Cat. Italy, p. 2 5). | A R I M N Gaulish warrior
M Size -9
Iguvinm {Guhhio) was a strong place on the western slope of the
Apennines. The coinage follows the standard of that of Tuder, and is
anterior to B. c. 268.
Aes Grave. (The As weighs about 3300 grs.)
Star. I K V F I N I Crescent and Stars I
Cornucopiae
As.
Semis. „
Triens. Tongs.
Quadrans. „
Sextans. Cornucopiae.
Uncia. „
• • •
• • •
Semis. Corn-grain and two stars.
„ Helmet.
Quadrans. Wheel.
Sextans. Cornucopiae.
„ Branch.
Uncia. Grapes.
I K V F I N I Crescent, astragalos.
,, Cornucopiae 3
,, Wheel • • •
„ Branch • •
„ Mark of value • •
„ Cornucopiae •
Tuder [Todi) must have been a town of some importance. It stood on
the left bank of the Tiber, on the confines of Etruria. The coins are well
executed, the earliest series commencing about B.C. 320, The weights
show that the aos grave of Tuder, like that of Rome, passed through
several reductions.
' Lenormant {L<i MoiuKiie dinttt VAntiqaitt, 1863, p. 113), dift'ering from Mommsen, assigns
the ctex ynnv of Ariminum to tlie time of the .illiaiiee between Gauls, Etruscans, Samnites,
and Umbrians, wliich was crui>lied by the Romans at tlie battle of Sentinum, B.C. 295.
PICENUM.
19
As. TVTEDE (retrog.) Wheel.
Three crescents.
Semis. „
Eagle 1
3J
Cornucopiae 1
JJ
Triens. Tvf'
Dog sleeping '^
Eagle ....
Lyre o
Cornucopiae • • • .
TVTEDE Two clubs....
Hand in cestiis . • . .
Quadranfi. TV
Anchor ...
Toad
Sextans. ,,
Trident
Cicada . .
Uncia. ,,
)5 !)
Spearhead .
Toad.
Vase .
Tortoise.
Almond-shaped Coins.
/S'^JUiS.
Club.
Quadrans.
Sextans.
J5
...
Uncia.
))
•
Struck Coins.
Young male head in pilos with flat
top.
Head of Silenos.
Head of Faun.
TVTEDE (retrog.) Sow and pigs
(B. M. Cat. Itahj, p. 397) . JE .95
TVTEDE Eagle {lb., p. 39) . M .75
„ Cornucopiae . . . JE -6^
The following oblong masses, quincusses, and smaller divisions, are
also attributed to Tuder, on account of their having been discovered
there : —
Club.
Bull.
Dolphin.
Fish-spine.
Branch.
Fish-spine (B. M. Cat. Itali/, p. 36).
Branch.
PICENUM.
No coins can be attributed to this region during the period of the
dominion of the Umbrians, Etruscans, or Gauls. The Romans conquered
the country about B.C. 290, between which date and B.C. 268 the issue
of coins at Ancona, Asculum (?), Firmum, and Hatria took place.
Ancona. This town was founded from Syracuse in the time of
Dionysius the Elder. It obtained its name from its position in a bend
of the coast, ay/cwt' ; cf. the type of its coins, a bent arm \ It was the
chief port for the Illyrian trade, and it possessed a famous temple of
Aphrodite. (Juvenal, iv. 40.)
Bust of Aphrodite (B. M. Cat., /to7^, I ATKHN Bent arm holding j^alm ;
p. 40). I above, two stars ^ -8
Asculum (?). It is doubtful whether the series of aes grave, with the
letter A for type, belongs to Asculum in Picenum, or to the town of the
same name in Apulia.
* This type may possibly, however, be susceptible of a religious interpretation, the two stars
doubtless referring to the worship of the Dioskuri. See Burgon, in Num. Journal, vol. i. p. 108.
C 2
20
J'ESTINI— LATIUM.
Sescuncia. A
Semuncia. A ^ (= ^ iiiiciit).
C • (= I2 ounces).
H (= 'H/iiXiVpoi/ ])
Triens.
Thunderbolt.
A • • • •
Quadrans.
Id.
A • • •
Sextans.
Id.
A
(^)
C'aduceus.
A
(?)
No type.
A
Firmum was colonized by the Romans at the beginning of the first
Punic war, B.C. 264, and this appears to be about the time to which its
coins belong : —
Qicadrans. Female head.
Sextans. Bipenuis.
FIR Bull's head
„ Spear-head
Hatria was occupied by the Romans in B.C. 289. It is not likely that
any of its coins are anterior to that date.
As. Head of Silenos facing. HAT Dog sleeping I or U
Quincunx. HAT Human head in shell. | Pegasos •....
Triens. Head of Apollo (?). I HAT Kantharos ••••
Quadrans. HAT Dolphin. t Fish (Pay?) •••
Sextans. HAT Shoe. Cock • •
Uncin. Anchor. HAT •
VESTINI.
The coins of this people, who occupied a mountainous district between
the Apennines and the Adriatic, may be assigned to the towns of Pinna
in the interior and Aternum which lay upon the coast some twenty miles
south of Hatria.
In B.C. 301 the Vestini concluded a treaty of alliance with Rome, and
between this date and 26(S the coinage falls. It is imitated from that of
Umbria and Picenum.
Triens. Inside of shell.
Sextans. Bull's head facing
Uncia. Bijiennis
Semuncia. Shoe.
VE^ Club
VE$ Crescent.
VES Shell.
VES No type.
LATIUM.
The coinage of Latium may be divided into two classes: ist, Casf
coiuH, consisting of acs fjrave uninscribcd and therefore of uncertain
attribution but always fjund in Central Italy and chiefly in Latium ;
2nd, Struck coins, A{ of the towns of Alba Fucentis and Signia, and iE
of Aquinum.
LATIUM.
21
I, The aes f/mve of Latium and Central Italy is contemporary with
that of the Libral series of Kome, circ. B.o. 35o-26(S. The dates of the
various series can hardly be fixed more precisely.
In style the Latin acs r/rave is generally superior to that of any other
part of Italy, the head of Apollo, for instance, on the As of the series
attributed by Mommsen to Formiae, Fundi, or Fregellae, is purely Greek
and betrays the influence of the neighbouring Campanian towns.
The following are the classes into which the aes grave of Central Italy
are divided by Mommsen (i. p. 182) : —
(i) TiBUR OR Praeneste.
As.
Head of Roma
Semis.
Head of Pallas
Trien>^.
Thuiulerbolt
Quadrans.
0])Q\\ hand
Sextans.
Cockle-shell
Uncia.
Astragalos
Semuncia.
Acorn
Reverses same as Obverses.
(ii) TiBUR OR Praeneste.
Series similar to the preceding, but with the addition of a club in the
field on both sides of the coins. The As of this series is without the
mark of value.
(iii) Ardea
0)-
As.
Head of Mercury
1
Head of beardless Janus
1
Semis.
Head of Pallas
s 1
Female head
S
Triens.
Thunderbolt
• • • •
Dolphin
• • • •
Quadrans.
Open hand
* * *
Two corn-grains
• • •
Sextans.
Cockle-shell
• *
Caduceus
« •
Uncia.
Astragalos
• {
No type
•
Semuncia.
Acorn.
>?
t
(iv) Uncertain town of Latium or Apulia.
Series similar to the preceding, but with the addition of a Reaping-
hook in the field on the obverse of the As and Quadrans, and on the
reverse of the Semis, Triens, Sextans, and Uncia.
(v) Formiae, Fundi, or Frejellae.
As.
Head of Apollo.
Semis.
Pegasos
Triens.
Horse's head
Quadrans.
Running Boar
Sextans.
Young head in pilos
Uncia.
Corn-grain
Revei'ses same as Obverses.
22
LAT1U3L
(vi) Alba Fucentis (?).
Diipondius
Ax.
St' mis.
Ti-iens.
Qaadrans.
Sextans,
Wlu'C'l
II
I
s
• • •
Head of Roma
Bull galloping
Horse cautoriiig
Hound i-unning
Toitoise.
(vii) Uncertain town.
As.
Kantharofi
Triens.
Quadraus.
:5
Sextans.
;)
Uncia.
}J
Head of Palla?.
Helmet •
Cockle-shell.
Club
Uncertain, principally of Central Italy.
Llhral Series.
As. Head of young Herakles.
„ Lion's head facing with
sword in mouth.
„ Head of Jupiter.
Si'.mis. Krater.
Bull's head.
„ Female head diademed.
„ Kauthaios.
Quincunx. Bearded head diad.
Triens. Wheel with hooked t^pokes.
Quadrans. Toad • • •
(?) Dolphin.
Sextans. Anchor • •
,, Spear-head • •
„ Tortoise • •
,,. Boar's head.
„ Plough.
Uncla. Club •
,, Oenochoij •
,, Hound sliield •
„ Grapes.
Grapes.
Galerus (?).
Crescent.
Caduceus.
Head of griffin.
Hoi'se's head.
Eagle carrying fish.
Boar
Prow
Corn-grain (symbol sometimes
caduceus)
Rudder.
Shield.
Crescent and star
Triskelis
Anchor.
Trident
Bearded Dragon's head
Kantharos
Serpent (?).
Pentagram
Pedum
Swastica rTZ
Flower of four petals
Spear-head.
Astragalos. (B. .M, Cat., Italij. p. 60. 45.)
Crescent.
No type.
Triens. Crescent.
Semis. Two crescents
Quadrans. .,
lu'diiced standard.
••••••
No typo
Two naked figures dancin'
LATIUM. 28
Heavy oblOxVg coins of Central Italy.
Quincussis. ROMANOM Eagle on ! Pegasos flying,
thunderbolt. I
Sword. I M. ROMANOM ScaMnird'.
„ Similar. j No insor. Similar.
„ Bull standing. | Bull standing.
„ Two cocks and two stars. Two tridents and two dolphins.
5, Trident. Caduceus,
„ Elephant. \ Sow.
,, Oblong shield adorned Oblong shield.
with two thunderbolts.
., Tiipod. Anchor.
„ Amphora. Oblique lines.
„ Eagle on thunderbolt. Parazonium.
Dupondlus. Two crescents back to Two crescents back to back,
back. !
These quadrilateral coins are not of a very early date. That with the
Elephant, for instance, can hardly be anterior to the defeat of Pyrrhus
(B.C. 275) who first introduced elephants into Italy. As a rule they
may be considered as contemporary with the Roman aes grave of the
Libral series. It seems probable, therefore, that all the heaviest pieces
continued to be made of an oblong form, for the purpose of saving space
in packing and storing large quantities of metal, which was necessary as
long as bronze remained the legal standard in Italy.
The form of the genitive plural, ROMANOM, on some of these coins
shows that they cannot have been issued in Rome itself, and it likew^ise
proves that the issue took place in a district subject to Roman
dominion,
(viii) LucERiA Apuliae. (See below, p. 39).
(ix) Venusia Apuliae. (See below, p. 41).
2. Struck coins of Latium.
Alba Fucentis. This town w^as occupied by a Roman colony in
B.C. 303. It was between this date and B.C. 268 that it struck silver
money.
Head of Hermes. | AUBA Griffin . . . . .R 18-3 grs.
Head of Pallas. ' „ Eagle on fulmen Ax 8-3 grs.
Aquinum. Bronze. Circ. B.C. 368-217.
Head of Pallas. | AQ_VIN0 Cock and Star M Size -8
Cora(?). Circ. B.C. 300-268.
C 0 R A N 0 Horseman armed with Spear.
/B 93 grs.
Campanian Bull crowned by Victory.
M Size -8
Concerning these two remarkable coins, which are undoubtedly of
Campanian fabric, see Mommsen, i. p. 259.
' This coin has been doubted, vide Mommsen, vol. iv. p. 6 : the letter N might possibly stand
for Nummus.
Head of Apollo.
KORANO Head of Apollo.
24 SAMNIUM.
Siguia. Silver. Circ. B.C. 300-268.
Head of Hermes. j ^EIC Head of Sileiios and head of
! boar joined ^9 grs.
The silver coins of Alba and Signia arc called by Mommsen tnnnmi
and \ minimi. The strange t3"pe of the coin of Signia is unexplained.
SAMNIUM.
Samnium, situated as it was, midway between the Greek silver-coining
states of the south and the Latin and other bronze-coining peoples of
the north, had in early times no coinage of its own whatever. Its
pastoral village communities were indeed hardly important enough to
require a separate coinage. The Samnites appear to have made use
of the money of the neighbouring districts, especially of that of
Campania.
Not until after the final subjection of the country by the Romans,
circ. B.C. 290, do we find the towns of Aesernia, Aquilonia, Beneventum,
Cosa, and Telesia, striking bronze coins, similar in stj^e to those of
Campania.
Aesernia was occupied by a Roman colony B. C. 262. Its coinage
resembles that of the Campanian towns Cales, Suessa Aurunca, and
Teanum Sidicinum. The head of Vulcan is appropriate in a country
where earthquakes are of frequent occurrence. The Bull with the
human head is a type borrowed from the coins of Neapolis.
A I 5 E R N I N 0 Zeus thundering in Biga ;
above, often, Victory . JE Size -8
VOUCANOM Head of Vulcan.
AI$ERNIN0 Head of Apollo.
AI^ERNINO Head of Pallas.
Bull with human face crowned by Vic-
tory M Size -8
Eagle and .serjjent . . . M Size -8
The inscriptions are in the Oscan character.
Aquilonia. There were two towns of this name in Samnium, one on
the upper Vulturnus close to Aesernia, the other nearly a hundred miles
to the S. E., not far from the borders of Apulia. It is to the first of these
that the coins are attributed. The town is said to have been destroyed
by the Romans under Papirius Cursor, b. c. 293 ; but the coins seem to
be later in date.
AKVRVNNIAR (in Oscan letters, I'e- ! Armed warrior holding patera . . .
trograde) Head of Pallas. | M Size -8
According to Livy (x. 46). Papirius Cursor after the battle of Aqui-
lonia carried off to Rome 'aeris gravis vicies centies millies et quingenta
triginta tria millia,' together with 1,830 pounds of silver. We must not
understand this as implying that the 2,533,000 pounds of bronze was
actually money of Samnium. It is merely the sum in Roman money
of the value of the spoil.
Beneventum. The coins of this town are certainly subsequent to
B.C. 268, Avhon its name was changed from Maloentum or Maleventum
to Beneventum by the Romans when they planted a colony there.
BENVENTOD Head of Ajjullo. I Prancing horse and magistrate's name
I PROPOM .^.-8
FRENTANI— CAMPANIA. 25
Cosa (Compsa 1).
Head of Pallas. j CO ^ AN 0 Horse's head . . ^.75
Head of Ares, bearded. „ Horse's head and dolphin .
! ^^ -75
There is some doubt as to the town to which these coins should be
attributed, but as their stj'le is purely Campanian, they may well belong
to Compsa in the south of Samnium.
Peripoli Pitanatae. See Peripolium Bruttiorum.
Telesia. Rare bronze coins, subsequent to B.C. 26H, with Oscan inscr.
Head of Pallas. | Cock and star M -"j
FRENTANI.
The Frentani occupied a fertile district between Samnium and the
Adriatic. In b. c. 304 the Romans concluded peace with this people.
The coins are well executed and date probably from circ. B.C. 268. They
bear a retrograde inscription in Oscan characters, reading
FRENTREI Head of Hermes. | Pegasos M Size -8
Iiarinum, about 14 miles inland, appears to have been a place of
some importance. But as it struck no silver coins we may infer that its
money is all subsequent to B.C. 268, when the coinage of silver was
monopolised by Rome.
The bronze money of Larinum falls into two classes : —
(i) Circ. B.C. 268.
A API NnN Head of Apollo. | Camioauiau bull . . . .E Size -8
(ii) Circ. B. c. 217.
Series of struck coins on the uncial vsystem, with marks of value
from the Quincunx down to the Semuncia, and with inscr, UADINOD
(LARINOR) in the Oscan character: —
Obv. Types. Heads of Pallas, Dodonaean Zeus. Herakles, Dione, Apollo, and
Artemis.
Rev. Types. Galloping Warrior, Eagle on Fulmen, Centaur, Dolphin, Cornu-
copiae, Hound.
CAMPANIA.
The coinage of this district is of Greek (Phocaean) origin, and con-
sists of didrachms weighing 118 grs. maximum, and of bronze coins
of about the same size as the didrachm, which perhaps represent the
older litrae of silver. The silver money comes to an end about B.C. 268,
when the Roman denarius was first issued. How long after this date
bronze continued to be coined in Campania it is hard to determine. It
was certainly very generally issued down to the close of the Hannibalic
war and the fall of Capua, B.C. 211, and at some towns specially favoured
by the Romans the right of coining their own bronze money may have
been preserved perhaps for a century longer.
26
CAMPANIA.
The following is a list of the Campanian towns, arranged as far as
may be in the approximate chronological order of their money : —
B.C. 500-420.
420-340.
340-268.
268-211, or later.
Cumae
1
Alliba
Phistelia
Neapolis
Hyria
Campani
Neapolis
Nola
Romano-Cainpanian .
Aurunca
Compulteria
Cales
Nuceria
Suessa ..._..
Teanuni
1
Neapolis ;
Capua
Cales
Nuceria
Suessa
Teanum
Caiatia
Atella
Caiatia
The inscriptions are at first purely Greek ; subsequently the Oscan
element prevails, except at Neapolis, and finally the Latin gi-adually
supersedes both Oscan and Greek.
For convenience of reference we shall describe the coins in alpha-
betical order: —
Alliba. Of this town, which was probably situated not far from
Cumae, silver coins only are known ^.
AH0HA Head of Pallas. i Campanian bull
AAAI B ANON ) Head of Apollo. oi n i u ii
AUUIBA j „ „ Piuas. Skylla and shell
AAAEI Oyster-shell. | H {jinikiTpovX) .
Al didr.
^11 litra, 9-12 grs.
A\ i litr.
All these coins belong to the first half of the fourth cent. b. c.
Atella. This city issued bronze money only, of late style and bearing
an Oscan inscr. and marks of value according to the Triental system
(circ. B.C. 250-211). It participated in the revolt from Rome during the
Hannibalic war and was severely punished in consequence, B.C. 211,
after which it ceased to coin money.
Ade or Aderl. [Oscan] Zeus in quadriga
driven by Nike, • • • •
Ade. Two warriors taking oath upon a
Trlens. Head of Zeus • • • •
Sextans. ,, ,, • •
Uncia. Bust of Helios •
pig ..
Ade. Elephant.
Aurunca. The capital of the Aurunci or Ausones, a small tiibe to the
north of Campania. Suessa Aurunca was a colony from this town.
There is a bronze coin known with an Oscan inscr. and a magistrate's
name, the date of which is probably about the middle of the third
century.
Head of Apollo (B. M. Cat., Jtali/,
V- 15)-
Aurunkud [Oscan] Dolphin, beneath,
Makd'iis M Size -7
' The bronze coins, sometimes attributed to Alliba, B. M. Cat., Ilahj, p. 74, may be classed as
uncertain.
ALLIBA — CAPUA. 27
Caiatia lay about lo miles N.E. of Capua on the river Vulturnus.
Its coinage is wholly of bronze and subsequent to B. c. 268 : inscr.
CAIATINO:—
Head of Apollo. | Cock and star . . . . M Size -7
Caiatia was also in the neighbourhood of Capua. Its coins arc of
))ronze with Oscan legend and marks of value according to the Triental
system, similar to those of Atella. These two towns w^ere probably
dependent upon ('apua, whose fate they shared after the revolt of
B.C. 216. The date of the coinage is circ. B.C. 250-211.
Sextans. Head of Zeus • • ! Kalati [Oscan] Zeus in quadriga,
„ J, ,, • • „ Selene in biga.
Uncia. ,, ,, • | „ Horse prancing.
Cales. This town, originally the capital of the Ausonian Caleni, was
colonized from Rome in B.C. 334. Its coinage is plentiful and consists
of silver didrachms of the Campanian standard, similar in style to those
of Nuceria, Suessa, and Teanum, and corresponding bronze coins.
¥
Fig. 9.
Head of Pallas. CAUENO Nike in biga (P'ig. 9) . .
Ai 112 grs.
Head of Apollo. CAUENO Camjwnian bull, sometimes
crowned by Nike . . M Size -8
The silver coinage comes to an end in B.C. 268. The bronze money
continued to be issued for some time after this, but with a new type :—
CAUENO Head of Pallas. | Cock and star . . . . M Size -8
Cf. the contemporary bronze of Teanum, Suessa, Caiatia, Aquinum,
and Telesia. All these towns had probably concluded an alliance on
favourable terms with Rome, by virtue of which they were permitted to
issue bronze coins in their own names down to a comparatively late
period.
Capua. The earliest coins of Capua are silver staters of the Cam-
panian standard with Greek, or mixed Oscan and Greek inscriptions,
KAMPANON, KAMPANO, KAPPANO, KAPPANOM, HAMPANOM, etc.,
and types borrowed from the coins of Neapolis.
Head of Pallas in Athenian helmet. I Inscr. Man-headed Campanian bull .
' /H 1 1 4 grs. max.
This coinage is anterior to B. c. 338, when Capua, in order to obtain
help from the Romans against the Samnites, allied herself to Rome on
the standing of a c'lvltas sine stiff ragio.
Henceforth Capua was authorized to coin money bearing the inscrip-
tion ROMANO or ROMA in Latin characters. This Romano-Campanian
coinage cannot, it is true, be proved to be solely Capuan, for other Cam-
panian cities may have also been permitted by Rome to take part in it.
It falls into three distinct classes, (i) Coins with the inscription ROMANO,
28
CAMPANIA.
consisting of didrachms, thoroughly Campanian both in style and weight,
together with a few rare bronze coins (litrae and \ litrae ?). This
coinage lasted in all probability from B.C. 338 to 318, when the Roman
rule, hitherto merely nominal, was more directly enforced at Capua,
a special Praefect being then despatched from Rome as Governor of the
city, (ii) The coinage was now in a measure assimilated to that of
Rome, the weight of the silver didraehm being gradually reduced to the
standard of 6 Roman scruples (105-36 grs.), and the inscription ROMA, in
the nominative case, being substituted for ROMANO (for Romanom, gen.
plur.). The gold coins struck at Capua at this time are also regulated
according to the Roman standard, the denominations being 6, 4, and 3
scruples (circ. 106, 70 and ^t, grs.). This coinage also bears the inscrip-
tion ROMA, (iii) In B.C. 268, when the denarius was first coined at
Rome, the Campanian silver was restricted to the Quatlrigatus and Vic-
for'ialns, which were tariffed at Rome as denarii and quinarii. At the
same time the circulation of the bronze coin was confined to Capua and
its immediate territory. The Capuan money after b. c. 268 thus consists
almost entirely of silver Victoriati ^ with ROMA, and of bronze coins
inscribed KAPU in the Oscan character, and generally with marks of
value which show them to belong to the Roman Triental and Sextantal
systems.
In addition to the above there are likewise coins of electrum, Ohv.
Head of Janus, liev. Zeus in quadriga, which, it will be remarked, are
without the inscription ROMA. This fact, combined with their late style,
renders it probable that they were issued during the Hannibalic War,
B.C. 216-211, when Capua rebelled against the Roman yoke"-'.
liomano-Campanian coinage.
Class i. Circ. B.C. 338-318.
Silver didi-achms and bronze coins with legend ROMANO.
SiLVEK. Weight 115-112 grs.
Head of bearded Ares helmeted.
Head of Apollo.
Head of young Herakles.
Head of Roma in Phi'Vfiian lielmet.
Horse's head.
Prancing horse and star.
Wolf and twins.
Nike attaching wi-eath to palm-branch
(Fig. 10).
Fig. 10.
' Afier the fall of Capua the Romans tiansferred the coinage of the Victoriati to Rome itself,
where they continued to Ijc coined for lialfa century longer for the use of the provinces.
* Contemporary perliaps with these C'ainprinian electrum coins are the gold pieces, o?)r. Head of
Ares, rer. Roma Eagle on fulinen, supjiosed to liave been issued by Roman generals in Southern
Italy to meet tiie exigencies of the war against Hannibal. These coins are of three sizes, and bear
respectively the marks of value 60, 40, and 20, which .are usually thought to indicate the numbers
of sestertii at which they were valued. They weigh respectively 525, .^5, and i 7-5 grs.
R OMANO-CAMPANIAN.
29
Young head diademed.
Head of young Ares lielmeted.
Head of Ares helmeted.
Bronze.
Lion raising his paw.
Eagle on fuhnen.
Horse's head.
Class ii. With legend ROMA, circ. B.C. 318-268.
Gold.
Fig. II.
Head of beardless Janus (Fig. ii). j Two soldiers taking oath upon a pig
I held by kneeling man.
These coins weigh io6, 70, and 53 grs. The piece of 70 grs. is marked
XXX \
Silver. (Weight falling to 105-36 grs.)
Fig. I.
Head of young Ares helmeted.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Ares.
Head of beardless Janus.
Horse's head (Fig. 12).
Prancing horse (B. M. Guide, PI. 33, 9).
Bronze.
Head of young Ares helmeted.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Ares helmeted.
Head of Herakles.
Female head turreted.
Female head helmeted.
Head of Roma in Phrygian helmet.
Horse's head.
Prancing horse.
Pegasos and Club.
Horseman with whip in hand.
Two Cornuacopiae.
Dog.
Class iii. B.C. circ. 268-211.
(a) Silver with legend ROMA.
Fig. i.^
» The only specimen of this coin which I have seen, viz. that in the British Museum, is false.
30
CAMPANIA.
Head of Leardless Janus.
Head of Zeus.
Zeus in Quadriga driven bj'^ Nike
(Fig. 13) ^i'^ 105-3 gr«- {Quadrifjatus).
Id. . . Al 52-3 grs.
Nike crowning trophy Al 52-6 grs,
{Victoriatns)\
(13) Silver with KAPU in Oscan letters.
Head of Zeus. I Eagle on fulmen . .
Al g2 grs.
Bronze, with KAPU in Oscan letters and marks of value.
Quincunx.
Triens.
Quadrans.
»
Sextans.
Uncia.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Demeter.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Herakles.
Female head turreted.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Pallas.
Female head turreted.
Head of Artemis.
Pegasos.
Fulmen.
Ox.
Two soldiers and pig.
Selene in biga.
Two soldiers and pig.
Eagle on fulmen.
Lion with spear in mouth.
Horseman armed with spear.
Nike crowning trophj'.
Nike holding wreath.
Horseman armed with spear.
Boar.
Bronze, with KAPU in Oscan letters, no marks of value.
Zeus in quadriga . . . . ^E 1-5
.... ^ I
Eagle on fulmen . . . . ^ i
Two veiled figures, archaic idols JEl
Fulmen M
Ear of corn M
Lyre M
Infant suckled by doe . . . M
Elephant yE
Trophy M
Kerberos M
Head of Janus.
Heads of Zeus and Hera.
Head of Zeus.
Bust of Hera.
Head of Demeter.
Head of Apollo.
Young head in Phrygian head-dress.
Head of Pallas.
Head of young Herakles.
Compulteria or Cubulteria (Livy, xxiv. 20) on the upper Vulturnus.
05
75
55
6
65
55
5
5
55
Bronze coins only with Oscan inscriptions, circ. B. c. 300-268,
Head of Apollo. I Ktipelternum. Campanian bull crowned
I by Nike ^ -8
Cnmae. This ancient Chalcidian colony struck its earliest silver coins
according to the Aegiuetic standard, circ. b. c. 500-490 : —
Forepart of frog. , K V M E (retrograde) Mussel-shell . .
I ^11 84 grs.
This coin is contemporary with the early issues of the other Chalcidian
colonies, Rhegiuin in Italy, and Zancle, Naxos, and Himera in Sicily,
which also follow the Aeginetic standard.
' The weight of the Victoriatc was not long niaintaineil at 52 yrs. It soon fell ti about 4.:^.
CAPUA — CU3IAE.
31
To this first period also we may ascribe certain small gold coins of
Cumae : —
Coriiitliian helmet. | KVME Mussel-shell . . N. ^-^ grn.
Supposing the relative value of gold to silver to have been the same
here as at Syracuse, viz. 15:1, this Attic half-obol of gold would have
been the exact equivalent of i Aeginetic drachm of 84 grs. There are also
small silver coins with Helmet and Mussel-shell weighing less than 2 grs.
In all the above-mentioned Chalcidian Colonies, about B.C. 490, the
Chalcidian (Aeginetic) standard was abandoned for the Attic, and the
same chano-e is noticeable at Cumae.
(ii) Circ. B.C. 490-480 {Attic weiijht).
KVMAION (retrograde) Head of I Crab holdiug shell
Pallas. I
M 129 grs.
The Attic (or Tarentine) didrachm of 130 grs. took no firm root at
Cumae, and early in the fifth century it gives place to the Phocaean
didrachm or stater of 1 18-1 15 grs. imported from the Phocaean Colonies
Velia and Poseidonia before its abandonment by them.
The silver currency of Cumae on the Phocaean standard is very
plentiful, and lasts from about b. c. 480-433, the date of the capture of
Cumae by the Samnites. About fifteen years before its destruction,
Cumae had received from Rome the status of a c'lvifas sine suffragw, but
neither then nor during the period of its greatest prosperity does it
appear to have struck any bronze coins, for the few bronze coins that are
known were probably once plated with silver.
(iii) Circ. B.C. 480-423. {Phocaean or Campa7iian didrachms.)
Fig. 14.
Female head diademed, of archaic
style.
Head of Pallas in round Athenian
helmet.
Lion's scalp facing between two boar's
heads.
KVME or KYMAION Mussel-shell
and various symbols, e. g. corn-grain,
sea-serpent, mouse, fish, or marine-
plant (Fig. 14).
Similar.
Similar.
Fig. 15.
Female head of early fine (transitional) 1 Mussel-shell. Symbol sometimes Skylla,
style. I sea-serpent, etc. (Fig. 15).
Young male head in laureate pilos. 1 Scylla . . ^ Size -8 (once plated ])
33
CA31PANLL
Head of Pallas.
Wheel with three sjjokes.
Helmet.
[Small slice)' coins.)
KV, KVME, or KVMA Mussel . .
M, 1 2-8 grs.
KV Dolphin M 2-2 grs.
Mussel ^i 1-2 ers.
The Mussel-shell is a remarkable example of a coin type borrowed
from among the natural products of the locality, the shallow salt-lakes
Avernus and Lucrinus being peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of
shell fish \
The female head on the coins of Cumae may perhaps represent the
famous Cumaean sibyl or the siren Parthenope.
Hyria. This town is supposed to have been the palaeopolis of Nola ^.
Its coinage is wholly of silver, and consists of Campanian didrachms
of about 115 grs., dating from about B.C. 430-340, with Oscan, or mixed
Oscan and Greek inscriptions, YDINA, YPINAI, YPIANO?, and rarely
YDIETE$. The coinage of Hyria commences about the time when that
of Cumae ceases : —
Fig. 16.
Head of Pallas in round Athenian
helmet, adorned with olive wreath
and owl.
Head of Hera facing, wearing Ste-
phanos (cf. Coins of Poseidouia).
Campanian bull.
Similar. (Fig. 16.)
Neapolis, a colony of Cumae, fell into the hands of the Romans in
B.C. 290, but it always remained essentially a Greek city, and its
political vicissitudes have left scarcely any traces on its coins.
The silver money of this, the most important town of Campania, falls
into three classes, which may be distinguished by the form of the legend
which they bear, and arranged in approximate chronological order as
follows : —
Fio. 17.
Class I. NEOnOHTES or NEPOAITE^, circ. b.c. 420-400 (Fig. 17).
' Hor., Epod. ii. 49 ; Sat. ii. 432.
' Momm. i. 163.
HYRIA—NEAPOLIS.
33
Fig. i8.
Class II. NEOnOAITHC, circ. b.c. 400-340 (Fig. i8).
Fig. 19.
Class III. NEOnOAITHN or NEOPOAITEnN, circ. B.C. 340-268 (Fig. 19).
The obverse types of the Neapolitan silver didrachms are (i) Head
of Pallas in round Athenian helmet, bound with olive-wreath, and
(ii) Female head usually diademed, perhaps Dia-Hebe the bride of
Dionysos Hebon. This head is variously represented in profile, and
occasionally facing and with flowing hair (in which case it may be
intended for Hera, cf. the coins of Hyria and Poseidonia).
The reverse type is always the Campanian human-headed bull, crowned
on the more recent coins by a flying Nike. This type, of such frequent
occurrence throughout Campania, first occurs on the money of this city.
It is supposed to symbolize Bacchus Hebon, a tauriform Chthonian
divinity worshipped very generally in southern Italy, but more especially
in Campania. This god, whose nature partook both of that of Hades
and of Dionysos, was associated with a female divinity, Kore or Dia-
Hebe, a goddess resembling both Persephone and Ai-iadne, and personi-
fying the eternal renewal of nature in the spring time. Concerning the
mystic worship of this pair see Lenormant, La Grande Grece, i. 420.
In the earliest period the small currency of Naples consisted of
twelfths of the stater (obols) weighing 11-8 grs.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
Fore-part of Campanian bull of archaic
i style.
In the second period the obol or twelfth is replaced by pieces of
2 litrae, i litra, and 4 litra, weighing respectively 38, 14 and 7 grs.
maximum.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Apollo.
Young laureate head.
Head of Pallas.
Biga.
Cock.
Herakles strangling lion.
H (fiixiXiTpov).
To the second and third periods belong also the drachms weighing
59-48 grs., with inscr. NEOPOAITH^ and NEOPOAITHN.
Female head. | Campanian bull.
D
34
CAMPANIA.
Towards the end of the second period (circ. B.C. 340) the small silver
coinage ceases and in its stead bronze coins begin to be issued, which are
probably Litrae (Size -iS) and half-litrae (Size '6^).
Head of Apollo.
Fore- part of Camjiauian Lull.
Campanian bull.
Canipaiuan bull crowned by Nike.
Omphalos and Lyre.
The bronze coinage outlasts the silver by a period of uncertain
duration. Among the later bronze types are the following : —
Head of one of the Dioskuri.
Head of Artemis.
Head of young Heraklep, laureate.
Horseman.
Cornucopiae.
Tripod.
All the later coins of Neapolisj whether of silver or bronze, have
symbols or letters in the field. Among the latter we may mention I S as
being extremely common, and curiously enough not peculiar to coins of
Neaj)olis, for it likew^ise occurs on contemporary coins of Aesernia, Cales,
Compulteria, Suessa, and Teanum.
Nola. The coinage of this town is very similar to that of Neapolis,
but it does not begin at so early a date. It would seem, for the most
part, to be included between about B.C. 340 and 268. In 313 Nola was
conquered by the Romans to whom it remained faithful, even during the
war with Hannibal.
Fig. 20.
Silver di drachms, wt.
Female head diademed (Kore ?) as on
coins of NeaiJolis.
Head of Pallas in round Athenian
helmet bound with olive.
ii4//r*. maximum.
NriAAinN rarely NHAAIOS. Cara-
]3anian bull crowned by Nike.
NHAAinN Campanian bull. (Fig. 20.)
NHAAI Head of Apollo.
Head of Apollo.
Silver litrae {J)
Campanian bull crowned by Nike .
Wt. 10-2 grs.
Bronze litrae (^).
I Campanian bull crowned by Nike .
' Size -85.
Nuceria Alfaterna. A town on the river Sarnus. It was taken by
the Roiiuuis (luring the second Samnito war, B.C. 308. No coins are
known which can be given to an earlier date than the Roman conquest.
They all ))ear an Osean insci'iption X/irk/i///nn Alafalernim/.
NOLA—TEANUM.
35
Silver (Valrac/ntis, wf. 1 13 grs. maximum.
Fig. 21.
Youiiff male head witli IJam's horn.
One of the Dioskui'i standing beside his
horse. (Fig. 21.)
Bioiize l/frae(1) and \ lit racial).
Young male head diademed. The Dioskuri on horseback . M size -8
Young male head bound with wreath. ! Hound on the scent . . M size -65
Fhistelia. This town is thought to have been in the vicinity of
Cumae (Friedlander, OskiscJie Miiitzeu, p. 28). It is only known to us by its
coins, which are among the most ancient in this part of Italy, dating
from about b. c. 430-400.
Young head facing. Mussel-shell and corn-grain . JR obol.
Head of Hera facing, hair loose. Cf. Fistlus or Fisthds (Oscan). Campanian
Coins of Poseidonia (p. 68). bull M didr.
Similar. Lion . M obol.
<t)|^TEAIA Young head facing. Fistliiis (Oscan). Mussel, corn-grain
and dolphin . . M litra, 1 2 grs.
Suessa Aurunca. Suessa was occupied by a Roman colony in B.C. 3 r 3.
Its coins are all late in style, like those of Cales, Nuceria, Teanum, etc.
(i) CVm B.C. 313-268.
Head of Apollo.
$VE5AN0 Head of Apollo.
Fig. 22.
SVE^ANO One of the Dioskuri on
horseback leading a second horse
(Fig. 22) . . M didr., 113 grs.
Campanian bull crowned by Nike
M size -85
(ii) Prohabh/ after B.C. 268.
Head of Pallas. SVESANO Cock . . . ^E size -S-
Head of Hermes. SVESANO Herakles strangling lion
M size -8
Teanum Sidiciuum, originally the capital of the Sidicini, stood on
the via Latina in the northern corner of Campania. Its coinage consists
of two distinct classes : —
D 2
36
APULIA.
(i) ^il and M with Oscan inscr., circ. b. c. 300-268.
(ii) M with Latin inscr., after B.C. 268.
(i) Silver didrachms, wi-. 1 14 grs. max., and Bronze, litrae(?)
with Oscan inscr. Tiannd Sidikinnd or Tmnnd only.
Head of Herakles in lion's skin.
Head of Apollo.
Nike in triga (Fig. 23) . . M didr.
Man-headed bull .sometimes crowned by
Nike . , vE size -8
(ii) Bronze with Latin inscr. TIANO.
Head of Pallas. | Cock and star .... iE size -8
Uncertain Oscan Coins.
In addition to the coins with Oscan inscriptions already described are
a few which cannot be attributed with certainty to Campania, They
bear the inscriptions Irnthi, 3Ia/le-9, Senser, (^r. (B. M. Cat., IfaL, p. 127).
APULIA.
There is reason to believe that the coinage of Tarentum -was current
in Apulia throughout the period of the Tarentine dominion in those
parts, and that the silver unit or nummus of Tarentum (perhaps the
diobol of 22 grs.) remained the silver unit in Apulia when the Apulian
towns began to coin silver money of their own, for the well-known type
of the Tarentine diobol, Herakles strangling the lion, recurs on diobols of
Arpi, Caelia, Rubi, and Teate. The didrachms and drachms of Teate
have also types borrowed from Tarentum. On the equivalent in bronze
of the Tarentine nummus of 22 grs. (which in the proportion of i : 250
would give a weight of about 5000 grs.) the Aes grave of Apulia, and
perhaps of all the provinces situate to the east of the Apennines, appears
to have been based. In all these countries the weight of the As exceeds
that of the Roman pound, while in Rome itself the As usually falls short
of the pound by about 2 ounces.
The currency of Apulia before and after the Triental reduction, which
took place in the middle of the third century B.C., consisted therefore —
(i) Of silver diobols and didrachms of Tarentum, replaced about
B.C. 300 by local Apulian silver issued at the following mints : —
Arpi. 2 dr. no grs.
J dr. 28 grs.
Nummus 17 grs.
1 Nummus 9 grs.
Caelia.
)i ))
0 s>
Canusiura.
>) >)
Rubi.
)> ))
» >>
Teate. „ „
Drachm.
>> »>
ABPI.
37
The didrachms both at Arpi and Teate were assimilated in weight to
those of Campania, the smaller divisions seem, however, to be clearly
of Tarentine origin.
(ii) Of libral Aes grave of Luceria and Venusia. About b. c. 250 the
aes grave of these two towns undergoes a reduction which corresponds
with the Triental reduction at Rome.
(iii) Meanwhile at Arpi, Asculum, Canusium, Herdonia(?), Hyrium,
Neapolis, Rubi, and Salapia, etc., bronze coins continued to be struck
after the Greek fashion, with Greek inscriptions and without marks of
value.
(iv) Little by little, under Roman influence, these Greek bronze coins
were superseded by bronze coins of the Roman sextantal and uncial
systems, with marks of value struck chiefly at Barium, Caelia, Luceria,
Teate, and Venusia, the denominations being the double nummus (N. II.),
the nummus (N), the quincunx (...••), the triens (••••), the quadrans
(. . .), the sextans (. .), the sescuncia (. S), the uncia (.), and the sem-
uncia {%.).
Arpi. This town during the second Samnite war concluded an alliance
with Rome, B.C. 326 (Livy, ix. 13). In the war with Pyrrhus, Arpi was
again on the side of Rome, but after the battle of Cannae (b. c. 217) it
passed over to the side of Hannibal until B.C. 213, when it was again
recovered by the Romans.
Silver.
Fig. 24.
APPANO^ Head of Pallas.
APPANnN Head of Persephone.
APPA
Head of Ares.
Head of Pallas.
Campaniau bull . . M Didrachm.
Prancing horse, AAIOY
Ai Didr. (Fig. 24.)
I
A hook (harpa ?).
' Three ears of corn
j Herakles and lion
I Prancing hox'se
{ Ear of corn
I Prancing horse
Bronze.
M \ Drachm.
M Diobol or
Nummus.
. . iRObol.
Head of Zeus,
AAIOY.
f POYAAI
Butting bull, { PYAAOY
( PYAAY
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
AP P AN nN Calydonian boar and spear-
head M size -8
APPANOY Prancinrr horse M size -8
APPANOY Grapes
M size -6
With the exception of the didrachm with Campanian types, which belongs
to the latter part of the fourth century, all these coins are of the third
century. Those reading AAIOY are of the time of Altinius Daxus, chief
magistrate of Arpi during the Hannibalic war.
38
APULIA.
Asculum is first mentioned in the account of the battle between
Pyrrhus and the Romans, B.C. 279. Its coins bear an Oscan inscription
AHfiiistkH, whence it would appear that the original form of the name was
Ausciilum. Its coinage is wholly of bronze and of two distinct periods : —
HorpeV head (Cavelli, PI. LXIII. i).
AYhYCKA Greyliound runnino- r. on
round shield (Carelli, PL LXIII. 2).
(i) Bi'fore B.C. 300, of fjood styjr.
AYhYCKAl Ear of corn . M size -75
AYhY Ear of corn witli leaf, as on
coins of ^letapontuni . /E size -65
(ii) Circ. B.C. 300-200, of base style.
AYCK Boar and spear-head. Ear of corn tE size -8
Head of Herakles. AYCKAA Nike with wreath and palm
yE size -7
Azetium. Bronze, fliird century.
Head of Pallas. | AIETI NnN Owl on column. M size -8
Eagle on fulmen. j „ Ear of corn . M „ -6
AIETI Dolphin and trident. ' Scallop-shell ^^^ „ -5
Barium. Bronze coins of the end of the third century with marks of
value and weights which show them to belong to the sextantal
system : —
Sextans. .. Bust of Zeus. BAP I NUUN Eros on Prow.
Uncia. • „ ., ,,
1 Uncia {!). „ ! BAPI Prow.
The reverse tj-pe of these coins may be intended as a play upon the
word Bapt?, a boat.
Butuntum. Bronze coins with Greek types, circ. B.C. 300. Inscr,
BYTONTlNnN:—
Head of Pallas.
Taras on dolphin.
Owl on branch.
C^rah.
Ear of corn ^ -8
Scallop JE ■'J
Fulmen JE -6
Inscr. but no type JE •'j
Caelia. Silver nummi and ^ nummi, circ. b, c. 300-268.
Nummus.
\ Nnmmus.
Sextans.
Head of Pallas.
KAI Herakles and Lion . Al
KAIAlNnN Amphora .... .H
Bronze, icUJi viarks <>f value, circ. B. c. 268-200.
Uncia,
Head of Pallas.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Zeus.
KAIAlNnN Trophy.
„ Nike with wreath and trophy.
„ Pallas running.
„ Trophy.
,, Fulmen.
Quadrans. ... Head of Pallas i KAI AINHN Three crescents.
(reduced weight). !
For other types, sec Brit. Mus. Cat., l/a/y, p. i 34.
ASCULUM—LUCERIA. 39
Canusinm, near the river Aufidus, was one of the chief towns of
Apulia. Silver and bronze coins, circ. B. c. 300, the latter with Tarentine
types, also bronze coins, with marks of value, of the end of the third
century.
Amphora.
Male head.
K A Lyre . . M Obol or \ minimus
KANY^I NnN Tarentine horseman .
M size -S.T
Grumum. Eronze, circ. B. c 300, with Greek types.
Female head. j TPY Galloping horse . . . JEi size -5
Male head diademed. 1 ,, Butting bull . . . . M „ -6
Herdonia(?) destroyed by Hannibal circ. B.C. 210, shortly before which
event it may have issued the following bronze coins : —
OPAANnN Head of young Herakles j Ear of corn; in field, club : Magistrate's
in lion's skin. j name TPEBIOY . . yE size -5
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL A. 14.]
Hyrium (Rodi) was a maritime town situated on the northern site of the
promontory of Garganum. Its coins are of bronze, and although without
marks of value, belong apparently to the latter part of the third century.
Head of Pallas. I YPI ATI NnN Rudder and dolphin . .
I JE size -55
Luceria after various vicissitudes fell finally into the hands of the
Romans in B.C. 314. Its coinage consists of aes grave of the Libral
system, circ. 314-250, and of two other series which correspond with the
Roman Triental and Sextantal Reductions, circ. 250-217.
\st Series. Cast aes grave^ Libral system, b. c. 314-250.
As. No inscription. Head of Herakles.
As. U and magistrates' names. Head
of Apollo.
As. U Similar. ]\Iai-k of value, I .
Head of horse.
Horse prancing ; above, star.
■ \
Cock.
• • • •
• • •
Quincunx. Wheel without tire, or j Wheel without tire, or oblique cross
ol)lique cross. j '
Triens. Fulmen. i Club.
Quadrans. Star. ■ Dolphin.
Sextans. Cockle-shell. Astragalos.
Uncia. Frog or toad. i Spear-head. •
,, „ ; Ear of corn. •
Semuncia{%) Crescent. Thyrsos.
2nd Series. Cast aes grave, Triental systern after b. c. 250.
As. Head of Herakles. | Horse prancing ; above, star.
All the other denominations as in series i, but with the addition of the
letter U on the reverse.
40
APULIA.
Srd Senes. Struck coins.
Quincunx.
Triens.
Quadrans.
Sextans.
Uncia.
Head of Pallas
Head of Herakles
Head of Poseidon
Head of Demeter
Head of Apollo
Sextanlal Si/stem^ before B.C. 217.
UOVCERI ^^^leel.
,, Quiver, club, and Low.
„ Dolphin and trideut.
„ Cockle-shell.
Toad.
„ Horses of the Dioskuri.
„ Crescent.
In addition to these autonomous coins of Luceria there is a series of
Roman coins both of silver and copper, with the inscription ROMA, and
the mint-mark of Luceria (U), which we may call Romano-Lucerian.
Mateola. (Pliny, iii. ii, s. i6.) Perhaps the modern Matera, near the
frontiers of Lucauia.
Semuncia(]) Heads of the Dioskuri.
„ Head of Artemis.
Sextans.
Uncia.
Bronze coins tvifli marks of value ^ c'lrc. B.C. 250-217
Head of Pallas. • •
MAT (in monogram). Lion seated with
spear in mouth.
„ Herakles leaning on club in the
attitude of the Farnese Herakles.
Neapolis Peucetiae. The modern Polignano, a town not mentioned
by any waiter. The attribution of the coins rests upon the evidence of
numerous finds.
Bronze^ icith Greek types., circ. b. c. 300.
Head of Dionysos.
Female head in Stephanos.
Veiled head.
NEAP Vine -branch and grape s . ^ • 7
NEAPOA Trident ^5
,, Ear of corn . . . . vE -6
B.ubi, between Canusium and Butuntum, is one of the few Apulian
towns of which silver coins are known. They consist of nummi and
\ nummi. There are also bronze coins of late style.
Silver. Circ b. c. 300.
Head of Pallas.
)>
Bull's head facing.
>)
Head of Helios.
PY Ear of corn. /R Diobol (nummus).
,, Herakles and lion. „
,, Lyre. A\ Obol.
,, Fulmen. „
„ Two crescents „
Bronze.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
PYBA Nike with wreath and palm
pyy Eagle on fulmen . . . ^ -VS
PYy Club, bow, and (juiver . ^E -7
PYBA^TEI NnN Owl on olive-branch
M-6
PY Female figure with patera and
cornucopiae M-6
Salapia. The bronze coins of this town belong to the same time as
those of Arpi ; it would seem indeed from the occurrence of the two names,
Pyllus and Dazus (or Daxus), on the coins of both cities that they were
at one time closely united, not only commercially but politically.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Herakles (?).
Head of Pallas.
Head of Zeus.
jVA teola— venusia.
41
Bronze.
^AAAPI NnN Head of Zeus.
„ Head of AjdoIIo.
,, Doljihln.
CAAPINHN Horse.
CAAAPlNnN Head of Pan.
Circ. B. c. 250-200.
Calydonian boar ^ -85
Horse prancing .^ -85
Dolphin M -6
Dolphin M •?>^
Eagle on capital of column . M .65
Teate. Of this town there are silver coins with Tarentine types, and
bronze coins with marks of value and of weights corresponding to those
of the Uncial system, and consequently subsequent to B.C. 217.
Silver. Circ. b.c
. 300-2(
38, or later.
Female head diademed.
TIATI
Naked horseman crowning his
horse . . M Didrachm.
)'
))
Owl on olive-branch . . .
M Drachm.
Head of Pallas.
,j
Herakles and Lion ....
M Diobol (nummus).
Bronze. Circ. b.c.
217.
Nummus.
Head of Zeus Dodonaeos.
TIATI
Eagle on fulmen (N)
Quincunx.
Head of Pallas.
))
Owl
Triens.
Head of Herakles.
>i
Lion • • • .
Quadrans.
Head of Poseidon (V) • • •
3)
Taras on dolphin.
))
Head of Pallas.
))
Owl
Sextans.
j>
J>
)) • •
Uncia.
i>
5)
jj •
Venusia, on the confines of Apulia and Lucania, was captured and
colonized by Rome, B.C. 292. It was a stronghold of the Romans in the
war with Hannibal. Its coinage may be compared with that of Luceria,
with which it is contemporary. It consists of the following series : —
\st Series. Cast coins of the Libral system. Circ. b. c. 292-250.
As.
Forepart of boar.
(c^uincunx.
Triens.
Quadrans.
Sextans.
Uncia.
Head of Pallas
Head of boar
Forepart of boar
Head of boar
Crescent
Head of Herakles.
Head of dog or wolf.
Spear-head.
Owl
Lyre
Head of Herakles
Owl
Crescent
Cohis of various denominations ivith VE in monogram.
Cockle-shell.
Dolphin.
Three crescents.
Dolphin.
Crescent. Crescent.
2nd Series. Struck coins on the Triental system, after circ. B. c. 250.
Quadrans.
Head of Zeus • • •
Three crescents with stars.
Sextans.
Head of Pallas • •
VE. Two dolphins.
Uncia.
Bust of Herakles •
„ Lion seated holding spear.
Semuncia.
Boar's head C
„ Owl.
42
CJLABIUA.
Zrd Series. Struck coins on the Sextant al and Uncial systems.
Circ. B.C. 250-217 and later.
II Niimmi
I Xitmmns
Quincunx.
Quadrans.
tSextans.
Sescuncia.
Uncia.
VE Bust of Herakles
(mark of value N-ll.).
VE Head of Bacchus.
Head of Zeus •
Head of Hem veiled
Head of Pallas
Bust of Helios.
Head of bearded
Herakles
The Dioskuri. CAQ_.
N • I. Bacchus seated holding grapes
and thyrsos.
VE Eagle on thunderbolt.
,, Three crescents containing stars.
,, Owl on olive-branch.
„ Crescent and star .S
,, Lion seated, holding sjjcar.
4t/i Series. Struck coins, uyicertain system.
Semis. Head of Hermes.
Uncia {1). Toad.
VE Winged shoe and Caduceus
Crab.
CALABRIA.
In the district called by the Greeks Messapia and lapygia, and by the
Romans Calabria, the only town which presents us with a continuous
series of coins, extending from the earliest period down to its capture by
the Romans in B.C. 272, is the populous and wealthy city of Tarentum.
The other less important towns, as will be seen from the following table,
only began to coin money after that date, with the single exception of
Baletium, if the didrachms reading FAAE'S'A^ and BAAE<S)A^ are
correctly attributed to it.
Baletium
530-500
500-473
473-400
400-360
360-300
300-272
272-203
203-89
M
Brundusium
yE
M
Graxa
M
Hyria
M]
M
Sturnium (?)
JE,
Tarentum
M
M
M
K, M
X, M
K,M,M
{K, AX]
Uxentum
JE
Baletium, about five miles east of the modern Gallipoli, is the town to
which the silver coins reading BAAE^A^ and FAAE<SiA$ have been
attributed. It is not mentioned in history.
Silver. Circ. B.C. 350.
FAAEiSiA^, retrograde, on both sides of the coin.
Taras on dolphin.
{Rev. Num. 1859, ^^- XV.)
BAAEfgiA^; retrograde, Dolj^hin.
Dolphin in semicircle
M Didr. 1 1 8 grs.
BAAE(8)A^ Semicircle
M, Tetrob. 36 grs.
BALETIUM—TARENTUM.
43
The obverse type is Tarentine. That of the reverse is probably
intended to symbolize the port of Callipolis. Cf. the coins of Zanele
Siciliae.
Brundusium, the ancient rival of Tarentum, had been long eclipsed by
the latter when, in B.C. 245, it was occupied by a Roman colon3^ The
Appian Way was then extended to this port, which subsequently became
the chief place of embarcation for Greece and the East.
The coinage begins in B.C. 245, at the time when the town was
constituted a Latin colony. It falls into three series, which are to be
distinguished by their weights, the types being the same throughout.
Head of Poseidon crowned by Nike. | BRVN Taras on dolphin.
Series I. b.c. 245-217. Trimfal vjL consists of the Sextans,,, Uncia*,
Semvncia t., 5 Uncia C, | Uncia U (Nike, R Dolphin).
Series II. B.C. 21 7-200. Uncial ivt. consists of the Triens • • • • , Quadrans • • • ,
Sextans • • , UncUi • .
Series III. B. c. 200-89. Seumncial ivt. consists of the Semis S, Triens • • • • ,
Quadrans • • • .
Graxa. The site of this town is not known. The coins are found on
the coast of the gulf of Tarentum. They are small bronze pieces
belonging to the Semuncial system, B.C. 200-89, and, like those of
Brundusium which they resemble in style, are among the latest Greek
coins issued in southern Italy.
Quadrans.
Head of Zeus.
• • •
rPA Two eagles on fulmen.
)!
)>
')
„ One eagle on fulmen.
Uncia.
Cockle-shell.
*
)> )) 'J
\ Uncia.
5>
D
JJ >) V
Dolphin.
Hyria or Orra, (Or/a), was an inland city on the Appian Way,
between Tarentum and Brundusium. Its coinage is all quite late,
consisting of bronze coins of Uncial and Semuncial weight, B.C. 217-89.
ORRA Eagle on fulmen.
Quincunx.
)
Triens.
1
Head of Pallas.
Sextans.
Quincunx.
)
Triens.
Head of Aphrodite.
Quadrans.
No mark of
value.
}
Head of Aphrodite.
ORRA Eros playing lyre or carrying
wreath.
ORRA Dove flying.
There are also a few other unimportant coins without marks of value.
Sturnium (?). Site unknown. Bronze, 2nd cent. B.C.
Cockle-shell. | CTY Eagle on fulmen.
Tarentum. In the year B.C. 708 a colony of Lacedaemonians, called,
by reason of their illegitimate birth, the Partheniae, led by one Phalanthos,
44
CALABRIA.
established themselves, by order of the Delphic oracle, in lapygia, on
a little peninsula at the entrance of an inlet of the sea, about 6 miles
long by 2 to 3 in breadth. The new city thus commanded both the
outer bay into which flowed the little river Taras, and the inner port
now known as the Mare Piccolo.
An ancient tradition tells how Taras, the founder of the first lapygian
settlement on this spot, was miraculously saved from shipwreck by the
intervention of his father Poseidon, who sent a dolphin on whose back
he was carried to the shore.
The same story was subsequently transferred to Phalanthos the real
oekist of Tarentum, who appears in a later age to have been confounded
with the mythical Taras. (Cf. also the story of Arion's voyage from
Sicily to Corinth, Herod, i. 24.) The natural advantages of the site
selected by Phalanthos were considerable. The pasture lands in the
vicinity produced excellent wool and a splendid breed of horses, and the
Purple fish [murex) of the little land-locked sea soon became a source of
wealth to the enterprising Greek colonists. To this day the fisheries of
the Mare Piccolo afford a renumerative occupation to the inhabitants of
the modern town of Taranto, for it abounds in innumerable kinds of
shell-fish, many of which are not found elsewhere.
The possession of this fine harbour, the only safe one on those coasts,
necessarily brought Tarentum into commercial relations with all parts
of the Mediterranean sea. The political constitution of Tarentum in
these early times was doubtless modelled on that of Sparta, and
Herodotus (iii. 136) mentions a king of Tarentum in the time of Darius.
The worship of Apollo Hyakinthios at Tarentum was also clearly of
Spartan origin.
The earliest coins of Tarentum are thin plate-like disks with the
reverse-types incuse, similar in fabric to the coins of the great Achaean
confederation in Southern Italy of which Pythagoras was the originator
and head. Tarentum must certainly at one time have been drawn into
the circle of his pervading influence. The date of these coins is circ. B.C.
530-500.
Period I. Circ. b.c. 530-500.
^^c*vmw^,...^
Fig. 25.
TARA^ (retrogr.) Taras on dolphin.
TARA$ Apollo naked, resting on one
knee, and holding lyre and plec-
trum.
[B. M. Giride, PI. VII. 3.]
Taras on dolphin incuse (Fig- 25)
Ai Didr., \vt, 125 grs.
Obverse type incuse, or Taras on dolphin
incuse . . . ^il Didr., wt. 1 25 grs.
TABENTUM.
45
Period II. Circ. B.C. 500-473.
Inscription TARA^, usually retrograde, on one or both sides. Fabric
compact, and both types in relief.
Taras on dolphin l Wheel of four spokes
[B. M. Guide, PI. VII. 5]. M Didr., wt. 125 gis.
Cockle-shell. I Do Al 2 obol, wt. 20 grs.
„ „ I Do. ... A^ I obol (?), wt. 7 grs.
Wheel. I Do. . . , Al \ obol (]), wt. 2 grs.
Tarasondolphin[B.M.G^«i(7e,Pl.VII.6]. | Winged seahorse .fl Didr., wt. 125 grs.
Dolphin. I „ „ A\ 2 obol, wt. 20 grs.
Taras on dolphin.
Half Hippocamp.
Cockle-shell.
))
T surrounded by • • •
Fig.
Archaic head (Taras?) within circle
(Fig. 26) . . M Didr., wt. 125 grs.
Do iH Didr., wt. 61 grs.
Dolphin in circle M Litra, wt. 12-5 grs.
„ iR i Litra, wt. 5-6 grs.
Obverse type repeated
M Trias or \ Litra, wt. 2-8 grs.
Period III. Circ. b.c. 473-400.
In the year B.C. 473 Tarentum sustained a crushing defeat at the hands
of the Messapians, in which she lost the flower of her aristocratic youth.
The result was a change in the constitution and the establishment of a
Democracy, under which the city soon regained all and more than all its
ancient prosperity.
The money of this third period is distinguished by a new reverse
type, the seated figure of Taras, which some have preferred to call the
Demos of Tarentum, holding in his hand some object symbolical of the
commerce of the city, such as most frequently the Distaff bound round
with wool.
Inscriptions: TARA$, TAR AC, and later TAPANTlNnN.
Fig. 27.
46 CALABBIA.
Taras on dolphin, variously repre- Male figure (Taras'?) naked to waist,
seuted, usually with marine symbols seated, holding distaff, kantharos, etc.,
in the field. or offering a bird to a Panther's cub.
(This is perhaps a Dionysiac type)
(Fig. 27) . . Ai Didr., wt. 125 grs.
On the coins of this series the style progresses rapidly from archaic to
fine art.
Cockle-shell. Female(?) head . AI Litra, wt. 13 grs.
„ I )? ,, ^li 2 Litra, wt. 7-4 grs.
In 436 occurred the struggle between the newly founded Athenian
colony of Thurium and Tarentuin for the possession of the territory
of Siris, which ended, B.C. 432, in the joint foundation by these two
towns of Heraclea in Lucania.
It was probably about this time, or at any rate towards the end of the
fifth century, that a new type began to come into use on the Tarentine
staters, viz. a Rider on horseback, who is represented in such a great
variety of attitudes, and through such a long series of coins, that a
detailed description of the almost endless varieties is here impossible.
On some specimens he is a naked boy or Ephebus crowning his horse, as
if after an agonistic victory ; on others he is a man in full vigour, now
naked, and now armed with helmet, shield, and lances. Occasionally
the horseman leads a second horse, in which case he is perhaps one of
the famous Tarentine cavalry who, we are informed by Livy (xxxv. 28),
went into action with two horses, ' binos secum trahentes equos.' On
the whole, however, it is safer to regard all these types as illustrating
the games in the Hippodrome, and as celebrating agonistic victories
rather than victories in real warfare.
The period between about b. c. 380 and 360 was the culminating epoch
of the prosperity of Tarentum, during which the philosopher Archytas
was the chief of the state. This was the age of Dionysius of Syracuse,
whose wars against the Greeks of Southern Italy resulted in Tarentum
being left without a single formidable rival in those parts.
Then followed the struggles with the barbarians, when the wealthy
and luxurious Tarentine merchants, unable to cope with their opponents
single-handed, called in the aid, first of Archidamus king of Sparta,
B.C. 338, next of Alexander the Molossian (330), and then of Cleonymus
(314), after which they concluded a peace with their barbarous foes,
Messapiaus, Lucanians, and Bruttians ; for a new and more powerful
enemy than any they had hitherto met was slowly and surely advancing
upon them.
In B. c. 302 the long impending conflict between Rome and Tarentum
began. The Tarentines distrusting their own strength now called to their
assistance king Pyrrhus of Epirus, B.C. 281. The events of the famous
campaign of this soldier oi fortune with his Macedonian phalanx, and his
squadron of elephants, are so familiar to all that we need not dwell upon
this well-known chapter of history. All was in vain, and a few years
later (b. c. 272) the great Greek cMj of South Italy fell into the hands of
all-conquering Rome.
The coinage of Tarentum between about b. c. 400 and the Roman Con-
quest B.C. 272 is, as might be expected, more plentiful than that of any
other Greek city of Italy. It is of three metals, gold, silver, and bronze.
TAliENTUM. 4,7
Gold. Circ. b.c. 400-330.
Fig. 28.
/ (i) The Diosknri. Above, sometimes
TAPA^ Head of goddess wearing ,.., ^.^'^^'^OPO'- Magistrate, S A.
,1 1 *i 1 • 1 (11) Hider crowning horse ....
Stephana and veil hanging down j^^ i/vAiv<r loin *-acix
,,•11 1 1 1 • u • i.- i KYAIX, Z, and Shell; SA, Star,
hehind her head, which IS sometimes /•••\ m 1 -i t i i t , i-
1 1 1 I 1 1 • (ill) iaras as a child holding out his
surrounded by doli)hins. . 1 • /■ , , °-r, • i
'' ^ arms to his lather Poseidon
\ enthroned before him.
N Stater. Wt. 135 grs. (max.)
TAPANTlNnN Head of goddess-,
with flowing hair, wearing stephane [ TAP A?. Taras on dolphin, sometimes
or with hair bound with cord, often f with hH.
with magistrate's name, ^A. J
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXXIII. 14.] N Drachm. Wt. 67 grs. (max.)
TA. Head of Apollo. In front ^A | Herakles contending with lion, HH.
and dolphin. |
N. Diobol. Wt. 22-5 grs. (max.)
Head of young Herakles in lion's | TAPANTlNHN Taras holding trident,
skin. driving biga.
AT Stater. Wt. 135 grs. (max.)
Gold. Circ. b.c. 330-272.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin | Same type, magistrate's name NIKAP . . .
(later style). i
[B. M. &'MiWe, PI. XXXIII. 13.] ii? Stater. Wt. 135 grs. (max.)
Head of Zeus NK (in mon.). TAPANTlNnN Eagle with open
wings on fulmen, in field two am-
phorae, magistrate, NIKAP.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXXIII. 12.] N Stater. Wt. 135 grs. (max.)
Head of Herakles. j TAPANTlNllN Taras in biga, magis-
1 trate, NiKAP.
N Drachm. Wt. 67-5 grs. (max.)
Head of Apollo with flowing hair. 1 TAPANTI NHN Eagle on fulmen,
I magistrates, I A and AP (spear-head).
A ^ Drachm. Wt. 33-75 (max.)
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. | Taras in biga.
N Tetrobol. Wt. 45 grs. (max.)
Head of Herakles. | TAPA2 Taras on dolphin.
N Sicilian Litra. Wt. 13-5 grs. (max.)
48
CALABRIA.
Head of goddess in stejihane. ] TAP AN. Kantharos.
K Obol. Wt, 11-25 gi's- (max.)
Head of Helios full face, radiate
I JAPAN. Fulmen. Magistrate's name
I APOA.
N. \ Litra. Wt. 6-75 grs. (max.)
Gold. Circ. B.C. 212-209.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin, j TAPANTI[NnN] Taras driving biga.
of quite late style. i Magistrate, API. Symbol, fulmen.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XLV. 14.] K Stater. Wt. 135 grs. (max.)
The above described gold coins of Tarentum are perhaps the most
beautiful coins in this metal of any Greek city. The head of the goddess
with stephane and veil is an exquisite piece of workmanship. That of
Zeus is full of expression, but betrays a somewhat later style of art.
The eagle with expanded wings on the reverse of this coin is also a work
of considerable merit. But by far the most interesting of all is the
remarkable stater, on the reverse of which we see the boy Taras
stretching out his arms to his father Poseidon.
The date of the first issue of gold at Tarentum can hardly be fixed
precisely. It is scarcely likely that it was struck in any large quantity
much before b. c. 360, while there can be no doubt that the mass of it
belongs to the latter half of the fourth century.
The stater, which I attribute conjecturally to the time of the revolt
during the Hannibalic war, may be classed with the latest silver of
Tarentum, which seems to fall into the same short period. See p. 54.
The silver coinage consists in the main of didi'achms, which fall into
three distinct classes : —
I, Tarentine rider.
II. Female head as on coins of Nea-
polis, etc.
III. Tarentine rider.
TAPA^ Taras on dolphin' ...
Wt. 1 2 6-1 16 grs
TA. Horseman crowning his horse
Wt. 1 15-105 grs
TAP A? Taras on dolphin . . .
Wt. 102-95 grs
In Class I the ancient weight is maintained intact.
The coins of Class II are peculiar and of a different fabric from all the
other coins of Tarentum. Their want of originality and of that remark-
able variety of detail which is so characteristic of all the other coins of
Tarentum, give them the appearance of having been issued as a sort of
Federal currency under the authority of Tarentum, but for circulation
outside the limits of the Tarentine territory. This hypothesis is further
strengthened by a consideration of the obverse-type, which is thoroughly
Campanian both in style and fabric. The weight, moreover, is precisely
that of the (Jampanian didrachms.
' In the Num. Zeif., 1870, and Z. /. N., i. p. 278, a didrachm of this class is discussed which
bears the strange legend TAPANTINHNHMIi which von Sallet proposes to read Tapavrivajv
tlfii, I <nu the coin of the Tanuthien. Friedliinder, on the other hand, woulil interpret
H Ml as 'half.'
TARENTU3L
49
The figure on the dolphin, the ancient ' arms,' so to speak, of the city
of Tarentum, is perhaps intentionally omitted on the coins of this class,
if, as I imagine, they constitute a federal coinage, issued during an
interval of comparatively short duration for commercial or political
reasons which we are no longer able to fathom.
In any case, the abandonment of the old Tarentine weight and the
adoption of the Campanian standard must be connected with the special
circumstances which led to the issue of these coins which we may call
the Campano-Tarentine series.
In Class III the old type of the figure on the dolphin is again restored,
but the old Tarentine standard is not reverted to. On the contrary,
the coins of this third class show a still further degradation of weight
even as compared with the Campano-Tarentine pieces of Class II, other-
wise it would be sometimes diflicult to distinguish them from the later
coins of Class I, the types of these two series being frequently identical.
A practised eye will, nevertheless, detect a steady though very gradual
deterioration in style.
Any attempt to determine the exact order of the many small varieties
of the Tarentine didrachms must be more or less conjectural, yet it may
be laid down as a general rule that all coins with magistrates' names at
full length are subsequent to cii'C, b. c. 360.
The following may be accepted as an approximate chronological
sequence of the best-known varieties. For all the more minute details
special catalogues must be consulted.
Silver Didrachms, b. c. 400-360.
Full weight, 126-116 grs.
Obverse, Horseman. Reverse, Taras on Dolphin.
1 . Naked horseman galloping to right.
Letters and symbols on obverse.
(i) No letter.
(2) A
On reverse.
2.
Naked boy crowning standing horse.
(i) No letter.
(2) Caduceus.
(3) A
A
3.
Naked boy crowning advancing horse.
(i) Palladium.
(2) Pecten.
(3) AP
(4) n
P
xnco
A
4.
Naked horseman prancing.
(1) 0
(2) AOP
0
5.
Helmeted horseman 1., shield on 1. arm.
(i) No letter.
i2) A
(3) A
K
P
50
CALABRIA.
Naked horseman before a term,
(i) F-H
(2) H^
Naked horseman advancing.
(i) O
(2) Kantharos.
Fig. 29.
8, Naked horseman riding sideways with one leg bent under liim and with
small shield in 1. hand,
(i) Pecten. I
(2) A ?
(3) A K
(4) H «
(5) A (Fig. 29). No letter.
(6) n A or P
(7) 2 ^
(8) 5 B
(9) No letter. No letter.
Silver Didrachms, b. c. 360-300.
Full iveight, 1 26-1 16 yrs.
9. Similar to type 8.
EY 10 P Hippocamp.
(i) NIKHTTA?
(2) nN EY
(3) EY
(4) Y3
API Speai'-head.
Hippocamp.
10. Naked horseman with small shield on 1. arm (leg not bent under him).
(i) WHAKD EY
(2) <J)IAnN EY
(3) 0IAOKAHC CI AY
11. Naked horseman galloping to right.
(0 APICTIAC EY KAH
(2) 0PA ©PA
(3) HIPPO .. . . Al
(4) NIKOAAMOC EY lOP
Sepia.
Shell (buccinum).
Ficj. 30.
12. Naked horsoiiiaii with two horses, Niko crowning him.
(i) 01 K I )| (Fig. 30).
TARENTUM.
51
1 3. Armed horseman standing beside his horse.
(I) h I A
14. Naked horseman prancing. (Cf. Type 4.)
(i) ^A I ^YM Helmet.
15. Naked boy on prancing horse which is welcomed by a youth; Nike, above,
crowning boy.
^i) I I K [B. M. Guide, PI. XXIV. 6].
Fig. 31.
16. Naked boy on horse, a youth kneels beneath examining horse's hoof.
(i) <t> IE (Fig. 31).
(2) <i> [ n
17. Armed horseman received by Nike.
(i) HA M KAA I KAA
(2) No letters. |. 10 P
18. Naked youth crowning his horse.
(i) eA 0IAIAPXOe AfA
(2) APH Ivy-leaf.
(3) AP (in monogram). 10 P
(4) K Club. n
(5) SA APEOnN EA£
19. Naked youth crowning his horse; Nike, above, crowns the rider.
(i) CIM I hHP
20. Helmeted horseman, left; shield on 1. arm. (Cf. Type 5.)
(i) E NIKA . . . . I AFA Cock.
;
F[G. 32.
21. Naked horseman thrusting downwards with spear.
(i) E API
(2) HA KAA A
(3) HA KAA A
(4) AN KAA X
(5) HA KAA A
(6) ?A
(7) ^A
(8) lA
E 2
KA
API 2 stars (Fig. 32).
KAA
KAA
<t)|
Dolphin.
Prow.
AP (mon.) Dolphin.
53
CALABRIA.
Dolphin,
(9)^A
(10) CA
(11) CA
(i2) CA
(13) ^A
{14) ^A
(15) ^A
(16) ?IM
(17) ^M
(18) AP <t>.l
(19) CI
(20) CI
(21) CI AEINOKPATHC
22. Helmeted horseman thrusting downwards with spear
AK
A
P
hHP
HHP
0!
n
c
K
0IAIC
01
0IAIC
01
No letters
AP
I\^-leaf,
Dolphin.
Eaffle.
(i) AAI
(2) AAI
(3) <t>'AI
H
01
01
Bucciniim.
Ivy-leaf.
Silver Didrachms, b. c. 300-272.
Reduced weight, 102-95 grs.
23. Helmeted horseman thrusting downwards with sjiear. (Cf. Type 22.)
(i) EY CnCTPATOC POAY
(2) rV POAY
(3) TY CnCTPATOC POAY
(4) EY 0INTIAC POAY
(5) OE AAE CI
(6) AAI
24. Similar to Type 23, but Nike crowns horseman.
(i) CI AY I FY
25. Naked horseman crowning himself.
(i) CA Capital of column. KOM
(2) in lAAO
(3) in lAAO „ ANO
26. Two horsemen (the Dioskuri T).
(i) No letters.
(2) "¥0 (mon.).
(3) No letters.
Fulmen.
Prow.
Star.
Prow.
Fig, 33.
27. Naked horseman, another naked youth welcomes the horse,
(i) h A 1 01
(2) APICTIP TY 1 Elephant (Fig. 33).
TARENTUM.
53
(Cf. Type 1.)
Two monogi'ams, Kaiitliaros.
EP (mon.) Head of Silenos.
Tripod.
Bu
28. Naked horseman galloping,
(i) hHPAKAHl
(2) inPYPinN sn
cranium.
(3) OAYMPI^ Wreath.
29. Armed horseman with large round shield,
(i) hi in PYAAn I AN©
(2) A KAA I Trident.
30. Naked horseman prancing,
(i) inPY EY I 01 Helmet.
31. Naked horseman thrusting downwards with spear. (Cf. Type 21.)
(i) APISTIP EY Al Elephant.
(2) APIITOKAHC Al I Head of Artemis.
Armed horseman, right, with large shield behind him.
(i) HHPAKAHTOC 1 EP (mon.) Thymiaterion.
(2) 01 APOA
(3) 01 API^TOK I Rudder.
Armed horseman, left, with shield on 1. arm.
(i) APi^inN I inp
(2) APi^inN EY I inp
(3) APicinN EY<t) I inp
34. Naked horseman, horse standing.
(i) <t>IAHMENOS (Dl I Bucranium.
35. Naked horseman crowning standing horse (the muscles of the horse greatly
exaggerated).
(i) 0IAOKPA NK (mon.) I APICT
(2) lENEAC EY 01 I Earofcorn.
36. Naked horseman crowning his horse, which advances to right.
32.
33.
37.
38.
(i) ?AAnN AP (mon.)
EY
(2) AEnN
N Lion.
(3) KYN AP Bearded mask.
(4) in NEYMH
API^ Two stars.
(5) in NEYMH
POAY „ „
(6) in NEYMH
AP Elephant.
(7) OIAOKAH^ (Two mons.)
Two amphorae
dolphin.
[B. M. Guide, PL XXXIII. i
(8) 01 inPYPOS?
Bee.
Naked horseman crowning his hoi
se, to left.
(i) API^TI? Anchor.
(2) inPYPO^ FY
XPH
(3) 0IAnTA^ Al
Cock.
(4) HCTIAP EY 01
(5) hlCTlAP EY
Two ivy-leaves.
(6) 0IAOKPA NK (mon.)
APOA
(7) AYKICKOC CY
Owl.
(8) 0IAnTA^ Cornucopiae.
POAY
Naked horseman carrying palm.
(i) NIKOKPATHC N
54
CALABRIA.
39. Naked horseman crowning his horse, to right,
(i) APICTOKPATH^ M ! PI Term.
(2) AAMOKPE . . (?) EYE
(3) APICTEIA ... 01
Monogram.
40. Horseman wearing chhimj's and cuirass.
(i) lENOKPATH^ mon. j [B. M. Guide, PL XLV. 16].
(2) ,, Pihis and mon. ] Monogram.
(3) KAAAIK PATHS Mon. Monogram.
41. Horseman with riglit hand raised, horse standing.
(i) 0IAISKOS I Tripod.
Drachms, B.C. 400-272.
The smaller silver coins can hardly be arranged by style within the
above limits.
Head of Pallas in crested helmet,
adorned with figure of Scylla.
TAP Owl, usually with magistrates'
names, lOP, APISTOKPATHS,
lAAO, NEYMHNIOC, POAY,
OAYMniS,|-ltTIAPXOS,etc.,etc.
M. Drachms, wt. 56-41 grs.
The magistrates' names on this series being, without exception, identical
with those which occur on the didrachms, it is evident that the two
classes are contemporary.
Didrachms and Drachms, B.C. 212-209.
Naked rider holding palm and crown-
ing his horse (style very late).
Magistrates KPITOk,CHP AM BOC,
SnrENHC, SnKANNAS, etc.
TAP AS Taras on dolphin, usually with
monogram in field.
JR Didrachms, wt. 120 grs.
Drachms, wt. 61-55 g^"^-
Half-drachm, 26 grs.
In spite of the high weight of the coins of this class, there can be no
doubt that they are later than any of the other silver coins of Tarentum.
In no single instance do we find the same names on them as on the
didrachms and drachms of previous periods.
The short period when Tarentum shook off the Roman yoke during
the Second Punic War is the only time to which they can be attributed.
Smaller silver coins, B.C. 400-272.
r
Head of Pallas.
Bead of Herakles.
DiOBOLS, wt. 22*5 grs. (max.)
Herakles strangling the lion or per-
forming one of his other labours, often
Avith the legend TAPANTINHN at
length or abridged. The later sjieci-
mens have letters and symbols in the
field.
I
Free horse.
Two horses' heads.
Club and bow.
TAP Taras on dolphin.
Two horses' heads.
Distaff in wreath.
TAIiENTUM. 55
The diobols, especially those of the Herakles type, are very abundant.
These little coins formed the staple of the common currency of the
Tarentine fish markets, as well as of the rural districts subject to
Tarentum, and even beyond its territories, in Apulia and Samnium for
instance. They are identical in type with the diobols of Heraclea, the
meeting-place of the federal congress of the Italiot Greeks, and they are
in point of fact a federal rather than a local issue. Pollux (ix. 80)^
informs us, on the authority of Aristotle, that there was at Tarentum
a coin called a nummus, the type of which was Taras riding on a dolphin.
This is the constant type of the didrachm, but it occurs also on the diobol ;
and Pollux gives us no clue whatever as to whether the nummus was
the didrachm, as Mommsen supposes, or as Prof. Gardner thinks more
probable the d\6ho\{Nu7n. Ckron., i88i,p. 296). It must be borne in mind
that the Romans when they monopolized the coinage of silver, which
they did immediately after the closing of the Tarentine mint, which had
hitherto supplied by far the greater part of the silver circulating in
Italian markets, transferred the Greek term z-o'/^xo? [uKvinius) to their
sestertius, a coin as nearly as possible of the same weight as the Tai'entine
Diobol, and like it equivalent to 10 ounces of bronze {2\ asses of 4 oz. each).
That the Tarentine diobol exchanged for 10 ounces of bronze, we
gather from the fact that the obol commonly bears the mark of value
, as we shall presently see. If therefore the obol was equal to the
bronze quincunx, the diobol must have been equivalent to the dextans,
which, as struck in Apulia (see Teate, p. 41, and Venusia, p. 42), was
also called a Nummus.
The name Nummus seems, therefore, to have been applied first of all to
the silver diobol as the Federal unit of account at Heraclea and
Tarentum, and probably throughout Southern Italy ^, and then to have
been transferred to its equivalent, the unit of bronze consisting of
I o ounces and weighing consequently (at the rate of 250 : i ) about 5000
grains (see p. 36).
In the Tabulae Heracleenses (Boeckh. Cor/;. /«.<?er. G^r., 5774, line 123),
which were drawn up at the time when the weight of the bronze coins
was being generally reduced, a distinction is drawn between the silver
and the bronze nummus, for a fine of 10 nummi, Sexa yo'/xw? apyvptoo, is
ordered to be paid by the tenant of certain lands who shall have omitted
to plant the full number of olive trees specified in his contract. The fine
was 10 silver nummi for each plant, irap to (f)VTdv eKaarov; the addition of
the word apyvpioy was intended to secure the payment of the sum in
silver, and was a necessary restriction at a time when the weight of
coined bronze was beginning to fall.
Obols, wt. 11-25 gi's. (max.)
Female head.
Kantharos • •
Kantharos • <
Kantharos • • • • • . . . wt. 9-2 grs.
Kantharos •••••. . . wt. 9-7 grs.
Bucranium wt. 8-4 grs.
' 'AptaroTtKiji kv ttj Tapavrivwv iroKtrda KaKtiaOai (ftjjcri voniff/xa ■/rap' avtois vovfifiov f(p' 6v
(VTtTvitwaOai Tdpavra rov Uoaei^wvos SeXcpivi (Troxovf^evov.
^ In Sicily the nummus was also a small silver coin weighing somewhat less than the Tarentine
diobol.
56
CALABRIA.
Five dots is the usual mark of value of the obol. There are, however,
various other little coins, some of which have only two, three, or four
dots, though in weight they might pass for obols. To what system, if
any, these dots refer is doubtful. In some cases they may represent
fractions of the litra, or tenth part of the stater (the obol being the
twelfth), a coin which was distinguished at Tarentum by its type, the
pecten or cockle-shell.
LiTRAE, wt. 13-5 grs , and \ Litrae G-^j grs. (max.)
Shell (pecten).
Head of Herakles.
Female head.
Taras on dolphin.
Dolphin, with various
symbols
Doubtful denominations.
Four-legged seat • • •
Four-legged seat.
Female head.
Kantharos.
Four-legged seat • • •
Lvi"e
. wt.
. wt.
14 grs
15 grs
106 grs
9.7 grs
Dolphin ....
Torch-head . .
. wt.
. wt.
Horse's head.
Horse's head
. wt.
8-9 grs
Prancing horse.
Head of Herakles.
One-handled vase.
Taras on dolphin .
Dolphin . .
Olive wreath
. wt.
. wt.
. wt.
7-6 grs.
5-5 gi's
4-6 grs
Two crescents.
Two crescents .
. wt.
3-7 grs.
Bronze Coins. Circ. e.g. 300-272.
The bronze coinage of Tarentum was of no great importance and may
be all attributed to a late period ; the following are the chief types : —
Head of Zeus.
Head of Pallas. •
Shell (pecten).
>)
Kantharos.
Head of Pallas.
Forepart of Hippocamp.
Head of Pallas.
TAPANTlNnN Nike standingholding
fulmen or crowning trophy M size -9
TAP ANT I Herakles strangling lion
or at rest on rock . . . M
TAP AN Taras on dolphin . M
TA Two dolphins . . . M
Kantharos M
Kantharos M
Horse's head ..... ^
Two crescents M
8-6
55
4
5
35
5
4
XJzeutum. This town (now Urjenio) is not mentioned in history. No
coins are supposed to have been struck there before the Roman period.
Those that are known are all of bronze and usually bear marks of value
which, when the weights are also taken into account, show that they
follow the semuncial system, dating therefore from circ. b. g. 200-89.
As, Janiform head of Roma.
01 AN Herakles standing resting on
club and holding cornucopiae above,
Nike crowning him . . M size -85
Semis. Head of Pallas, S.
Same (without S).
Eagle on fulmen.
Similar, without Nike
Same
JR. •J
JE.5
I A — 0 Kantharos and two stars JE -4
LUCANIA. 57
LUCANIA.
The coinage of the district which takes its name from the Lucanians,
a people of Samnite race who migrated southwards about B.C. 400,
consists —
(i) Of the money of the ancient Achaean and other Greek towns,
Sybaris, Siris, and Metapontum on the east side, and Laiis and
Pyxus on the west, together with that of Velia and Poseidonia.
(ii) Of that of the later Greek colonies Thurium and Heraclea.
(iii) Of that of the Lucanians after they had made themselves masters
of Poseidonia, Laiis, and Metapontum, and had become partially
Hellenized.
(iv) Of Paestum (Poseidonia), and Copia (Thurium), under the Romans
{See Table, p. 58.)
lucani. The coinage of the Lucanians, like that of the Bruttians,
with which it is contemporary, did not commence before quite the latter
part of the fourth cent. B.C. at the earliest, and it did not continue
beyond the conclusion of the Second Punic War, when, after Hannibal's
departure, Lucania was finally subdued by Rome.
(i) Time of the Pi/rrJiic war (?)
AOYKANOM Pallas fighting JE i-o
„ Nike crowning trophy .
JE i-o
,j Zeus hurling fulmen ,
JE .65
(2) Time of the HannibaUc war (1) ^
AYKIANnN Pallas fighting, wolfs
head In field ^ i-o
„ Eagle with open wings,
wolf's head In field .
JE -8
The wolf's head shows that the Lucanians derived their name from
AwKoy.
Heraclea was a colony jointly of Tarentum and Thurium, established
B.C. 432 to occupy the territory of the ancient Siris, and to form an
outpost against the growing power of the Lucanians. Hence it was
chosen by Archytas, then strategos at Tarentum, as the seat of the
general assembly of the Italiot Greeks. This was in the earlier part of
the fourth centuiy, and was the cause of Heraclea becoming a place of
considerable importance.
Alexander of Epirus, during his Italian campaign circ. b. c. 330,
removed the synod from Heraclea to the borders of the territory of
Thurium out of enmity to the Tarentines (Strabo, vi. 3, 4). Shortly
' For other types, see Sambon, Mon. Ital., p. 258.
Head of bearded Ares helmeted.
Head of Nike with Inscr. NIK A.
Head of Herakles in lion's skin.
Head of Zeus.
58
LUC AN I A.
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HERACLEA.
m
after this Heraclea fell into the hands of the Lucanians, but it does not
appear to have been deprived of autonomy. In the Pyrrhic war it
sided with the other Greek towns, but soon afterwards, B.C. 272, it
accepted the Roman protectorate under a treaty especially favourable
(Cic, Pro Balh. 22 ; Pro Arch. 4).
The coins of Heraclea should be studied in conjunction with those of
its metropolis Tarentum, the standard of which they follow. They may
be divided into the following classes : —
I. CWc. B.C. 432-380.
Head of Herakles.
HE sometimes retrogr. Lion running.
Diobol or Nummus circ. 2 2 grs. (max.).
[B. M. Guide, PI. XV. 5.]
II. Circ. B.C. 380-300.
DidracJmis of fall Tarentine wL, 12 3-1 10 grs.
Fig. 34.
Head of Pallas, her hair bound with HPAKAEinN
olive and turned up behind, the
whole surrounded by aegis with
border of serpents.
or I- HPAKAHinN
Herakles naked reclining on rocks,
holding vase in his hand (Fig. 34).
Fig. 35.
Head of Pallas in crested Athenian
helmet adorned with Hippocamp
or Scylla.
Head of Pallas facing.
Head of Pallas as on No. 2.
5. Head of Pallas as on No. 3.
6. Head of Pallas in Corinthian hel- ,, Similar,
met ; in front sometimes A O A N A.
(See also Imhoof-Blumer, Hon. Gr., p. 2.)
Draehms.
Head of Pallas as on No. 2. i \- HPAKAHinN
HPAKAEinN or h HPAKAHinN
Herakles contending with lion.
(Fig. 35-)
„ Similar.
,, Herakles standing facing, holding
club and lion's skin.
,, Similar.
Owl on olive branch.
Wt. 57 grs.
60
LUCANIA.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Pallas as on No. i .
Four crescents with dots.
Corn-grain.
Nummus or Diohol.
HHPAKAHinN
Quincunx or Obol.
Club and bow.
Herakles and Hon.
Same or Herakles
standing.
Hemiohols.
I Club and bow.
I HHP Plough.
III. Circ. B.C. 300-268.
Didrachms of reduced wt., 100-90 grs.
Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian
helmet adorned with griffin.
l-HPAKAEinN Herakles standing as
above, or sacrificing before altar, or
crowning himself, or crowned by
Nike, usually with magistrate's name.
[B. M. G^mWe, Ph XLV. 17.]
Gold. Period II or III.
There is but one gold coin known of this town, a \ stater weighing
^'^ grs., which may belong to either of the above periods.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet
adorned with griffin.
Herakles seated on rock.
Bbonze Coinage,
Inscr. HHRAKAEinN.
The bronze money of Heraclea was all struck in the period between
circ, B. c. 330-200. The chief types are : —
Head of Persephone.
Head of Pallas facing.
Owl on fulmen.
Pallas sacrificing at altar.
Bust of Pallas.
Ear of corn ^ -75
Trophy .E.55
Forepart of horse -^ '45
Two figures of Herakles
One figure of Herakles .
^•75
^.65
The double and single Herakles on these coins, like the double-bodied
owl on coins of Athens, simply means that the one coin is double the
value of the other.
Head of Pallas. Marine divinity (Glaukos V) armed with
helmet, shield, and spear . -^ -55
Head of Herakles. Club, quiver, and bow . . . vE -5
The coin-types of Heraclea reflect its double origin, the head of Pallas
is borrowed from Thurium and the cultus of Herakles, like the name
of the city, from the Dorian Tarcntum.
Laiis was an ancient Achaean port on the western side of Italy, near
the mouth of the river of the same name. It was a colony of Sybaris,
IIEBACLEA — LAUS.
61
and after the destruction of the latter, B.C. 510, a portion of the Sybarite
refugees took up their residence there.
In B. c. 390 the town fell into the hands of the Lucanians.
The coins of Lalis are of two classes, (i) Silver Staters (126 grs.),
Thirds (43 grs.), and Sixths (21 grs.), all belonging to the period of
archaic art, i. e. to the end of the sixth and first decade of the fifth century
B. c, and (ii) Bronze coins, all of which are subsequent to the silver and
(perhaps with a few exceptions) later than B. c. 400.
Period I. Circ. B.C. 550-500.
Thin plate-like coins with reverse-types incuse. Inscription divided,
AA^ being placed on one side of the coin and NOM on the other, the
whole word Aatz^os in the sing. masc. of the ethnic, probably refers to the
word orarj/p, understood.
Fig. 36.
Bull with human head lookinff back.
Bull as an obv., incuse (Fig. 36) . . .
Stater, wt. 126 grs.
Period II. Circ. B.C. 500-450.
^AA on both sides, types in relief.
Bull with human head looking back. Bull with human head, but not looking
Sometimes acorn, in exergue.
Simila^r.
back. [B. M. Guide, PI. VII. 9.]
Stater, wt. 126 grs.
Third, wt. 42 grs.
Acorn .... Sixth, wt. 21 grs.
Period III Circ. B.C. 400-350 (?).
Bkonze Coins.
Female head of finest style, wearing | AAlNflN Crow to right; symbol,
sphendone. Magistrate EY0YMOY. Eam's head. Magistrate ^PE A . ,
(Cf. Inhoof, Hon. Gr., p. 3.) ' M -8
Of this coin there are varieties without magistrates' names.
A A I N n N Head of Persephone ; around,
dolphins.
A A Head of a goddess ; hair in sphen-
done.
A A Head of goddess facing.
Head of young River-god (Laiis)
homed.
Crow: symbols, stag's head and star:
magistrates Ml — BE . . . iE -75
Crow, magistrates KO — MO . -^-55
Two crows passing one another in
opposite directions . . . . ^ -6
Two crows in opposite directions JR -5
62
LUCANIA.
There are also coins of Laiis without the name of the town, struck
perhaps in the names of Lucanian chiefs : —
Crow. Legend ^TA — OtI
EY— Bl
Head of Dioiiysos.
Head of Herakles.
Female head, hair rolled.
The magistrates' names ?TA and 0"V\ may perhaps be completed
Statius, or Statilius and Opsidius. Cf. ^TATIOY on a coin of Nuceria in
Bruttium.
Metapontum. Metabos, Metapos, or Metapontum, was an Achaean
colony, founded from Sybaris and Croton, under the leadership of
Leukippos early in the seventh century B.C. It occupied a plain of
extraordinary fertility on the gulf of Tarentum, between the rivers
Bradanus and Casuentus. Its coinage in the earliest period consists of
Staters (126 grs.), Thirds (42 grs.), Sixths (21 grs.), and Twelfths (11 grs.),
inscribed METAP (in archaic characters), more or less abridged. In
fabric the coins resemble those of the other Achaean cities, being thin
plate-like disks with the reverse-type incuse.
Period I. Circ. B.C. 550-480.
Ear of corn in high relief, often ac-
companied by a locust (Fig. 37).
Same.
Same.
Same.
Same.
Ear of corn incuse. Where there is a
locust on the obverse a dolphin takes
its place on the reverse
Staters, 126 grs.; Thirds, 42 grs.
Bull's head facing, incuse. Sixth, 2 1 grs.
Corn-grain Twelfth.
Corn-ear Twelfth.
Three crescents with four pellets
Twelfth.
Towards the close of this first period the fabric of the coins becomes
more compact, and the pieces gain in thickness what they lose in super-
ficies. The Locust is often replaced by a Ram's head or a Lizard.
The badge of Metapontum, the Ear of corn, shows that Demeter was
the divinity chiefly honoured there. Cf. also the offering of the Meta-
pontines at Delphi of a Oipos xpv<^ovv (Strab. vi. 264). The locust, or some
other creature destructive to the crops, is perhaps intended as a sort of
propitiation of the destroying influences in nature — the powers of death
and destruction (Lenormant, Grande Grece, i. p. 128).
Period II. Circ. B.C. 480-400.
In this period the incuse reverse disappears, and its place is taken by
a reverse type in relief.
METAPONTUM.
63
META Ear of corn. Symbol frequently
a Locust.
Five corn-grains in star pattern
Stater.
Fig, 38.
META Ear of corn. Symbol frequently
a Locust.
Same.
Same.
Same.
Same.
Same.
The River Acheloiis in human form,
bearded, and with bull's horns and
ears, standing facing, holding patera
and long reed, inscr.
AtEAO^O AEOAOVA.
Dolphin sometimes in field . . Stater.
Apollo naked, standing, holding laurel
tree and bow, in front sometimes
an altar (Fig. 38) . . . . Stater.
Herakles standing, naked, with club
over shoulder Stater.
Herakles sacrificing at altar . Stater.
Apollo seated, wearing chlamys, playing
lyre, before him laurel tree . Stater.
Head of bull with human face in profile
Sixth.
The worship of Acheloiis at Metapontum was probably closely related
to that of the tauriform Dionysos. The remarkable inscription AXEAOIO
AEOAON shows that games were celebrated in his honour at which
these coins were prizes.
Among the other divinities to whose worship at Metapontum the coins
of the fifth century bear witness, are Herakles, who is said to have
rested in the Metapontine plain while bringing the oxen of Geryon
across Italy, and Apollo. The worship of Apollo was especially enjoined
upon the Metapontines by Aristeas, the disciple and successor of Pytha-
goras. The figure of Apollo beside the laurel tree on the stater described
above, was probably suggested by the statue mentioned by Herodotus
as standing in the agora at Metapontum with laurel trees round about
it (Trept^ 8e avrov bdcpvat ecrrarrt, Herod, iv. I^).
Period III. Circ. B.C. 400-350.
In the period of finest art the following are the most remarkable types
of the stater : —
Head of Herakles in lion's skin. | META, etc. Ear of corn (locust).
Fig. 39.
Young head with Ram's horn and ear. j META, etc. Ear of corn (Fig. 39).
64
LVCANIA.
Female head. Inscr. hOMONOIA
(Fig. 40).
META, etc. Ear of corn.
Fig. 40.
Female head. Inscr. I-Yf I E I A
Female head. Inscr. AAMATHP
Female head ; hair in .sphendone.
Female head ; hair I'olled.
Female head, laur. Signed APICTOiE
Female head. Inscr. API CTH
Female head, hair bound with cord
wound four times round it.
Female head with curly hair.
Female head with corn- wreath.
Head of Zeus, sometimes with
EAEYGEPIO^
Head of young Dionysos. Signed PO AY
Head of Apollo, laur. Inscr. APOA
META, etc. Ear of corn.
;, (KAA Bird, etc.)
„ „ „ (Murex.)
„ (Vase.)
;; '; " (z-F.N. ii. 2.)
„ ,, ,, (Honey-suckle.)
„ (10),
[B. M. G'im/e, Ph XXIV. 16].
„ (Locust.)
„ (Poppy-head)
[B. ^..Guide, PI. XXXIV. 18].
., (Owl flying.)
„ ,, ;, (t. sometimes.)
The purity and extreme beauty of the work exemplified on the
numerous varieties of the heads on these coins leave nothing to be
desired. Of the inscriptions which accompany them, some are evidently
epithets or appellations (e.g. hYflEIA, API^TH, EAEYGEPIO? hOMO-
NOIA), others are the namesof the divinities themselves (e.g. AAMATHP,
APOAfAflN]), and others again are the signatures of the die-engravers
API^TOZENO^, POAY. Those in larger characters, usually on the
reverse, are the signatures of magistrates.
The goddess variously represented, and under various names, is probably
Demeter or Persephone.
The young male head with ram's horns and ear may be either the
Libyan Dionysos, or possibly Apollo Karneios, the god of flocks and
herds.
The only small coins of this period appear to be Sixths with the
young horned head, and with a bearded horned head, which may be
Zeus Amnion.
Period IV. Circ. B.C. 350-330.
Gold.
Head of Leukippos
Inscr. AEYKIPPO^
Female head with flowing hair, wear-
ing stephane.
Two ears of corn, 11
[B. M. Gxnde, PI. XXIV. 14] wt. 44 grs.
METAPON Ear of corn . wt. 44 grs.
METAP0NTU3L
65
Silver.
Fig. 41.
Head of bearded hero Leukippos in
Corinthian hehnet.
Similar. Inscr. A E Y K I P P 0 ^
METAPONTINHN or META Ear
of corn (Fig. 41). Distater, wt. 240 grs.
Same . . . . M Stater, wt. 122 grs.
Magistrates' namesAPH, AMI, AA1, HH, etc.; various symbols.
Head of hero with slight whisker, { META Ear of corn (Imhoof-Bluraer,
in Corinthian helmet. Inscription Hon. Gr., PI. A. 2) . . M Stater.
OAPPAPOPA^
Apollo standing with bow. META Ear of corn: the whole in
olive-wreath . \ Stater, wt. 62 grs.
Owl on olive-branch, CI I META Ear of corn | Stater, wt. 49 grs.
In' this period Metapontum appears to have assimilated her coinage to
that of Thurium, and to have adopted a divisional system by two and
four instead of by three and six.
Period. V. Circ. B. c. 330-300 [some perhaps later).
On the coins of this period the head of Demeter (or Persephone)
appears with flowing hair, usually in profile, but sometimes facing and
accompanied by the epithet CHTHPIA.
Another late type is the head of Nike with the inscription NIK A. On
the latest issues the execution is generally unworthy of the conception,
and very careless.
It is improbable that any staters were struck in the name of Meta-
pontum after the capture of the town by the Lucanians shortly before
B. c. 300, for there are none of the reduced standard as at Tarentum and
Heraclea, and magistrates' names at full length do not occur.
Half staters of light weight are, however, met with, and the inscriptions
AY, AYK, etc. may signify that the coins were struck in the name of the
Lucanians. The following are the usual types of the stater in
Period V:—
Fig. 42,
66
LUC AN I A.
Head of Demeter with corn-wreath,
and (i) flowing hair, in profile, or
(ii) facing (with ^HTHPIA); (iii)
hair rolled ; (iv) hair in sjahendone ;
(v) veil hanging down behind ; (vi)
hair in net ; (vii) veiled.
Head of Nike, (i) wearing laureate
Stephanos (inscr. NIK A), (ii) with
hair in sphendone adorned with
stars (NIK A).
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
Head of young Dionysos three-quarter-
face, ivy-crowned. Maij.: KAA.
META, etc. Ear of corn (Fig. 42).
Si/mboh : Plough, ant, cornucopiae,
amphora, vine-branch, cicada, star,
nike, satyr, tongs, griffin, rake,
Artemis, club and fulmen, bucra-
nium, leaf, caduceus, tripod, mouse,
ki-ater, etc. Magistrates : MAN, <t>l,
AI,AY,AOA, AA.nPO,(t)A,KPI,etc.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXXIV. 20 and 21.]
META Ear of corn. Symbols : l^ocwBi,
mouse, pomegranate, pear, etc. Ma-
gistrate: ^T, etc.
META Ear of corn. Symbols: Owl
and club.
META Ear of corn. Symbol : '^evT^eni.
Mag.: 01 A.
Smallek Silver Coins.
Head of Pallas (or Eoma ?) in winged
helmet.
Head of Demeter with flowing hair.
METAPONTI Head of Pallas in
Corinthian helmet.
Ear of corn. (AYK in mon.) Symbol:
Club . . Half-staters, 56-49 grs.
META Ear of coi'n. Symbol : Vlou^.
Diobol, wt. 21 grs.
Ear of corn. Symbols : Plough, cornu-
copiae, etc. Diobol, wt. 2 1 grs.
- Bkonze Corns. Circ. b. c.
Hermes sacrificing, EY.
ME Head of Demeter, hair rolled.
Female head.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Hermes.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Helios.
Young horned head.
Head of Silenos.
Head of Artemis.
Head of Leukippos.
Head of Dionysos.
Eagle on fulmen.
Pallas fighting.
Mask.
Female head in stephane.
Tripod.
350-272 {some perhaps later).
ME Ear of corn. Inscr. OBOAOS.
x'E size -85
„ OBOAOS.
JE size -8
Two ears of corn.
Three corn-grains,
jj >>
Ear of corn.
Kantharos.
Demeter with torch.
Ear of corn.
Ear of corn and fulmen.
Owl.
Corn-grain.
)'
,, Marks of value (?) TE and HE.
Of these bronze coins, which range in size from -85—45 inch, those
with the inscription OBOAO? are interesting, as they prove that bronze
was accepted at Metapontum merely as money of account. The small
coins with TE and HE may likewise be Teraprj/juo'pta and 'H//treTa/3r?j/xo'pia.
METAPONTUM—POSEIBONIA.
67
Foseidonia was colonized from Sy baris in the seventh century B. c. In
fabric its earliest coins resemble those of the other Achaean towns, but
in two important points they differ from them, viz. in their weight and
system of division, in both of which they follow the Campanian standard
of the neighbouring Phocaean colony Velia (Staters 1 1 8 grs. and Drachms
59 grs. max.).
Period T. Circ. B.C. 550-480.
/.^^si^jMr'j
Fig. 43.
nOM (retrograde). Same type incuse.
(Fig. 43.) M Stater, 118 grs.
POM Poseidon naked, with chlamys
hanging loosely across his shoulders,
wielding trident. A sea-monster or.
pistrix sometimes as an adjunct
symbol.
Some of the coins of this period have a second inscription, F^^M (FIIS),
which Millingen [Cotisidemtions, p. 45) suggests may stand for an alliance
between Poseidonia and Phistelia (p. 35); others take it for the name of
the little river Is (the modern Juncarella), mentioned by Lycophron.
Period 11. Circ. B.C. 480-400.
Early in the fifth century a complete change was effected in the coinage
of Poseidonia. The Campanian standard then gave way to the Achaean,
the weight of the stater being raised to 126 grs., while Thirds (42 grs.),
Sixths (21 grs.), and Twelfths (11 grs.) took the place of the older
Halves. The fabric of the coins of this second class is thick and compact,
and the types are in relief on both sides. Inscr. POME^AANMTAM
(rToo-etSai^tdra?), more or less abbreviated.
Fig. 44.
Poseidon wielding trident. | Bull. (Fig. 44.) iR Stater, 126 grs.
The bull is here symbolical of the worship of Poseidon. On one
specimen there occurs a second inscr., MEIUA (retrogr.), which probably
stands for the name of a city, Silarus or Silaria, on the river of that
name, which formed the boundary between Lucania and Campania.
Such alliances are characteristic of the coins of the Achaean cities of
Italy at this time, and Silarus, granting its existence, would be by no
means the only town in these parts not alluded to by any historian.
F 2
68
LUCANIA.
Towards the close of the fifth or the beginning of the fourth century,
a new type, the head of Hera facing, the Hera Areia of the neighbouring
temple on the banks of the river Silarus, was adopted at Poseidonia,
whence it spread to the coins of Phistelia, Hyria, and Neapolis.
Head of Hera facing, wearing stepha-
POMEIA Bull
M Stater.
This is also the time to which the bronze coins, for the most part
resembling in type the silver with Poseidon and Bull, and bearing the
inscr. rOME$, or more often HOC El A, belong. These are the last coins
struck at Poseidonia before its capture by the Lucanians, circ. B. c.
400-390. By the Lucanians the name of the town was corrupted into
Paestum.
Faestum. The coins of Paestum, as the barbarous Lucanians desig-
nated Poseidonia, when that ancient and wealthy Greek city fell into
their hands, circ. B. c. 400-390, are all of a late period. It is doubtful
indeed whether any money was struck there before the Roman coloniza-
tion of the town in B.C. 373. The coinage of Paestum may be divided
into the following classes : —
I. Circ. B.C. 300-268, with Greek or semi-Greek inscr.
PAI^TANO Head of young river-
god horned' and crowned with reeds,
behind, a swan.
Head of Poseidon.
The Dioskuri on horseback (Sambon.
PL XX. 26). M Stater iii grs.
PAISTANO Winged Eros on dolphin.
M size -85
PAI Dolphin . . . . ^ „ .5
P Dolphin . . . . vE „ -45
These coins may have been issued either by the Lucanians or under
the Romans before the coinage of silver was interdicted by Rome in
B.C. 268.
IL B.C. 268-89, t«i77i PAIS and inarks of value.
Heads of the Dioskuri.
Semis.
Triens.
Quadrans.
Sextans.
Sescuncia.
Uncia.
Head of Poseidon.
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of Poseidon.
>>
Head of Demeter.
»
Head of Artemis.
Trident. . *
Cornucopiae.
Doljjhin.
Forepart of boar or whole boar.
Wolf.
Ear of corn.
III. With
PAES i
ind marks of value.
Semis.
»
Ti'iens.
Head of Poseidon.
>>
Head of Dionysos.
Shield.
Anchor and rudder.
Prow and dolphin.
Cornucopiae.
„ and fulmen crossed.
>»
Sextans.
Sescuncia.
Lion.
Head of Demeter.
>>
>»
)> •
Forepart of boar.
Wolf.
POSEinONIA—SmiS. 69
IV. With PAE, etc., marls of value, and names of Duumviri
and other municipal magistrates.
This series extends down to the age of Augustus and Tiberius.
Paestum, for some reason which remains unexplained, having been
allowed by the express permission of the Roman Senate to continue
the issue of small bronze coins long after that privilege had been with-
drawn from all the other towns in Italy, the letters P. S. S. C. on late
coins of Paestum stand for Paesti Signatum Senatus Consulto.
Pal .... Mol .... Uncertain towns, probably in Lucania. Circ.
B. C. 550-480. Thin plate-like fabric.
Fig. 45.
AAT Boar. (Fig. 45.) ! AOM Boar incuse
I M Stater, wt. 122 grs.
Siris and Pyxus. Siris, called after the river of that name, occupied
a fertile territory on the bay of Tarentum. The history of the town is
involved in much obscurity. There appears to have been in very
remote times a town called Siris in these parts, but the city of which we
possess coins was a subsequent Ionian settlement, the origin of which is
ascribed to the early part of the seventh century B. c. This Ionian city
rivalled in wealth and luxury its most powerful Achaean neighbours.
It was still in existence in the reign of Cleisthenes of Sicyon, B.C. 584,
for one of its citizens was among the suitors of Agariste ^.
Shortly after this, circ. 570-560, it became the object of a combined
attack from its Achaean rivals, Metapontum, Sybaris, and Croton, who
succeeded in forcing it into the Achaean confederacy.
Of this its coins afford sufficient proof, for they cannot be ascribed to
an earlier date than b. c. 560, and they are in all respects similar to the
earliest coins of Sybaris. They are also valuable historical documents,
for they reveal to us the existence, in the sixth century B. c, of the town
of Pyxus, which stood on the opposite shore of the Bruttian peninsula,
facing the west. The territories of Siris and Pyxus were therefore
probably adjacent to one another, a fact which may serve to explain a
monetary alliance between them : —
fAOW^<\^fA {^iplvos). Bull looking ; PVXOEM (nv^o«). Same type incuse,
back,
[B. M. Guide, Plate VIII. 14.] M Stater, wt. 120 grs.
Ilufo'e? {Uv^ovs) is the name of the town in the nominative case.
2tptz;o?, like Aati;o?, IlocretSaytara?, etc., is an adjective, also in the nomi-
native, and agreeing with some such word as araTrip understood. Pyxus,
which this remarkable coin shows to have been in intimate commercial
* Herod, vi. 127.
70
LUCANIA.
relations with Siris circ. B. c. 560-500, is not mentioned before B. c. 47 1 ,
when it is said to have been founded by Micythus, tyrant of Messene.
The evidence of the coins proves that this statement is erroneous, and
that Micj'thus cannot have been the original founder of the town (De
Luynes, Noiiv. Ainiales, i. p. 395), which had probably fallen into decay
after the destruction of Sybaris (b. c. 510) amid the general break up of
the ancient Achaean confederation.
Sybaris. For the early history of this great Achaean city, see Intro-
duction. Its coinage, which commences early in the sixth centmy,
consists of the following denominations. Inscriptions MV. MVB, MVBA,
( = CYBA) usually retrograde.
Bull with head reverted (Fig. 46).
Similar.
Similar.
Fig. 46.
. j Same type, iucuse
Staters (126 gi'8.), Thii'ds (42 grs.).
Amphora, incuse . . Sixths (2 1 grs.).
No type. luscr. ^ TAvelfths (10 grs.).
The Sj^barite refugees, who, after the destruction of their city in
B.C. 510, had found a home in Laiis, Poseidonia, and Scidrus, returned in
B. c. 453 and rebuilt their ruined city at a short distance from the ancient
site. This new Sybaris enjoyed but a short lease of life, for the
Crotoniates, jealous of the revival of their ancient foe, expelled the
unfortunate colonists and levelled to the ground their newly built walls
B.C. 448. Nevertheless, this short interval of six years has left us a
numismatic record, for to this time only we can attribute the following
coins : —
Circ. B. c. 453-448.
Bull standing.
Poseidon brandishing trident.
MV, MVB, or MVBA (retrograde)
Poseidon brandishing his trident .
Sixths (?) wt. 25-17 grs.
Bii'd (dove f) . . . Sixth, wt. 20 grs.
In alliance with Poseidonia.
VM Poseidon brandishing trident.
MOT Bull standincr
Sixtl), wt. 13-1 grs.
These alliance coins are a distinct proof that Poseidonia took part in
the recolonization of Sybaris. A few years later the Sybarite exiles
prevailed upon the Athenians to assist them in another attempt at the
restoration of the unfortunate city, and this time the project resulted in
a brilliant success, the foundation of the great Panhellenic settlement of
Thurium B.C. 443. The Sybarite element in the new colony was, however
SYBARIS—THURIUM. 71
far outnumbered by colonists from other parts of Greece, and they made
themselves so unpopular by claiming to take the lead in the management
of affairs (Diod. xii. ii) that they were obliged to retire to a third site
near the mouth of the river Traeis, where they founded another city for
themselves, which has also left us coins resembling in type those of
Thurium ; a fact from which it is to be inferred that, although banished
from the new Athenian colony, they continued to maintain commercial
relations with it. The new Sybaris would thus seem to have been little
more than an offset from Thurium. Its coinage cannot have lasted many
years for it is uniform in style. It consists of Thirds, Sixths, and
Twelfths of the old Achaean standard.
Circ. B. c. 443.
Head of Pallas in Athenian helmet,
bound with olive-wreath
[B. M. Cat. Ital, p. 286.]
CYBAPI Bull with head reverted, or
butting, as on coins of Thurium
JR Third, wt. 42 grs.
Same. I CYBA Bull with head reverted
i vR Sixth, wt. 21 grs.
Same. j ,, Bull's head
I M Twelfth, wt. 10 grs.
Thurium. This important colony was founded B.C. 443 at a spot
not far removed from the site of the deserted Sybaris, where there was
a fountain called Thuria. Its rapid rise was doubtless in part due to
the same local advantages which must have contributed so largely to
the commercial prosperity of the ancient Sybaris. During the first
twenty years of its existence its coinage was very scanty. This we infer
rather from the advanced style of art exhibited by the Thurian coins
than from the presence of the H in the inscription, for it must be borne
in mind that there was a predominant Ionic element in the population of
Thurium, and there is no reason why the Ionic alphabet should not have
been in use at Thurium from its first foundation (cf. the archaic coins of
the Ionic Veha with YEAHTHN struck certainly before B.C. 450).
The coins of Thurium which fall into the period of the greatest
prosperity of the city, circ. B.C. 420-390, take rank among the finest
specimens of numismatic art. For purity of style and delicacy of execu-
tion nothing can excel the specimens signed by an engraver <!>..., who
seems to have enjoyed a high reputation as a die-engraver in Italy, for
he worked also for the mints of Neapolis (?), Velia, Terina, and Pandosia.
[B. M. Guirle, PI. XV. 3, 7, 13, and PL XXV. 22.]
Head of Athena in helmet bound with
olive (Fig. 47). Artist's signature <J).
Fig. 47.
OOYPinN Bull walking with head
lowered, or rushing : in ex. usually
a fish : symbols and letters varied.
M wts. Distater, 240 grs. ; Stater, 120 grs. ; Third, 40 grs. ; Sixth, 20 grs. ;
Twelfth, 10 grs.
In B. c. 390 the Thurii suffered a severe defeat from the Lucanians
72
LUC AN I A.
(Diod. xiv. loi), but the city did not begin materially to decline before
the middle of the fourth century, Avhen the rise of the Bruttian power
deprived it of its inland sources of wealth.
The coinage of this period, B.C. 390 to 350, reaches the highest point of
excellence in respect of execution, without perhaps losing much of the
severe delicacy of style which is so remarkable on the coins of the earlier
time.
Circ. B.C. 390-350.
Fig
Head of Athena, her helmet richly
adorned, generally with a figure of
Scylla (Fig. 48)
[Cf. Imhoof, J/ow. Gr., p. 7.]
The head of Athena on these
48.
OOYPinN "Eushing bull: in ex.
usually a fish, other symbols however
occur, and artists' names ISTOPOC,
MOAOCCOC, and NIKAN APO, on
the base beneath the bull
M, Distater, Stater, 'and Sixth,
coins is probably that of Athena
Skyletria, a sea-goddess Avhose worship appears to have prevailed at the
town of Scylletion (of which, however, we have no coins) as well as on
the rocky lapygian promontory \ at Heraclea, and perhaps at other
dangerous points on the Bruttian coasts ^. With regard to the
meaning of the Bull on the reverse of the coins of Thurium there
has been much difference of opinion. Some take it to be a symbol
of Dionysos, others to be the BoCs Qovpio^ or rushing bull indicative of
the fountain Qovpia, from which the city took its name, while others
again, and perhaps with better reason, look upon it as symbolizing the
river Crathis, and as merely an artistic outcome or development of the
bull which was the constant type of the archaic coins of Sybaris.
Circ. B.C. ^50-300.
In this period the names of magistrates occur with greater frequency,
and a marked deterioration is noticeable both in the style and execution
of the pieces [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXIV. 22]. The Sixths (diobols, nummi?) of
this period are of common occurrence, their types being the same as those
of the larger coins.
Circ. B.C. 300-268.
About B. c. 300 the weight of the didrachm pv stater falls, as at Taren-
tum and Haraclea, from 1 20 to 100 grs., and nejw types are adopted : —
OOYPinVl Butting bull, magistrates'
names AAE, API, EHI, &c.
[B.M.G^HuZe,ri.XLV.i8j Stater loogrs.
Similar type : above, owl
Stater 100 grs.
GOYPinN Butting bull iR 23 grs.
Head of Apollo, laureate.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
Veiled female head, sceptre behind.
Probably the three licadlands to the north of the Scylletic gulf. Strabo, vi. cap. i.
Lj'cophron, 1. 853. Lenorniant, Gr. Grh'c, ii. p. 338.
THURIUM—VELIA. ' 73
After B.C. 268 the coinage of silver ceases at Thurium, and is replaced
by that of the Bruttii.
Bronze. Circ. b. c. 400-300 and later.
The bronze coins of Thurium begin about B.C. 400. Their types, until
about B. c. 300, resemble those of the silver coins, obv. Head of Athena,
1-ev. Bull.
Towards the middle of the fourth century a sudden and remarkable
increase in the size and weight of the bronze coins takes place. A
similar rise at the same time is noticeable in the weight of the bronze
money in Sicily.
After B.C. 300 types referring to the worship of Apollo and Artemis
replace the head of Athena and the Bull. This new coinage was not of
long duration.
Tripod M size
Head of Apollo.
Lyre M
Artemis huntress . . . M
Apollo standing, holding lyre M
Cornucopiae jSL
Head of Artemis.
Head of Apollo.
Copia. Not until the despatch of the Roman colony of Copia, B.C.
194, 'in Thurinum agrum ' (Livy, xxxiv. 53) does the coinage recom-
mence, and it is then restricted to small bronze coins struck according to
the semuncial weight then prevalent in southern Italy. Cf. the coins of
Paestum, Brundusium, Uxentum, and Valentia.
B.C. 194-89.
Bronze, with marks of value. Semuncial weight.
As. Head of Janus. | COPIA Cornucopiae.
Semis. Female head veiled Si,, ,,
Trietis. Head of Pallas • • • • I ,, ,,
Quadrans. Head of Herakl6s • • • ,, ,,
„ Head of Hermes. ' „ „
The Lex Papiria Plautia, B.C. 89, in legalizing the As of Semuncial
weight at Rome itself, put an end at the same time to all local issues,
and enjoined upon the whole of Italy the exclusive use of the Roman
money, all Italians being thenceforward admitted to the rights of Roman
citizens.
Velia, on the Tyrrhenian sea, some twenty miles south of Poseidonia,
was founded about b. c. 540 by the Phocaeans who had voluntarily left
their own land rather than submit to the Persians. They appear to
have brought with them to their new home the system of weights with
which they had been familiar in Asia, viz. the drachm of 60-58 grs.,
together with the Ionic alphabet, for the letters H and D. occur on the
earliest inscribed coins of Velia.
Period I. Circ. B.C. 540-500.
No inscription. Fore-part of lion ! Incuse square M Drachm 60-58 grs.
devouring prey. ' . M Obol 13-8 grs.
74
LUCANIA.
These early coins are attributed to Velia, not only on account of their
type, but because they have been found in that district on more than
one occasion.
Period 11. Clrc. B. C. 500-450.
In this period the didrachm makes its first appearance at Velia : —
Lion's head. No inscr. Female head of archaic
style, hair turned up behind. '
Lion, above, B. (Fig. 49.)
Fig. 49.
VEAH or YEAHTHN Similar head,
of somewhat later style
M Didrachms, wt. 126 grs.
Female head wearing diadem of pearls, ! VEAHTEflN Lion; above, often an
hair turned up behind. Style I owl flying [B. M. Guide, PI. XV. 8] .
transitional. j jft Didrachm, wt. 1 18 grs.
Female head of archaic or transitional 1 VEAH Owl on olive-branch . . . .
style. ! JR Di'achm, wt. 60 grs.
Period III. Circ. B. c. 450-400.
Didrachms and Drachms of similar types, but of more advanced
style.
Lion.
Period IF. Circ. B.C. 400-268.
Female hdad of finest style, similar to
that on Syracusan medallions. Signed
by <t> . . . . (see p. 71)
Ai Didr. 1 1 8 grs.
Fig. 50.
Head of Pallas in helmet bound with
olive or richly adorned with griffin,
Pegasos, &c. On some specimens
the head is facing. On the helmet is
occasionally seen an engraver's name,
KAEYAHPOY, (DIAISTinNOS,
HP A, etc.
YEAHTHN Lion prowling, devouring
prey, or seizing upon a stag. In
field, • various letters and symbols
[Fig. 50, and B. M. Grdde, PI. XXXIV.
23 and 24] M Didrachm, wt. 118 grs.
VELIA—URSENTUM. 75
Head of Pallas in helmet bound with
• olive.
Female head.
YEAH Owl on olive-branch ....
Ai Drachm, wt. 59 grs.
YEAH Owl with spread wings . . .
M, wt. 16 grs.
During the whole of the fourth century the silver currency consisted,
as in Campania, mainly of Didrachms, the smaller divisions being rarely
met with.
Some of the coins of this town are of great beauty.
Bronze Coins. Circ. b. c. 350-250.
The bronze coins belong chiefly to the latter half of the fourth century
and to the first half of the third.
Head of Pallas in helmet bound with YEAH Fore-part of lion devouring prey.
olive.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
Head of Zeus.
^ -8
Owl on olive-branch . . ^ -6
Owl with spread wings . ^ -5
The latest coins of all are the following : —
Head of Apollo. | YEAH Tripod M -^
Rude helmeted head. | ,, „ -^ -5
Ursentum. The exact site of this town is unknown. Its coins, which
are of bronze, are attributed by Sambon [Mon. de la presqu'ile ifalique) to
the short period of independence which the smaller Greek towns tributary
to the Lucanians and Bruttians enjoyed during the wars of Alexander of
Epirus against those barbarians, B.C. 330-325.
Head of Artemis with quiver.
Head of young Dionysos.
Female head.
Uncertain town of Lncania.
Asi . . .
OP^ANTI NnN Apollo standing M-6
,, Demeter standing.
„ Woman suckling child
M -^
Circ. B.C. 550-500.
5MA (in ex.) Bull 1. with head re- | No inscr. Type of obv. incuse.
verted; on his back, locust. i M. wt. 124 grs.
There seems to be no doubt about the reading of this rare coin, which
doubtless belongs to some town on the Lucanian coast between Meta-
pontum and Sybaris, the name of which (Asia ?) has not been transmitted
to us.
BRUTTI UM.
The history of the coinage of the Bruttian peninsula falls into the
following clearly marked divisions : —
(i) The archaic money of Croton, Caulonia, and Rhegium, before B.C.
480.
76
BRUTTIUM.
(ii) The rich and varied issues of these same towns, together with the
exquisite productions of the Pandosian and Terinaean mints, extending
through the finest period of Greek art down to the time of the invasion
of the Lucanians, and the wanton destruction inflicted upon the cities of
Magna Graecia by the Tyrant of Syracuse, circ. B.C. 388. Of all the
silver coining states Croton alone survived the general ruin of that
calamitous time.
(iii) The Locrian mint next rises into importance about the middle of
the fourth century B.C., and, with Croton, provides a sufficient supply
of silver money for all Bruttium until the time of the Pyrrhic war,
while for the commerce with Sicily the Corinthian stater was adopted as
the most convenient medium of exchange. These coins were issued in
large numbers at Locri, and scantily at the then dependent towns of
Rhegium, Terina, and Mesma or Medma.
(iv) After B.C. 272 the Bruttians, on their submission to Rome, seem to
have been allowed to monopolize the right of minting gold and silver,
the very rare silver coins of Rhegium which belong to this period being,
as their weight shows, only intended for the Sicilian trade. All the
towns were, however, permitted to strike bronze money down to the close
of the Second Punic War, B.C. 203.
(v) From this time onwards the bronze coinage of Petelia and Vibo
Valentia, on the Roman semuncial system, with marks of value, and
that of Rhegium on the standard of the Sicilian litra, was all that
was left to replace the beautiful issues of past ages, until in B.C. 89
the Lex Plautia Papiria put an end to all coinage in Italy except that
of Rome.
The following is a chronological conspectus of the coinage of Bruttium
from the earliest times to the latest : —
550-480
480-388
388-356
356-332
332-300
300-272
272-203
203-89
Croton
Croton
Croton
Croton
Croton
Caulonia
Caulonia
Locri*
Locri*
Locri
Locri
Pandosia
Consentia
Bruttii (?)
Bruttii
Temesa
Teriua
Terina
Terina*
Medma*
■
Terina
Nuceria
nipponium
Hipponium
Hipponium
Hipponium{1)
Petelia
Valentia
Petelia
Rhegium
Rhegium
Rhegium*
Rhegium
Rhegium
Rhegium
Rhegium
Note. — When the names are in Italics the coinage is wholly of bronze. An asterisk denotes
that Coriiitliian staters were also issued in addition to the local currency.
Bruttii. This people, the original inhabitants of the peninsula which
afterwards bore their name, made tliemselves independent of the Luca-
BRUTTIUM.
77
nians in B.C. ^^6. In process of. time they conquered several of. the
Greek coast-towns, and, as their coins testif}'", acquired the language and,
to some extent, the arts, religion, and civilization of the Greeks.
The series of their coins, both in gold, silver, and bronze, begins about
the time of the Pyrrhic war, when they formed an alliance with the
Lucanians against Rome, circ. .B.C. 282, or, at any rate, not very long
afterwards, for some of their coin-types are copied from those of
Pyrrhus.'
Their submission to the Romans, in B.C. 272, does not seem to have
involved the loss of the right of coinage ; for it is certain that the Bruttian
issues belong in the main to the period between b. c. 272 and 203, when,
after the Hannibalic war, the Bruttians fell finally under the dominion
of Rome. The coins of this people form the only exception to the
monopoly exercised by Rome in the matter of the coinage of silver after
B.C. 269 in Italy.
Circ. B.C. 282-203.
Gold. Attic weight.
Head of Poseidon , . . .
[B. M. Guide, PI. XLV. 20].
Head of bearded Heraklea.
Head of young Herakles.
BPETTinN Thetis (?) with Eros, on
sea horse K Dr.
BPETTinN Nike in biga . N:\J)v.
„ Nike standing . S \ Dr.
SiLVEE.
Fig. 61.
Busts 'of Dioskuri.
Head of winged Nike.
Head of Thetis, veiled, with sceptre
[B. M. Guide, PI. XLV. 22].
Head of Apollo, laureate.
Head of Pallas.
BRETTinN Dioskuri on horseback
(Fig- oO ^R 90 grs.
BRETTinN Naked male figure horned,
crowning himself . . . yR 82 grs.
BRETTinN Poseidon standing, rest-
ing on sceptre, one foot on capital of
column ^i 75 grs.
BRETTinN Artemis huntress, with
torch and dog . . . . .^ 40 grs.
BRETTinN Eagle . . . tR 38 grs.
The weight standard which these coins follow is identical with that
of the silver coins of Pyrrhus struck in Italy. They are perhaps Attic
octobols and tetrobols.
78
BRUTTIUM.
The bronze coins of the Bruttii are very numerous, the following are
the principal varieties : —
Beonze.
Head of Apollo.
Head of bearded Ares, helmeted.
„ „ „ Mk. of value •
Head of Herakles.
Head of Zeus.
Nik A Head of Nike.
Head of sea-goddess.
Head of Persephone.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Herakles.
BPETTI nN Nike in biga.
,, Pallas fighting.
,, Nike crowning trophj'.
,, Pallas fighting. -
,, Ares fighting.
„ Eagle.
,, Zeus thundering (some-
times in biga).
BPETTinN Crab.
Crab.
Owl.
„ Club and bow.
The marine types on some of the Bruttian coins point to the worship of
Poseidon, and especially of Thetis (Lycophron, 857 sqq.).
Caulonia, on the east coast of Bruttium, was an Achaean city of great
antiquity, said by Pausanias (vi. 3, 12) to have been founded by
Typhon of Aegium in Achaia. In the seventh century it was closely allied
both with Croton and Sybaris, and, as the large numbers of its coins still
extant prove, it must have been one of the most flourishing cities of the
Confederation (Polyb. 2, 29).
In B.C. 388 Caulonia was destroyed by Dionysius and its territory
presented to the Locrians.
Silver. Circ. b. c. 550-480.
Fig. 52.
Inscr. KAVAO often abbreviated and usually retrograde.
Type. Naked male figure with hair in long ringlets advancing to right, in his
uplifted right hand a branch and on his outstretched left arm a small running
naked figure also holding a branch, and wearing winged sandals. In field r.
a stag. Rev. Same type, incuse, but tlie small running figui'e usually wanting.
(Fig. 52.) Staters and Thirds of the Achaean standard.
This very remarkable type has elicited many hypotheses, none of which
can be said to carry conviction. Leake is of opinion that the lustral (?)
branch points to a purification by Apollo. The type, he thinks, may
refer to some plague with which the Cauloniates had been afflicted, and
the cure of which they attributed to Apollo. Mr. Watkiss Lloyd (Num.
C7/ro?i., 1H4H) thinks that the principal figure is Apollo Katharsios, and
CA ULONIA—CBOTON.
79
that the smaller figure with winged feet is a wind-god. Cf. the name of
the mythical founder of Caulonia with Typhon the father of all destructive
and detrimental winds. See also Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, p, 85.
Some local myth, which has not been handed down to us, seems, however,
a more probable explanation.
Silver. Circ. B.n. 480-388.
Inscr.
Fig. 53.
KAVA, KAYAON^ATAM and later KAYAflNlATAC;
frequently retrograde.
Naked male figure as on archaic coins
(small figure omitted on later speci-
mens), a sacrificial fillet sometimes
hangs over the arm.
In front, stag, sometimes standing on
altar. In field, on latest specimens,
various symbols.
Head of young rjver-god horned (Sa-
gras).
Head of Apollo, laureate.
Female head.
Stag usually accompanied by branch :
on later specimens, symbols.
[B.M. Guide, PI. VIII. 18, and Fig. 53.]
Staff.
M. Staters, Thirds, and Sixths.
M. Sixths.
Consentia was an inland town, situated amono* the hills near the
sources of the river Crathis. Its coinage is wholly of bronze and belongs
to the period before the rise of the Bruttians (b.c. 356), who made
Consentia their metropolis (Strab. vi. p. 256). The town is not men-
tioned in history before the expedition of Alexander of Epirus, who lost
his life in the vicinity (Livy, viii. 24).
Bronze. Circ. b.c. 400-356.
Head of Artemis, hair bound with cord
wound four times round it.
Head of Ares in Corinthian helmet.
Head of young river-god.
KO^ Bow and three crescents.
Kn^ Fulmen and three crescents.
,, Crab and two crescents.
The river here represented may be the Crathis, or possibly, as one of
the reverse types seems to suggest, the Carcines, which rises about
20 miles south of Consentia, and empties itself into the bay of Scylletium.
Croton was founded in B.C. 710 by a colony of Achaeans from the
mother country, led by Myscellus. .The town stood near the mouth of
80
BRUTTIUM.
the little river Aesarus, and a few miles north of the magnificent temple
of the Lakinian Hera.
The coinage here, as elsewhere in Magna Graecia, began about the
middle of the sixth century. In fabric it resembles the first issues of the
other Achaean colonies, and furnishes striking evidence of the close
relations which at that period existed among them. The territory of
Croton, like that of Sybaris, extended across the peninsula from sea
to sea, and we note that some of its early coins are struck in the joint
names of Croton and some neighbouring town, e.g. VM (Sybaris), TE
(Temesa), while P, I A, PA, etc. are no longer to be identified.
Silver staters. Circ. e.g. 550-480.
Fig. 54.
Inscr. 9PO. 9POT. 9POTO. 9POTON. &c.
Tripod (Fig. 54).
Symbols. Crane.
Crab. ■
Dolphin.
Lyre.-
Pistrix, etc.
Tripod.
Tripod incuse.
Flying Eagle incuse
[B.M. Guide, V\. VIII. 20].
Bull with head reverted, incuse, some-
times with VM = Sybaris ....
[I.e. PI. VIII. 21].
Helmet incuse, sometimes with TE
( = Temesa).
Silver staters. Circ b.c. 480-420.
Inscr. 9PO5 ^^^- Both sides in relief,
(i) Tripod. Tripod.
Symbols. Crane.
Kantharos.
Caduceus.
Thymiaterion.
Alliances. (^90 and P, I A, PA, &c. (Uncertain towns)
(2) 9 PC Tripod. i Helmet. )
TE Tripod, ! 9P Helmet /
Croton and Temesa.
CROTON.
81
(3) Eagle oil capital of column or on
staff's or ram's head. etc.
(4) Eagle with spread wings on laurel
branch, or devouring serpent.
Fig. 55.
Tripod ; fillet sometimes attached to
handle (Fig. 55).
Symbols. Corn-grain.
Olive-branch.
Ivy-leaf.
Letters. E, ME, etc.
Tripod, sometimes filleted.
Tripod.
Symbols. Ear of corn.
Olive-branch.
Laurel-leaf.
Letters. BO I.
Smaller silver coins.
Sepia. Diobol.
Pegasos. ,,
Half Pegasos. ,,
Kantharos. ,,
Hare. Obol.
(n
Circ. B.C. 420-390.
It was towards the close of the fifth century, when Thurium was rising
to be the first city of Southern Italy, that the long Ionic Cl came into
general use in the west. About this time also we note that the old letter
9 is replaced by K on the coins of Croton.
Human figure types, of fully developed style, are in this period frequently
met with. Some of these designs are of extreme beauty, and are perhaps
due to the influence of the works of Zeuxis, who was painting at Croton
about the end of the fifth century.
Inscriptions. KPO, KPOT, KPOTON, KPOTHNIATAN, KPOTflNI ATA^.
Fig. 56.
Herakles, the Oekist of Croton, naked,
seated on rocks before a blazing-
altar. He holds a filleted branch
and rests on his club. Above
0$K$MTAM ( = 0IKICTAC).
Tripod filleted, on one side of which is
Apollo aiming an aiTow at the
Python which is curled in a menacing
attitude on the other side (Fig. 56) .
M Stater.
82
BRUTTIUM.
The forms of the letters on the obverse of this stater are designedly-
archaic, as it is certainly later in style than B. c. circ. 443, the time when
the more recent forms I and S were introduced ; cf. the coins of the later
Sybaris, p. 71.
Fifi. 57-
Head of Hera Lakinla, facing or in : Herakles naked, reclining on rocks
profde, wearing loftj- Stephanos. holding wine-cuji.
Letterfi. A, B. Letters. ME, MA.
(Fig. 57.) Al Staters.
[Imlioof, Mon. Gr., PI. A. 4.]
Eagle with wings spread, standing on
olive-branch or hare.
Lettpr.^t. Al.
Tripod.
Symbol. Crane.
Letters. B, A, etc.
M Stater:
Circ. B.C. 390.
About B.C. 390 the Greek cities of Southern Italy were threatened on
the one hand by the Lucanians and on the other by Dionysius of
Syracuse.
The league for mutual defence against these two formidable enemies
which they then formed is alluded to by the type of the Crotoniate
coinage of this time, a type which is the same as that of the contemporary
money of Thebes and of the alliance coins of Ephesus, Samos, Cnidus,
lasus, and Rhodes. The idea of the infant Herakles strangling two
serpents is symbolical of the victory of Light over Darkness, of Good
over Evil, and of free and united Hellas over barbarism and tyrannj-.
The wide popularity of this treatment of a familiar subject just at this
particular time may be ascribed perhaps to the famous painting of Zeuxis,
mentioned by Pliny [Hist. Nat. xxxv. 9, s. 36, § 2) as ' Hercules infans
draconcs strangulans, Alcmena matre coram pavente et Amphitryone.'
KPOTHNIATA^ Headof Apollo,laur.,
with flowing hair.
[Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. V. 16, 10. J
Infant Herakles strangling two serpents.
JR Staters and Diobols.
The great defeat of the Confederates by Dion3'sius, in B.C. 388, at the
river Helleporus, resulted in the ruin of most of the Greek cities of
Bruttium, with the exception of Locri his only ally.
As for Croton, our information concerning its fate is scanty. Livy
(xxiv. 3) says that Dionysius captured the citadel, and he is also said to
have held the city for the space of twelve years (Dionys. Ejt. xix). The
latter statement is apparentl}- confirmed by numismatic evidence, for
CROWN.
83
there is a well-marked interval in style between the head of Apollo on
the coins above described and the head of the same god on the pieces of
the following series. It is therefore very probable that no coins were
struck at Croton while the town was occupied by the foreign garrison.
Circ. B. r. 370-330.
Head of Apollo, laur. with flowing
hair. -
Young head with short hair bound
witli taenia (river Aesarus).
Youug head of river Aesarus.
Head of Apollo, laur., hair short.
KPO Tripod. In field filleted branch
[B.M. Guide, PI. XXXIY. 25].
M, Stater, 1 19 grs.
Owl on corn-ear M, Third, 44 grs.
,, Pegasos -^33 g^^-
,, Tripod iR 24 grs.
These coins closely resemble in style the electrum money of Syracuse,
issued between B.C. 345 and 317.
From this time the city of Croton, involved in continual warfare with
the Bruttians, became greatly impoverished, until in B.C. 299 it was
captured and pillaged by Agathocles of Syracuse. In B.C. 277 it fell
finally into the hands of the Romans.
Circ. B.C. 330-299.
KPOinNlATAN Eagle on
branch with spread wings.
olive- ! Tripod with conical cover.
Symbols. Ear of corn and Python.
Letters and monograms. Various.
M Staters, 118 grs.
The smaller silver coins, which belong chiefly to the fourth century, are
of the following types : —
KPOinNlATAN Head of Pallas.
KPOin
OIKICTA? Herakles leaning on his
club . . . . M Diobol, 18 grs.
OIKICTA? Herakles strangling lion .
M, Diobol, 17 grs.
It will be remarked that the staters of Croton, from first to last, are
of full weight, 126-118 grs. Of course we often meet with specimens
which have lost weight, but the evidence all tends to prove that no
legal reduction took place at Croton, as it certainly did at Tarentum,
Heraclea, Thurium, etc., about b. c. 300. The inference is that no staters
were struck at Croton after that time.
Beonze coins. Before circ. B.C. 420.
9PO Tripod.
Head of Pallas.
Hare M Size i-i
Sepia M Size -85
9PO Cock . . . . M Size i-i
G 2
84 BIWTTIUM.
Circ. B.C. 420-300.
Lisa: KPO, etc., and KPOTHNIATAN
KPO Head of Herakles.
„ Club.
„ Head of Pallas.
Eagle.
Eagle on ram's head.
AI^APO^ Head of river- god Aesarus,
hair long.
AYKHN "Head of young Herakles
(Lykon) in lion's skin.
Id.
Head of Persephone.
Trijiod. TPI (Trias?) . . . ^ i-i
Bow. TPI (Trias?) . . . .E -9
Eagle on stag's head. TPI (Trias?) .
J£l i-i
KPO Tripod and crane . . . JE -6
Fulruen between crescents . . JE -75
Fulmen and star .^ -65
KPOTHNIATAN Eagle carrying ser-
pent ^ -75
KPO Crab .E .8
KPO Three crescents . . . JE -Sk
The tj'pes of the coins of Croton, from the earliest down to the latest,
form an instructive commentary on the religious ideas of the Pythago-
reans, as the Due de Luynes and M. F. Lenormant ^ have already pointed
out. First and foremost in importance comes the Tripod, the emblem
of the Pythian Apollo, whose cultus lay at the root of the doctrines and
speculations of the school of Pythagoras. With the Pythagoreans the
Tripod represented the sacred number f//ree, to which they attached a
mj^stic significance.
Next, the Eagle, the symbol of Zeus, the supreme god, occupies a
place second only in importance to the tripod of Apollo. In connection
with this type we are reminded that an Eagle was the familiar bird of
Pythagoras, believed by his followers to have been sent down to him by
Zeus himself in evidence of his divine mission.
Among the adjunct symbols, which here, as at Metapontum, have a
religious meaning, and are not merely magistrates' signatures, the Crane
(yeparo?), by far the commonest, is the bird of passage, the wif/iess from
the regions of the air of all that happens on earth, and so the symbol of
the all-seeing eye of the God of Light -.
Among the local types we note the head of the river-god Aesarus, and
especially Herakles as the legendary ot/cto-n/s of the colony, and Herakles
surnamed Lykon (Apollod. iii. 10, § 5).
But of all the Crotoniate coin-types that which obtained the widest
popularity in Italy, as the coins of many other towns with the same
type amply testify, was the striking full-face representation of the
Lakinian Hera with flowing hair and Stephanos adorned with flowers
and the fore-parts of Griffins.
The Temple of this great goddess was by far the most renowned
sanctuary in all Italy, and to this shrine at stated times vast crowds
would flock from all parts of the west. The goddess here worshipped
was originally perhaps an earth-goddess of native Oenotrian origin,
afterwards identified by the Greeks with Hera. One of her surnames,
according to Lj^cophron (1. 858), was 'O-nXocrixia. She was probably
therefore an armed goddess, closely allied to if not identical with the
Hera Argonia, Argeia, or perhaps Areia (Strabo, vi. 1,1), whose temple
' Lii Gi(tuih Greet', ii. p. 99. ^ Lenonnunt, /. c.
CROTON— HIPPONIUM.
85
stood near Poseidonia, on the banks of the river Silarus, and whose head
is represented on certain coins of Poseidonia, Neapolis, H}Tina, &c.,
precisely in the same manner as that of the Lakinian Hera on the coins
of Croton, Pandosia, etc.
Hipponium, or more correctly Heiponium or Veiponium, was according
to Strabo (vi. i, § 5) a colony of Locri, situated on the west coast of
Bruttium. It was pillaged by Dionysius, and its population removed to
Sja'acuse in B.C. 389. Ten years later it was re-established by the
Carthaginians, and its inhabitants restored. Circ. B.C. 350 it fell into
the hands of the Bruttians, was liberated again by Alexander of Epirus,
B.C. 330-325, conquered by Agathocles, B.C. 296, but recovered soon after
by the Bruttians who held it until B.C. 272, when it was garrisoned by
the Romans. In b. c. i 89 it was made a Latin colony under the name of
Vibo Valentia.
Its coins are all of bronze, and fall into the following periods : —
L Circ. B.C. 379-350.
With Inscr. LE\ or CEIH [=Veip.].
Head of Herm . j Eagle on serpent ^ -85
Amphora JE, -75
Caduceus M -6
II. Circ. B.C. 330-325.
Head of Zeus A IOC OAYMPIOY
. AlOS
Head of Apollo, in front NYM
{yvfX(}}T]yeT7]s (]) Imlioof, Mo7l. Gr.,
p. 8).
Head of young river-god PEHN
Tiii/e of Alexander of Epirus.
EinnNlEnN Eagle on fulmen, wings
spread tE -8
EinnNlEnN Amphora . . . .
Symbols, torch, caduceus . . M ■"]
E I P n N I E n N Goddess Pandina stand-
ing, holding sceptre and caduceus or
wreath. Legend PANAINA M -6^
El PHN I EDN Club . . . . M -^
Concerning the goddess Pandina, who was also worshipped at the
neighbouring city of Terina, we have no information.
III. Circ. B.C. 296. Time of Jgathocles.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet, EIPHNlEflN Nike standing; in field
CaTElPA sometimes, NIK A . . . .^.-9
Vibo Valentia (see Hipponium), a Latin colony sent out in B.C. 192
(Livy, XXXV. 40). Coinage of bronze with marks of value, and of
Semuncial weight.
Circ. B.C. 192-89.
I VALENTIA Fulmen I
I I ,, Double coruucopiae S
• • i ,, Owl • • • •
• • ! ,, Coruucopiae • • • •
• ,, Two clubs . • •
• !, Lyre • •
,, Hound •
'. ,, Caduceus ?
As.
Head of Zeus
Semis.
Head of Hera
Triens.
Head of Pallas
Head of Demeter
Quadrans.
Head of Herakles
Sextans.
Head of Apollo
Uncia.
Head of Artemis
Semuncia.
Head of Hermes
86 BRUTTIUM.
The Lex Plautia Papiria B.C. 89, I)e a.sse semnnciali (Plin. Hist. Nat.
xxxiii. 3, 46), introduced by C. Papirius Carbo, put an end to the coinage
of bronze in the few Confederate towns in Italy which were at that
time still coining in their own names, Paestum alone excepted.
Locri Epizephyrii. Although Locri was from the first a tlourishing
city, and, from the time of Dionysius the Elder even predominant in
the Bruttian peninsula, nevertheless, strange to say, it has left us no
coins whatever which can be attributed to the period of its greatest
prosperity. Whether the Laws of Zaleucus, which are said to have been
in force at Locri down to a late date, forbade, like those of Lycurgus, the
use of coined money we do not know, but it is certain that there are no
Locrian coins earlier than the middle of the fourth century.
The Locrian silver money is of two entirely distinct classes, differing
from one another both in type and weight, (a) Corinthian staters of the
Pegasos type, wt. 135-130 grs., and (/S) staters of native Locrian types,
which follow the standard of the neighbouring towns, wt. 130-115 grs.
I. Circ. B.C. 344-332.
(a) Corinthian staters for foreign commerce.
AOKPIlN Head of Pallas in Corin- I Pegasos . . . . M, 135-130 grs.
thian helmet. j
The Corinthian stater was adopted as the standard silver coin of
Syracuse on the occasion of the restoration of the Democracy by Timo-
leon, B. c. 345 (see Syracuse). Locri, which was at all times most
intimately connected both politically and commercially with Syracuse,
appears to have coined money in her own name for the first time at this
period, and to have received the Corinthian stater from Syracuse, with
which city as well as with Corinth and her colonies in Acarnania,
Corcyra, and Illyria, Locri then contracted de facto a monetary alliance.
The Corinthian staters of Locri are by no means rare coins, and are
found mixed with those of other cities. This shows that Locri carried on
an extensive foreign commerce in the direction indicated above.
Meanwhile for her home trade with the Italian towns it was necessary
to strike money on the Italic standard.
(/3) Italic standard for home trade. Staters wt. i 20-1 15 grs.
Fig. 58.
lEYS Head of Zeus, liiur., with ^lioit j EIPHNH AOKPHN Eireiie seated on
liair (Fig. 58). | square ei])])us, holding cadnceus.
The reverse typo of tliis coin points to the beginning of an era of
internal peace and prosjjcrity, such as that which may well have followed
LOCBI EFIZEFHIRIL 87
the expulsion of the younger Dionysius. The figure of Eirene may be
compared with that of Nike (?) on coins of Terina.
(y) Bronze coins.
The bronze money of this period is of peculiarly rude fabric. The
metal of which the coins are composed appears to have been melted and
run into a series of circular moulds, connected with one another by a
continuous channel. The blanks after being cast were clipped off one
by one and struck separately.
Head of Zeu?, laur., with short hair. ' No inscr. Eagle with closed wings
I /E i-o
11. Ciir. B.C. 332-326.
(a) Corinthian staters as in Period I. X. ^
(/3) Staters of Italic weight, 1 20-1 15 gTS.
Eagle devouring hare : in field, fulmeu.
A\ Staters.
AOKPnN (sometimes -svautiug). Head
of Zeus, left, with flowing hair.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXXIV. 26.]
(y) Bronze coinage, perhaps as in Period I.
The head of Zeus here entirely changes its character, the hair is no
longer short and crisp, but falls in flowing locks as on the contemporary
money of Alexander of Epirus, introduced into, if not struck actually in
Italy at this time.
III. Circ. B.C. 3.26-300.
(a) Corinthian staters of later style, and reading only AO or AOK
usually on the reverse instead of AOKPHN at full length on the obverse;
also Corinthian drachms : —
Female head, facing or in px'ofile, I Pegasos flying ; beneath A or AOK PliN
wearing earrings and necklace. | -^39 g^"^-
(/3} Staters of the Italic standard, wt. i20-ii5grs. In><cr. AOKPflN
either on obv. or rev. Sijmhol, Fulmen frequent.
Head of Zeus, right, as in Period II, I Eagle devouring haie . . -^fl Staters.
often of very careless work.
Many of these coins are so negligently made that we might almost
imagine them to be Bruttian imitations.
(y) Bronze coinage.
Head of Apollo. | Pegasos -"E -65
IV. Circ. B.C. 300-280.
(a) No Corinthian staters were struck at Locri in this period.
(/3) Staters of Italic weight.
Eagle devouring hare. I AOKPflN Fulmeu and symbol (usually
caduceus) . . . ^Stater, 118 grs.
Eagle with spread wings, in front, j AOKPflN in two lines; between them
caduceus. | a fulmen .... Diobol, 18 grs.
A — 0 Eagle with closed wings. Fulmen between two annulets . . .
I M\\-^ grs.
88
BRUTTIUM.
(y) Bronze coinage.
A I OS Head of Zeus. I AOKPHN (in two lines) Fulmen M -85
Head of Pallas. | „ „ „ „ M -65
In their reverse types, style, and epigraphy, these coins bear so close
a resemblance to the money of Agathocles that there can be no doubt
about their date.
V. Circ. B.C. 280-268.
In B.C. 277 the Locrians placed themselves under the protection of
Rome, expelling the garrison which Pyrrhus had placed in their citadel.
The next year the king of Epirus recovered the town, but in another
year or two we find it again among the allies of Rome. It was during
these troubled times that the Locrians. perhaps by way of propitiating
the Romans, celebrated the Good Faith of Rome towards their city by
imprinting upon their staters the following type : —
Fig. 59.
Head of Zeus. AOKPHN, Fides, HlSTIS, standing,
placing a wreath upon the head of
Roma, PriMA, who is seated before
her (Fig. 59) M Stater, 1 14-1 1 2 grs.
The head of Zeus on these interesting coins is of the leonine type,
with deeply recessed eye, strongly emphasized frontal bone, and hair
falling in heavy locks over his brows, which is characteristic of the
tetradrachms of Pyrrhus. The resemblance to the money of Pyrrhus
is in fact so striking that we are inclined to regard them as works of
the same engraver, and to draw the inference that Pyrrhus actually
struck his famous tetradrachm while he held Locri. This hypothesis is
greatly strengthened by the fact that Pyrrhus's tetradrachms have been fre-
quently found in Southern Italy, and even on the site of Locri itself ^
During this period the Bruttians monopolized the coinage of gold and
silver in their peninsula. The coins described above are therefore in all
probability the last silver money issued at Locri.
Bronze. Circ. B.C. 300-268 or later.
The following bronze coins belong for the most part to the time of
the Pyrrhic wars, some of them, however, ma}^ be later :—
Head of Persephone ; behind, torch or AOKPHN Eagle on fulmen . ^1-05
poppy-liead.
Head of Pallas in Cori
ntliian
helmet.
„ Persephone holding sceptre
ending in popjoy-head, seated with
Head of Persephone.
Head of Pallas.
Heads of the Dioskuri.
patera in hand : in field, stars M 1-05
AOKPnN Pallas standing . M -75
Eagle on fuhiien . M -75
„ Pegasos . . . . /E -85
„ Zeus seated . . . M •"]$
' F. Lenonnant in the Academy, June 26, 1880.
LOCRI—PANBOSIA. 89
The head and figure of Persephone on these coins remind us of the
prominent place which the famous temple of that goddess at Locri
occupied in the minds of all men during the Pyrrhic war, cf. the speech
of the Locrian Legatus at Rome (Livy, xxix. i8), ' Fanum est apud nos
Proserpinae de cujus sanctitate templi credo aliquem famam ad vos
pervenisse Pyrrhi bello.'
The coin with the heads of the Dioskuri is a poor copy of the silver
coins of the Bruttians (p. 77).
Mesma or Medina, on the west coast of Bruttium was captured by
Dionysius in B. c. 388, and its territory bestowed upon the Locrians.
This town never rose to any great importance. It is not probable that
any of the coins which bear its name are of an earlier date than b. c. 388,
they seem rather to be even later than B.C. 344, the time when Locri
herself began to coin money. The Mesmaean coinage consists of (a)
Corinthian staters, similar to those of Locri, but with ME or M on the
reverse, and no inscr. on the obv.\ and (/3) bronze coins of the following
types :—
Head of Persephone facing. MElMAinN Head of Apollo iE -85
ME^MA Female head.
Male figure naked, seated on rock, in
front, a dog with head turned back.
M .8
Horse running yE -6
Nike carrying wreath . . . M -6
M E A M A I n N Head of Apollo.
ME^MA Male head 1.
,, Female head r. i ,, ., , -^ -6
The female head on these coins, which is often accompanied by a vase,
is thought to be the Fountain- nymph Mesma (Strabo, vi. i, 5). The
naked figure with the dog may be the river Metaurus, or the god Pan.
Mystia and Hyporon, on the east coast of the Bruttian peninsula
{Itin. Ant., 115, 4). See Berliner Blatter, iv. p. 137.
Bronze Coins. Circ b. c. 300.
Head of Apollo.
MY — YPnP Tripod as on coins of
Croton ^ -75
Nuceria (Nocera), in the immediate vicinity of Terina.
This town is only mentioned by Steph. Byz. (s. v.) Its coins are of
bronze, and apparently struck in alliance with Rhegium and Terina : —
Circ. B.C. 350-270 or later.
Lion's head facing.
Head of Apollo.
Young male head diademed.
» „ „ KEA(?)
NOYKPlNaN Head of Apollo ^-85
„ Horse standing ; pen-
tagram M .85
NOYKPI Eagle; magistrate's name
^TATIOY'^" ^ .65
NOYKPI Fulmen M -6
Fandosia was an inland town, and if not a colony of Croton certainly
a dependency of that city in the fifth century b. c, as its coins testify.
The place appears to have stood on a height overlooking the little river
' Imhoof-Blumer, Die Miivzen Akarnaniens, p. 6.
^ Cf. CTA — OS'I on coins of Lalis Lucaniae, p. 62.
90
BRUTTIUM.
Acheron {Mucone), a tributary of the Crathis (Strab. vi. 256). Its earliest
coins were struck in alliance with Croton, and date from about
B.C. 450.
9PO Tripod. I PAN — AO Bull iu incuse square . .
1 M Stater, 126 grs.
Fig. 60.
nANAOM^A(=nANAOCIA)Head
of goddess or nymph Pandosia, wear-
ing broad diadem, and with hair
turned uji behind (Fig. 60).
KPA05M( = KPAGI^) Eiver Crathis
naked, standing, holding patera and
olive-branch, at his feet an object
which looks like a fish
M Stater, 105 grs. (light).
This last coin is of the highest interest as it fixes the site of Pandosia
near the river Crathis. It may be compared for style with the coins of
Metapontum (Fig. 38, p. 63). It also shows that the ancient forms of
the letters t, and I (M and ^) were still in use in the middle of the fifth
century, the date of the general introduction of the ordinary forms of
those letters into South Italy seems to have been somewhat later (circ.
B.C. 443), cf. the coins of the later^ybaris (p. 71).
Circ. B. c. 400.
Fig. 61.
Head of Hera Lakinia facing, with
streaming hair, earring and neck-
lace, and wearing Stephanos orna-
mented with foreparts of griffins
and honeysuckles (Fig. 61).
Similar.
PANJAOCIN Pan the hunter naked,
seated on rocks, beside him a dog :
in front a bearded term of Hermes
with caduceus affixed. In field, <t>.
M Stater, 120 grs.
PANAO^I Pan seated. Legend, NIKO
M Third, 34 grs.
Similar.
Beoxze.
I PAN Incense altar
M Size "45
The beautiful stater above described is one of the most exquisite
productions of any Greek mint. Tlie letter <t) in the field leads me to
think that it is by the same engraver as certain coins of Terina, Velia,
Neapolis. £.nd Thurium, also signed 0, sec p. 71.
PANBOSIA — RHEGIUM.
91
Soon after b. c. 400 Pandosia was captured by the Bruttians. It was in
the neighbourhood of this place that Alexander the Molossian lost his
life in B.C. 326 (Strabo^ vi. 256; Livy, viii. 24). Pandosia is again
mentioned as a Bruttian town b. c. 204 (Livy, xxix. 38), but no Pandosian
coins are known after its first capture by the Bruttians B.C. 400-390.
Peripolium was an outpost of the Locrians on the frontier of their
territory towards Rhegium. It appears to have been occupied late in the
fourth century (the date of its coins) by a colony of Pitanatae, presumably
from Pitane in Laconia.
Head of Hera if) wearing stephane.
PEPIPOAnN niTANATAN
Herakles straiioliue; lion . ^il 10 qts.
Mommsen attributes these coins to Samnium on the strength of a
passage in Strabo (v. p. 250), who states that a Laconian colony, by some
thought to consist of Pitanatae, was established in Samnium.
It may be thought that the reverse-type is somewhat in favour of
Mommsen's attribution ; but when it is remembered that no silver coins
of Samnium are known, and that no town of the name of Peripolium is
mentioned except the strong fortress of the Locrians, it seems safer on
the whole to ascribe the coins* to Bruttium.
Fetelia, about twelve miles north of Croton, was in early times
dependent upon that city. Subsequently it passed into the power of the
Lucanians (Strab. vi. i), and then into that of the Bruttians. Its
coinage begins early in the third century, under the Bruttian dominion.
Circ. B.C.' 280-216.
Head of Deraeter veiled.
PETHAINnN
Head of Apollo.
Head of Artemis.
Head of Herakles.
Zeus naked
fulinen
Tripod . . M
Dog running M
Club . . JE
hurling
.E.85
•7-5
•5
•45
During the Second Punic War Petelia adhered firndy to the Roman
alliance in spite of the defection of the Bruttians. and was rewarded by
the Romans after the conclusion of the war by being allowed to retain
special privileges, am-ong which was the right of coining in bronze on
the Roman Semuncial system.
Circ. B. c.
Quadvans. Head of Zeus.
Sextans.
204-89(1).
1 PETHAINnN
Uncia.
Head of Apollo.
Head of bearded Ares.
Zeus thundering.
Fulnien.
5)
Artemis with torch.
Stag running.
Nike standing.
Rhegium, on the Sicilian Straits, was in the main a Chalcidian colony
with a dominant Messenian element. It was one of the cities in which
the philosophy of Pythagoras took the deepest root, and it may be to the
influence of the Pythagorean confraternity that its participation in the
incuse coinage of the early Achaean monetary confederacy is owing.
92
BRUTTIUM.
Rhegium was, however, too far removed from Croton and Sybaris, the
centres of the Achaean commerce, and too closely connected with her
sister Chalcidic colonies in Sicily, to be drawn into anything more than
outward conformity with the Achaean incuse federal currency. In
weight its earliest money follows the Aeginetic standard of the other
Chalcidian colonies, while in type and fabric it is thoroughly Achaean.
The attitude of Rhegium towards the Achaean monetar}'' Union was
precisely' that of Poseidonia in the north, which also superficially con-
formed to the Achaean system while retaining its own weight-standard.
Circ. B.C. 530-494.
REClNON(retrogT.)
face.
Bull with human
Bull with human face, incuse .
M, Drachm,
87 grs
Circ. B.C. 494-480.
About B. c. 494, after the capture of Miletus, a body of Samians and
some Milesian exiles left Asia to settle in the west, on the north coast of
Sicily. On their arrival in Italy they were prevailed upon by Anaxilas,
the tyrant of Rhegium, to seize the town of Zancle (Herod, vi. 22).
These Samians were soon afterwards either expelled or reduced to sub-
jection by Anaxilas, who then ruled both over Rhegium and Zancle.
On this occasion he is said to have changed the name of Zancle to Messene
in memory of his own origin. From this time forward the money
of Rhegium is essentially Sicilian both in type, fabric, and weight.
The first adoption of the Lion's head facing and the Calfs head on
the coins of Zancle and Rhegium it is usual to ascribe to the influence
of the Samians, these two types being apparently modifications of the
types used at Samos itself. The Rhegine coins bearing the Samian type
are the following : —
Aeginetic weight.
Lion's head facing. , REGION (retrogr.) Calf's head, 1. . .
M Drachm 88 grs.
„ „ „ REC (retrogr.) in dotted circle . . .
I M, Obol 15 grs.
Attic iveighf.
REC IN ON (retrogr.) Calf s head, 1. .
^11 Tetradr. 272 grs.
No inscription. Prow of Samian galley
(Samaena) . Ai Tetradr. 267 grs.
This last coin might be ascribed to Samos were it not for the fact that
its weight is not that which was prevalent in Samos and that it was
found at Messina.
The Samian derivation of the above types is probable. Hence it may
be argued that the name of Zancle was changed to Messene during the
period of its occupation by the Samians, and not after their expulsion as
Thucydides (vi. 4) asserts. Herodotus (vii. 164) is less explicit as to
the exact date of its change of name.
All these coins, both Aeginetic and Attic, must therefore have been
struck very soon after 15. c. 494. The precise date of the expulsion of the
Samians cannot be fixed. It is probabl}' marked, however, by the intro-
duction of entirely new types, which we have Aristotle's (Ap. J. Pollux.
Lion's head facing.
Eound shield, on Avhich lion's scalp.
RHEGIUM.
93
V. 75) authority for ascribing to Anaxilas himself, for he states that
Anaxilas, having gained an Olympian victory with the Mule-car, struck
coins with the Mule-car upon them in commemoration of his success.
The coins alluded to by the philosopher are the following : —
Circ. B.C. 480-46G.
Mule-car (a-nrivri) driven by bearded
charioteer.
Hare.
RECINON (usually retrogr.) Hare
running. [B. M. Guide, Pl.VIII. 22.]
REC in circle of dots
Attic Tetradr., Drachm, and Obol.
Aristotle (Ap, J. Pollux. 1. c.) explains the occurrence of the hare as
also due to Anaxilas, who is said to have introduced that animal into
Sicily. Such a motive is, however, quite insufficient to account either
for the adoption or for the long continuance (at Messene) of the hare as
a coin-type. Greek coin-types at this early period were always chosen,
or rather sprang naturally, from the popular or state religion. The
hare is here the emblem of the Messenian god Pan, as is proved beyond
all doubt by the rare tetradrachm of Messene on which Pan is seen
caressing one of these animals. A local tradition as to the introduction
of hares into Sicily by the Tyrant of Rhegium may very likely have
been current in Aristotle's time. If so, it was true only as regards the
coins, which would naturally be called ' Hares ' (cf. the ' Coifs ' of Corinth,
the ' Virffins' and the ' Owls' of Athens, the ^Tortoises' of Aegina, &c.), and
its original signification may easily have been lost sight of by later
generations, who had no difficulty in accepting it literally. It may be
objected that as the Mule-car is not a religious type, why should the
hare be one 1 But is this the case "? All the great games were in point
of fact religious festivities, and the representation on the coinage of the
chariot which had been successful at Olympia was a votive type or
avaOiqixa in honour both of the Olympian Zeus and of the city which,
by the favour of the god, had gained the victory.
At Rhegium, though not at Messene, the Hare and Mule-car types
cease to be used apparently about ten years after the death of Anaxilas,
on the occasion of the establishment of a Democracy, b. c. 466.
Circ. B.C. 466-415.
Fig. 62
Lion's head facing (Fig. 62).
RECINOS, RECINOS, RECINON, and
later PHriNOt. Male figure seated,
naked to waist, resting on staff: the
whole in laurel wreath
^R Tetradr. and Di-achm.
REC I in laurel wreath . . . ^fl Obol.
94
BRUTTIUM.
The seated figure, on the earlier specimens bearded and on some of
the later ones youthful, is usually thought to personify the_ Demos
of Rhegium. For my own part I am inclined to look upon him as a
divinity of the nature of Agreus or Aristaeos, the patron of rural life
and pursuits. The Shepherd's Dog, the Duck, and the Crow, frequently
seen under or beside his seat, would thus stand in some sort of intimate
relation to the main type, whereas, if the figure is Demos, they niust be
regarded merely as adjunct symbols unconnected with the principal
figure.
Cifc. B.C. 41.5-387.
Fig. 63.
Lion's head facing (Fig. 63). [Imhoof,
Mon. Gr., PI. A. 9.]
PHriNON, PHriNO?, and in one in-
stance PHriNnN. Head of Apollo,
hair turned up, or, later, long and
flowing, behind, olive-sprig and, rarely,
engraver's name I PPOKPATH^ . .
JR Tetradr. and Drachm.
PH between two olive or laurel leaves .
JR \ Dr., Diob., and Litra.
In the year B. c. 387 Dionysius destroyed Rhegium, after which event,
although the city was restored some years later by the younger Diony-
sius, no silver coins (except a few Corinthian staters, like those of Locri,
but with PH in monogram) were struck for about a century, and then
only in very small quantity.
It is noticeable that the £1 hardly ever appears on the silver money
of Rhegium. The inscriptions should therefore be read 'Piyytroz- [2'o'juto-/xa
or TerpdhpaxiJ-ov^, '^Prjylvos [hiaTaTy^p], and not 'Priytvcov, as on most of the
bronze coins, which are later in date than the silver.
Bronze Coinage.
The only bronze coins of Rhegium contemporary with the silver, and
therefore struck before B.C. 387, are the following (see Imhoof, Mon. Gr.,
p. 10) :~
Before B.C. 387.
Lion's head facing.
REClNON written round a mark of
value (1) ^ -8
RE and Olive-siirig . M -^
PH „ „ ^ . . . . JE.6
PHn NH Head of Apollo, hair turned
np M-K
RHEGIUM.
95
Circ. B.C. 350-270.
The following types may be placed after the restoration of the city by
Dionysius II, shortly before the middle of the fourth century : —
(a) Silver Corinthian staters of the Pegasos type, with PH (in men.)
and a Lyre behind the head of Pallas.
(/3) Bronze.
Head of Zeus r., laur. PHFI NHN Zeus seated holding patera
and sceptre M •%
Lion's head facing'. ,. Head of Apollo with flow-
ing hair. Symbols various M -8—6
„ Lyre . . . . M -6—4
The coins with the head of Apollo are very numerous and exhibit a
gradual decline in style.
In B.C. 271 the Campanian Legion, stationed at Rhegium by the
Romans, seized the city, but they were soon afterwards expelled.
Clrc. B.C. 270-203.
(a) Silver.
Head of Apollo.
PHriNjQN Lion walking . . . .
M. wt. 50 grs.
„ Young Janiform head .
M wt. 18 grs.
(/3) Bronze, without marks of value.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Artemis.
PHn NnN (in two lines) Tripod M -9
,, Lion walking . . M -g
„ Lyre . . . . . M -g
„ Young Asklepios naked,
standing holding bird and resting on
snake-entwined staff . . '. JE -g
The very rare silver coins of this time are contemporary with the
latest silver coins of Syracuse, Agrigentum, and Tauromenium, which no
longer follow the Attic standard, but are nevertheless multiples of the
silver litra. Those of Rhegium seem to be respectively pieces of 4 litrae
(normal wt. 54 grs.) and i| litrae (wt. 20-2 grs).
Bronze. Circ b.c. 203-89.
With marks of value.
Tfitras. Heads of Apollo and PHT I NHN Tripod ....
Artemis jugate.
Reduced weight.
Pentonkion. Janiform female head, PHfl NHN Asklepios seated, holding
wearing modius. ; staff, sometimes entwined
with serpent. P
j ,, Apollo seated on om-
i phalos. n
! ,, Pallas Nikeplioros
j standing. P
Heads of Dioskuri. 1 ., Hermes standing. P
Head of Artemis.
Head of Pallas.
96
BRUTTimi.
Tetras.
Heads of Asklepios and
Hygieia, jugate.
Head of Artemis.
Heads of Dioskuri.
Trias.
0)
Head of Asklepios.
Head of Ai^ollo.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Apollo.
PHr I NnN Artemis standing with
dog. I I I I
Lyre. I I I I
,, Demeter standing. I I I I
,, Hermes standing. I I I I
,, Young Asklepios stand-
ing, holds bird and
branch and rests on
staff. I I I I
„ Hygieia standing. I I I
Wolf. I I I
Nike. I I I
„ Dioskuri on horse-
back. X I I
The marks of value on these bronze coins seem to stand for fractions
of the silver litra, cf. the coins of the Mamertini. The weights and sizes,
which are very various, show that there must have been a rapid
reduction in the course of the century to which they belong (Momm.
Hist. Mon. Rom., i. p. 138 sq.). See also Garucci {Ann. de Num., 1882,
p. 213 sqq.).
Temesa was an ancient Greek city on the west coast of Bruttium.
In its territory were mines of copper (Od. i. 184 ; Strab. vi. i). From its
coin-type, a helmet and greaves, it might be inferred that the Temesaeans
excelled in the manufacture of bronze armour.
It also appears from its coins to have been closely allied to, if not
a dependency of, Croton about B.C. 500, after which it has left us no
numismatic records : —
Tripod between two greaves. | TEM
For alliance coins, see Croton, p. 80.
Helmet
JR, 120 grs.
Terina, a few miles south of Temesa on the gulf of Hipponium, was a
colony of Croton. Its coinage commences about B.C. 480, before which
time it was doubtless dependent upon its metropolis. In common with
so many other towns of south Italy, Terina fell a victim to the rapacity
of Dionysius of Syracuse, circ. B.C. 388, by whom it was ceded to the
Locrians. It afterwards passed successively under the dominion of the
Lucanians (b. c. -^fi^) and the Bruttians (b. c. '>^^6) who held it, except for
a brief interval when Alexander of Epirus released it from their yoke
(circ. B.C. 325), down to B.C. 272.
The town was burnt by Hannibal in B.C. 203.
Circ. B.C. 480-470.
Fig. 64.
TEMESA—TERINA.
97
TEP5NA Head of Terina of archaic
style, hair turned up behind.
N5KA (retrogr.) Nike Ajoteros stand-
ing, holding a branch. The whole in
wreath of olive or laurel.
(Fig. 64) M Stater 124 grs.
Circ. B.C. 470-440.
Head of Terina, hair rolled ; the whole
in wreath.
Similar. Hair in sphendoue, or waved.
Winged Nike or Siren Ligeia holding
wreath in both hands arched over her
head.
-51 Stater 1 1 7 grs.
TEPINAION Winged Nike or Siren
Ligeia seated on four legged seat.
She holds wreath and caduceus.
M Stater.
Circ. B.C. 440-400.
Fig. 65.
Head of the nymph Terina of finest
style, variously represented. Some-
times she wears an ampyx above her
forehead (Fig. 65), on some specimens
her hair is simply rolled, on others
bound with a sphendone or confined
by a string and with loose ends.
Artist's initials <t> or P. For va-
rieties, see Num. CJiron., 1883, PI.
XI and XII.
TEPINAION Winged female figure
seated on prostrate amphora (Fig. 65),
cippus (Fig. 66) or four-legged seat.
Sometimes she sits beside a fountain
drawing water in a vase which she
holds on her knee. Sometimes a little
bird is perched on her forefinger.
Sometimes she is tossing balls into
the air, or again, stooj)ing forward as
if mounting a rocky height. She
usually holds a caduceus or less fre-
quently a wreath or sceptre sur-
mounted by a poppy head. Artist's
initials O or P. JR Staters.
Fig. 66.
The types of the smaller silver coins (wts. '^^, 19 and 11 grs.) resemble
those of the staters, but sometimes Nike sits on the capital of a column,
and on the obol she is flying. Signatures 01 All, A, etc.
H
98
BBUTTIUM.
Circ. B.C. 400-388.
TEPlNAinM Head of Terina, richly
ornate, with curly hair.
[B.M. Guide, n. 25, 24.]
Wiiiged Nike (?) seated ou cippus ; bird
perched on her hand.
Ai Stater 117 grs., Third 36 grs.
The Thirds frequently have the Sicilian triskelis below the head of
the city, showing them to have been struck after the conquest by
Dionysius.
Bronze. Circ. B.C. 400-388.
PANAINA Head of Pandina r. hair
rolled.
TEPI Winged Nike or Siren seated on
cippus. She holds bird . . -^ -5
Circ. B.C. 388-356.
(a) CorintJiian staters with TE (in mon.) behind the head of Pallas ; cf.
the contemporary staters of Locri and Rhegium.
[b) Bronze.
Female head, hair rolled.
TEPI Crab Mi.
„ Crab and crescent . . JE -j
Circ. B.C. 272.
Lion's head facing.
TEPlNAinN Head of Apollo.
TEPlNAinN Head of Apollo with
flowing hair ^ -85
Pegasos flying, above, sword in scabbard
JE -65
Among the silver coins of Terina, of the best period, there are
specimens which, in elegance of design and exquisite delicacy of work,
take rank among the most beautiful of all Greek coins. It will be
generally found that these truly admirable works of art bear the
signature of the engraver 0 (see p. 71). Those signed P are
less carefully executed.
The types of the Terinaean coins have given rise to much learned
discussion. The head on the obverse is probably always that of the city-
nymph, Terina, herself. The winged figure on the reverse is more
difficult to identify. She may be intended for Nike or Eirene (cf. the
coin of Locri (Fig. 58), where, however, Eirene is wingless), or the Siren
Ligeia, whose monument, according to Lycophron (1. 725), stood at
Terina.
The goddess Pandina is also a divinity of whom we have no in-
formation. She was also worshipped at Hipponium, where she is
represented holding a sceptre and a caduceus or sometimes a wreath.
Ser
Uncertain town, probably of Bruttium.
MEP Bearded Dionysos, naked, stand-
ing, holding kantharos and vine-
branch.
M E P Head of bearded Dionysos.
Vine-branch with grapes
Ai Stater, wt. 122 grs.
Bunch of grapes
yR Twelfth
SICILY.
Period 1. Before B. c '480. First in this period comes the coinage of
the Chalcidian colonies, Naxus, Zancle, and Himera. These early coins,
some of which may belong to the end of the seventh century, follow the
Aeginetic standard, although as a rule the drachms do not exceed 90,
nor the obols 15 grs. It is probable that this standard was imported,
together with the worship of Dionysos, from the island of Naxos,
whence, as the name given to the earliest Sicilian settlement implies, a
preponderating element of the first body of colonists must have been
drawn.
Somewhat later, probably about the middle of the sixth century, the
coinage of the Dorian colonies begins, Syracuse, Gela, Agrigentum, etc.
The standai-d is here not the Aeginetic but the Attic, which was soon
universally adopted throughout the island, even by those Chalcidian
colonies which had begun to coin on the Aeginetic standard.
The change from Aeginetic to Attic took place at Naxus sometime
after b. c. 498, at Zancle between B. c. 493 and 480, and at Himera in
B. c. 482.
Meanwhile the original Sikel and Sicanian population of Sicily,
driven inland by the Greeks, was becoming rapidly Hellenized. Of this
a signal proof is furnished by the small silver coins of the Sikel towns
Abacaenum, Enna, Galaria, Morgantina, etc., bearing Greek inscriptions
and types. These coins are Lifrae weighing 13-5 grs., and were
equal in value to the native copper Litra, which the Sikels had brought
with them from Italy when they first crossed the straits.
The Litra, as struck in silver by these Sikel towns, happened to cor-
respond in weight exactly to \ of the Attic drachm. It was therefore
readily adopted by those Greek cities which used the Attic standard, as
an additional denomination slightly heavier than their own obol, from
which they took care to distinguish it by giving it a different type, or
by a mark of value. Thus at Syracuse the Litra was marked with a
sepia and the Obol with a wheel. It is not probable that any of the
Sikel towns began to strike money much before B. c. 480.
The coins struck in Sicily during this first period exhibit all the
characteristic peculiarities of archaic art, but they are far more advanced,
both in style and execution-, than the contemporary coins either of
Magna Graecia or Greece proper.
Period II. B.C. 480-415. The great victory of the Greeks over the
Carthaginians at Himera in b. c. 480 was the prelude to a long interval
of peace and prosperity all over Sicily. The coins of this period, which
are plentiful throughout the island, are of great variety and interest.
In style they exhibit a continuous advance upon the methods of archaic
art, and a nearer and nearer approach to the highest point of excellence
ever reached in the art of die-engraving. The whole period between
B.C. 480 and the Athenian expedition in B.C. 415 may therefore be
appropriately called the Period of Transition. Greek art and civilization
were now making their way even into the non-Hellenic cities in the
eastern portion of the island, e. g. Segesta and Eryx, ancient cities of the
Elymi, and Motya and Panormus, strongholds of Carthage.
H 2
100 SICILY.
Period III. B.C. 415-405. In this period the art of engraving dies
for coins was prosecuted in Sicily with remarkable success. The towns
appear to have vied with one another as to which could produce the
most perfect specimen of the numismatic art. The following names
of Sicilian engravers occur on coins ; at Syracuse, Eumenos, Kimon,
Euainetos, Eukleidas, Euth[ymos], Phrygillos, Parme[nides], and Sosion ;
at Camarina, Exakestidas ; at Catana, Euainetos, Herakleidas, Choirion,
and Prokles ; at Naxus, Prokles ; at Agrigentum, Myr , etc.
Even before the age of Gelon and Hieron, whose victories at the great
Greek games were celebrated by Pindar, it had been usual at many
Greek towns in Sicily to perpetuate the remembrance of agonistic con-
tests by the adoption of a quadriga crowned by Victory as the principal
coin-type.
It seems nevertheless certain that no one special victory can have
been alluded to in these agonistic types ; they are rather a general
expression of pride in the beauty of the horses and chariots which the
city could enter in the lists, while perhaps they may likewise have been
regarded, though in no very definite way, as a sort of invocation of the
god who was the dispenser of victories ; the Olympian Zeus, the Pythian
Apollo, or some local divinity, perhaps a River-god or a Eountain-
nymph, in whose honour games may have been celebrated in Sicily
itself. Some such local import would account for the presence of the
victorious quadriga on the money of some of the non-Hellenic towns in
Sicily, which would certainly never have been admitted to compete at
the Olympian, the Pythian, or other Greek games. The manner in
which the quadriga is treated may be taken as a very accurate indica-
tion of date. Down to B.C. 415 the horses are seen advancing at a slow
and stately pace ; after that date they are always in high and often
violent action, prancing or galloping ; not until quite a late period (on
the coins of Philistis) are the horses again represented as walking. The
only exception to this rule is the mule-car on the coins of Messana,
where the animals are never in rapid movement.
One of the most striking peculiarities of Sicilian numismatics is the
frecpiency with which personifications of Rivers and Nymphs are met
with. Thus on coins of Himera the type is that of the Nymph of the
warm springs ; on a coin of Naxus we see the head of a river Assinus
(probably the same as the Akesines) ; at Catana we get a full-face head
of the river Amenanus ; at Gela and Agrigentum we see the rivers of
those towns, the Gelas and the Akragas ; while at Camarina the head
of the Hipparis appears. On the coins of Selinus the rivers Hypsas and
Selinus are represented as offering sacrifice to Asklepios.
In the archaic period the Sicilian rivers usually take the form of a
man-headed bull, but in the transitional period they more often assume
the human form, and appear as youths with short bulls' horns over their
foreheads.
Among the nymphs represented on Sicilian coins are Himera, Arethusa,
and Kyane, Kamarina, and Eurymedusa.
Period IV. B.C. 405-340. The Carthaginian invasion at the close
of the fifth century, which spread ruin through the island, put an end to
the coinage almost everywhere. Syracuse alone of all the Greek silver-
coining cities continued the uninterrupted issue of lier beautiful tetra-
SICILY. 101
drachms and decadrachms, and it was these which served as models for
the Siculo-Punic currency of the Carthaginian towns.
Period V. B.C. 340-317. With the expedition of the Corinthian
Timoleon (b. c. 345) a new era began for Sicily. Timoleon was every-
where the Liberator, and his influence is especially noticeable in the
Sicilian coinage of his time. There are a few coin-types which now
appear for the first time, not only at Sp-acuse, but at many other towns
which Timoleon freed from their oppressors. Two of these types are
the head of Zeus Eleutherios and the Free Horse. Pegasos-staters and
other coins with Corinthian types were also now first coined in Sicily.
The number of inland towns which at this particular time began to coin
money is remarkable, e.g. Adranum, Aetna (Inessa), Agyrium, Alaesa,
Centuripae, Herbessus, etc.
It would seem that bronze, which had before been only coined as
money of account, now assumed the character of real money of intrinsic
value. On any other hypothesis it is impossible to explain the sudden
appearance, both at Syracuse and at all the above-mentioned Sikel
cities, of large and heavy bronze coins, which, unlike the older small
bronze currency, are without any marks of value.
This monetization of bronze was probably due to the increasing
influence of the native Sikel peoples of the interior of the island, who
now combined to support Timoleon, and issued at Alaesa, and perhaps
elsewhere, a neto federal currency in bronze, with the legends K A I N 0 N
and CYMMAXIKON.
Period VI. B.C. 317-241. With the usurpation of Agathocles, Syra-
cuse once more monopolizes the right of coinage for the whole of Sicily
even more distinctly than in the time of Dionysius, for the symbol of the
Triquetra or Triskelis, which makes its first appearance on the Syracusan
money in the time of Agathocles, constitutes in itself a claim on behalf
of the coins so marked to be the currency of all Sicily.
This claim to strike money for the whole island was probably main-
tained by the successors of Agathocles, Hicetas, Pyrrhus, and Hieron II,
down to the time of the First Punic War.
Period VII. B.C. 241-210. At the close of the First Punic War all
Sicily, except the dominions of Hieron along the eastern coast from
Tauromenium to Helorus, passed into the hands of the Romans. The
immediate result of the new poKtical status of the Sicilian communities
was the issue of bronze money at a great number of mints, many of
which, such as Amestratus, Cephaloedium, laetia, Lilybaeum, Menaenum,
Paropus, Petra, etc., had never before possessed the right of coinage.
Within the dominions of Syracuse, Tauromenium alone was allowed to
coin in all metals, but whether this Tauromenian gold and silver cur-
rency took place during Hieron's reign, or in the interval between his
death and the final constitution of the Roman Province in B.C. 210, can
hardly be ascertained.
Period VIII. After B. c. 210. After the fall of Syracuse and the
constitution of all Sicily into a Province of the Roman Republic, bronze
coins continued to be issued at Syracuse, Panormus, and a great many
other towns, probably for at least a century. These late coins possess,
however, but slight interest.
102
SICILY.
The following is a chronological conspectus of the coinage of Sicily
from the earliest times to the latest : —
—480
480-415
415-405
405-340
340-317
317-241
After 241
Naxus
M
JR
JR
Znncle
M
Himera )
M
M JE.
JR -iE
Thermae \
Ml JE
M
...
M
Agrigentum
M
MM
N JRM
MM
MM
M
Camarina
M
M
JR JE
M
...
M
Catana
M
M
N MM
M
Gela
M
M
N MJE
.^xt .ZXj
M
Leontini
M
M
M,M
M^
M
Messana
M
M
MM
M
'" M
M
Selinus
M
JR
M
Stiela
M
Syracuse
"m
M
MMM
N MM
Eli .M JE
N M.M
K M.M
Tauromenium
...
M
M
M
XMM
Tyndaris
...
M.M
M
...
M
Entella
JR
M
M
Eryx
"m
M
m'
M
MM
M
Segesta
M
JR
M.M
...
M
Heraelea
M^
M.
M.M
M
Motya
"m
jr'
M.M
Panormus
JR
M.
M
M.
M.M
M
Solus
M
M
M
M
Abacaenum
JR
M
M
M
Enna
M
• ••
"' M
M
Galaria
"m
Hipana
JR
Longane
JR
Morgantina
"m
M
...
M
Piacus
..
M
Adranura
M
M
Aetna (Inessa)
M
M
Agyrium
'"m
'" M
M
M
Alaesa
■ M
M
Aluntium
'"m
M
Centuripae
'" M
M
Herbessus
M
Mytibtratus
M
Nacona
'"m
M
Silerae
M
Acrae
M
Amestratus
M
Assorus
• •<
M
Calacte
M
Cepbaloedium
M
Hybla Magna
M
laetia
M
Lilybaeum
M
Megara
M
Menaenum
M
Paropus
M
Petra
M
AHA CAENUM— AETNA.
103
[G. L. Castelli, Siciliae nummi veteres. Palermo, 1781.
A. Salinas, Le monete delle anticlie citfa di Sicilia. Palermo, 1871.
Landolina-Paternb, Tticerche num. suW antica Sicilia. Palermo, 1872.
British Museum Catalogue, Coins of Sicily (Poole, Head, and Gardner), 1876.
B. V. Head, Coinage of Syracuse (iSTum. Chron.), 1874.
P. Gardner, Sicilian studies (Num. Chron.), 1876.
A. Holm, Geschichte Siciliens, 1870-4.]
Abacaenum was a Sikel town situated some eight miles from the
coast, towards the N. E. extremity of the island. Its small silver and
bronze coinage shows Greek influence, but we are not told that the
town was at any time colonized by Greeks.
Circ. B.C. 450-400.
Inscr. ABAKAININON (usually abbreviated) on one or both sides.
Head of Zeus laureate.
Head of nymph, facing, with flying
hair.
Female head r.
Boar. Symbols, Acorn, corn-grain.
Sow and pig . M Litrae, circ. 13 §
Boar
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
Female head, hair in sphendone.
M Hemilitron 6 grs.
ABAKAlNlNnN Forepart of bull
JE Size -8
Head of Apollo (?).
After B.C. 241.
ABAKAlNlNnN
Bull walking . .
JE Size -85
The bull is probably the little mountain-torrent Helicon.
Acrae {Valazzuolo) stood on a height some twenty miles due west of
Syracuse, at the sources of the river Anapus. It was a dependency
of Syracuse down to the capture of that city by the Romans.
After B.C. 210.
Head of Persephone (?) with wreath of
ears of corn.
AKPAinN Demeter standing with
torch and sceptre . . . . ^ -8
Adranum {Aderno), on the upper course of the river Adranus, a few
miles S. W. of Mt. Aetna, was founded by Dionysius circ. B. c. 400, and
was dependent upon Syracuse until the time of Timoleon (b. c. 345),
when it first struck coins. It owed its celebrity to the temple of the
Sicilian divinity Adranos (Diod. xiv. 37).
The bronze coins of Adranum apparently all belong to one period : —
AAPANITAN (sometimes wanting),
Lvre . . ^ 3 sizes, i-2, -95 & -8
AAPANITAN Butting bull .^-85
No. inscr. Lyre M i-z
Head of Apollo, sometimes with
APOAAnN beneath.
Head of young Eiver Adranus, horned.
Head of Sikelia wreathed with myrtle,
hair in sphendone.
Id.
Female head.
AAPANITAN Sea-horse . .^.65
AAPA Corn-grain in wreath . M -45
Aetna. This name was at first given by Hieron to the city of Catana,
when in B.C. 476 he expelled the Catanaeans and repeopled their city
104
SICILY.
with a mixed body of Syi'acusans and Peloponnesians. Soon after the
death of their founder these colonists were driven out of Catana and the
old population restored (b. c. 461). For the coins struck at Catana
during the fifteen years that it bore the name of Aetna, see Catana.
The Aetnaeans (b. c. 461) retired to Inessa on the southern slope of Mt.
Aetna, about ten miles N.W. of Catana, and to this place they trans-
ferred the name of Aetna and continued to look upon Hieron as their
Oekist (Diod. xi. 76). Aetna was always more or less dependent upon
Syracuse, and was garrisoned by Syracusans before the Athenian war
(Thuc. iii. 103). In b. c. 403 Dionysius established at Aetna a garrison of
Campanians, who held the town until the time of Timoleon, B.C. 339,
when the city regained its freedom. It is to this period that the first
issue of its coins belongs.
Circ. B.C. 339.
AITNAinN Fulmen .
M-2,
Free horse, rein loose . . . . /E -85
Id M-6
lEYC EAEYOEPI02 Head of Zeus
Eleutherios.
AITNAinN Head of Pallas.
„ Head of Persephone with
corn- wreath.
The horse with loose rein is a symbol of freedom recovered, and is
frequent in Sicily in Timoleon's time. The resemblance in style between
the last mentioned coin and certain pieces of Nacona and Entella, issued
while those cities were in the hands of the Campanians, is striking.
The remaining coins of Aetna are subsequent to the fall of Syracuse,
and belong to the period of Roman dominion.
After B.C. 210.
Trias. Head of Apollo radiate.
He^as. Head of Persephone.
A I T N A I riN Warrior standing, mark of
value • • • . ^ -8
AITNAinN Cornucopiae •• . M -6
Agrigentum was by far the richest and most magnificent city on the
south coast of Sicily. The ruined temples still to be seen at Girgenti
would alone be sufficient to prove its ancient splendour. It stood on
a height a few miles from the sea near the confluence of the two rivers
Akragas and Hypsas.
Its coinage l3egins during the prosperous period which intervened
between the fall of the tja-ant Phalaris (circ. b. c. 550), and the accession
of Theron to supreme power (cu'c. b, c. 4H8).
Circ. B.C. 550-272.
Inscr. AKRACANTO$, AKRACA2, AKRA, etc.
Eagle with closed wings. I Crab M, Didi-achms.
I [B. M. Guide, PI. IX. 24.]
The Eagle and the Crab are usually taken as symbolical of Zeus and
Poseidon, but it may be doubted whether the crab is not in this case the
fresh-water crab common in the rivers of Italy, Sicily, and Greece. If so,
the crab would represent the river Akragas.
Theron of Agrigentum made himself master of Himera, B. c. 48:^. A
comparison of the coins of Himera bearing Agrigentine types which can
AETNA— A GRIGENTUM.
\Qi
only belong to the time of Theron, with some of the latest specimens of
the series above described, is sufhcient to fix the date of the latter.
The great victory of Theron and Gelon of Syracuse over the Cartha-
ginians at Himera resulted in the further aggrandisement of Agrigentum.
Theron died b. c. 473, after which a democracy was established, and a
period of unexampled prosperity commenced which terminated only with
Carthaginian invasion in b. c. 406.
Numismatically, however, this space of sixty-seven years must be
divided into two periods, which may be characterized as those of Transi-
tional Art, B. C. 472 — circ. B. c. 415, and of finest art, B. C. 415-406.
Circ. B.C. 472-415.
Fig. 67.
Inscriptions and T^jjes (Eagle and Crab), as in the Period of archaic art.
The Eagle sometimes stands on the capital of a column. On the reverse
symbols are of frequent occurrence, Flying Nike, Kose, Star, Volute
ornament (Fig. 67), and others.
Denominations, Tetradi-achm, Didi*achm, Drachm with letters PEN
( = PentaHtron ?), Litra (with AIT), Pentonkion with mark of value \»\,
and Hexas ohv. Eagle's head, rev. *.
The Tetradi-achm apparently was not struck at Agrigentum before
circ. B.C. 472.
To this period may also be attributed a series of very strange looking
lumps of bronze, made in the shape of a tooth with a flat base, having on
one side an eagle or eagle's head, and on the other a crab, while on the base
are marks of value II, •*•, I (Tetras, Trias, Hexas). The uncia is almond
shaped, with an Eagle's head on one side and a Crab's claw on the other.
The weights of these coins point to a litra of about 75° gi"s«
Circ. B.C. 415-406.
Fig. 68.
In this period the coinage reflects the splendour to which Agrigentum
had now attained.
106 SICILY.
AK PA Eagle devouring serpent. Mark I CIAANOS Crab . . iiT wt. 20-4 grs.
of value . . I [B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 14.]
Two eagles standing on a hare on the
summit of a mountain, one lifts his
head as if screaming, while the
other, with wings raised, is about to
attack the hare with its beak.
Symbol in field : Locust.
The finest known specimen of this beautiful coin is in the Munich
collection.
AKPAFA^ Male charioteer driving
quadriga. Above an eagle flying
with a serpent in its claws. Symbol:
Crab (Fig. 68)
M, Dekadrachm, wt. 670 grs.
Similar ij^e, sometimes with magis-
trates' names CTPATUN or
CIAANOC Symbols: Locust, bull's
head, lion's head, head of River-
god.
AKPATANTINON Quadriga driven
by winged Nike or by charioteer
crowned by flying Nike. Symbols:
Crab, pistrix, knotted staff or vine-
branch.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 16.] M Tetradrachm.
Similar, or single Eagle devouring hare. I Crab, beneath, Skylla or river-fish.
I Engraver's name MYP . . . .
[Gardner, Ty^ies Gr. C, PL VI. 32, 33.] M Tetradrachm.
Didrachms, Drachms, Hemidrachms, and Litrae, with simpler varieties
of the above types.
As a powerful composition the type of the two eagles with the hare is
perhaps superior to any other contemporary Sicilian coin-type, and is
certainly the work of an artist of no mean capacity. The subject is one
which cannot fail to remind us of the famous passage in one of the
grandest choruses of the Ayamemnou (l\. 1 10-120), where the poet describes
just such a scene as is here represented. Two eagles, one black, and the
other white behind : —
olcDvcav PaatXevs fiacnXevcrt vetav' 6 K^Xaivos, o t k^oiiLV apyas,
(f)avevTes tKrap ixeKddpojv, x^pos eK bopLTrdXrov,
TTap.irpeTTTOL'i iv ibpaicnv,
ftocTKop-evoi kayivav epLKVpLova (jiepp-aTL ykvvav,
^ka^(.VTa XoLcrdicov bpop-oov.
The victorious quadi-iga is an agonistic type of a class very popular
in Sicily. The occasion of its adoption at Agrigentum may have been the
success of the Agrigentine citizen Exainetos in the Olympian games,
B.C. 412, when, on his return to his native town, he was brought into the
city in a chariot escorted by 300 bigae drawn by white horses (Diod.
xiii. 82).
The names ^TPATUN and SI A AN OS are too conspicuous to be the
signatures of artists ; they must therefore be regarded either as magis-
trates or tyrants.
Bronze. Before B.C. 406.
Inscr. AKPArANTINON, often abbreviated.
Ilemilitron. Eagle with spread wings
on fish, hare, or stag's
head.
Crab ; mark of value ^. Symbols :
Conch-shell, sepia, Triton with shell,
pistrix, sea-horse, crayfish, etc. The
whole in incuse circle
M Average wt. 290 grs.
AGRIGENTUM.
lor
Trias. Eagle tearing hare.
Hexas. Eagle carrying in claws
hare, pig, fish, or bird.
Uncia, Eagle with closed wings
on fish.
Crab. Symbol: Crayfish. Mark of
value ••• . JE Average wt. 124 grs.
Crab. Symbols: Two fishes or one fish.
Mark of value •
M Average wt. 115 grs.
Crab. Symbol : Fish. Mark of value •
JE Average wt. 58 grs.
The actual weights of these bronze coins, large and small, together
yield an average of 613 grs. for the litra. This perhaps shows that the
litra had abeady been reduced from 3375 grs., its original weight, to i of
that weight, or 675 grs., a reduction which is thought by Mommsen (Mo7t.
Horn. i. p. 112) to have taken place in the time of Dionysius, but which
the weights of the bronze coins of Camarina (113), and Himera (p. 128),
if they are of any value as evidence, prove to have occurred much earlier.
After the memorable destruction of Agrigentum by the Carthaginians
in B. c. 406, the surviving inhabitants appear to have returned to their
ruined homes ; but until Timoleon's time the town can hardly be said to
have existed as an independent state. No new coins were issued, but the
bronze money abeady in circulation seems to have been frequently
countermarked in this period.
Timoleon, circ. 340 b. c, recolonized the city (Plut. Tim. ^^) with a body
of Velians, and from this time it began to recover some small degree
of prosperity.
Circ. B.C. 340-287.
Crab.
Head of Zeus.
Free horse M ^ Drachm.
AKPATANTlNnN Eagle erect, with
spread wings
M wt. 18-7 grs.= i| Litra.
M wt. 13-5 grs. = i Litra.
Bkonze.
Hemilitron. AKPAF^? Head of
young River-god Akragas, horned.
Eagle with closed wings seated on
Ionic capital. In field. Crab. Mark
of value
JE Av. wt. 268 grs.
This is the average weight of the four specimens in the British Museum,
according to which the Litra would weigh 536 grs., which is inter-
mediate between the first and the second reductions of the Litra.
There are also bronze coins of this period without marks of value, obv.
Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle devouring hare, or winged fulmen. Size,
•75-55-
The coins attributed to this period are not numerous, owing to the fact
that during the greater part of the reign of Agathocles at Syracuse
(B.C. 317-289), Agrigentum was compelled to acknowledge the supremacy
of that city, which for a time usurped the right of coining money for all
those parts of the island subject to her dominion.
After the death of Agathocles, a tyi'ant named Phintias rose to the
supreme power at Agrigentum, and extended his dominions over a large
part of Sicily besides Agi-igentum.
108
SICILY.
Phintias Tyrant.
AKPATANTOC Head of Apollo.
Id.
Clrc. B.C. 287-279.
ct>| Two eagles on hare
I ., Eacflc lookiuer back
. /E -8
• ^^ -55
Coins struck by Phintias for all his dominions.
Head of river Akragas, horned, and
with flowing hair, crowned with
reeds [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL A. 1 6].
Head of Artemis.
Id. with ^HTE I PA.
BAIIAEOC 0INTIA Wild hoar ^-8
Id.
Id.
^•8
JE-8
The type of these coins illustrates in a remarkable manner a passage of
Diodorus [Reliq. xxii. 7), in which he tells how Phintias elh^v dvap br]Xovv
T')]V Tov l3iov KaTa(TTpo(f)i]v, vv aypLov Kvvr]yovvTos opixijaat Kar avrov Tr]V
vv, Koi Ti]v TiXevpav avrov rot? obodcrt TraTa^at kol hiekaaavra t'i]v TrArjyijv
KTelvai. We seem here to have a clear instance of a coin-type having
been chosen with the avowed object of propitiating the goddess Artemis
whose anger the tyrant probably thought he had incurred.
Circ. B.C. 279-241.
Nearly all the remaining coins of Agrigentum may be classed to this
period, during which the city was for the most part an independent ally
of the Carthaginians against the Romans and Hieron II.
On the conclusion of the first Punic War (b. g. 241) Agrigentum passed
under Roman dominion.
AKPATANTlNnN Eagle with spread
wings, various letters in the field
Head of Zeus.
Head of Apollo, a serpent sometimes
crawling up in front.
AKPATANTlNnN Young head of
Zeus Soter diademed.
Head of Apollo.
Id.
Two Eagles on hare
M 58 and 26 grs.
.... .E .85
AlOC ^HTHPO^ Eagle on fulmen .
yE.85
AKPArANTlNnN Tripod . ^-85
„ Naked warrior
thrusting with spear . . . JE -g^
Cicero (T'err. iv. 43) mentions a statue of Apollo by Myron which stood
in the temple of Asklepios at Agrigentum. The curious coin-type above
described, whore a serpent is seen crawling vip the face of Apollo, taken in
conjunction with the words of Cicero, seems to indicate a connection
between the cultus of ApoUo and Asklepios at Agrigentum.
Circ. B.C. 241-210, and later.
Head of Persephone. Behind, BHC IOC
in front, ACKAAniOC.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Asklepios.
Female head.
AKPArANTlNnN Asklepios standing.
yE.85
„ Eagle on fulmen.
JE-g
„ Serpent-staff .
M .75
,, Tripod . . ^ -7
A GBIGENTUM—A GYlilVM.
109
The two last described coins sometimes occur with the name of the
Roman Quaestor Manius Acilius on the reverse instead of
AKPATANTlNnN.
For the Imperial coins of Agrigentum struck under Augustus, see
B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. i%.
Agyrium was a large town in the interior of Sicily, standing on a steep
hill, almost midway between Enna and Centuripae. At this town
Herakles, during his wanderings in Sicily, had been received with divine
honours, and down to a late period Herakles, his kinsman lolaos, and
Geryon, continued to be revered there. Its coins fall into three periods.
Circ. B.C. 420-345.
ATYPINAI \Vlieel ^.9
PAAATKAIOS Forepart of man-
headed bull iE -7
Eagle with closed wings.
ATYPINAION Young male head
(lolaos V).
These two coins belong to the time when the city was governed by
a tyrant named Agyris, a contemporary and ally of Dionysius (Diod. xiv.
9) 7^j 95)- Palankaios is perhaps the name of a river.
Giro. B.C. 345-300.
About the middle of the fourth century Agyrium was governed by
another tyrant, by name Apolloniades. This despot was deposed by
Timoleon, b. c. 339. The coins which I would give to the years im-
mediately preceding the liberation by Timoleon are the following : —
Head of Herakles.
^Ian-headed bull, and star.
Head of young Herakles or lolaos
wearing taenia and lion's skin.
Head of Apollo, behind, bow.
The following, from their types, appear to be subsequent to b. c. 339 : —
ATYPlNAinN Fulmen, in field r.,
eagle tE I•
A T Y P I N A I H N Club and bow (1 ) (re-
struck on previous coins) . . JE i •
ATYPlNAinN Free horse . M \-
Forepart of roan-lieaded bull . M 1-2
Id M\-2
APYPlNAinN Leopard or lioness
devouring a hare . . . . tE i-i
ATYPlNAinN Hoimd on scent iE .7
lEY^ EAEYOEPIO^ Head of Zeus
Eleutherios laur.
Head of Pallas in crested helmet.
Head of young River-god horned.
After B. c. 300 we hear of Agyrium as subject to Phintias of Agri-
gentum. Subsequently the territory of the city was largely increased by
Hieron of Syracuse, and even under Roman rule it remained a place of
some importance. It is to this late period that the following coins
belong : — -
After B.C. 241.
Eni CnnATPOY HeadofZeus.
Head of bearded Herakles.
ATYPlNAinN lolaos in hunter's
dress, holds horn and pedum, at his
feet, dog. Above, Nike . . tE -9
ATYPlNAinN lolaos burning the
necks of the Hydra with a hot iron .
■d^-75
no
SICILY.
Alaesa was built on a hill about eight stadia from the sea (Diod. xiv.
1 6), on the north side of Sicily, in the year B.C. 403, by a colony of
Sikels under a chief named Archonides, after whom the city was some-
times called Alaesa Archonidea (cf. the inscriptions on the late coins).
Its earliest coins date from the period of Timoleon's war with the
Carthaginians (b. c. 340), when many Sikel and Sicanian towns joined the
alliance against the Carthaginians (Diod. xvi. 73). From the inscription
AAAIClNnN ^YMMAXIKON Alaesa would seem to have been the head
quarters of the Sicilian allies of Timoleon, but, as the word AAAI CI NHN
is sometimes wanting, there is no absolute proof that all the coins of the
allies were struck there.
Circ. B.C. 340.
lEYC EAEYOEPIOC Head of Zeus
Eleutherios.
? I K E A I A Head of nymph Sikelia.
APXArETAC Head of Apollo.
Head of Sikelia, in myrtle-wreath.
KAINON Free horse prancing.
AAAIClNnN SYMMAXIKON Torch
between two ears of corn . . A^ \-2
CYMMAXIKON Id. . . . ^E i-
„ . . . M 1.2
,, Fulmen and grapes.
AAAjIClNHN Lyre. . . . ^ .9
Griffin running, 1 ^ -85
The heads of Zeus Eleutherios, of Apollo as original leader of the
colonists, and of Sikelia herself, are all most appropriate on coins of an
alliance formed under the auspices of Timoleon, as are also the torch and
ears of corn, the symbols of Demeter and Persephone, under whose
special protection Timoleon set out (Plut. Tim. c. 8 ; Diod. xvi. 66).
The remaining coins of Alaesa belong to the following century, when
it began, simultaneously with many other Sicilian towns, to coin money
again after its submission to Rome during the First Punic War.
After circ. B.C. 241.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Apollo.
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of Artemis.
AAAICAC APX. Eagle . . . M -85
,, ,, Clasped hands M -9
„ „ Apollo beside lyre .
yE.85
„ Lyre . . . ^ -65
„ Tripod . . M .55
,, „ Naked figure resting
on spear -^ -5
AAAItAC APX. Cuirass . .^.5
„ „ Quiver and bow . .
JG.5
Considerably later than the foregoing are the coins of Alaesa with
Latin inscriptions : —
HAL. ARC. Headof Artemis (1). Tripod ^.-8
CAEC. R. II VIR Lyre . . .^85
HALAESA ARC. Head of Apollo (?). M. CASSIVS M. ANT Wreath M -9
Aluntium {San Marco), on the north coast of the island between
Tyndaris and Calacto, a Sikel town of no great importance. Its origin
was ascribed to the followers of Aeneas under a leader named Patron.
ALAESA—CALACTE.
Ill
Circ. B. c. 400.
Head of Pallas in round crested
helmet.
AAONTINON Sepia
• ^^ -75
Circ. B.C. 241-210, or earlier.
Head of bearded Herakles.
Head of Patron in Phrygian helmet.
Head of bearded Herakles.
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of Hermes.
AAONTlNflN Eagle on part of car-
case JEt !•
AAONTlNnNMan-headedbull (River-
god), spouting water from his mouth.
^•85
AAONTINnN Club and bow-case
„ in two lines, within
wreath ^E -5
AAONTINnN Caduceus . .^-5
Amestratus [Mistretta) on the northern coast, about ten miles west of
Calacte, a town mentioned only by Cicero and Stephanus.
Circ. B.C. 241-210, or earlier.
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of Artemis.
AMHCTPATI NnN Armed horseman
galloping, above AEY . . . JEt -65
AMHCTPATlNnN Apollo standing
with lyre tE -8
Assorus (Assaro), an inland Sikel town, midway between Enna and
Agyrium.
After B.C. 210.
ASSORV Head of Apollo. CRYSAS River-god Chrysas, naked,
standing, holding amphora and cor-
Female head wearing stephane.
nucopiae JE -85
ASSORV Yoke of oxen . . .^-75
The figure on the fii'st of these coins is probably a copy of that
'simulacrum praeclare factum ex marmore' which Cicero (Ferr. iy. 44)
describes as having stood on the road from Enna to Assorus, perhaps on
the bank of the river Chrysas.
Caeua. Concerning the coins reading KAlNON, sometimes ascribed to
this town, see Alaesa and p. 102.
Calacte, on the northern coast, midway between Tyndaris and Cepha-
loedium, was a Peloponnesian colony founded in b. c. 446 by the Sikel
chief Ducetius on his return from his exile at Corinth. Its coins are all
of a late period.
Circ. B.C. 241-210.
Head of Pallas in crested Athenian KAAAKTI NHN Owl on amphora ^ -8
helmet.
Head of Dionysos.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Hermes.
Grapes . . . iE -65
Lyre . . . JE -6
Caduceus . . ^ -5
The first of the above coins is clearly copied from the late Athenian
coins.
112
SICILY.
Camarina was a colony of Syi'acuse, founded circ. b. c. 599, between
the mouths of the Oanis and the Hipparis, on the south coast of Sicily.
In consequence of a revolt against Syracuse it was destroyed by that city
in B. c. 552. In B. c. 495 it was rebuilt and recolonized by Hippocrates,
tyrant of Gela, but again destroyed about b. c. 485 by Gelon, tyrant of
Syracuse. To this period of ten years the following archaic silver litrae
seem to belong.
Circ. B.C. 495-485.
KAMARINAION) Pallas standmg.
KAMARINAIA J [Gardner, Types
KAMARINAIO? J 6V.C'.,P1.II.3, 4.]
Nike flying ; beneath,
whole in olive-wreath
a swan : the
. M i^ grs.
The city was once more rebuilt as a colony of Gela in B. c. 461, and
from this time until the removal of its citizens to Syracuse in b. c. 405
it enjoyed great prosperity. Pindar's fourth Olympian ode records the
victory of Psaumis the Camarinaean in the chariot race b. c. 456 or 453,
an agonistic victory which Mr. Poole [Coins of Camarina, p. 2) believes
to be commemorated on the tetradrachms of Camarina, struck during
the latter half of the fifth century.
Circ. B.C. 461-405.
Corinthian helmet on round shield.
KAMARI Dwarf fan-palm with fruit,
between two greaves
JR Didrachm, 130 grs.
Quadriga driven by Pallas, above, Nike
crowning her ; in exergue sometimes
a swan flying . . M Tetradrachm.
On the later specimens the head of Herakles is not bearded, and an
artist's name EZAKESTIAA^ is sometimes written on the exergual lino
(Fig. 69).
KAMARINAION Head of bearded
Herakles in lion's skin
[Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. VI. 12].
Fig. 69.
To the close of this period belong the following beautiful didrachms :
CAMARINA — CAT AN A.
113
Horned head of youthful River-god
Hipparis, sometimes facing, and
surrounded by an undulating border
of waves with fish in the field ;
sometimes in profile with legend
IPPAPI^. Artists' names EYAI
[^eT-of] and EZAKE[cr7-i8rts-].
Head of Nymph Camarina facing, with
hair flying loose.
K A M A P I N A Head of Camarina, hair
in sphendone.
The smaller silver coins are litrae weighing 13 grs. maximum.
KAMAPlNAorKAMAPlNAION The
Nymph Camarina with inflated veil,
riding on a swan which swims
over the waves of the Caraarinaean
Lake amid which one or more fishes
(Fig. 70) . . . . M Didrachm,
K AM API Nike flying, holding cadu-
cous M, Drachm.
Flying Nike carrying shield ....
M. Drachm.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Nymph Camarina.
Id.
Nike with streaming fillet.
Id.
Swan swimminff over waves.
Concerning these coins Poole remarks (/. c.) that nothing can be more
striking than the agreement of the coin-types with the words of Pindar,
' with both, the Nymph Kamarina holds the foremost but not the highest
place in the local worship, with both, Pallas is the tutelary divinity,
with both, the reverence for the river Hipparis is associated with that for
the sacred lake.'
The bronze coins of Camarina yield a litra of 221 grs. Cf. remarks on
the bronze money of Himera, p. 128.
Trias. Gorgon-head.
Uncia.
Head of Pallas.
Gorgon-head.
Head of Pallas.
Circ. B.C. 415(1)-405.
(KAMA Owl and lizard
Id.
Id.
Id.
^65 grs.
M 54 grs.
M 1 4 grs.
M20 grs.
Circ. B. c. 345.
In the time of Timoleon Camarina recovered to some extent from the
calamities inflicted upon her by the Carthaginians (Diod. xvi. 82). It is
to this period that both style and types of the following coin seem
to point : —
KAMAPlNAinN Head of Pallas in
round Athenian helmet.
Free horse prancing
M .6
After this time no coins of Camarina are known.
Catana, which stood at the foot of Mount Aetna, was a Chalcidian
colony from Naxus.
Its inhabitants were expelled by Hieron of Syracuse B.C. 476, to make
way for a colony of Syracusans. These were, however, driven out
B.C. 461, and the old inhabitants restored. The name of the town was
changed to Aetna by Hieron when he founded his new colony there, but
it was again called Catana after B.C. 461.
I
114
SICTLY
Before circ. b. c. 476.
Man-headed bull with one knee heut ;
beneath, fish, pistrix, or floral orna-
ment ; above, sometimes, branch,
water-fowl, or kneeling SilenoB. The
whole within a border of dots.
Bull standing, crowned by flying Nike
with fillet.
KATANEor KATANAION Catana as
Nike running, holding fillet or
wreath or both ; the whole in incuse
circle (Fig. 71) . ^K Tetradrachni.
KATANAION Similar
AX Tetradrachm.
In style these tetradrachms are decidedly in advance of the con-
temporary coins of most other Sicilian cities. With regard to the mean-
ing of the types, it is perhaps preferable to look upon the bull as the
river-god Amenanus (who on later coins is represented in human form)
rather than, with Eckhel, as the tauriform Dionysos. The city in the
guise of Victory on the reverse may bo supposed to be about to sacrifice
to the divinity of the stream.
Head of bald Silenos with pointed
ears.
KATANE Fulmen with two curled
wings . . M, Litra, 13 grs. max.
The form of the fulmen on these coins is unusual.
Coinage of Catana under the name of Aetna.
B.C. 476-461.
I T N A 1 0 N Head of bald and bearded
Silenos to the right, with jDointed
ear, and eye in profile, lower eyelids
slightly indicated ; he wears a
wreath of ivy ; beneath, scarabaeus.
The whole within a border of dots
(Fig. 72).
Zeus Aetnaeos seated, right, on a richly
ornamented throne covered with a
lion's skin. He is clad in a \\xa.rLov
which hangs over his left shoulder
and arm, and he holds in his ex-
tended left hand a winged fulmen
similar in form to those on the other
Catanaeau coins. His right shoulder
is bare and his right arm, slightly
raised, rests on a knotted vine-staff
bent into a crook at the top. In the
field in front of the figure is an eagle
with closed wings perched on the top
of a pine-tree . /ll Tetradr., 266 grs.
CATANA, AETNA.
115
This unique coin, now in the Cabinet of the Baron de Hirsch, is in
many ways highly instructive as showing the point of development
which art had attained in Sicily between B.C. 476 and 461. The scarabaei
of Aetna were remarkable for their enormous size(cf. Schol. Ar. Pac, 73),
hence the scarab as a symbol on the obverse.
As Mount Aetna was also famous for its prolific vines (cf. Sfrab., p. 269),
Zeus Airyaio?, under whose special protection the city of Aetna was
placed, is appropriately shown as resting on a vine-staff. The pine-tree
is also a local symbol no less characteristic than the vine-staff, for the
slopes of Mount Aetna were at one time richly clad with pine and fir
trees, ti]v Alrvqv opos ye^xov Kar eKeCrovs tovs ^(^povovs TToXvTeXovs eXdr-qs
re Kal tt€vki)s, Diod. xiv. 43. Cf. Pindar, P^tJt., i. 53. For a full account
of this coin, see Num. CJiron., 1883, p. 171.
AITNAI Winged fulmen, as on tetra-
draclim, the whole in incuse circle .
M Litra or Obol.
Similar head of Silenos, sometimes
with ivy-wreath, as on the tetra-
drachm, sometimes laureate, and
sometimes hare.
The Aetnaeans, expelled B.C. 461, retired to a neighbouring stronghold
called Inessa, to which they transferred the name of Aetna. For the
coins struck at this new Aetna, see p. 104.
Coinage of Catana after the restoration.
B.C. 461-415.
This period was one of great prosperity throughout Sicily. Every-
where art, as exemplified on the coinage, now makes rapid progress,
shaking off one by one the fetters of conventionalism and striving to
attain a fuller freedom. It has been well called the period of transition.
Inscr. KATANAION or KATANAIO^, never KATANAinN.
Head of Apollo laur., hair usually-
gathered up behind and tucked
under the string of his wreath.
Quadriga of walking horses, on the
later specimens a flying Nike .
ifl Tetradrachm.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 20.]
Young male head with short hair
laureate, hut not resembling Apollo.
Perhaps he is the river-god Ame-
nanus, although without the horn.
Id. (Fig. 73).
M. Tetradrachm.
Circ. B. c. 415-403.
Catana was for a time the head quarters of the Athenians during their
expedition against Syracuse. The following coins date from this time
I %
116
SICILY.
until the capture of the city by Dionysius in B. c. 403, when, according
to his frequent practice, he sold the population into slavery and gave up
the city to his Campanian mercenaries.
Head of Pallas ; ou her helmet a sea-
horse.
Two olive-leaves with berries ; between
them KA iy 18 grs.
[B. M. Guide, PL XVI. 19.]
This little gold coin might with equal probability be attributed to
Camarina.
The tetradrachms of this period always have the inscr. KATANAIflN.
The heads of Amenanus (?) in profile resemble those of the previous period,
but belong to a more advanced stage of art (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., PL A. 17).
The horses of the chariot on the reverse are in rapid action. On one
beautiful specimen, signed on the reverse by the Syracusan engraver
Euainetos, the chariot is seen wheeling round the goal. Aquatic
symbols, such as a crab or a crayfish, are often added on one or other side
of the coin. Some pieces are signed by an artist named PPOKAH^, who
worked also for the Naxian mint (Weil, Winckelmatins-Frogravim, 1884,
PL II. 12). The following are the most important silver coins of this time : —
Head of Apollo laur. facing, between
a bow and a lyre. Beneath,
APOAAnN ; artist's name,
XOIPinN.
KATANAinN Fast quadriga; in the
background an Ionic column (the
meta). In ex. crayfish
J& Tetradrachra.
^?^.,
Fig. 74.
Of this coin a variety, signed by the engraver Herakleidas, shows a
laureate head facing with loose hair (Fig. 74). On some specimens the
Nike holding wreath and caduceus is descending through the air in an
upright posture towards the charioteer.
Some of the heads on the Catanaean tetradrachms are bound with
a plain taenia in place of the laurel- wreath ; all such (and apparently
some also which are laureate) are heads of the river Amenanus, although
he is without the characteristic horn of the river-god. On the following
small denominations Amenanus is represented as a horned youth : —
Young head of Amenanus horned, with
lank loose hair, three-quarter face.
Around two river-fishes.
AM EN AN 0^ Similar head in pro-
file, lioi-iied, and bound with taenia.
Beneath artist's signature, EYAI,
around, crayfish and two river-
fislu's.
AMENANOS Full-face head of
Amenanus horned, with wavy flow-
ing hair. Artist's signature, XOL
Fast quadriga
M Drachm.
Similar M, Drachm,
Quadriga driven bj' Pallas. Beneath,
]\Iaeander-pattern. Artist's name
HPAKAEIAA^ . . . ^l Drachm'
CATANA.
117
Head of bald and bearded Silenos
facing.
Id.
Head of bald Silenos in profile, some-
times with ivy-wreath.
Head of nymph wearing sphendone.
Head of Amenanus wearing taenia .
M, Drachm.
Head of Apollo laur., right ....
JH Half-drachm.
Fulmen with two wings. In field two
disks . M, Litra and smaller coins.
Rushing bull . . . M, Obol or Litra.
There are not many bronze coins of Catana which can be attributed to
the best period of art. The following may, however, be mentioned : —
KATANAinN Head of Persephone,
as on Dekadrachms of Sj'racuse,
around do]])hins.
KATANAinN Head of Persephone
with long hair.
AMENANO^ Young horned head of
river-ffod.
Man-headed bull walking
^•95
Fulmen as above ^ -75
Fulmen with spread wings . . ^E -55
Of the subsequent historj^ Of Catana we possess very shght infor-
mation. We know that tlie city continued to exist, but it does not seem
to have struck any coins whatever for more than a century. During the
First Punic War it submitted to Rome, and under the Roman rule it
attained great prosperity.
The bronze coins of Catana, which belong chiefly to the end of the
third and to the second century, are very numerous.
Head of Pallas.
Reclining river-god.
Head of Silenos.
Heads of Serapis and Isis.
Fulmen and thyrsos . . . . iE -65
Helmets of the Dioskuri . . . M -i^
Grapes -^ -5
Two ears of corn ^ "5
With marks of value.
Litra. Head of Poseidon.
Dekonliion. Heads of Serapis and Isis.
PentonMon. Head of Apollo.
Hexas. Id.
Head of young Dionysos.
One of the Catanaean brothers carry-
ino; his father.
Dolphin. Mk. of value XII ^-55
Apollo standing ,, „ X ^ -8
Isis standing,
holds bird „ „ V M -B
Id. „ „ II M-s
The Catanaean brothers carrying their
parents M •?>
The other brother carrying his mother.
^■7-5
These types allude to a popular tale that once during a fearful
eruption of Aetna in the fifth century, when a stream of lava was
descending upon Catana, and when every man was eagerly bent upon
saving his valuables, the brothers Amphinomos and Anapias bore off on
their shoulders their aged parents, but the lava overtook them heavily
laden as they were, and their doom seemed inevitable, when the fiery
stream miraculously parted and let them pass scatheless. Ever after
the Catanaean brethren were held up as types of filial piety, and received
divine honours (Holm, Gesch. Sic, i. p. 25).
118
SICILY.
Head of j'oung Dionysos.
Head of Hermep.
Head of Zeus Ammon.
Head of Serapis.
Janiform head of Serajjis wearing
modius.
Dionysos in car drawn by panthers .
M .9
Nike with wreath and palm . tE -8
Aequitas with scales and coruucopiae .
M -9
Isis standing with sceptre and sisti'um,
beside her Harpokrates . . yE i-
Demeter standing with torch and ears
of corn ^ -95
The coins with marks of value in Koman numerals are clearly con-
temporary with those of Rhegium with similar marks (p. 96). There is
no evidence that the money of Catana was continued after the end
of the second or the beginning of the first century b. c.
Centuripae was a city of the Sikels of some importance as a strong
place. No coins are known of it before the middle of the fourth
century, when, in common with many other Sicilian towns, it was
liberated from tyrannical rule by Timoleon (b.c. 339). It then restruck
the large bronze coins of Syracuse {ohv. Head of Pallas, rev. Star-fish
between dolphins) with its own types : — •
Circ. B.C. 339.
Head of Persejahone as on Syracusan
medallions.
KENTOPIPlNnN Leopard . M 1-2
Between this time and that of the First Punic War, when it submitted
to Rome, no coins are known.
After circ
B.C. 241.
Dekonkion.
Head of Zeus.
Winged fulmen
A
JE I-
Hemilitron.
Head of Apollo.
Lyre
• • •
• • •
M.95
Trias.
Hexas.
Uncertain.
Head of Artemis.
Head of Demeter.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Apollo.
Tripod
Plough, on which bird
Club
Laurel-bough
• • •
• •
XI
MSB
.E.65
^•5
In style these coins are very uniform, and they seem to be all of the
thii'd century B. c. The territory of Centuripae was very productive of
corn, and the inhabitants were farmers on a large scale, 'arant enim tota
Sicilia fere Centuripini ' (Cic. T'err., iii. 45).
Cephaloedium, on the north side of the island, stood, as its name implies,
on a headland jutting out into the sea. In early times it formed part of
the territory of Himera. In b. c. 254 it fell into the hands of the Romans,
and it is to this period of Roman dominion that its coins belong.
Circ. B.C. 254-210 {and laterl).
KE0AAOIAIOY Head of younj
Herakles.
Head of bearded Herakles, laur.
Id.
Head of Hermes.
C. CANINIVS II
head.
VI R VouniT mnlo
Pegasos ^^ -5
KE<|)A Herakles standing . . M -95
Club, bow, quiver, and lion's
^ -9
Caduceus -^^ -5
Herakles holding club and
^1^-95
skin
KE(t)A
apple
CENTUBIPAE — ENTELLA.
119
Enna, in the centre of Sicily, stood on a fertile plateau, about three
miles in extent, on the lofty summit of a mountain defended on all sides
by steep cliffs. It Avas held to be one of the most sacred places in Sicily,
being the chief seat of the cultus of Demeter, and the scene of the rape
of Persephone. Its earliest coins are Vilrae of the period of early transi-
tional art.
Circ. B. c. 450.
Quadriga driven by Demeter.
The bronze coins of Enna are of two distinct periods
HENNAION Demeter- with lighted
torch sacrificing at altar ....
M Obol or Litra.
Circ. B. c. 340.
Head of Persephone,
AAMATHP Head of Demeter Avear-
ing corn- wreath.
Id.
ENNAI (in ex.) Goat standing in front
of torch l^etween two ears of corn
tE 1. 15
ENNAinN Head of sacrificial ox
with filleted horns . . M i-
EN Two corn-grains . . . JE -6
ENNAinN Demeter standing hold-
ing torch, and figure of Nike.
ENNAinN Triptolemos standing
naked, holding sceptre.
ENNAinN Head of Hermes.
Under the Romans after B. c. 258.
I Grapes in wreath iE -9
Plough drawn by serpents . . . ^ -9
Figure seated (1) before tree . . M -"j
These statues of Demeter and Triptolemos, the former holding in her
hand a Victory, are mentioned by Cicero (Ferr., iv. 49).
The coins of Enna as a Roman Municipium, reading MVN. HENNAE,
are the latest which we possess of the town. They bear the names
of M. CESTIVS and L. MVNACIVS II VIR[I, and among the remarkable
reverse-types are Hades in quadriga carrying off Persephoiie and Tnj)tolemos
standing holding ears of corn.
Entella, originally a Sicanian town, stood on a lofty summit in the
interior of the island on the river Hypsas. Its earliest coins are of
silver : —
Female figure sacrificing.
Circ. B.C. 480-450.
EN TEA (retrog.) jMan-headed bull
(river Hypsas) . . . . M, Litra.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. E NT (retrog.) '^* ^51 Hemilitron.
In B. c. 404 the Campanian mercenaries who had been in the service of
the Carthaginians seized upon Entella, which they held for many years.
The following coins were struck under their occupation, but not until the
time of Timoleon. (Head, Syracuse^ P- 3*5 note.) For other coins struck
by the Campanians in Sicily, see Aetna and Nacona.
120
SICILY.
Circ. B. c
EN TEA A AS Head of Demeter in
corn-wreath.
EN TEA A . . Head of bearded Ares
in I'lose fitting helmet, laur.
EN TEA A . . Close fitting helmet.
. 340.
KAMPANnN Pegasos .
JE -8
,5 Pegasos or free horse.
M .85
Id M .85
On some of the specimens struck in the name of the Campanians that
of Entella is wantiner.
Head of Helios :
ATPATINOY
Period of Roman Dominion.
magistrate's name
eNTCAAlNuuN Female figure with
patera and cornucopiae . . . -^ -7
This magistrate's name also occurs on coins of Lilybaeum.
Eryx stood on the summit of a lofty isolated mountain at the north-
west extremity of Sicily. Here was the far famed Temple of Aphrodite
Erycina of Phoenician origin. In the archaic period Eryx would seem
from its coin-types to have been for a time dependent upon Agrigentum,
probably, like Himera, in the time of Theron.
Before circ. b. c. 480.
Eagle on I Crab .
vR Drachms and Obols,
ERVKINON (retrog.)
capital of column. I
In the Transitional peiiod the town appears to have been in close re-
lations with the neighbouring city of Segesta, for the reverse-type the dog is
common to the coins of both towns. Cf. also the unexplained termination
II B which occurs on coins of this city as well as at Segesta (see Segesta).
Circ. B.C. 480-415.
Head of Aphrodite facing.
Head of Ajihrodite r., in sjihendone.
EPYKINON or ERVKAIIB Female
figui'e sacrificing. '
Circ. B.C. 415-400.
Quadriga, horses in rapid action.
ERVKINON (retrog.) Dog . .fl Obol.
IRVKAII[B Dog and three stalks of
corn M Didr.
Dog M Obol.
Aphrodite seated, holding dove.
Aphrodite seated, crowned by flying
Eros.
Aphrodite seated, drawing towards her
a naked youth (wingless Eros).
Head of Aphrodite r., in sphendone.
EPYKINON Aphrodite seated, holding
dove ; before her a winged youth,
Eros [Gardner, Tyjpes Gr.C, Pl.VI. 3]
M Tetradraehm.
EPYKINON Dog . M Litra or Obol.
Id. . . „
„ Dog on prostrate hare
M Litra or Obol.
Dog . M \ Lit. or \ Ob.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
During the greater part of the fourth century Eryx was in the hands
of the Carthaginians, and it is to this period that the coins with the
Punic inscr. IIN belong.
ERYX— GEL A.
121
Head of Aphrodite 1.
Head of Pallas.
Punic inscr. Bull standing M Obol,
„ Pegasos . . M Didr,
EPYK I NnN Head of Zeus Eleuthe-
rios.
Trias. Bearded head,
Hexas. Id.
The last type is due to the influence of the Corinthian coinao-e in
Timoleon's time.
There are also bronze coins which belong to the middle of the fourth
century.
Aphrodite seated . . . . M t-25
(Eestruck on large M of Syracuse.)
Dog ... ^1-05
Id. . . ^ .8
This bearded head may be intended for that of the eponymous hero
Eryx.
After circ. B.C. 241.
Head of Aphrodite. I CPYKI NHN Herakles standing . .
I ^.85
In Koman times the sanctuary of Aphrodite Erycina was held in
great honour, a body of troops being appointed to watch over it, and
the principal cities of Sicily being ordered to contribute towards the
cost of its maintenance in due splendour.
Galaria {Gaglianol). An ancient Sikel town about six miles to the
north of Agyrium, founded, according to Stephanus, by Morges, a Sikel
chief.
Before circ. b. c. 480.
COTER (retrog.) Zeus seated holding I CAAA Dionysos standing, holding
eagle. kantharos and vine-branch ....
I M. Obol or Litra.
[Gardner, Types Gr. C., PI. II. i, 2.]
Dionysos standing, holds kantharos j CAAARI-NON Vine-branch with
and thyrsos. j grapes . . . . M Obol.
Gela. After Syracuse and Agrigentum, Gela was the wealthiest city
in Sicily in early times. In the reigns of Hippocrates, B.C. 498-491,
and Gelon, B.C. 491-485, it extended its dominion over a large part of
the island. Gelon even made himself master of Syracuse, and trans-
ported thither a great portion of the population of Gela, after which its
prosperity began to wane.
The city stood at the mouth of the river Gelas, ' immanisque Gela
fluvii cognomine dicta' {Aen. iii. 702), and the figure of this river in the
form of a rushing man-headed bull forms the type of nearly all its coins.
Before circ. b. c. 466.
Fig. 75.
122
SICILY.
Quadriga, horses walking, with Nike
floating above. On some specimens
the meta or goal, in the form of an
Ionic column, is seen behind the
horses.
Naked horseman armed, with helmet,
wielding sjDear, horse prancing.
CEAA? Fore-part of bearded man-
headed bull (Fig. 75) . M Tetradr.
CEAA2 Bull represented entire,
prancing r M Tetradr.
[Num. Chron., 1883, PI. IX. 3.]
The type of the first of these tetradrachms is agonistic, and alludes
perhaps to some Olympic or other victory of an ancestor of Gelon's.
The horseman is perhaps a local hero.
Similar horseman.
Horse with bridle; above, a victor's
Avreath.
Fore-part of Gelas.
CEAAC Fore-part of man-headed
bull ^iDidr.
Similar M Litra.
Wheel M Obol.
On some of the litrae the name is written CEAA, but this is an
abbreviation, as it is probable that the name of the river was Gelas, not
Gela, cf. the Akragas, the Hypsas, the Himeras, etc., etc.
After the expulsion from Syracuse of the dynasty of Gelon in B.C. 466,
the inhabitants of Gela, who had been forcibly removed to Syracuse,
returned to their native town, and from this time until its destruction
by the Carthaginians in B.C. 405 it enjoyed great prosperity.
Circ. B.C. 466-415.
Quadriga of walking horses, above
Nike or a wreath ; in ex. often a
floral scroll, sometimes, a stork
flying.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 22.]
PEAOION (rctrog.) Similar.
CEAAl and later PEAA^ Fore-part
of man-headed bull : beneath, some-
times an aquatic bird . Ai Tetradr.
^OCIPOAI^ (retrog.) Female figure
placing a wreath on the head of the
bull Gelas . . . . M Tetradr.
[Num. Chron., 1883, PI. IX. 4.]
The goddess here called Sosipolis is the guardian divinity or Tyche of
the city. She is represented as crowning the river-god in return for the
blessings conferred by him upon the Geloan territory.
Horseman armed with shield and spear.
CEAA^ Fore-j)art of man-headed bull
M Litra or Obol.
Circ. B.C. 415-405.
Armed horseman r., horse walking . .
M wt. 27 grs.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 23.]
I ^fl^lPOAl^ Head of goddess, hair
I in sjihendonc . . . A Avt. 18 grs.
Tlie period immediately succeeding the defeat of the Athenians is
FEAAC Fore-part of bull, Gelas;
above, corn-grain.
Similar,
GELA.
123
that to which all these small Sicilian gold coins of Syracuse, Gela, and
Catana, weighing 27, 18, and 9 grs., undoubtedly belong.
Fig. 76.
TEAniON Winged Nike driving
quadriga of walking horses, in field
above, a wreatb (Fig. 76).
Head of young river-god Gelas, horned
and bound with taenia. Around,
three river-fishes . . M, Tetradr.
The presence of the CI on this and the preceding coin shows that they
belong to the last decade before the destruction of the city.
Armed horseman spearing prostrate
foe.
Armed horseman striking downwards
with spear.
[Imhoof, Mon.
fEAfll ON Winged or wingless Nike
driving quadriga of galloping horses;
above, an eagle flying with a serpent
in his claws. In ex., often, ear of
corn.
rEAA[C Similar head of Gelas: the
whole within a wreath
M, Didrachm.
rEAA2 Fore-part of man-headed bull
JH Hemidrachm.
Gr., PI. B. 2.]
FEAA^ (retrog.) Fore-part of man-
headed bull, Gelas. In field, often, a
corn-grain . . . . M, Tetradr.
Tetradrachms such as the above, with the horses in high action,
resemble those struck at Syracuse after the final defeat of the Athenians,
signed by the artists Kimon, Euainetos, etc.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin ;
symbol, astragalos.
Head of young '^river-god with loose
hair. Behind, corn-grain.
TEAA^ Head of young Gelas horned
and bound with taenia.
Head of young Gelas with floating
hair, symbol, corn-grain.
Head of bearded Herakles.
TEAniriN Head of Demeter facing,
crowned with corn.
rEAfllflN Bearded human head of
I'iver Gelas ci'owned with corn
M Obol or Litra.
PEA AC River Gelas as a bull walk-
ing with head lowered
Trias, • • • ^E -65
Bull with lowered head
Trias, • . • ^ -75
PEA AC Bull Gelas as on Trias . .
Uncia(]) iE -45
PEAninN Bearded human head of
river Gelas crowned with corn
M -65—45
Similar head of Gelas . . . ^ -55
The corn-wreath and corn-grain which so often appear in conjunction
with the head of the river-god sufficiently indicate that to his beneficent
124 SICILY.
influence the Geloans attributed the extraordinary fertility of their
plains. Even now the upper course of the Terranova is rich in woods,
vineyards, and corn-fields.
Circ. B.C. 340.
After an interval of more than half a century, during which the
prosperity of Gela was at a very low ebb, for it never recovered from
the ruin inflicted by the Carthaginians, it was recolonized B. c. 338, and
from this date until the time of Agathocles the town appears to have to
some extent regained its ancient prosperity, but it never again struck
large silver coins.
TEAA^ Head of bearded Gelas
honied.
[Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. VI. 38.]
EYNOMIA Head of Demeter, hair I TEAninN Bull on ear of coru . .
in spliendone. I M Diobol {1).
The epithet EYNOMIA, here applied to the goddess Demeter, may be
compared with that of YPIEIA on a coin of Metapontum (see above,
p. 64).
Warrior holding a ram, which he is I Free horse JE 1-05
about to sacrifice. |
Subsequently Phintias of Agrigentum, B. c. 287-279, removed the
inhabitants of Gela to a new city called after himself, at the mouth of
the river Himeras, midway between Gela and Agrigentum. Gela never-
theless continued to exist, and struck bronze coins after the time of the
Roman conquest.
After circ. B.C. 241.
Free horse
Ai Trihemiobol, wt. 16-2 grs.
Head of young river-god Gelas crowned
wdth reeds.
Head of Demeter crowned with corn.
r E A n I n N Warrior slaughtering ram
^.85
„ Ear of corn . . -^ -75
Heraclea Minoa. This city, which stood at the mouth of the river
Halycus, between Agrigentum and Selinus, was founded, according to
tradition, by the Cretan Minos. Subsequently it was colonized by a
body of Spartans (b. c. 510), who bestowed upon it the name of Heraclea.
Later on it fell into the hands of the Carthaginians and became indeed
one of their principal naval stations. At the close of the First Punic
War it passed under the dominion of the Komans. The Phoenician
name mp'PQ ti^"l, Resh Melkarth or Promontory of Herakles, is the
equivalent of the Greek Heraclea, to which also the original Cretan
name may have corresponded, Minos, Herakles, and Melkart, being but
three diff"erent forms of one and the same divinity.
The coinage of Heraclea belongs almost entirely to the time during
which the Carthaginians were most powerful in Sicily.
Head of I'crsephone crowned with
corn-leave.s and surrounded by dol-
j)hins. (('()]iicd from coins of Syra-
cuse.)
Bearded male head laureate.
Circ. B.C. 409-241.
Punic inscr. as above. Victorious quad-
riga as on coins of Sj'racuse . . .
M Tetradr.
Similar M Tetradr.
HERACLEA MINOA — HniEBA.
125
On some specimens this inscription is PPipJ'D ^£^^^■^. The work is at
first very good but rapidly degenerates.
Circ. B.C. 340.
There was a short interval, probably in Timoleon's time, during which
Heraclea was recovered by the Greeks. It would appear from the
following coins that it received at this time a fresh body of colonists
from the town of Cephaloedium (Holm, Gesc/i. Sic, ii. 478). The legend
of these coins is HP A KAE I ni AN EK KE<DAAOI AIOY.
Head of young Herakles. | Butting bull M -55
[Millingen, Anc. Coins, PL II. 11.]
Herbessus. There were two towns of this name in Sicily, one in the
Agrigentine territory, the other a Sikel town of more importance, a
little to the west of Syracuse. It is to this last that the coins are
usually attributed (Imhoof, 3Io7i. Gr., p. 20).
Circ. B. c. 340.
EPBH^^I NnN Head of Sikelia.
Id.
The head and neck of a bearded andro-
cejjhalous bull JE 1-2
Eagle with closed wings looking back
at serpent JE i-z
These coins belong to the age of Timoleon and are restruck over coins
of Syracuse with the head of Zeus Eleutherios.
Himera, on the north coast of Sicily, was an ancient Chalcidic colony
from Zancle, founded in the middle of the seventh century B. c. Of its
early history hardly anything is known. Its first coins, like those of
Zancle and Naxus, follow the Aeginetic standard (see p. 100).
Before circ. b. c. 482.
::^'JF0RN1A-^
Fig.
Cock (Fig. 77). Flat incuse square containing eight
triangular compartments, of which
four are in relief
JR Drachm, wt. 90 grs.
Ai Obol, wt. 15 grs.
Cock. Hen in incuse square . . M Drachm.
These coins occasionally bear the inscr. HI ME, and sometimes the
letters U, TV, or \[^\^, which remain unexplained. The cock, as an
emblem of Asklepios, refers to the healing properties of the thermal
springs near Himera. (Cf. the coins of Selinus, on which the cock as an
126
SICILY
adjunct symbol has the same signification.) This bird, as the herald of
the dawn of day, is thought by Eckhel to contain also an allusion to the
name of the town, lixipa, an old form of i)\xipa (Plato, CrafijL, 74';
Plutarch, De Pyth. Orac, xii.), but this is a very doubtful derivation.
Another unexplained word, I ATOM, is also found on early Hiraeraean
coins. This has been supposed to be a Greek rendering of an old
Phoenician name of Himera, J<-i< or N"'-
Circ. B.C. 482-472.
In B.C. 482 Theron of Agrigentum made himself master of Himera,
and in the next year, with the help of Gelon, gained a great victory over
the Carthaoinians, who had blockaded him in the town. Theron and
his son Thrasydaeus for some years after this exercised undisputed sway
over Himera, and reinforced its population with a Doric colony. At the
same time the old Chalcidic (Aeginetic) coinage was abolished, and
money of Attic weight introduced, on which the crab was adopted for the
reverse iy^Q as a badge of Agrigentine dominion.
HIMERA Cock. | Crab ^ Didr. 135 grs.
^ Dr. 65 gn
Cock.
Astragalos.
HIMERAION
Astragalos
M Dr. 65 grs.
. ^R Hexas 1.2 grs.
The astragalos as a religious symbol may refer to the practice of
consulting oracles by the throwing of aaTpdyakot (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth.,
iv. 337).
Circ. B.C. 472-415.
Theron died in B.C. 473, and soon afterwards his son Thrasydaeus was
expelled. From this time until b. c. 408, the date of the destruction of
the town by the Carthaginians, Himera appears to have enjoyed a time
of uninterrupted prosperity.
Fig. 78.
IMEPAION
horses (Fig
Quadriga of walking
78).
IMERA (retrog.) Nymph Himera
standing facing, wearing chiton and
ample peplos.
Nymph Himera sacrificing at an altar,
behind her is a small Silenos washing
himself in a stream of water which
falls upon him from a fountain in
the form of a lion's head ....
M Tetradr.
PEAOS' Pelops driving chariot, horses
walking ; in ex. palm-branch with
bunch of dates . . . ^H Tetradr.
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 3.]
HIMEBA. 127
The worship of Kronos at Himera is proved by a coin of the next
period; that of Pelops, whom Pindar calls Kpovios (01., iii. 41), falls
perhaps into the same cycle. The presence of Pelops on a Himeraean
coin might also be explained as referring to the Olympic victory gained
by Ergoteles of Himera in B.C. 472 (Pind. OL, xii.), for Pelops was
especially revered as the restorer of the Olympic festival.
IMEPAION Naked horseman riding I lATON Nymph Himera sacrificing, in
side^Yays on galloping horse. field caduceus and corn-grain .
I M Didr.
[Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. II. 38.]
NIKA Nike flying, holding aplustre .
M iDr.
HIMEPAION Naked youth riding
on a goat and holding a shell, bucci-
num, which he blows.
Monster with bearded human head, HIMEPAION Naked youth on goat
goat's horn, lion's paw, and cvuded JS, Litra.
wing. j
Bearded helmeted head. HIMEPAION Two greaves ^ Obol.
Bearded head. ' HIME Helmet .... ^ Obol.
Circ. B.C. 415-408.
Quadriga, horses in high action ; above, [ Nymph Himera sacrificing at altar;
Nike holding a tablet on which was I behind her, Silenos washing at foun-
once the artist's name. ' | tain M Tetradr.
[Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. VI. 2.]
KPONOS Bearded head of Kronos ! IMEPAinN Fulmen between two
bound with taenia. j corn-grains JSi Litra.
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 4.]
IMEPAinN Head of young Herakles Pallas standing facing, with shield and
in lion's skin.
spear . . . . M Obol or Litra.
Kronos was revered as an ancient king of Sicily at various places in
the island, of which one was probably at or near Himera (Diod. iii. 6i).
Beonze. Circ. B.C. 472-415.
The bronze coins of Himera fall into two distinct series : — ■
(a) Heavy class with marks of value.
Hemilitron. Gorgon head. i*** M 408 gfrs.
O • • • TO
Pentonkion. Id. ^* \ -^274 grs.
Tetras. Id. j * * HI ME PA (retrog.) M 330 grs.
Trias. Id. 1 ^'^ vE 253 grs.
(/3) Light class with marks of value.
Hermes (1) riding on goat. I KIMAPA or IMEPA Nike flying
I caiTying aplustre.
M -8 Hemilitron with \\\, M -6 Trias with • • • , and M -5 Hexas with . .
128
SICILY.
Circ. B.C. 415-408.
I M E Head of nymjoh Himera with
hair in sphentlone
Head of nymph facing.
* * * in wreath JE -6^
• • • ^
I ME Crayfish
^•5
Of the above series of bronze coins the fii-st, judging from the tetras,
yields a litra of 990 grs., while the second only yields one of less than
200 grs. At Agrigentum during the same period the litra appears to
fall only from 750 to 613 gi^s., and there even in the latter half of the
fourth centurj^ it stands as high as ^^6 grs.
In the face of such contradictory evidence it is hazardous to draw
any conclusions from the weights of the bronze coins as to the various
reductions of the litra in Sicily. Cf. also the bronze coins of Panormus.
Thermae Himerenses. In B. c. 408 the old town of Himera was
utterly destroyed by the Carthaginians and the inhabitants partly put
to the sword and partly driven into exile. The remnant of the popula-
tion was, however, permitted to settle within the confines of the Hime-
raean territory, at the hot springs not far from the old city (Cic. Ferr., ii.
;^^). Here a new city grew up which was called Thermae or Thermae
Himeraeae. These thermal fountains were traditionally said to have
been opened by the nymphs at Himera and Segesta to refresh the
wearied limbs of Herakles on his journey round Sicily (Diod. iv. 23).
Hence the type of Herakles in repose.
Ch'c. B.C. 405-350(1).
G E P Ml T A N Female head in sphen-
done, around, dolphins.
OEPMITAN Head of Hera in pro-
file wearing stephaiios adorned with
fore-parts of griffins.
Victorious quadriga, horses in high
action ^ Tetradr.
Herakles naked, seated on rocks over
which is spread his lion's skin
M Didr.
Head of Hera.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXV. 26.]
OEPMITAN
Head of Artemis ; behind, crescent.
Head of Herakles .
JE -6
Id JE .75
After these coins there is a long interval, for Thermae does not appear
to have struck money again until after its capture by the Romans in the
course of the First Punic War.
Under Roman Dominion.
After circ. B. c. 241.
OEPMITAN Three nymphs standing,
Head of bearded Herakles.
Id.
Veiled female head.
Head of City veiled and turreted.
the middle one veiled.
M i-i
„ Veiled statue of City
holding cornucopiae
and patera . ^ -8
„ She-goat recumbent
M .5
OEPMITAN IMEPAinN Statue of
Stesichorus leaning on staff and read-
in;? book -^ i-o
THERMAE HIMERENSES — LEONTINI. 129
Cicero {Verr. ii. '^^) mentions among the bronze statues which Scipio
restored to Thermae after the destruction of Carthage that of the City of
Himera, ' in muliebrem figuram habitumque formata ;' that of the poet
Stesichorus, ' erat enim Stesichori poetae statua senilis incurva, cum libro,
summo ut putant artificio facta ; qui fuit Himerae sed et est et fuit tota
Graecia summo propter ingenium honore et nomine,' etc. ; and that of a
she-goat, ' etiam quod paene praeterii capella quaedam est scite
facta et venuste.'
It is interesting to find all these three statues copied on the latest
coins of Thermae.
Hipana. Polybius (i. 24) mentions a town of this name not far from
Panormus. The following archaic coin was struck there : —
Circ. B.C. 480.
IPANATAN Eagle on capital of [ Dolphin and scallop-.shell . yfl Litra.
column. I
A coin of Motya (q. v.) has very nearly the same types.
Hybla Magna. The largest of the three cities in Sicily which bore
the name of Hybla (Leake, Num. Hell., p. 60) stood on the southern slope
of Mt. Aetna, not far from the river Symaethus. No coins are known
to have been struck there until the period of the Roman dominion (see
also Megara Hyblaea).
After circ. B. c. 210.
Veiled female head wearing modius;
behind, a bee.
YBAA^ METAAA^ Dionysos in long
Tobes holding kantharos and sceptre.
A she-panther jumps up to him .
M -8
The head on this coin is that of the goddess Hyblaea (Pans. v. 23).
laeta [lata). A Sikel fortress and town on a precipitous mountain,
about fifteen miles south-west of Panormus. Its coins belong to the
period of the Roman dominion.
After circ. b. c. 241.
I A I T I N n N Head of bearded Hera-
kles.
Bust of Artemis.
Head in helmet with crest, like a
Triskelis, in centre of which Gorgon-
eion . . ". ^ -85
lAITlNnN Standing figure leaning
on spear surmounted by
Phrygian helmet
_ iE.85
,, ^Varrior standing
mural crown.* 1 ^ -75
Warrior standing. I I AITI NHN in wreath . . . tE -8
Leontiui [Lentini) was an inland town about twenty miles north-west
of Syracuse. It was a Chalcidic colony from Naxus, founded before the
close of the eighth century B. c. Unlike the other Chalcidic colonies,
Naxus, Zancle, and Himera, it does not appear to have struck money on
K
130
SICILY.
the Aeginetic standard its fii-st issues consisting of tetradrachms of Attic
weight, none of which can well be earlier than the beginning of the
fifth century.
Circ. B.C. 500-466.
Iiiscr. UEONTINON, AEON, or AE (often retrograde).
Victorious quadriga.
Id. In ex. lion running.
Id. (Fig. 79.)
Naked horseman.
Lion's head, usually facing
Lion's head to right.
Id.
Id.
Fig. 79.
I Lion's head with open jaws, around
I four corn-grains . . M, Tetradr.
[B. M. Guide, PI. IX. 28.]
Female head with hair turned up and
wearing wreath . . . iR Tetradr,
Archaic head of Apollo laur., beneath,
running lion, and around three laurel
leaves M, Tetradr.
Lion's head and four corn-grains
M Didr. and Dr.
Corn-grain . . tK, Dioh. and Ohol.
Corn-grain * * * iH Hemilitron.
M, Pentonkion.
M Hexas.
After passing successively under the dominion of Gelon and Hieron,
Leontini regained its independence in B. c. 466, and, like the rest of the
Sicilian cities, enjoyed an interval of repose and prosperity until B.C. 427,
when it became engaged in a struggle with Syracuse which ended, circ.
B. c. 433, in its reduction into a state of dependency on that city. The
coins which belong to this period are the following : —
Circ. B.C. 466-422.
Inscr. hEONTlNON, hEON, or AEON.
Fhj. 80.
LEONTINl — LILYBAEUM.
131
Head of Apollo, laur., style progressing
from archaic to early fine.
Similar.
Lion's head as above.
Head of Apollo.
Lion's head with open jaws; around, four
corn-grains, or three only, the fourth
being replaced by a lyre, tripod,
laurel-leaf, river-fish, etc. (Fig. 80) .
M Tetradr. and Dr.
Corn-grain JR Litra.
Naked river-god, Lissus (]), holding
branch and sacrificing at altar, be-
hind, corn-grain . . . JR Litra.
Tripod between two corn-grains; be-
tween legs of tripod a lyre. Mark
of value • • • . . Trias, M -55
From the above described coin-types it is abundantly evident that
Apollo was worshipped at Leontini as a sun-god and that his emblem
was the lion. It is also quite clear that the aspect under which this
lion-god was worshipped was that of a beneficent ripener of the crops.
The Leontine plain was renowned for its extraordinary fertility (Cic.
Verr., iii. 18), and, after Apollo, Demeter was the divinity chiefly wor-
shipped there.
Circ. B. c. 340.
When Timoleon made himself master of Leontini there was a small
issue of Corinthian staters similar to those struck at Syracuse at the
same time.
Inscr. AEONTINON
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
Pegasos . JR Didr.
Not until Leontini by the fall of Syracuse fell into the hands of the
Romans did it begin again to strike money.
After circ. B.C. 210.
Inscr. AEONTI
Head of Apollo, quiver at shoulder.
Head of river-god (V) bound with reeds,
behind, crab.
Bust of Demeter facing, in field, plough.
Head of Demeter veiled, symbol,
plough.
Jugate heads of Apollo and Artemis.
Female Dionysiac head ivy-bound.
Head of Apollo, behind, plough.
Id.
Id.
NnN on reverse.
Demeter standing with torch, ears of
corn and plough at her feet . .^ -85
Demeter or Isis standing facing M S^
Eiver-god seated on rock, holds branch
and cornucopiae, in field, crab iE -85
Wheat-sheaf M -6
Two ears of corn M -65
Warrior facing . . . . . . ^ -6
Lion, or forepart of lion . . ^ "55
Two fishes M-S
Sacrificial galerus -^ "55
Lilybaeum. This city was founded by the Carthaginians in b. c. 397,
a remnant of the inhabitants of Motya which had been destroyed by
Dionysius being then settled there. It remained a Carthaginian strong-
hold until it was taken by the Romans after a ten years' siege B. c. 341.
All its coins are subsequent to this date.
K 3
132
SICILY.
After B.C. 241.
Inscr. AIAYBAITAN or AIAYBAITAIC.
Head of Apollo.
Veiled female head in mural crown
within trianfi-ular enclosure.
Tripod (tE -55) or lyre {M -9).
Serpent coiled round tripod.
ATPATINOY nVOinN. . .
Mag.
This head has been thought to represent the Cumaean Sibyl whose
tomb Solinus states was one of the ornaments of the city. The magis-
trate Atratinus, whose name also occurs on coins of Entella, was
probably the one of the two quaestors of Sicily whose residence was at
Lilybaeum. The Atratini belonged to the Sempronia gens : with the
above inscr. cf Cohen, 3Ied. Cons. Sempronia 2. Lilybaeum continued
to strike money as late as the age of Augustus.
Longaue. Diodorus (xxiv. 6) mentions a fortress, Longon, in the
territory of Catana. A river Longanus is also mentioned by Polybius
(i. 9) as being in the Mylaean plain (Holm. Gesch. Sic, i. 345).
Circ. B.C. 466-415.
AOrrANAION (retrogr.) Head of I Head of young river-god with short
Herakles. ! horns M Litra.
Megara, a colony from Megara in Greece, was situated on the coast a
few miles north of Syracuse. At an early period the inhabitants re-
moved to the neighbouring Sikelian town of Hybla, which thenceforth
obtained the name of Megara Hyblaea.
Bust of Pallas.
After circ. B. c. 210.
I ME Bee. ...
Trias ^ -65
The bee here, as well as on the coins of Hybla Magna, refers to the
famous Hyblaean honey (Virg. Eel., i. ^^).
Menaenum or Menae was an inland town founded by the Sikel chief
Ducetius B. c. 459, about eighteen miles west of Leontini. After its
conquest by Dionysius it appears to have been always subject to
Syracuse until the Roman conquest, when, like most other Sicilian towns,
it obtained the right of coining: in bronze.
Period of Roman Dominion
Head of Serapis, E or TT
n
Head of Apollo
Id.
Id.
Head of Demeter veiled
Head of bearded Herakles.
Head of Hermea.
MENAlNnN Nike driving quadriga
Pentonkion vE -75
» !) „ ^ -75
Lyre „ JE ^^
„ Asklepios „ ^ -7
„ Two torches crossed,
. • • .. nil, or A,
Tetras, M -7—65
„ Club, • • •, Tiias, M -6
,j Caduceus, • •, Hexas,
M -6
L ONGANE — ZANCLE.
133
Zancle, Messana, Mamertini. Zancle, on the straits of Messina, was
one of the earliest Chalcidic settlements in Sicily, founded according to
Thucydides (vi.4) from Cumae, and subsequently recolonized from Euboea.
Strabo, however, asserts (vi. p. 268) that it was a colony of Naxus. The
name is of Sikel origin and signifies a Sickle {hayKkov) ; it was evidently
given to the locality on account of the configuration of the coast, the port
being there enclosed by a sickle-shaped bar of sand (Thucyd. vi. 4).
Like the other Chalcidian colonies, Rhegium, Naxus, and Himera,
Zancle began to coin at an early period on the Aeginetic standard.
Before B.C. 493.
Fig. 81.
DANKUE,DANK etc. Dolphin within
a sickle (the port of Zancle) .
[B. M. Guide, PI. IX. 29.]
Scallop-shell within an incuse pattern
of jDeculiar form (Fig. 81) . . . .
M, Drachm, 96 grs., Obol, 14 grs.,
\ Obol, 2 grs.
Circ. B.C. 493-480.
In B.C. 493 the town of Zancle was treacherously seized by a body of
Samians and Milesians from Asia Minor at the instigation of Anaxilas
of Rhegium (p. 92). The following remarkable tetradrachm of Attic
weight would appear to belong to the time of the Samian occupation.
The very advanced style of the figure of the standing Poseidon (or Zeus)
on the obverse is quite conclusive against its attribution to a period before
B. c. 490, while, on the other hand, the name of Zancle probably precludes
its being of a later date than the death of Anaxilas in b. c. 476.
Fig. 82.
Naked Poseidon (or Zeus) with 1.
arm extended and r. arm raised and
grasping trident (or fulmen) ; across
his shoulders hangs a chlamys.
Before him is a lofty altar adorned
with honey-suckle pattern.
\Nunu Chron., 1883, Pi. IX. 2.]
DANKUAION Dolphin 1., beneath,
scallop-shell (Fig. 82)
iR Attic tetradrachm 263-5
134
SICILY.
About this period Anaxilas who, it cannot be doubted, maintained his
influence with the Samian colonists, changed, or induced them to change,
the name of the town to Messene, in honour of his own Messenian origin.
The new name is said by Thucydides (vi. 4) to have been given to
Zancle by Anaxilas on his expulsion of the Samians, but the following
coins with Samian types (if they are in reality Samian) would seem to
prove that the name of Messene was in use at Zancle while the Samians
were still in occupation, and this hypothesis is borne out by the
fact that similar Samian types occur on the coins of Rhegium, indi-
cating a close alliance between the two cities while the Samians were
still at Zancle (p. 92).
fi
Lion's head, facing (Fig. 83).
Id.
Fig. 83.
I MESSENION Calf's head to 1. . . .
M Attic Tetradr.
MES (retrogr.) in incuse circle .
M, \vt., 14 grs.
Another coin of which the type is more distinctly Samian was found
some years ago in a hoard near Messina. There were several examples
of it, together with others of Rhegium and Messene, of the hon's head and
calf's head type {Zeit.f. Num.., iii. p. 135). Although they are uninscribed,
it is highly probable that they were struck at Messana.
Round shield, on which a lion's scalp,
facing.
As I have already remarked (p. 92), the exact date of the expulsion or
subjection of the Samians cannot be fixed, but the new coinage, in-
augurated by Anaxilas in his two cities, Rhegium and Messene, some
time before his death in B. c. 476, in all probability marks the epoch
of their expulsion. The new types in question are as follows : —
Circ. B.C. 480-420.
Prow of Samian galley (Samaena) .
M Attic Tetradr,
MESSENlON.andlaterMESSANlON
or ME^^ANION. Hare running.
Letters in field, A, B. Symbols :
Laurel-branch, bucranium, etc. .
M Tetradr.
The whole in wreath . . JR Drachm.
MES (retrogr.) or MEC . ^Litra(?).
Dolpliin in wreatli . . . M Ohol (]).
M E ^ ^ A N 1 0 N Hare running. Si/mbols :
Dolphin, cicada, locust feeding on
grapes, ear of corn, flying eagle, etc.
M Tetradr.
The mule-car is of course an agonistic type, 2tKcA/^as b' oxriixa batbdXeov
fiareveLv (Find, lli/jiorcli. 3). The hare is a symbol of the worship of Pan,
Biga of mules, dirfjvr), driven by a
bearded charioteer. Above some-
times Nike crowning driver or
mules. In ex. laurel-leaf.
Id.
Hare.
MEC Hare.
Inscr. usually ME^^ANA Mule-car
driven by female charioteer (Mes-
sana). In ex. generally two dolphins.
MESSANA.
13c
but see also Aristotle's explanation of these coin-types (p. 93 supra).
The adoption of the Dorian dialect (A for E) should be noted, as indi-
cating the increasing preponderance of the Dorian element in the
population.
B. c. 420-396.
<-/-'
Fig. 84.
Messaua driving mule-car, above,
Nike, in ex. two dolphins (Fig. 84).
Id.
ME^CANA Messana in mule-car . .
[Imlioof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 5.]
PEAHPIAS Head of goddess Pelorias,
r., wearing corn -wreath.
Hare. Symbols : Ivy- leaf, olive-
spray, cockle.
Hare,
MEC^ANION Hare. Symbols: Dol-
phin, hippocamp, cockle-shell, head
of Pan, sometimes with syrinx, stalk
of corn with three ears . M, Tetradr.
ME^^ANinN Hare. Symbols: Dol-
phin and waves, eagle devouring
serpent M, Tetradr.
PAN Pan naked, seated on rock covered
with nebris, holding in left lagobolon,
and with right caressing a hare which
jumps up before him . M, Tetradr.
0EPAIMnN Pheraemon naked with
helmet, shield, and spears, charging .
iR Drachm.
ME2 in wreath. . . • . M Litra.
ME in wreath
M 1 Litra.
Beoxze.
MEC^ANA Head of Messana, hair
bound with crossing fillets.
ME^^ANinN Hare ; in ex. locust.
PEAnPIAS Head of Pelorias.
Biga of mules driven by Messana
M i-o
Cuttle-fish tE .75
MEt^ANinN Trident. . . M -^
In the year B. c. 396 Messana was utterly destroyed by the Cartha-
ginians under Himilcon. The above described coins show most clearly
that Pan and Poseidon were the two chief divinities at Messana. The
long sandy spit called Peloris or Pelorias, with its three lakes of volcanic
origin, abounded both with game and fish ' duplicem piscandi venandique
praebent voluptatem' (Solinus, v. 3), and was a fitting home for the
worship of the two divinities to the existence of which our coins bear
witness. The nymph Pelorias is the personification of the district.
Pheraemon, one of the sons of Aeolos, was the local hero who, with his
brother Androkles, ruled over the northern part of Sicily from the straits
to the western point (Diod. v. 8).
Circ. B.C. 357-282.
It was long before Messana recovered from the blow inflicted upon her
in B. c. 396. There is no evidence of any further coinage there until
136
SICILY.
after the death of Dionysius of Syracuse, when we find the town in a
condition to render assistance to Dion against the younger Dionysius.
About B. c. 283 the city was seized and all its inhabitants put to the
sword by a body of C'ampanian or Oscan mercenaries, who styled them-
selves Mamertini. The following bronze coins range in style from the
as:e of Timoleon to that of Agathocles.
rOSEIAAN Head of Poseidon lau- MECCANinN
reate.
PE AHPI A^ Head of nymph Pelorias
with flowing liair bound with corn.
Id.
MECCANinN Head of young Hera-
kles in lion's skin.
Trident between dol-
phins . . .^ i-o
„ Naked warrior, Phe-
raemon, in fighting
attitude . --E -95
„ Nike in biga M -85
Lion advancing with fore-leg raised,
above, club -^ "85
Circ. B.C. 282-200.
The Mamertini derived their name from Mamers, an Oscan form of
Mars. Soon after their seizure of Messana they extended their dominion
over the greater part of north-eastern Sicily, and were, in a short time,
strong enough to maintain their independence, both against Pyrrhus and
Hieron II of Syracuse. They allied themselves closely with their Cam-
panian kinsmen who seized Rhegium in B.C. 271, and they were also
fortunate in obtaining the friendly aid of the Romans, with whom they
continued to enjoy, down to a late period, the privileges of an allied
city.
The coinage of the Mamertini is wholly of bronze. The following are
among the most frequent types : —
A A P A N 0 Y Head of Adranos bearded,
in Corinthian helmet.
APEO^ Head of young Ares laureate,
with short hair.
Head of voung Herakles in lion's skin.
A IOC or A IOC MEC Head of
young Zeus laureate, hair long.
APEOC Head of young Ares.
Head of Apollo laur.
A IOC Head of Zeus.
Female head.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Artemis.
With marJis of value.
llexas. APEOC Head of young Ares '
Circ. B.C. 282-210.
MAMEPTlNnN
Dog
M .75
Eagle, wings open
on fulmen .
M i-o
5) }> ^ -8
Butting bull .
M i-o
Fighting warrior .
M .85
Hermes standing
with ram M -75
M A M E Warrior naked, standing . .
^^ -55
,, Omphalos . . . ^ -5
. . . M .45
After circ. B.C. 210.
MAMEPTlNnN Pallas armed . .
M -9
3IA3IERTINI— MOE GANTINA.
137
Reduced weight.
Pentonkion.
Head of Zeus.
MAMEPTINHN
Warrior fighting ,
or n
>)
Head of Ares.
>)
Dioskuros beside
horse P
>»
Head of Apollo.
Fore-part of bull
)>
"Warrior standing
or seated P
Hemilitron.
!•••••
MAMEPTINnN
Nike flying, hold-
ing aplustre.
))
Head of Apollo
• • •
• • •
»
Nike with wreath
and palm.
Tnas.
!)
5)
Ill
Uncia (1).
(0
These coins belong to the same monetary system as that which pre-
vailed at Rhegium. Their weights show a steady reduction in the
weight of the copper litra.
The occurrence of the head of the god Adranos on Messanian coins
shows that the worship of this divinity was not confined to the imme-
diate neighbourhood of his gTcat temple on Mt. Aetna (cf. Plut., Tim. 12,
'Abpavov deov Ttjuco/^eVou biacpepovrcos ev o\t} Et/ccAta), in the sacred enclosure
of which more than a thousand splendid dogs were kept, which, according
to Aelian (Hisf. An., xi. 20), appear to have been the Mt. St. Bernard
dogs of antiquity, friendly guides to strangers who had lost their path.
Adranos was an armed god, and partook of the nature both of Ares and
of Hephaestos. His cultus was probably introduced into Sicily by the
Phoenicians, and he seems to be identical in origin with Adar or Moloch,
to whom the dog was also sacred (Movers, i. 340, 405).
Morgantina was a Sikel town of some importance, which lay in the
fertile plain watered by the upper courses of the river Symaethus and its
tributaries. Although Morgantina is often mentioned by ancient writers
we have no connected account of its history. Its coins may be classified
by style in the following periods : —
Before circ. B. c. 480.
Bearded head bound with taenia.
MORGANTINA (retrogr.) Ear of corn,
M Litra.
Circ. B.C. 420-400.
MOPTANTlNfiN Head of Artemis.
„ Head of Pallas,
facing.
„ Head of Hermes,
facing.
Naked horseman with spear M, Litra.
MOPPA . . . Nike seated on rocks,
holding wreath, beneath, corn-grain .
M Litra.
Similar type JR Litra.
Beonze. Circ. B. c. 340.
MOPPANTI NnN Head of Pallas in
richly adorned helmet, behind, owl.
Lion devoui'ing stag's head, serpent
coiled beneath him . . . ^1-05
138
SICILY.
Head of Sikelia bound with myrtle
AAKOC Head of Apollo laureate.
MOPrANTlNriN Eagle on serpent.
M .8
Tripod . M .6
Motya (i. e. spinning factory — Schroeder, Phoen. Sp-ache, p. 279) was a
Phoenician emporium on a small islet which lay oflT the west coast of
Sicily, about ten miles north of the Lilybaean promontory. The island
was united to the mainland by an artificial mole. Possessing a good
harbour, Motya rose to be the chief naval station of the Carthaginians,
and so remained until in B. c. 397 it was attacked by Dionysius, who
put all the inhabitants to the sword.
The coins of Motya, like those of the other Carthaginian settlements
in Sicily, are imitated from the money of the Greeks, chiefly from the
coins of the nearest important town, Segesta, but also from those of
Agrigentum. The adoption of Agrigentine types at Motya may, how-
ever, be connected with the victory of Agrigentum over Motya mentioned
by Pausanias (v. 25, 2). Sometimes they bear the Punic inscr. J^IIDQH,
sometimes the Greek MOTYAION.
Coins with Punic inscr. Circ. b. c. 480-420.
Crab M Tetradr.
Dog gnawing stag's head JR Didr.
Dog standing . . . . M Didr.
Eagle with closed wings.
Female head.
Id.
Id.
Half man-headed bull
Circ. B.C. 420-397.
M 1 Obol.
Head of nymph facing, around, dol-
phins.
Id.
Gorgon-head.
Crab
M Didr. and Obol.
Palm-tree . . . M Obol.
Id iRObol.
Trias. Gorgon-head • • •
Uncia (V). Fore-part of horse.
Palm-tree
Id. . .
M -8
Coins with Greek inscr. Archaic and Transitional.
Eagle on capital, servient in beak.
Head of nymph, hair tied with cord
passing four times round it.
Head of nymph.
Dolphin and scallop . . . M. Obol.
Naked youth riding sideways on gallop-
ing horse ...... M, Didr,
Doff standing JR Didr.
Mytistratus was a strongly fortified place in the interior of the island,
between the modern Mussz/mell and S. Caterina (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 24).
Its coins are of bronze and bolone: to about the time of Timoleon.
Cir
c B.C. 340.
Head of Hephaestos in conical cap.
Id.
MYTI Id.
VM in wreath
Ilemilitron, iE i • 1 5
TVM Three rays or spokes of a wheel.
M -8
Free horse M -6
The largest of these coins is usually restruck on large bronze of
Syracuse.
MOTYA — NAXUS.
139
Nacona. The site of this town is unknown,
and belong to a good period of art.
Its coins are of bronze,
Before circ. b. c. 400.
NAKON[AION Head of nymph, hair
gathered up behind and bound with
cord wound three times round it.
Id.
Young head with short hair, wearing
wreath.
Silenos riding on ass, holds kantharos
and thyrsos, • • • . Trias, M -6^
Goat, grapes, and ivy- leaf
N — A Kantharos •••
Uncia, M -5
Trias, M 6
In the fii'st half of the fourth century Nacona was held by Campanian
mercenaries who had come over to Sicily in B.C. 412, just too late to
help the Athenians against Syracuse. These soldiers of fortune, after
serving the Carthaginians for a time^ subsequently settled at various
inland cities, among which, as we learn from the coins, were Nacona,
Entella, and Aetna : —
KAMPANnN Head of Persephone
with wreath of corn.
Id.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
NAK[nNH]S Pegasos, beneath, hel-
met ^ -75
NAKnNAinN Free horse, beneath,
helmet . JE -"j
N A Head of trident between dolphins.
M i-o
Naxus was the most ancient Greek settlement in Sicily : it was a colony
from Chalcis and derived its name we may suppose from a preponderat-
ing contingent from the island of Naxos. Of the early history of this place
little is known, but between B.C. 498 and 476 it passed successively
under the dominion of Hippocrates of Gela and of Gelon and Hieron of
Syracuse. In B.C. 461 it seems to have recovered its autonomy, which
it retained until its destruction in b. c. 403 by Dionysius.
Before circ. B.C. 480. Aeginetic Standard.
Fig. 85.
Head of Dionysos with pointed beard | MAX I ON Bunch of grapes (Fig. 85).
and ivy- wreath. I M Drachm, wt. 90 grs.
I M Obol, wt. 15 grs.
Some specimens of these early drachms of Aeginetic weight are
of extremely archaic style and seem to belong to a period not later
than the middle of the sixth century.
140
SICILY
Circ. B.C. 461-415. Attic standard.
Fig. 86.
Head of Dionysos, of early style, with
long beard and hair in bunch be-
hind bound with ivy- wreath (Fig.
86).
Id.
Id.
N AX ION Bearded Silenos of strong
archaic style, naked, with pointed
ear and long tail, seated on the
ground facing with head in profile ;
he holds a wine-cup with one hand
and leans on the other. JR Tetradr.
,, Id. . . . M Drachm.
„ Bunch of grapes . . .
M Litr. or Obol.
Circ. B.C. 415-403.
FiG. 87.
NAZI ON Similar Silenos, but of softer
and more refined style, seated on the
ground, from which a vine springs ;
he holds thyrsos and kantharos .
M Tetradr.
Similar; to r. a term; sometimes with
artist's signature, PPOKAH^ . .
Al Didr.
Naked Silenos seated, holding wine-skin,
kantharos, and branch of ivy ; in front
a vine grows . . . . JR Tetradr.
In the Berlin Museum there is a coin which in stylo and type
resembles the coin with PPOKAHC, but instead of NAZIflN it reads
NEOPOAI. It is supposed by Holm [Gesch. Sic, ii. 432) that these pieces
wore issued by the Naxians, after the destruction of their old town, at
Mylae, whore thoy found a new home (Diod. xiv. 87).
Head of Dionysos beai'ded, bound with
broad band adorned with ivy-wreath
(Fig. 87).
NA.=.inN Head of Apollo, laur. ;
behind, laurel-leaf.
N AZ I nN Head of young Dionysos
ivy-crowned.
A^llNO^ Young horned head of
river-god Astinus.
Similar Silenos
Al \ Drachm.
NAXUS-- FAN0R3IUS.
141
N AZ I nN Young head of river-god Bunch of grapes . M Litr. or Obol.
Assinus crowned with vine-leaves.
NAZI Head of bearded Dionysos Similar . . . . M Litr. or Obol.
crowned with ivy.
The river hero called Assinus seems to be identical with the Asines
of Pliny (iii. 88) and the Acesines of Thucydides (iv. 25), the modern
Cantara.
Neapolis. See Naxos.
Fanormus (Palermo) was the most important of all the Phoenician
towns in Sicily. Its Greek name, however, is sufficient to show that here,
as everywhere else in Sicily, the Greek language was predominant at
least in early times. Before the great repillse of the Carthaginians at
Himera, in B^. 480, no coins whatever were struck at Panormus. No
Phoenician people had in those early days adopted the use of money.
It was doubtless due to the victory of Gelon at Himera that the Greeks
were able to extend their language and civilization even to the Phoe-
nician settlements in the western portion of the island. Hence in the
Trcmsitminl period the coins of Panormus bear for the most part Greek
inscriptions.
CtVc. B.C. 480-409.
PANOPMITIKON (retrogr.) Head
of Apollo, hair rolled.
PANOPMITIKON Head of Nymph.
Head of Nymph.
rANOP/V\0[^ Head of young river-
god.
Slow quadriga, horses crowned by Nike.
M Tetradr.
Dog M Didr.
PA^NOPMO? Dog . . M Didr.
Forepart of man-headed bull . . . .
M Litr.
A few, however, have the Punic inscr. Y"'!? {zi^), of which many ex-
planations have been offered, none of them thoroughly satisfactory.
Head of Nymph, hair turned up be-
hind under diadem. Inscr. p^f and
II B.
Dog, in field above, head of Nymph
JSi Didrachm.
The word II B occurs frequently on coins both of Segesta and Eryx.
Its juxtaposition on this coin with the equally unexplained Phoenician
ziz, looks as if it were a Greek transcript of the same word. The Due de
Luynes has suggested that it is the Phoenician name for the island
of Sicily {Bxilletino Arch. Nap. N. S. i. p. 171). See also Schroder {Phoen.
Spr., p. 278) and Friedlander [Num. Zeit., 1870, p. 26). It may, however,
be simply the Phoenician name for Panormus (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 26).
Poseidon seated on rock with trident
and dolphin.
pv Similar.
Head of Nymph ; around, dolphins.
|"'i* Naked youth riding on man-headed
bull M Litr. or Obol.
PANOPMO^ Similar. .51 Litr. or Ob.
Poseidon, as above . M, Litr. or Ob.
The signal successes of the Carthaginian arms in Sicily between B. c.
409 and 405, and the consequent influx of the precious metals from the
devastated Greek towns into Panormus, led to the coinage by the latter
of money on a far more liberal scale than before. The Greek language
now entirely disappears, but it is curious to note how from an entire
143
SICILY.
lack of artistic originality the Phoenicians in Sicily were driven to copy
the types of the money of their enemies.
After circ. B.C. 409.
Head, usually of Persephone, copied
from coins of Syracuse of the best
period of art. Around, dolphins.
Head of Nymph with hair in sphen-
done.
Young male head, and dolphins.
Dolphin and scallop ; mai-k of value.
Head of Nymph ; hair in sphendone.
px Victorious quadriga . M Tetradr.
„ Dog standing . . . M Didr.
,, Free horse . . . . JR Didr.
„ Eagle devouring hare . ^tl Litr.C?)
„ Half man-headed bull
M Litr. or Obol.
„ Similar, or whole bull. Id.
Head of young river-god.
The inscr. on the last described coins sometimes runs y'ii 7yi\l?
(money) of the citizens of Panormus (1).
Bronze with marks of value.
The following bronze coins may be assigned to the latter part of the
fifth century: —
Hemilitron, p2f Cock.
Trias. „ Id.
Hexas. „ Id.
M-6
The weight of the litra, of which these coins are fractions, can hardly
be ascertained. The hemilitron yields a litra of 380 grs., while the trias
points to one of 604 grs.
Bronze without marks of value.
Circ. B.C. 400-254.
pv Boar running.
Head of Hera wearing Stephanos.
Head of Apollo laureate.
Man-headed bull vE -65
p^ Id. above, sun ^E -85
„ Pegasos M •*]
Gold. Time of Pyrrhus.
The following little gold coins with the Greek letters PA in mono-
gram, if they be of Panormus, would seem to have been struck during the
temporary occupation of Panormus by the Greeks under Pyrrhus in
B.C. 276.
Head of Pahas in Corinthian helmet.
Head of Apollo.
PA (in mon.) Owl .
Lyre .
N. 8-3 grs.
N. 5-4 grs.
In B. c. 254 Panormus was captured by the Eomans, under whose rule
it retained its municipal freedom, and remained for many years one
of the principal cities of the island.
PANORMUS— PIACUS.
143
Bronze, with Greek inscr. TTANOPMITAN.
After B.C. 254.
Bust of Pallas.
Id.
Id.
Head of Zeus.
Ram standing over Janus' head.
Female head.
Hermes seated on rock.
Head of Persephone.
Heads of the Dioskuri.
Eam.
Head of Demeter veiled.
Head of Aphrodite in stephane.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Persephone . . . . M i-o5
Female figure standing with patera and
cornucopiae ^ i-o
Triskelis with Medusa head in cent
M
Eagle on fulmen M
Eagle with spread wings . . M
Altar M
Flaming altar M
Poppy-head and ears of corn . M
Inscr. as above, in wreath . . M
Id M
Prow M
Dove M
Warrior standing, holds patera M
95
95
85
1
1
65
7
7
5
45
Later than the above is a series of coins with, on the reverse, the
Graeeo-Latin inscription TTOR (for PORTVS?) in monogram. Obv. Heads
of Janus, Zeus, or Demeter. Still later is another series, ohv. Head of
Zeus, rev. Military figui-e or front of Temple, accompanied by the
abbreviated names of Koman magistrates.
In the time of Augustus, Panormus received a Koman colony (Strab.
vi. 272). Its bronze coins continued to be issued for some time longer,
bearing the names of various resident magistrates, e.g. Man[ius] Acilius
Q[uaestor] ; Axius Naso ; Q. Baebius ; Cato ; Crassipes ; Cn. Dom. Procos ;
Q. Fab.; L. Gn. ; Laetor. II VI R; P. Terentius, etc. These coins follow
the Roman system, the As being distinguished by the head of Janus,
the Semis by that of Zeus, and the Quadrans by that of Herakles. On
some specimens the inscription is written PANHORMITANORVM. The
heads of Augustus and Livia also occur.
Paropus {CoUesano), (Polyb. i. 24) probably stood between Cephaloe-
dium and Himera. It coined in bronze during the period of Roman
dominion after the end of the First Punic War.
After circ. B.C. 241.
Head of Apollo laur.
P A P n P I N n N Hunter standing, rest-
ing on spear ; beyond him a running
dog ^ .8
Petra (Pefralia), an inland town near the sources of the southern
Himeras. It was subject to Carthage until the end of the First Punic
War, after which it struck bronze money.
After B.C. 241.
Head of bearded Herakles.
I neTP€lNnN Female figure standing
I beside column JE .75
Piacus, mentioned by Steph. Byz. as toAis 2tKeAta?. The site is quite
unknown.
144 SICILY.
Circ. B.C. 415-400.
PI AKIN [ON Head of young river-
god horned, and laureate. Between
the letters are the marks of value
Dog seizing a fawn by the throat . .
M -7 Hemilitron, wt. 70 grs.
(Imhoof-Blumer, Mon. Gr., p. 26.)
In style the head on this coin bears a striking resemblance to the
laureate head on the tetradrachms of Catana (B, M. Cat. Sic, p. 45, no. 25).
Piacus may have been situated somewhere in the vicinity of that town.
The river symbolized by the dog seizing a fawn may be one of the
torrents which descend at times from Aetna, perhaps the Acis.
Segesta, west of Panormus, was a non-Hellenic town in the district of
Sicily inhabited by the Ely mi. It stood on the summit of an isolated
hill, skirted by a deep ravine, through which flows a torrent which
empties itself into the river Crimisus. According to a local tradition
the city owed its foundation to Egestos, the son of a Trojan maiden
Segesta by the river-god Crimisus, who met her in the form of a dog
(Serv. ad Aefi., i. 550, v. 30).
From the earliest times the Segestans were engaged in continual
hostilities with the Selinuntines, doubtless concerning the boundaries of
their respective territories. These disputes gave occasion for the
Athenian intervention in Sicilian affairs, and subsequently to the great
invasion of the Carthaginians, upon whom Segesta became dependent
B.C. 409. The silver money of Segesta, notwithstanding the fact that
it was not a Greek city, affords but slight indications of barbarism,
unless indeed the words II B and II A are to be taken as such. It
ranges from the archaic period down to the time of the Carthaginian
invasion in B.C. 410, when it suddenly ceases. The Segestan coin-
types were copied both at Motya on the west and at Panormus on the
east of Segesta.
Circ. B.C. 500-180.
Fig. 88.
Inscr. ^ArECTAIIB, ^ETE^TAIIBEMI, etc., usually retrograde.
The word EMI may signify that the coins (didrachms) on which it
occurs are 'halves' of the tetradrachm, the principal silver coin in most of
the other Sicilian cities. But see Von Sallet's remarks (Z. f. N., i,
p. 278 sqq.), where he expresses his opinion that EMI here stands for
dfxC, ' I am Segesta.' If, as some suppose, the Phoenician word ^^iJ =
the Gk. opjxos or Panormus, then, when compounded with ^EPECTA, the
word II B (supposing it to be a Greek form of \''':i) may mean the 'port of
Segesta,' to tS>v Alyea-riiov iixiropLov (Strab. vi. 2,66, 272).
PIA CUS—SEGESTA.
145
T)/pes : —
Head of Nymph Segesta of archaic
style with hair turned up beliind
under her diadem (Fig. 88).
Head of Nymph facing.
Dog (river Crimisus), often accompanied
hy symbols: Murex-shell or corn-grain.
JR Didr. and Litra.
Dog. Symbol : Wheel . M Trihemiobol.
Circ. B.C. 480-415.
CArECTAIIB or CErECTAIIB
Head of Segesta, her hair variously
arranged, in sphendone or other-
wise.
Dog, river Crimisus ;
Segesta in field above
the
head of
M Didr.
Circ. B.C. 415-409.
^«*^*«''^^ ».»" — .
Fig. 89,
CETECTAIIA Head of Segesta;
hair in sphendone, adorned with
stars. Symbol: Ear of corn (Fig. 89).
ETECTAinN Youthful hunter naked,
accompanied by two dogs, his conical
cap falls back upon his shoulders;
he holds two javelins and stands
with one foot resting on a rock.
Before him is a terminal figure .
M Tetradr.
Similar M Tetradr.
SETE^TAIIB Victorious quadriga
driven by female figure holding
ears of corn, above, flying Nike.
Head of Segesta, hair in knot behind,
and bound by cord passing four
times round it. The whole in ivy
wreath.
ErESTAION [or nN] Head of
Segesta, hair bound with cord passed
thrice round it, or enclosed in sphen-
done, or rolled up behind.
Head of Segesta, three-quarter face,
between two laurel boughs.
Forepart of dog.
Dog's head.
The young hunter on the beautiful tetradrachms of Segesta is
probably the river Crimisus, who, according to Aelian [Far. Hist., ii. '^'7,),
was worshipped at Segesta in human form: Atyeoraiot he-rov XlopitaKa koX
Tov KptixLo-dv Kal Tov TeXfjiLa-crbv iv avbpwv etSet Ti}j.G>ai. The Dog, his special
attribute, serves here to distinguish the figure. On the didrachms the
same river is symbolized by the Dog.
L
ETE^TAION Dog standing ; in front
a murex-shell JR Didr.
^ETE^TAIIB Dog standing, some-
times beside stalk of corn, or devour-
ing head of stag
M Didr.
JSi \ Dr. and \ Litra.
EPE^TAION Dog standing. Symbols :
Murex, gorgoneion . . . M, Litra.
^EFE around a large H . M \ Litra.
■. M, Hexas.
146
SICILY.
Tetras.
Hexas.
Beonze. Before b. c. 409.
Head of Segesta.
Id.
„ HEIA^
Segesta.
(retrogr.) Head of
Dog
Id.
Dog
• . . . . . . iE -8
(beneath, sometimes a weasel V)
M -8-65
^-65
From the weights of these coins we can form no idea of the real
weight of the copper litra, as the tetras of which the weight is 132 grs.
yields a litra of 396 grs., while the hexas (wt. 86 grs.) yields one of
516 grs. Cf. B. M. Cat. Sic, p. 136.
After B.C. 241.
For more than a century and a half Segesta was a mere dependency of
Panormus, and struck no money whatever, unless indeed we suppose
that the didi-achms with Segestan types and the Punic legend ziz, here
described under Panormus, were struck at Segesta,
When, however, after the end of the First Punic War, Segesta had
passed under the dominion of the Romans, it obtained once more the.
right of coinage, though only in bronze. The Segestans now made the
most of their traditional Trojan descent, claiming relationship with the
Romans on this ground, ' Segesta est oppidum pervetus in Sicilia quod
ab Aenea fugiente e Troia atque in haec loca veniente conditum esse
demonstrant. Itaque Segestani non solum perpetua societate atque
amicitia, verum etiam cognatione se cum populo Romano conjunctos esse
arbitrantur ' (Cic. Verr., iv. '^'^).
Head of Segesta veiled and turreted.
Id.
Id.
E TE^T A I nN Similar.
^drESTAinN Aeneas carrying An-
chises . . . iE -8
., Warrior standing , .
_ .E .85
„ Warrior beside horse.
Id M.^
Under Augustus we find Segesta still in the enjoyment of the right of
coinage (B. M. Cat. Sic, p. 137); but it is probable that there was a
considerable interval between the cessation of the autonomous and the
commencement of the Imperial series.
Selinus (SeAtz^o'ets, SeAiyous), the most western of all the Greek cities
of Sicily, stood near the mouth of the river Selinus and a few miles west
of that of the Hypsas. It derived its name from the river, which in its
turn was called after the wild celery, a-iXivov (apium graveolens), which
gi'cw plentifully on its banks. As an emblem of the worship of the
river, the Selinuntines adopted from the first the leaf of this plant as the
badge of their town, (rvixjiokov tj Trapda-rjiJiov Tijs iroXecos (Plut. P^t/i. Orac,
xii.), placing it upon their coins, and dedicating, on one occasion, a
representation of it in gold in the temple of Apollo at Delphi
(Plut. /. c).
SEGESTA—SELINUS.
147
Before circ. B.C. 466.
Fig. 90.
Seliuon leaf (Fig. 90).
Selinon leaf.
Incuse square triangularly divided into
eight or more parts . . . M, Didr.
Selinon leaf in incuse square, letters
SEAI, sometimes in the corners .
M Didr.
Obols or Litrae and smaller coins also occur.
Circ. B.C. 466-415.
In the great Carthaginian invasion of Sicily in B.C. 480, Selinus
appears to have sided with the invaders (Diod. xi. 21). During the
period of general prosperity which followed the expulsion of the tyrants,
B. c. 466, Selinus rose to considerable power and wealth, xp^i^ctT'a t' 'ix'^'^^'-
TO. fxev tbta, to, be koI iv rots tepo6? eort SeAtyouyriots (Thuc. vi. 20). It must
have been quite early in this period of peace that Selinus was attacked
by a devastating pestilence or malaria, caused by the stagnant waters in
the neighbouring marsh lands (Diog. Laert. viii. 2, 70). On that occasion
the citizens had recourse to the arts of Empedocles, then at the height of his
fame, which was noised abroad through all Sicily. The philosopher put
a stop to the plague, it would seem, by connecting the channels of two
neighbouring streams, koI Karaixi^avra ykvKavai^ ra pevfxaTa (Diog. Laert.
1. c). In gratitude for this deliverance the Selinuntines conferred upon
Empedocles divine honours, and their coin-types still bear witness to the
depth and lasting character of the impression which the purification
of the district made upon men's minds. The coins of this period are as
follows : —
Fig. 91.
CEAINONTION Apollo and Artemis
standing side by side in slow quad-
riga, the former discharging arrows
from his bow (Fig. 91).
C E A I N 0 S The river-god Selinus naked,
with short horns, holding patera and
lustral branch, sacrificing at an altar
of Asklepios, in front of which is a
cock. Behind him on a pedestal is
the figure of a bull, and in the field
above a selinon leaf . . M Tetradr.
L 2
148
SICILY.
Apollo is here regarded as the healing god, aXe^iKaKos, who, with his
radiant arrows, slays the pestilence as he slew the Python. Artemis
stands behind him in her capacity of dk^iOvia or crocobiva, for the plague
had fallen heavily on the women too, ojo-re koI ras ywoLKas bvaroKelv (Diog.
Laert. 1. c). On the reverse the river-god himself makes formal libation
to the god of health in gratitude for the cleansing of his waters, while
the image of the Bull symbolizes the sacrifice which was offered on the
occasion.
CEAINONTION HeraklesconteiKling
with a wild hull which he seizes by
the horn, and is about to slay with
his club
[Gardner, Types, PI. II. i6, 17].
HY>1/AS River Hypsas sacrificingbefore
altar, around which a serpent twines.
He holds branch and patera. Behind
him a marsh bird (stork) is seen
departing. In field, selinon leaf . .
Al Didr.
Here instead of Apollo it is the sun-god Herakles, who is shown strug-
ghng with the destructive powers of moisture symbolized by the Bull,
while on the reverse the Hypsas takes the place of the Selinus. The
marsh bird is seen retreating, for she can no longer find a congenial home
on the banks of the Hypsas now that Empedocles has drained the lands.
EYPYMEAO^A (retrogr.) Head of
Nymj)h Eui-ymedusa wearing sphen-
done. Behind her, a stork.
CEAINOC (retrogr.) Head of young
river-god Selinus with bull's ear and
horn. Behind, selinon leaf
JR Drachm.
Eurymedusa appears to have been a fountain-nymph, for one of the
daughters of Achelous was so called (Preller, Gr. 3Ij/t//., 2nd ed. ii. 392,
note 2}.
Nymph or goddess seated on a rock
receiving to her bosom an enormous
serpent, which stands coiled and
erect before her.
SEAINOEC Man-headed bull; above,
sometimes, selinon leaf
M Litra or Obol.
The obverse of this coin represents perhaps the goddess Persephone
visited by Zeus in the form of a serpent (Eckhel, ii. p. 240). The Bull
on the reverse is supposed by Eckhel to be the tauriform Dionysos, the
offspring of the union of Persephone with the divine serpent ; but it
seems to be more in keeping with the other Selinuntine coin-types to
suppose that the river Selinus is here symbolized.
Circ. B.C. 415-409.
CEAINONTION Nike driving quad-
riga, horses in high action. In
exergue, ear of corn, and in field
above, a wreath.
CEAINONTION Eiver-god sacrifici ng,
as on the earlier tetradrachms
M Tetradr.
The didrachms of this period resemble in type those of the Transitional
period.
Head of Herakles bearded or beardless
in profile or three-quarter face.
CEAINONTION Victorious quadriga,
horses in high action : above, selinon
leaf M \ Drachm.
si: J J xus— SOLUS.
149
Bronze.
Trias. Head of young river-gotl. | Selinoii leaf .*• . ^ -75, wt. 138 grs.
The weight of the Litra according to this coin would be 552 grs.
Selinus was destroyed by the Carthaginians b. c. 409, and although the
Selinuntines are from time to time mentioned in later ages, the city was
never again in a position to strike its own coins.
Silerae. The site of this town is quite uncertain, nor is it even
mentioned by any ancient author. Its rare bronze coins belong to the
time of Timoleon.
Circ. B. c. 340.
^lAEPAinN Fore-part of man-
headed bull.
1. 1 A Naked warrior charging . .
M i-i and -75
Solus was a Phoenician town of no great importance some twelve
miles east of Panormus. Although it was always a dependency of
Carthage, some of its coins bear Greek inscriptions and betray the all-
pervading influence of Greek religious ideas. The earliest Soluntine coin
at present known is a didrachm copied slavishly from one of the coins of
Selinus described above.
Before circ. b.c, 409.
Herakles contending with bull.
Cock.
Hermes seated, in front caduceus.
COAONTINON River-god sacrificing.
Symbols : Selinon leaf and stork .
M Didr.
NnS3 Tunny-fish . . . . M Obol.
Bow and case . . . JR Obol.
The word Kfra (Kaphara, village) is supposed to be the Phoenician
name of Solus.
Circ. B.C. 405-350.
Head of Herakles in lion's skin.
Id.
COAONTINON Similar.
Head of Pallas facing.
N"l33 Hippocamp iE -7
No inscr. Tunny-fish . . . . M -^
X"iS3 Cravfish
• • •
• • •
Hemilitron
/E -8, wt. 116 grs.
,, Id. • . • Trias M •'j, wt. 69 grs.
,, Naked archer kneeling . ^ -55
Circ. B.C. 340;
Head of Persephone in corn-wreath.
i<-3 Head of Pallas in close helmet.
S1D3 Man-headed bull . . . M i—i
Prancing- horse and caduceus . M •%
After the fall of Panormus, Solus passed under the dominion of the
Romans. We then hear of it as a municipal town under the name of
Soluntium.
150
SICILY.
After B.C. 241.
COAONTINuuN
Head of Pallas.
Id.
Head of Poseidon.
Id.
COAONTINuuN Dolphin.
Male head with earring and pointed
beard.
Id. Prancing horse -^ -5
Stiela "or Styella, described by Steph. Byz. (s. v. 2ri;eA.Aa) as a fortress
of the Sicilian Megara. Leake [Num. Hell., p. 70) places it near the
mouth of the river Alabon, which floAVs into the Megarian gulf.
Head of Poseidon .
Wreath . . M -g
COAONTINnN Naked warrior . .
M
„ Sejiia . . . Jb
Tunny-fish M
Id M
7
5
5
55
Circ. B.C. 415-405.
CTI
A Forejiai't of man-headed bull .
JH Drachm and i Drachm.
Young male head laureate, in front,
branch of selinon (f).
The head on these coins, although not horned, is probably intended for
a river-god. In expression it is quite unlike a head of Apollo, and may
be compared with certain similar heads on coins of Catana.
Forepart of man-headed bull. ^TIEAANAIO Young male figure
sacrificing at altar . . . . . M.
(Millingen, Considerations, p. 143.)
S3rracTise. The earliest coins of Syracuse belong to the time of the
oligarchy of the Geomori or Gamori, who, as their name implies, were
the legitimate descendants of the first colonists among whom the lands
had been allotted. We cannot assign these coins to an earlier date than the
latter part of the sixth century, before which time Syracuse (like Athens
before Solon's time) must have used the money of some other state.
Before circ. B. c. 500.
Fig. 92.
Incuse square divided into four parts.
In the centre the head of a n^nnpli or
goddess of archaic style. M^ Tetradr.
Similar ^ . . M Didr.
5VRA90$ION or $VRA Slow quad-
riga (Fig. 92).
Horseman riding one and leading
a second horse.
These are probably the earliest examples of coin-types referring to
agonistic contests. That they do not, however, allude to any particular
victory in the games is evident from the way in which the types are
from the first made subservient to the denominations of the coin; thus
STIELA— SYRACUSE.
151
the quadriga is made use of to indicate a Tetradrachm, while two horses
stand for a B'ulracJim, and a man riding a single horse is the distinctive
type of the Drachm.
The head in the centre of the reverse may be assumed to be that
of the presiding goddess of the island of Ortygia, Artemis, who is
identified with the water nymph Arethusa, although on these early
specimens the head is not accompanied by the dolphins which on later
coins symbolize the salt waves of the harbour surrounding the island ot
Oi'tygia in which the fountain of Arethusa gushed forth.
Give. B.C. 500-478.
To this period, which terminates with the death of Gelon, may be
attributed the following:: —
Fig. 93.
SYRApO^ION'
CYRAKOCION
Female head sur-
rounded by dolphins.
Id.
SYR A Female head.
Female head.
Id. (no dolphins).
Quadriga with Nike above (Fig. 93) •
M Tetradr.
Man riding one and leading a second
horse
[Gardner, Types, PI. II. 7, 1 1] M Didr.
Horseman 4l Drachm.
Sepia iH Litra.
SYR A Wheel . . . . & Obol.
In the year B.C. 480 Gelon gained his famous victory over the
Carthaginians at Himera, and, by the intervention of his wife Demarete,
concluded a peace with his vanquished foes, the conditions of which
were so much more favourable than they had been led to expect, that in
gratitude they presented Demarete with a hundred talents of gold, from
the proceeds of which were struck, circ. b. c. 479, the celebrated Syracusan
medallions, or properly speaking Pentekontalitra (or Dekadrachms), sur-
named Lemareteia (Diod. xi. 26).
Fig.
94.
CYRAKOSION Head of Nike crowned
with olive, around, dolphins (Fig. 94).
Slow quadriga, the horses crowned by
flying Nike. In ex. a lion. M Dekadr.
152
SICILY.
In the issue of these magnificent coins immediately after a great
victory, which for the Sicilian Greeks was an event fully as momentous
as the contemporary victories over the Persians at Salamis and Plataea
were for the people of Greece proper, it might well be thought that they
would have been made in some way commemorative of the occasion, and
it has consequently been suggested that the Lion on the reverse may be
a symbol of Libya, as it certainly is on some Carthaginian coins. But it
may be contended that, if any allusion to the vanquished Carthaginians
had been meant, it would surely have been contained in the principal
type and not in a mere adjunct symbol. The head of Nike and the
victorious quadriga both refer to agonistic victories and not to victories
in war. The Lion may consequently be taken in connection with the main
type as symbolizing the god in whose honour the games were held, who
may therefore in this instance have been Apollo. (Cf. the contemporary
coins of Leontini where the Lion is the constant symbol of that God.)
Besides the dekadrachm there is a tetradrachm and an obol of this
coinage. (Head, Coinage of Sp-acnse, PI. I. ii, 12.)
. Circ. B.C. 480-415.
Fig. 95.
The earlier coins of this period, which have been elsewhere attributed
by me [op. ctt. p. 10) to the reign of Hieron, are distinguished by the sea-
monster or instrlx, which replaces the lion in the exergue of the reverse.
If the lion symbolized games held in honour of Apollo, the pistrix in a
similar way may have indicated Poseidon as the divinity in whose name
the contests took place. The tetradrachms with the pistrix are of a
somewhat hard style, which is characteristic of the early transitional
period. The hair of the goddess on the obverse is variously arranged on
different specimens, but is usually bound with a plain cord or fillet.
Fig. 96.
During the Democracy which succeeded the expulsion of the Gelonian
dynasty in B.C. 466, the tetradrachms of Syracuse exhibit a greater
freedom of style and variety of treatment than had been previously usual
(Figs. 95-97). The head of the goddess assumes larger proportions, and
the surrounding dolphins are less formally arranged and less conspicuous.
The hair of the female head is sometimes confined in a sphendone, some-
SYRACUSE.
153
times in a bag or saccos, and sometimes gathered up and bound by a cord
passing four times round it. (Cf. B. M. Guide, PI. XVII. '3^^, 36.)
Fig. 97.
It is in this period that the coinage of bronze commences at Syracuse.
CYPA Head of nymph. | .•. Sepia Trias JE -6-' 4
Circ. B.C. 415-405.
It is probable that, after the destruction of the Athenian armaments
B.C. 412, great reforms were effected in the coinage of Syracuse. One of
these appears to have been the institution for the first time of a coinage
in gold.
Head of Herakles in lion's skin
?YPA Quadripartite incuse square with
female head in centre . N wt. 1 8 grs.
Aegis on which Gorgon head .
N wt. 1 1 grs.
SYPA Quadratum incusum with wheel
in centre M wt. 9 grs.
For the value in silver of these gold coins, see my Coinafje ofSi/racuse,^.\'].
[B. M. Guide, PI. XVII. 39.]
?YPA Head of Pallas.
Head of Pallas.
Another innovation which must also have been introduced about this
time was that the die-engraver was permitted to place his name on the
coins (Fig. 98 and B. M. Guide, PL XVII. 40, with artist's name EYMHNOY).
This shows that the beauty of the State currency was now regarded as a
matter of public interest. The list of Syracusan die-engravers is given
p. 100. The tetradrachms now become highly ornate in style and great
variety is apparent in the arrangement of the hair of the goddess on the
obverse, while on the reverse the horses of the chariot now no longer
walk, but are in high action, galloping or prancing.
About this time the letter II begins to be seen on coins of Syracuse and
other Sicilian towns. We can fix no exact date when it came into
universal use, but for convenience sake we may be allowed to attribute
all coins with ^YPAKO^ION to the period before the accession of Diony-
sius, B.C. 405. Those with ^YPAKOCinN would be for the most part
subsequent to that date.
A new type for the drachm was introduced about this time : —
154
SICILY.
tYRAKOCION Head of goddess with
dolphins.
AEYKACPIC Hero naked, armed with
hehnet, shield, and sword, charging
to r M Drachm.
Leucaspis was a native Sicilian hero, who, according to Diod. (iv. 23),
was one of the leaders of the Sicanians slain by Herakles on his passage
from Syracuse across the centre of the island. A later variety of this
drachm recurs in the next period.
Circ. B.C. 405-345.
To the time of Dionysius and his successors must be classed the finest
of all the Syracusan coins both in gold and silver.
SYPAKOSION Head of goddess.
?YPAKO?inN Young male head
(river Anapus ]).
Fig. 99.
Herakles aiid lion (Fig. 99). K 90 grs.
CYPAKOSinN Free horse. Af 45 grs.
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 13.]
If the proportionate value of gold to silver was at this time as i : 15 as
has been supposed (Head, Coinage of Si/raciise, p. 79), these coins must
have passed as pieces of 100 and 50 litrae respectively.
Fig. 100.
Head of Persephone crowned with
corn-leaves and surrounded by
dolphins. Beneath, in faint cha-
racters EYAINETOY (engraver's
name).
^YPAKOSinN Victorious quadriga
in exei'gue, AOAA, helmet, thorax,
greaves, and shield (Fig. 1 00) .
yii Dekadr. 667-5 grs.
Fk;. 101.
SYRACUSE.
155
Female head with hair in net ; around,
dolphins, signed K I MflN
Similar (Fig. loi)
. M Dekadr.
Of these two magnificent dekadrachms the one which is signed by
Euainetos is the chef (Voeuvre of the art of coin-engraving, and as such it
seems to have been generally recognized in antiquity, for it served as
a model not only for the coins of many other Sicilian towns (e. g. Panor-
mus, Centuripae, etc.), but for some coins in Greece proper, such as those
of the Opuntian Locrians [B. M. Guide, PL XXII. 24].
Among the many beautiful Syracusan tetradrachms of this age the
following by Kimon and Eukleides are the most striking : —
Fig. 102.
APEOO^A Head of Arethusa facing,
her hair floating in loose locks,
among which dolj)hins are swim-
ming. On the band across her
forehead the artist's name K I MflN.
CYPAKOSinN Quadriga; above,Nike:
in exergue, ear of corn (Fig. i o 2 ) . .
M Tetradr.
Fig. 103.
Perse^jhone with torch, driving vic-
torious quadriga : in exei'gue, ear of
corn (Fig. 103) . . . M Tetradr.
SYPAKOCinN Head of Athena
facing, in richly adorned helmet
with crest and feathers. On it the
artist's name EYKAEIAA, around,
dolphins.
There are many other fine tetradrachms of this time, both with and
without the names of artists (Head, Coinage of Syracuse, PI. V.), also the
following drachms : —
Head of Athena facing, as on coin by
Eukleides
[Gardner, Types, PI. VI. 40, 35.]
SYPAKO^inN Leucaspis with helmet,
spear, and shield, in fighting attitude
before an altar. In front, a dead ram.
M, Drachm.
The half drachms repeat for the most part the types of the tetra-
drachm. On the smaller coins the sepia still distinguishes the litra, and
the wheel the obol.
156
SICILY.
Head of nymijl).
Id.
Id.
SYPAKOtl[nN Id.
Bronze Coinage.
Star in ({uadripartite inc. sq. . vE -65
CYPA Wheel and two dolphins. M. -65
,, 8ei)ia M -6
Trident /E -45
Circ. B.C. 345-317.
In B. c. 345 Timoleon of Corinth, under the special protection of the
groat goddesses of Sicily, Demeter and Persephone, left his native land
to fulfil his divine mission of liberating Sicily from her tyrants (Plut.,
Tim. 8 ; Diod. xvi. 66). The democratical form of government was now
re-established at Syracuse. At the same time an entirely new currency
was issued, wherein electrum supplanted the pure gold previously in
circulation. By this change the State effected a saving of some 20 per
cent, (Head, 0/;. cit., p. 26). The Corinthian silver stater, equivalent in
value to an Attic didrachm, was also substituted for the tetradrachm as
the principal silver coin.
Electrum Coinage.
Fig. 104.
CYPAKOCinN Head of Apollo.
Head of Apollo. [B. M. Guide, PI.
XXVI. 34-1
lEY^ EAEYGEPIOl Head of Zeus.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXVI. 35.]
Head of Apollo.
Head of Arethusa.
enTElPA Head of Artemis (Fig. 104).
EL. 1125 grs.moo litr.
CYPAKOCinN Triiml
EL. 56-2 grs. = 5o litr.
,, Pegasos • • • .
EL. 33-7 grs. = 30 litr.
Lyre
EL. 28-12 grs. = 25 htr.
Sepia . . EL. 11-25 grs.= 10 litr.
Silver Coinage.
Fig. 105.
lEYS EAEYOEPIO? Head of Zeus.
?YPAKO?inN Head of Pallas in
Coriiitliian iielmet without cre.st.
SYPAKOlinN Pegasos. [Imhoof,
Mon. Gr., PI. B. 16]
JR Stater 132 grs.= io litr.
Pegasos (Fig. 105)
M Stater 135 grs.= io litr.
SYRACUSE.
157
Head of Arethusa with dolphins.
Head of Kyaue ; symbol, lion's head
(mouth of fountain).
Head of Arethusa.
Head of Kyane (symbol, lion's head).
Id. Id.
Head of Pallas facing.
Janiform female head laureate.
Pegasos
Pegasos
Half Pegasos
Id. . . .
Sepia .
Horseman
Free horse
M 40-5 grs. = 3 litr.
JR 40-5 grs. = 3 litr.
M 2025 grs.= i| litr.
M 2025 grs.= i^ litr.
^13-5 grs.= i litr.
^ 33-75 gi-e-=2i litr.
^27 grs. = 2 litr.
• The prevalence of the Pegasos as a Syracusan type is of course owing
to the influence of the money of Corinth. The head of Zeus Eleutherios
and the free horse speak for themselves as symbols of freedom and
democracy.
Another important reform which seems to have been introduced by
Timoleon was the issue of bronze coins of substantial weight and having
an intrinsic value in themselves, although still perhaps representing a
value somewhat greater than their weight. These heavy bronze coins
were probably struck to meet a demand for money in the Sikel districts
of Sicily which, by Timoleon's means, were brought into direct and
frequent intercourse with Syracuse.
Bronze Coinagi;.
Inscr. CYPA or CYPAKOCinN.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
Id.
Head of bearded hero, Archias, in
Corinthian helmet.
Head of Persephone.
Head of Aphrodite.
Head of Anapus facing.
Female head.
lEYC EAEYOEPI02 HeadofZeus.
Id. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr.,. PI. B. 1 7.]
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
[Imhoof, op. cit., PI. B. 18.]
[Imhoof, 02). cit., PI. B. 19 and 20.]
Head of Kyane (?) facing.
Head of Apollo.
[lEY^ EA]AANI0[?] HeadofZeus.
[Imhoof, op. cit., PI. B. 21.]
Head of Apollo. [Imhoof, op. cit.,
PI. 22.]
Star-fish between two dolphins ^^ I'lg
Sea-horse JE -8
Pegasos and dolphin . . . M 1-05
Pegasos M -85
Half Pegasos ...... M '6
Half Pegasos M -65
Dolphin and scallop . . . M •'j
Free horse ^ i-o
Half Pegasos JE 95
Fulmen tE -95— 65
Sepia iE -65
Swastica M -g
Shell ; around, three dolphins, or sepia.
^ -7
Id ^ -55
Pegasos iE '7
Dog barking JFj .^
Dog lying, head reverted . . ^E -6
^ The head of Archias as Oekist of Syi-acuse is most appropriate at the
time of Timoleon's recolonization. With regard to the river Anapus and
the fountain Kyane, see Aelian ( Far. Hist., xxxiii.).
The largest of these Syracusan bronze coins were extensively used in
Sicily, chiefly by the Sikel towns, as blanks or flans on which to strike
their own types.
158
SICILY.
Reign of Agathocles, B.C. 317-289.
The coins struck while Agathocles was ruler of Syracuse do not all
bear his name. They fall into three periods, as follows : —
I. B.C. 317-310. Gold. Attic drachms, tetrobols, and diobols.
Silver. Tetradrachms, staters (Corinthian), and draclims.
Bronze.
All reading CYPAKO^inN and without the name of Agathocles.
n. B.C. 310-307. Gold. Stater reading ATAOOKAEOS.
Silver. Tetradr. „ CYPAKOCinN -ATAOOKAEIO^.
„ KOPAC— ATAOOKAEIO^.
„ KOPAC— ATAOOKAEO^.
Bronze coins „ SYPAKOSinN.
III. B.C. 307-289. Gold. Staters (wt. 90 grs.) reading —
ArAOOKAEOS BAIIAEOC.
Bronze coins with same inscr.
Silver. Corinthian staters of reduced weight.
Period I. Circ. B.C. 317-310.
Gold and Silvee. Attic Weight.
Fig. 106.
Head of young Ares (?) laureate.
[B. M. Guide, PL XXXV. 27.]
Head of Persephone.
Head of Persephone (Fig. 106).
^YPAKOCinN Head of young Ares(?)
laur. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL B. 23.]
Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian
helmet.
SYPAKOSinN Biga. Symbol: Tri-
skelis . . , .
R Drachm and Tetrobol.
Bull. . i^fDioboL
■ ,, Quadriga. Symbol:
Triskelis
M Tetradr.
. . . . M, Drachm.
Triskelis
^YPAKOSinN
Triskelis . .
Pegasos. Symbol :
M Corinthian Stater.
Beonze.
^YPAKOSinN Head of Persephone.
Young male head laur.
Bull hutting. Symbols and letters
various M ■g—'j
Triskelis ^ '75
The Triskelis or Triquetra does not occur on any Sicilian coins before
the time of Agathocles, who appears to have adopted it in virtue of his
claim of sovereignty over aD Sicily.
SYRACUSE.
159
The type of the gold coins above described seems to have been
borrowed from that of the gold staters of Philip of Macedon.
Period 11. Circ. B.C. 310-307.
Gold and Silver.
Young head wearing elephant's skin. 1
Attic Weight.
ATAOOKAEO^ Winged Pallas armed,
standing ; at her feet, owl N. Stater.
This coin was probably struck soon after the victory of Agathocles
over the Carthaginians in Africa (Diod. xxii. ii), B.C. 310, before which
he let fly a number of owls, the favourite birds of Athena, which, perch-
ing upon the shields and helmets of the soldiers, revived their fainting
spirits. The absence of the royal title proves that it was struck before
B.C. 307.
Fig. 107.
C Y P A K 0 S I n N Head of Persephone
with flowing hair.
KOPAS Similar (Fig. 107).
ATAOOKAEIO^ Nike erecting tro-
phy. Symbol: Triskelis M, Tetradr.
ATAGOKAEIOS or ATAOOKAEOS
Similar M Tetradr.
Little by little Agathocles seems to have taken into his own hands
the right of coinage, for the inscription SYPAKO^inN is first dropped on
the gold, next on the silver, and finally, as will be seen, upon the bronze.
The adjective ATAOOKAEIO^ agrees perhaps with NIKH understood in
the type.
Bronze.
^YPAKOSinN Young male head
diademed.
eriTEl P A Head of Artemis.
^YPAKOCinN Head of Pallas in
crested Corinthian helmet.
Head of Pallas as above.
Id.
Lion. Symbol : club
^•85
CYPAKOlinN Fulmen . . ^E -85
Pegasos ........ JE -85
SYPAKOCinN Horseman iE -8-65
Fulmen . . ^ -55
Period in. B.C. 307-289.
In B.C. 307 Agathocles assumed the title /SaaiKevs, following in this the
example set by Antigonus, who had adopted the title, ' king,' in the same
year.
Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian | APAOOKAEO^ BA^IAEOC Fulmen.
helmet. I N 90 gfrs-
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 30.]
160
SICILY.
Similar (helmet without crest). I Pegasos. Symbol: Triskelis or star .
I vR io8 grs.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 31.]
CHTEIPA Head of Artemis. ATAOOKAEOS BACIAEOC Fulmen.
I M -85
The gold staters of this time follow the old Syracusan gold standard
which prevailed in the reign of Dionysius (p. 154). But as gold in the
time of Agathocles was only worth about twelve times as much as silver,
whereas in that of Dionysius it had stood at 15:1, the stater of 90 grs.
would be equivalent only to 80 silver litrae instead of 100, as of old. In
consequence perhaps of the altered relations of gold and silver, the
weight of the Corinthian stater, as issued at Syracuse, was propor-
tionately reduced from 10 to 8 litrae.
Democracy, B.C. 289-287.
On the death of Agathocles republican institutions were restored for
the space of about two years, during which the worship of Zeus Eleu-
therios becomes again apparent on the coinage.
t ni E I P A Head of Artemis.
AlOC EAEYOEPIOY Head of Zeus.
AlOC EAEYOEPIOY Fulmen ^-8
CYPAKOCinN Fulmen . . .^ -8
Hicetas, B.C. 287-278.
Next follows the tyranny of Hicetas, whose name appears as chief
magistrate on the gold money only. The silver and bronze, which as I
have elsewhere shown {Coinage of Syracuse, p. 54) can only belong to the
time of Hicetas, are without his name.
Fig. ioS.
?YPAKOCinN Head of Persephone.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 32.]
Head of Persei^hone with long hair.
Symbols: Bee, hucranium, etc. (Fig.
108).
EPI IK ETA Biga. Symbols: Moon,
sinr, [sun], etc. . . K 67-5 grs.
CYPAKOCinN Quadriga. Symbol:
Stai', etc yR 202-5 grs.
Of the above coins the gold drachm was worth 60, and the silver coin
15 litrae. The tetradrachm was never struck at Syracuse after the reign
of Agathocles.
^YPAKO^inN Head of Persephone
with l(jiig hair.
AlOC EAAANIOY Young laureate
head of Zeuw Hcllenios.
Biga. Symbol: Star .
M .9-
CYPAKO^inN Eagle on fulmen
M -8
[Gardner, Types Gr, C, PI. XI. 25.]
SYRACUSE.
161
This last type was adopted by the Mamertines after their seizure of
Messana, B.C. 282; the head on the obverse of the Mamertino coin is,
however, there called Ares.
Time of Pyrrlms in Sicily, B. c. 278-276.
The following Syracusan coins probably belong to the time of Pyrrhus's
expedition into Sicily (Head, Coinage of Sj/racuse, p. 58) : —
CYPAKOCinM Nikeinbiga. . .
K 67.5 grs.
Torch in oak-wreath . . M \o
Pallas in fighting attitude M -g-'S
Head of Persephone, hair long.
^YPAKOCinN
Similar.
Head of yount
Herakles.
This Pallas Promachos is the Macedonian Athena Alkis, a type which
first occurs on coins struck by Ptolemy Soter in Egypt for Alexander
the son of Roxana, next on silver coins of Pyrrhus struck during his
Italian and Sicilian campaigns, and on these bronze Syracusan coins, and
again on the coins of Antigonus Gonatas, b. c. 277-239, and on those of
Philip V, B.C. 220-179.
Hieroti II, B.C. 275-216.
After the departure of Pyrrhus, one of his young officers named
Hieron was elected general of the army. He soon rose to great power
in the Councils of the Republic, and after his victory over the Mamer-
tines, B.C. 270, received the title j3aai\evs.
Headof Persephone (various symbols). | IEPHNOS Biga . . it 67-5 grs.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XLVI. 30.] 1
The silver coins which belong to the reign of Hieron may be divided
into five classes as follows : —
Head of Pallas.
[B. M. Gvide, PI. XLVI. 32.]
Class A. With inscr. lEPHNOS.
I Pegasos ^90 grs.
Class B. With inscr. BACIAEO? lEPHNO^ and portrait of Hieron.
Fig. 109.
Head of Hieron diademed.
Quadriga (Fig. 109)
ifl 432 grs. = 32 litr.
M
162
SICILY.
Class C. With inscr. CYPAKO^IOI TEAnNO? and portrait of Gelon.
Head of Gelon diademed.
Id.
Head of Hieroii or Gelon.
Id.
Biga .... yR io8 grs. = 8 litr.
Eagle on fulmen M, 54 grs. = 4 litr.
CYPAKOSIOI XII
Al 13-5 grs.= I litr.
SYPAKOeiOl rEAHNO^ XII . .
Class D. With inscr. BACIAIC^AS OlAICTI AO^ and 2>ortrait of Philistis.
Fig. 1 10.
Head of Philistis veiled.
Id.
Id.
Quadriga . vR 243 grs. = 20 Htr.(1)
Id. (Fig. no) M 216 grs.= i6 litr.
Biga . . . J^ 67-5 grs. = 5 litr.
The head of Queen Philistis, the wife of Hieron, on these coins should
be compared with that of Arsinoe on the contemporary Egyptian
coinage. Whether the Gelon of the coins is the son of Hieron, who died
before his father, or whether it is intended to be a portrait of the
original tyrant of that name, regarded in the light of the deified founder
of the royal house, is doubtful. The use of Roman numerals at Syracuse
before the capture of the city by the Romans is proved by the litrae
reading CYPAKO^IOI TEAnNO? XII. Cf. bronze coins of Rhegium and
the Mamertini of the same date, also with Roman numerals. The silver
litra marked X 1 1 must have been valued at 1 3 copper litrae, or litrae of
account (Head, 0/;. cit., p. 74).
Class E. Gold and Silver, ivith inscr. ClKEAinTAN.
Head of Demeter veiled.
Id. [B. M. Guide, PI. XLVI. 34.]
Biga .... iSZ' 67-5 gi's. = 60 litr.
Quadriga Ai 108, 54 and 27 grs. = 8, 4,
and 2 Litrae.
On all the coins of this class there is a monogram composed of the
letters I and ?, which may stand for lEPHNOC— CYPAKOtljQN.
On the conclusion of the First Punic War, b. c. 241, when Sicily was
divided between the Romans and Hieron, the coins with this inscription
were probably struck for circulation throughout the dominions of the
latter.
Bronze coins, reading lEPflNOC
Head of Hieron. I Biga ....
Id. Armed horseman
M 1-4
M 10
SYRACUSE.
163
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Persephone.
Head of nymph.
Head of Persephone.
Head of Apollo.
Trident ^ -85
Pegasos M -^
Id M -6
IE Bull; above, club . . . ^-7—65
Free horse 7^-65
I/irrnvipmcs, B.C. 216—215.
Fig. tii.
Hieron was succeeded by his grandson Hieronymus in b. c. 216. The
following are the coins which were struck during his short reign:—
BA^IAEO^ lEPnNYMOY Fulmen
^33-75 grs. = 3olitr.
Head of Persej^hone.
Head of Hieronymus (Fig. 1 1 1 ).
Similar.
„ Fulmen ^324 grs.
135 grs. & 675 grs. = 24, lo & 5 litr.
Similar JEi -85
Democracy, B.C. 215-212.
Fig. 112.
After the assassination of Hieronymus, a Republic was once more
proclaimed. Syracuse did not, however, return to the Roman alliance,
which had been assiduously cultivated by Hieron and which his grandson
had most unwisely broken off. The great Greek city of the West fell
before the Roman arms in B.C. 212, and two years afterwards the whole
island was a province of the Roman Republic. The following are the
coins which belong to this latest period of Syracusan autonomy : — ■
^YPAKOCinN Chariot of six horses
i^ 67-5 grs. = 60 litrae.
SYPAKOSinN Artemis huntress with
dog .... .^ 45 grs. = 40 litr.
CYPAKO^inN Id..iii62grs.= i2litr.
„ Fulmen M, 108 grs. = 8 litr,
,, Quadriga M, 2\6 grs.= i61itr.
„ Id. . .H 108 ors. = 8 litr.
Female head 1. wearing Stephanos
adorned with floral ornaments.
Head of Pallas.
[B. M. Gidde, PI. XLVIT. 36.]
Id.
Id.
Head of Zeus (Fig. 112).
Head of Persephone
[K^l. Guide, PI. XLYII. 39.]
M 2
164
SICILY.
Head of bearded Herakles ....
[V,.^l.Guide, PI. XLVII. 38.]
Head of Apollo,
Head of Persephone.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Artemis.
Head of Pallas.
SYPAKOCinN BigayR8igrs. = 6litr.
,, Nike carrying troiDhy
JR, 54 grs. = 4 litr.
,, Zeus resting on sjDear .
^135 grs. = io litr.
,, Nike (?) with scroll and palm .
^^ 33-75 grs. = 2^ litr.
CYPAKOCIOI Owl
M 16-87 grs.= i4: litr.
SYPAKOCIOI :• XIII
M 13-5 grs.=: I litr.
^YPAKOCIOI Xil^7.4grs. = ilitr.(1).
Head of Herakles
[Imhoof, J/oji. (?/., p. 33.]
The figure of Zeus resting on a spear has been shown by G. Abeken
(Annall dell' Inst. 1B39, p. 62) to represent the statue of Zeus Strategos or
Jupiter Imperator mentioned by Cicero {Fe/r., iv. 58). That of Artemis
is probably also the copy of some famous statue.
The Roman numerals ;, XI 11 are to be understood as 13^ copper litrae.
This indicates a further depreciation in the nominal value of the unit of
account (Mommsen, i. p. 116 ; Head, I.e. But see also Imhoof, 31on. Gr.,
p. ^^). The bronze issues between the death of Hieronymus and the
capture of the city were the following : —
^YPAKOCinN Trident between dol-
phins M -8—55
The Dioskuri JE -85
Tripod . . ^ -9
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Apollo.
Id.
Syracuse under Roman Donmiion, B.C. 210-('?).
Syracuse, in common with most other Sicilian towns, was allowed by
the Romans to strike bronze money for a long time after her capture.
Many of the following coin-types are very late, especially those which
are derived from the worship of Isis.
^YPAKO^inN Simulacrum of Isis (?)
in triumphal quad-
riga. She holds
torch . . iE I'O
5, City standing, holds
I'udder and sceptre
^ .85
,, Nike in biga .
M -9-8
,, Eagle on fulmen
M -8
,, Nike carrying palm
M -9
„ Nike sacrificing bull
M -8
„ Isis standing, with
sistrum . ^ '75
„ Head-dress of Isis .
M -7
Head of Zeus.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Head of Artemis.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Serapis.
Head of Isis.
SYRACUSE— TAUnOMENIUM.
165
Head of Persephone.
SYPAKO^inN
Demeter standing,
with torch and
sceptre . -^ "75
Id.
}5
Wreath of corn iE -6
Head of Dcmeter.
J>
Crossed torches . .
^•65
Head of Apollo.
»)
Torch . . . ^ -6
Head of Zeus (1).
)>
Tripod . . . ^ .4
Head of Apollo.
>'
Sacrificial cap, ga-
lerus . . . & -d
Head of Demeter veiled.
))
Quiver, bow, and ar-
row, crossed, & -6
Head of Helios.
5>
Naked figure of
Egyptian style
^•75
Head of Janus.
5)
Quiver (?) . JE -6
Head of Asklepios.
11
Serpent staff JE -5
Tauromenium, which stood on a lofty height. Mount Taurus, near the
site of the ancient Naxus, was a Sikel fortress built in b. c. 396. Sub-
sequently, B. c. 358, the exiled inhabitants of Naxus occupied the place.
It then became an important Greek town. It was for some time the
head-quarters of Timoleon, while he was occupied in liberating Sicily
from her tyrants, and this is the period to w^hich its largest bronze coins
are to be attributed. Subsequently it passed under the dominion of
Hieron II, and after the fall of Syracuse, B.C. 212, under that of Rome.
The coins of Tauromenium fall into two periods.
Circ. B.C. 358-275.
APXATETA^ Head of Apollo.
Id.
Id.
TAYPOMENITAN Bull, often man-
headed, walking. Symbol, Grapes .
JE I-
Bull butting . . iG -8
Forepart of bull . JE -65
The worship of Apollo Archegetes, which the Naxians brought with
them from Greece, was kept up by the people of Tauromenium. According
to Thucydides (vi. 3) whenever any sacred Theori left Sicily they sacrificed
at the altar of this god before setting sail. The Bull on the reverse
seems, from the symbol which accompanies it, to stand in this instance
for Dionysos rather than for a River.
APXArETAC Head of Apollo.
Id.
CAP An I Female head in Stephanos.
TAYPOMENITAN Lyre or Tripod .
JE -85
„ Bunch of grapes .
Grapes and leaves JE -6
Whether this last coin is rightly attributed to Tauromenium is
doubtful. The legend of the obverse remains unexplained (Imhoof, Ee)-l.
£ldU., V. 59).
166
SICILY.
Circ. B.C. 275-210.
TAYPOMENITAN 'Tripod . . . .
-^^33-75 grs- = 30 ^iti-
., Id. Various mono-
grams . . . N i6-8 grs.^15 litr.
TAYPOMENITAN Pegasos . . .
^90 grs.
„ Tripod ....
M ^4 grs.= 4 litr.
TAYPOM Grapes. ^i3-5grs.= ilitr.
The weights here given are the normal weights (Head, op. cit., pp. 79-80).
The precise date of the issue of these gold and silver coins cannot be
fixed with certainty, but we may place them preferably in the interval
between the death of Hieron II, B.C. 216, and the constitution of the
Roman province of Sicily, B.C. 210: —
Head of Apollo.
Id. Symbols : bee, cicada, club, etc.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Apollo. Symbol : Star . .
[B. M. Guide, PI. XLVII. 40.]
Bull's head facing.
Head of bearded Herakles wearing
taenia.
Head of Apollo, behind, monogr.
TAYPOMENITAN Head of young
Dionysos.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Dionysos.
Head of Pallas.
Head of young Dionysos.
TAYPOMENITAN Bull
APOAAnNOS
Tripod
Id. .
JE 1 — 8
JE -8
JE -8
TAYPOMENITAN Pegasos. ^-9-7
Bull. . M -8-6
Bull . . M -6
Owl . . ^: -75
,, Dionysos stand-
ing, holds thyrsos, at his feet, ijanther.
JE -9
Although Tauromenium retained a nominal independence under the
Romans, and in the reign of Augustus received a Roman colony, it does
not appear to have coined money after B.C. 210.
Tyudaris, on the north coast of Sicily, near Mylae, and about thirty-
six miles west of Messana, was founded by Dionysius the Elder B.C. 395, and
peopled with Messenian exiles from Naupactus and Pelopoimesus expelled
from Greece by the Spartans at the close of the Peloponnesian war. The
Messenians called their new city Tyndaris, after theDioskuri sons of Tynda-
reus, whom they claimed as natives of Messenia, rovs Atoa-Kovpovs fxakKov
Ti avTols Kol ov Aa/ceoat/i.oi'tot? irpocrijKeLv vo\xi^ovm (Paus. iii. 26, 3). The
worship of Helen as Tyndaris falls also into the same mythological cycle.
The coins of Tyndaris are of three periods : —
T Y N A A P 1 2 Head of Helen wearing
stephane.
TYN AAPIC Head of Helen wearing
stephane. Behind, star.
Circ. B.C. 395-345.
Free horse ; above, two stars
One of the Dioskuri .
M II grs.
^.85
Circ. B. c. 344.
TYNAAPIAO? Head of Apollo.
TYNAAPITAN Head of Persephone
in corn -wreath.
TYNAAPITAN Head of Apollo.
Id.
ATAOYPNOC Warrior standing with
shield and lance . . . . JE -"j^
^riTHPE? The Dioskuri on horseback.
^.85
Horse's head -^ -65
Cock. Symbols: Star and locust. M -65
TAUROMENIUM— TYNDARIS.
167
The coin reading SHTHPE? appears to belong to the time of Timo-
leon's expedition, when we hear of Tyndaris as espousing the cause of
freedom. At a later period the town was in the hands of the Cartha-
ginians, and to this time, perhaps, belong the coins which in their
reverse-types seem to be copied from the well-known Carthaginian
tetradrachms with the horse's head. Tyndaiis does not appear to have
struck money again until after the fall of Panormus.
Circ. B.C. 254-210.
I TYNAAPITAN The Dioskuri on horse-
I back ^ -8
TYNAAPITAN Zeus standing, holds
fuhnen and sceptre . . . . .^ -8
TYNAAPITAN The Dioskuri stand-
ing .^ -8
TYNAAPITAN Eagle on fuhnen . .
M -7
Trident . . ^ -65
,, Caduceus between
olive and corn M •'j
TYNAAPITAN Hermes standing . .
M -7
„ Caps of the Dioskuri.
The statue of Hermes on the reverse of one of these coins is doubtless
the one mentioned by Cicero {Verr., iv. 39) as, simulacrum Mercurii
pulcherrimum. It had been carried off by the Carthaginians and was
restored to the people of Tyndaris by Scipio.
For other varieties, see F. von Duhn [Zeit. f. Num., iii. p. 27), and
Imhoof {Mou. Gr., p. '^'J,).
Uncertain town.
Female head veiled
Id.
Head of Zeus.
Id.
Head of Poseidon,
Head of Pallas.
Id.
Female head veiled.
Circ.
B.C.
Head of young river-god, horned, and
crowned with I'eeds
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 24, 25.]
300(?).
OHPAinN(?) Pan playing syrinx
before a large oblong chest (?) sur-
mounted by the busts of three
nymphs iE -8
ISLANDS OP SICILY.
Lipara, the largest of the Aeolian islands, does not appear to have
coined money before the middle of the fourth century B. c.
Circ. B. c. 350-300.
Young male head.
Hephaestos seated, with hammer and
kantharos.
Id.
Dolphin above waves. Litra(?) M 1-2
AIPAPAION Dolpliin
Litra(?) ^1—75
\\\ Hemilitron M -85-65
Also Trias, Hexas, and Uncia, all with marks of value.
168
LIPARA.
Circ. B.C. 300.
Head of 5'oiuig Ares, laureate. | AlPAPAinN Trident
M -8
The date of this last coin may easily be fixed by style, the head of
Ares bearing a very close resemblance to that on the coins of Agathocles
and the Mamertini. Shortly after b. c. 300 Lipara fell into the hands
of the Carthaginians, who held it down to B. c. 251, when it was taken by
the Romans. It is to this period of the Roman dominion that the follow-
ing series of struck aes grave belongs : —
Ci
B.C. 251-217.
Head of Hepliaestos, wearing conical
pilos.
A I P A P A 1 0 N Stern of galley
• • •
• • •
M I-
Of this coinage there are also Quadrantes, Sextantes, and Unciae, all
with marks of value and of weights which point to an As of from 1600-
2000 grs. This is clearly identical with the Roman As of the Triental
Reduction. The recurrence of theformAI PAP Al ON inplaceof AlPAPAIflN
is unusual, and has induced some numismatists to attribute these heavy
pieces to the fifth century. The advanced style of art exhibited by the
head of Hephaestos is, however, quite conclusive as an argument for
placing them after the Roman conquest.
Circ. B.C. 217-89.
After the Uncial Reduction, B.C. 217, the issue of heavy coins ceases,
and they are succeeded by smaller coins of rude work without marks
of value, and reading AlPAPAIflN. The types of most frequent occur-
rence are the following; : —
Small bronze coins.
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Hephaestos.
Head of Hephaestos.
Young Hephaestos standing.
Hephaestos in fighting attitude.
After circ. b. c. 89.
r. MAPKIOC AEY[/cio4
r. ACnNEYC.
AYO ANAP[EC] Forceps.
Here we have the names of two municipal Duumviri, Gains Marcius
Luci Filius and Gains Asoneus. This is probably one of the last coins
struck in the island.
Sardinia. Of this island there are no Greek coins.
p. 270, and B. M. Cat. Sic, p. 265.
See Eckhel, vol.
MACEDON, THRACE,
AND THE EUROPEAN COASTS OF THE EUXINE.
As the origin of coinage in Thrace and Macedon has already been
discussed in the Introduction it is unnecessary to recur to it here.
At the risk of laying myself open to the charge of a want of uniformity
in the arrangement of this work, I have thought it advisable to deviate
in the following pages, which treat of the coins of Macedon, Thrace, and
the north-western and northern coasts of the Euxine, from the simple
alphabetical method with the view of obtaining a more scientific classifi-
cation. A reference to the Index at the end of the volume will enable
the student to find the coins of the various towns and kings without
difficulty.
Geographically, and chronologically, the money of these northern
regions falls into seventeen groups, which I have distinguished by the
letters A-H (Macedon and Paeonia), and I-E (Thrace and the northern
coasts of the Black Sea).
I. MACEDON.
A. The Pangaean district with its poi-t Neapolis. Silver staters, thirds,
sixths, and twelfths, of the Baby Ionic standard (i6o grs.) until
circ. B.C. 411, when Neapolis, like Thasos, adopts the Phoenician
standard.
Orrescii
Zaeelii
. . . naei
Neapolis
Eion
Before 480
480-411
411-350
M
JR
EL. JR
JR
JR JE
B. Coinage on the Babylonic standard in the Emathian district.
Letc
Aegae
Ichnae
Tynteni(?)
Before 480
JR
JR
JR
JR
170
MACEDON.
C. The Phoenician standard in the Bisaltian district, probably derived
from Abdera.
Orrescii
Before 480
Circ. 480-450
Circ. 450-350
JR
Bisaltae
JP.
Mosses
JR
Edoni
JR
Getas
JR
Odomanti(,?),etc.
Derronicus
JR
Docimus
JR
Demetrius
JP.
Bastareus
JR.
Therma
JR.
D. The Euboic (Attic) standard among the Euboean colonies in Chal-
cidice until circ. b. c. 424, when it was generally superseded by the
Phoenician.
Orthagoreia
Before 480
480-424
424-400
400-358
358-280
Roman Period
-^A- Jtj
Amae
JR.
Acanthus
JR.
JR.
JR.
JR. JE
Uranopolis
Terone
M
M
JR. JE
Sermyle
Olynthus
Chalcidice )
(Federal) \
Aphytis
Scione
JR.
JR.
JR
JE
N JR. JE
JE
JE
JE
Mende
JR.
JR.
JR.
JR. JE
Capsa
JR.
Potidaea
JR
JR
Cassandrea )
Eurydicea \
JE
M
Bottice
JR.
JE
Dicaea
JR.
JE
Aeneia
JR
M
JR
JE
E. Other Macedonian cities in the Strymonian and Bottiaean districts.
Amphipolis
TragiluH
Philippi
Methone
Pydna
480-424
424-400
400-358
358-336
Koman Period
M
JR
JR. JE
JE
'" JE
JE
K JR JE
JE
JE
THRACE, ETC.
171
F. Coinage of the Kings of Macedon.
G. Coinage of the Kings of Paeonia.
H. Macedon under the Romans.
Macedonia, in genere \
158-146
146-27
Imperial
^v JE
M
Macedonia Prima f
M
,, Secunda i
M
„ Quarta )
JE
'
Amphaxitis
Jii> Jtj
Amphipolis
M
JE
Beroea
M
Edessa
M
Heraclea Sintica
M
PeUa
M
iei
JE
Bottiaei
JR J&
Phila
M
Dium
^
Scotussa
M
Stobi
JE
Thessalonica
M
M
^
II. THRACE.
I. The Greek, etc. Towns of Southern Thrace.
Aenus
Before 480
480-424
424-400
400-350
350-197
After 197
M
K JR JE
JE
Maroneia
JR
M
M
S JR JE
JR JE
Phytaeum
M
Dicaea
M
M
Abdera
M
M
JR
JR .cE
Trie ....
JR
Cypsela
JE
K. The Thracian Chersonese.
Chersonesus
Before 480
480-400
400-350
350-280
280-197
197-27
Imperial
JR
JR
JR JE
Aegospotami
Agathopolis
Alopeconnesus
Cardia
JR
JE
JE
JE
JE
Lysimacliia
Coela
JE
JE
Crithote
JE
Elaeus
JE
Madytu.s
Sestus
JE
JE
JE
JE
172
THRACB, ETC.
L. The Islands of the Thracian Sea.
Thasos
Samothrace
Inibros
Hephaestia in
Lemnos
Before 480
480-411
411-350
350-280
jd" JE
JE
JE
280-146
146-27
Impei-ial
M
M
K M JE
JR. JE
JE
JR JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
M. The European coast of the Propontis.
Bisanthe
Before 480
480-400
400-350
350-280
280-
0)
(?)-27
Imperial
JE
Byzantium
Al
JR JE
JP.
JE
JE
JE
Peiinthus
JE
JE
Selvmbria
JR
JR
Odrysae
JE
N. The Western coast of the Euxine and the Danubian Provinces.
Olbia
Before 400
400-350
350-280
280-27
Imperial
N. JP. JE
Ji\> Jhj
JE
Tyra
Ji\> JiU
JE
Dacia (Province)
JE
Viminacium
JE
Callatia
JR JE
JE
JE
Dionysopolis
JE
Istrus
M JE
JE
Marcianopolis
JE
Nicopolis ad Istrum
JE
Tomi
JE
JE
Odessus
JR JE
JE
Anchialus
JE
Apollonia
JR
JE
Mesembria
JR
M M
JE
JE
O. The Tauric Chersonesus.
Cercine
Chersonesus
Nymphaeum
Panticapaeum
400-350
350-300
After 300
Imj^erial
JE
JR
K JR JE
JR" JE
JR JE
JE
JP^ JE
JR JE
JE
P. Thracian Kings and Dynasts.
THRACE, ETC. 173
Q. Inland Towns of Thrace.
Bizya
Deultum
Hadrianopolis
Nicopolis ad Nestuiu
Pautalia \ ^ of Imperial times.
Phihppopolis [ '
Plotinopolis
Serdica
Topirus
Trajanopolis
R. Kings of the Scythians.
Bibliography of Macedon, Thrace, etc.
In addition to the numerous special monographs on the coins of
various Macedonian and Thracian cities and kings which are to be found
in the volumes of the Numismatic Chronicle, the Bevne numismatique, the
Zeitsckrift fUr Numismafik, and other periodicals, the following are some of
the more important works to which the student of the money of northern
Greece may be referred : —
B. V. Head and P. Gardner, British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins, Thrace,
1877 (woodcuts).
B. V. Head, British Museum Catalogue 0/ Greek Coins, Macedon, 1879 (wood-
cuts and map).
Cousinery (E. M.), Voyage dans la Macedoine. Paris, 1831. 2 vols.
Leake (W. M.), Northern Greece, vol. iii. London, 1835.
Desdevizes du Desert (Th.), Geographie ancienne de la Macedoine. Paris, 1862.
Duchesne et Bayet, Archives des Missions scienti/iques et litteraires. Ser. iii.
Tom. iii.
Heuzey (L.), Mission archeologiqu^ de Macedoine. Paris, 1864-76.
Brandis (J.), Miinz- Mass- und Geivichtsivesen. Anliang, pp. 517-548 and
575-584. Berlin, 1866.
Bompois (F.), Examen chronologique des Monnaies frapfees i'>ar la Communaute
des Macedoniens. Paris, 1876.
Von Gutschmid (A.), Die Makedonische Anagraphe.
Miiller (L.), Numismatique d' Alexandre le Grand. Copenhagen, 1855.
Miiller (L.), Die Milnzen des thrakischen Konigs Lysimachus. Copenhagen, 1858.
Imhoof-Blumer (F.), Monnaies grecques, pp. 38-131. Pax-is and Leipzig, 1883.
Imhoof-Blumer (F.), Portrdtkiiffe auf antiken Miinzen, pp. 13-20. Leipzig,
1885.
Koehne (B.), Description du Musee Kotchouhey, 2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1857.
Adhering to the above classification, we now proceed to describe the
coins of the several Macedonian and Thracian localities in detail.
174
MACEDON.—{A) PANGAEAA' DISTRICT.
A. The Pangaean District.
This mountainous region was inhabited by rude tribes whose chief
occupation consisted in working the silver and gold mines with which
the hills abounded. It is natural that among a population whose
one staple of trade was gold and silver a currency should have been
adopted at a much earlier period than was the case among agricultural
or pastoral peoples.
The earliest Thraco-Macedonian gold and silver coins date from the
earlier half of the sixth century b, c. In style and types they bear a
striking resemblance to the coins of the island of Thasos.
In weight the largest denominations are octadrachms of the Phoenician
standard, which was perhaps derived from the important city of Abdera.
The staters however follow, for the most part, the Babylonic standard of
the coins of Thasos, respecting the origin of which see the Introduction,
The only known gold coin is uninscribed, but may be conjecturally
attributed to the Orrescii. It is of the Phocaic standard.
Orrescii. Leake [Northern Greece, iii. p. 213) is of opinion that these
people were identical with the Satrae and closely connected with the
Bessi, or priests of the oracular temple of the Thracian Bacchus on
Mt. Pangaeum, where the coins were probably struck.
Gold ok Electeum. Sixth Century b. c.
Fig. 113.
A Centaur bearing a Avoman in his 1 Deep incuse square quartered
arms (Fig. 113). . ' A^ or EL. 252 grs.
Silver. Before b. c. 480.
Jnscr. ORRESKION, ORRH^KION, aRHCKlON, HRH^KinN, etc.
Fia. II.
MACEDON.—{A) PANGAEAN DISTRICT.
175
Naked man with two spears conduct-
ing two oxen.
Man holding prancing horse by bridle.
[B. M. Cat. Mac, p. 146.]
Centaur bearing off nymph.
(See also Imhoof, Alon. Gr., p. 85.)
naei. As the inscription on this coin is incomplete it is only to
be attributed by reason of its type and fabric, which are identical with
coins of the Orrescii.
Incuse square quartered (Mg. 114). .
M, Octadr. (Phoenician) 440 grs.
Id. (sometimes diagonally divided) .
M Stater (Babylonic) 150 grs.
Id M 157-8 grs.
Before circ. B.C. 480.
. . NAin Centaur with nymph. I Incuse square quartered
[B. M. Cat. Mac, p, 148.] I
Zaeelii. Known only from the following coin.
Before circ. B. c. 480.
M Stater.
Fig. 115.
lAIEAEnN Centaur with nymph. | Incuse square quartered (Fig. 115) . .
I ■ M Stater.
Neapolis, the modern Kavaia, lay on the coast at the foot of Mt.
Pangaeum, opposite Thasos. Commercially it must have been a town
of some importance, owing to its position at the only point where the
great military high road through Thrace touched the sea. It was
probably originally a Thasian settlement, subsequently tributary to
Athens and partially occupied by Athenians, who derived much profit
from the neighbouring Pangaean mines. Its silver coinage begins before
B. C. 500 and continues in an unbroken series down to the time of Philip,
exhibiting in fabric and weight much similarity to the money of Thasos.
The Gorgon-head as a coin- type is perhaps of Euboean origin.
Circ B.C. 500-411.
Gorgon-head (Fig. 116).
Fig. 116.
j Incuse square .
Circ B.C. 411-350.
M Stater 150 grs.
M Third 55 grs.
About B.C. 4ri the Phoenician standard superseded the Babylonic at
Thasos. The same change is noticeable at Neapolis.
176
3IACED0K—{£) EMATHUN DISTRICT.
Gorgon-head.
[B. M. Guide, n.XKl. 12.]
NEOP Head of Aphrodite (?) bound
with wreath or plain cord ....
M Drachm (Phoenician) 58 gi's.
JR \ Dr. 29 grs.
M Size -45
With regard to the head on the reverse of these coins, see Imhoof,
Mon. Gr., p. 84.
Eion, at the mouth of the Strymon, appears in early times to have
been a prosperous port, but it was afterwards eclipsed, B.C. 437, by its
near neighbour, Amphipolis. The attribution to this town of the coins
with a duck or goose for type is due to their having been frequently
found in this locality. Whether this bird is here an emblem of Apollo,
like the swan, is very doubtful. Aquatic birds in large numbers are
said still to haunt the shores and marsh-lands of lake Cercinitis and the
mouth of the Strymon. The letters O, A, A, H, and N, which occur on
these little coins, may indicate a Federal currency, of which Eion was
only one of the mints.
Goose with head turned back; in field,
lizard.
Id. without lizard.
One or two geese, usually accomj)anied
by lizard, often with letters in field.
(B. M. Cat. Mac, p. 72 sqq.)
Circ. B.C. 500-437.
Incuse square
El. Hecte 40 grs.
El. \ Hecte 20 grs.
^69 grs.
M 20-13 grs.
vR 10 grs.
JR 6 grs.
B. Coinage on the Babylonic standard in the Emathian
DISTRICT.
Lete. This town stood at the issue of a glen leading through the
Dysoron ridge of mountains which overlooked the plain of Therma,
at a distance of from two to four hours journey northwards from that
place. {Archives des Missions scientijiques et litteraires, Ser. iii. Tom. iii.
pp. 276 sqq.) The rich coinage of a city so little known historically
as Lete may be accounted for by the fact that it occupied a site com-
manding the route between the Pangaean district and the silver mines
[Herod., V. 17) on the one side, and the fertile plain of lower Macedonia
on the other (see map in B. M. Cat., Macedon).
The coinage of Lete closely resembles in style, fabric, and weight the
money of the Orrescii and the other Pangaean tribes, and illustrates in a
remarkable manner the cultus of the rude inhabitants of the mountain-
ranges to the north of the Chalcidic peninsula. The coin-types all refer
to the orgiastic lites practised in the worship of the mountain Bacchus
which originated in the country of the Satrae or Satyrs {Herod., vii.
III).
MACE1)0N—{B) E3IATHIAN DISTRICT.
177
Before b. c. 500. Lumpy fabric.
Fig. 117.
Naked ithyphallic Silenos with horses'
feet, ears, and tail, seizing by the
wrist a woman clothed in a sleeve-
less talaric chiton with diploi's.
Pellets in field.
Satyr squatting or kneeling, veretrum
tenens. (B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 80.)
Incuse square divided into four tri-
angular parts (Fig. 117)
M, Stater, 154 grs.; \ Stater, 77 grs.
Incuse square .^19 grs. (=12 obol).
Circ. B.C. 500-480. Flatter fabric.
Inscr. AETAION (retrograde), rarely legible.
Types as above. On this later series the incuse square is usually
divided into four quadrilateral parts.
"When Alexander I possessed himself of this region he appears to have
monopolized the right of striking money, for none of the coins of Lete can
be attributed to a later period than b. g. 480.
Concerning the type, see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 81.
Aegae (later Edessa) was the original capital of the kingdom of
Macedon, and the burial-place of its kings.
The early silver coins attributed to it recall, in their type of the
kneeling he-goat, the story told of Karanos its founder, a brother of
Pheidon, king of Argos, who was directed by an oracle ' to seek an
empire by the guidance of goats.' Cf. a similar legend concerning
Perdiccas I [Herod., viii. 137).
The standard of the early coins of Aegae is the Babylonic, which must
have penetrated into the highlands of Macedon by way of the Lydias
valley through Lete and Ichnae (see map in B. M. Cat., Mac).
Circ. B.C. 500-480.
Fig. 118.
He-goat kneeling, looking back ;
above, various letters.
Quadripartite incuse square (Fig. 118).
M Staters, 150 grs.
M, Small coins, 1 6 grs.
See also Imperial coins with inscr. EAE^^AIflN (p. 212).
Ichnae, in lower Macedonia, lay between the Axius and the Lydias,
not far from Pella. Herodotus (vii. 123) mentions it as one of the
N
178
MACEI)ON.-{C) BISALTIAN DISTRICT.
towns in which the army of Xerxes halted before advancing southwards
into Greece.
The silver coins of Ichnae follow the Pangaean (Baby Ionic and Phoe-
nician) standards. The obverse types are likewise derived from the
coins of the Orrescii. These two facts show where the earliest silver
coinage of Macedon took its rise.
Circ. B. r. 480.
Fig. 119.
I]S'NAI[0N Naked man walking
between two oxen, one of which he
holds by the collar,
l + NAinN or l+NAON (retrogr.)
Warrior restraining a prancing
horse.
Wheel in incuse square (Fig. 119) .
JR Octadr. (Phoenician), 430 grs.
{Num. Chron., 1885, p. 3.)
Wheel (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 18, and
B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 76) ....
M, Stater (Babylonic), 142 grs.
Tynteni. Site unknown.
Circ. B.C. 480.
TVNTENON Man holding prancing
horse. {Zeit.f. Num., iii. PI. II. i.)
Wheel with axle crossed by two trans-
verse bars, in incuse square
M Stater, wt. 144 grs.
Another specimen is known without the inscription but with the
symbol •••. These coins may be compared with that of Ichnae, in the
vicinity of which they may have been struck (see Imhoof, M071. Gr.,
p. 78).
C. Coins of Theaco-Macedonian Tribes in the Bisaltian district
ON THE Phoenician standard.
BIS ALT AE. This tribe occupied the tract of land west of the
Strymon, including the metalliferous mountains which separate the
valley of the Strymon from Mygdonia. The coins of this people follow
the Phoenician standard. When inscribed, they furnish us with several
epigraphical peculiarities, such as C and < for B, ^ and L for A, etc.
When uninscribed, they cannot be distinguished from coins of Alexander I
of Macedon, who, after the retreat of the Persians, acquired the whole of
the Bisaltian toi-ritory as far as the Strymon, together with its rich
mines, and adopted at the same time the Bisaltian coinage, placing upon
it his own name : —
MACEBON.—{C) BISALTIAN DISTRICT.
179
Circ. B.C. 500-480.
Fig. 120.
luscr. CI5ATIK05, CICAMIKflN, <I^EL, BICAATIKON, etc
Naked warrior, armed with two spears
and wearing kausia, standing beside
horse.
Horseman with two spears, chlamys,
and kausia.
Quadripartite incuse square (Fig. 120).
M, Octadrachm, 448 grs.
M, Drachm, 79-60 grs.
Id. . . . M, Tetradrachm, 224 grs.
M Tetrobol, 3 7 grs.
Mosses. King of the Bisaltae.
from his coins.
Warrior beside horse, as above .
(B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 143.)
Demetrius. Circ. B.C. 450.
Male head bound with taenia, in incuse
square.
Bastareus. Circ. B.C. 350.
Crested helmet.
Circ. B.C. 500-480. Known only
MO^^En or Mn^^EO in square .
M, Drachms and Tetrobols.
AHMHTPIO Horse walking . . .
(Hunter, PI. XXV. 7.) iR 67-2
I BASTAPEOt Butting bull ....
' M Tetradr. 196 grs.
Murefc. {Bull. Corr. Hell., v. 330.) Six. {Ann. de Num., 1883, p. 12.)
ORRESCII. See above, p. 1 74.
EDOITI. This Thracian tribe occupied in historical times the parts
about the lower Strymon, east of Lake Cercinitis. Their chief centre
was the town of Myrcinus.
Getas, king of the Edoni, circ. b. c. 500.
Fig. 121,
Naked man guiding two oxen .
(B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 144.)
Similar (Fig. 121).
rETABASIAEn^HAnN AN Written
round an incuse square, in centre of
which a raised quadripartite square.
M Octadrachm, 427-8 grs.
TETAC HAONEON BACIAEYC
Similar . . M Octadr, 4x7-8 grs.
N %
180
MACEDON.—{C) BISALTIAN DISTBICT.
These two coins were found together in the Tigris, whither we maj^
presume they were conveyed by the Persians to whom the Bisaltae had
been tributary. A third specimen in the cabinet of Baron L. de Hirsch
has on the reverse, in the incuse square, a wheel of four spokes.
Wt. 448 grs.
ODOMANTl(?). Herodotus (v. 16) states that the Odomanti were
among the tribes who worked the mines of the Pangaean district when
Xerxes marched through it. There are no coins which bear the name of
this people, but we may attribute to them conjecturally a number
of Thraco-Macedonian coins, which resemble in fabric those of the
neighbouring tribes while differing from them in type. Some of them
are inscribed with the names of chiefs or kings— AERRONlKOt" and
AOKI[MOS.
Derronicus.
Before circ. b. c. 480.
Fig. 122.
AEPPO (retrogr.) Man holding cadu-
ceus, guiding yoke of oxen.
AERRONIKO^ Yokeofoxen . . .
{Bev. Arch. 1866, PI. I. 5.)
Bearded man driving chariot drawn
by oxen. Symbol: helmet.
Uncertain inscr. Similar.
Quadripartite incuse square . . . .
{Bev. Arch. 1866, PI. I. 6).
JR Dekadrachm, 625 grs.
Id. . . . JR Dekadrachm, 536 grs.
Triskelis or Triquetra of legs with
wings at the ankles (Fig. 122)
Ai Dekadrachm, 624-3 Ri"9
Pegasos in square
(B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 151)
JR Dekadrachm (?), 495 grs
Docimus. Circ. B. C. 450.
AOKI (retrogr.) Bull kneehng on one
knee and looking hack.
No inscr. Similar type.
Helmet in incuse square (op. c?7.,p. 151).
JR Tetrobol. 39-36 grs.
Wheel, with axle-beam crossed by two
transverse bars . . . JR Drachm.
Of such coins, for the most part uninscribed, many varieties exist,
for which the student may be referred to B. M. CaL, Mac, pp. xxiii and
150, and Imhoof-Blumer, Mon. Gr., p, 98 sq.
Therma(?), later Thessalonica. The central position of this town (the
modern Salonica), at the head of the Thermaic gulf, threw it of necessity
into communication both by sea and land with various cities and tribes
using money struck on various standards, Babylonic, Euboic, and Phoe-
3IACED0N.~{D) CHALCTDIAN DISTRICT. 181
nician. No early coins are, however, known which can be with certainty-
attributed to it, although it is possible that many uninscribed Mace-
donian coins, which have been found at Salonica, may have been struck
there. For some of these, see B. M. Cat., Mac, pp. xxv. and 135. The
only coins which can be said to be probably of Therma are those with a
Pegasos on the obverse, a type which seems especially applicable to
Therma, supposing it to have been a colony of Corinth.
Circ. B.C. 480.
Pegasos standing, or galloping with
hound beneath him.
Flat incuse squai-e, usually quartered .
[B. M.. Guide, PI. IV. 12, 13.]
M Tetradrachm, 2 1 3 grs.
See also Imhoof-Blumer {Mon. Gr., p. 105), who, while accepting the
coins with the Pegasos as probably of Therma, gives reasons for rejecting
the hypothesis that many other coins marked with the symbol :':; or O,
and bearing the types of various Macedonian towns, were also struck at
Therma.
iSee also TAessalonica, p. 212. -
D, Chalcidice.
The Greek towns which studded the coasts of Chalcidice, with its
three huge tongues of land extending far into the sea, were for the most
part sprung from the two enterprising Euboean cities, Chalcis and
Eretria. From Euboea these colonies derived the Euboic silver standard,
which took firm root in these northern regions, and continued in general
use until the latter part of the fifth century, when, as will presently be
seen, it was in nearly all of them superseded by the Phoenician or Mace-
donian standard.
Commencing with the eastern shores of the promontory, and taking
the towns in order from east to west, the first town we come to of which
coins are known is —
Orthagoreia. Eckhel (ii. 73), on the authority of a fragment of the
Geographi Minores, identifies Orthagoreia with Stageira, on the Strymonic
gulf (but see Pliny, iv. 11, 18). In style and weight its coins form an
exception to those of the other Chalcidic cities, and correspond with
those of the kings of Macedon from Archelaus to PerdiccasIII (b.c 413-
359) as well as with the contemporary coins of Abdera and Maroneia.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
Head of Artemis in profile . . . .
(B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 88).
Id. Three-quarter face. {lb., p. 88).
Head of Apollo, {lb., p. 89).
OPOArOPEnN Macedonian helmet
adverse, surmounted by star .
M Persic Stater, 168 grs.
Id M Triobol, 42 grs.
Id M Size -5
Apollonia. South of Lake Bolbe, on the via Egnatia.
Circ. B.C. 400-350(1).
Young head crowned with ivy. | APOAAnNOC Amphora . . ^E i.
182
MACEI)ON.—{D) CHALCIDIAN DISTRICT.
Arnae is said by Thucydides (iv. 103) to have been about a day's
march south of Aulon and Bromiscus. The only extant coins of this
place are of the time of the Chalcidian Confederacy.
Head of Apollo laur.
[B.M. Cat., Mac, \^. 62.]
Circ. B.C. 392-379, or later.
I APN Lyre .
M Obol. 9 grs.
Acanthus was an ancient colony from Andros, situated on the isthmus
which connects the peninsula of Acte with the mainland of Chalcidice.
It began to coin silver in large quantities about B.C. 500 or earlier.
Until the time of the expedition of Brasidas, B.C. 424, the Euboic
standard was used, after that date the Phoenician.
Coins of Euhoic veight. Circ. B.C. 500-424.
Fig, 123.
Lion on the back of a bull, fastening
upon him with teeth and claws (Fig.
123).
Quadripartite incuse square. Later
specimens inscribed A K AN O I ON
JR Tetradr. 270 grs.
Herodotus (vii. 1 25 sq.) relates that while Xerxes was marching from
Acanthus to Therma, his camels were set upon by lions, and he proceeds
to state that all these northern regions, west of the river Nestus,,
abounded with lions and wild bulls with gigantic horns. This assertion,
the accuracy of which has been called in question, receives striking
confirmation from the type of the money of Acanthus.
Quadripartite incuse square.
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 32] ^ Tetrobols.
Fore-part of lion or, more rarely, of
bull.
Head of Pallas.
Lion's head and neck.
Id.
Id.
Ibid., p.
Ihid., p.
33,
34]
M Diobols.
M Obol?.
Coins of Phoenician loeight. Circ. B.C. 424-400, or later.
The change of standard which took place when Acanthus joined the
Spartan alliance (b. c. 424) is accompanied by a marked change in the
style, which is now far softer and less energetic.
Fig. 124.
3IACEB0K—{D) CHALCIBIAN BISTBICT.
183
Lion seizing bull, often with magis-
trate's name, AAEII?, AAEIIOC,
EYK, ONOMA^TO, PO.etc.
Forepart of bull turning round.
Various symbols and letters.
Head of Pallas, helmet wreathed with
olive.
A K A N 0 1 0 N around the border of an
incuse square, within which a quadri-
partite linear square
(Fig. 124.) M Teti-adr. 224 grs.
Quadripartite incuse square. [B. M,
Cat., Mac, p. 35.] M Tetrob. 37 grs.
M Triob. 28 grs.
A KAN in the four quarters of a square
M
i\ Ob. 14 grs.
Circ. B.C. 392-379, or later.
Head of Apollo.
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 36.]
AK AN 01 ON Lyre in incuse square .
M Obol. 9 grs.
These obols are clearly contemporary with the money of the Chalcidian
League struck at Olynthus, and we may infer from them that Acanthus
maintained its independence as against the Confederacy.
Beokze.
The bronze coins of Acanthus are all subsequent to B.C. 400.
Head of Pallas. j AK AN Wheel yE -65
Id. „ Quadripartite linear square .
I M -45
Uranopolis on the peninsula of Acte, near the canal of Xerxes," was
founded by Alexarchus, brother of Cassander, who is said by Athenaeus
(iii. 20) to have invented a new dialect for the use of the citizens. The
silver coins of this city are the only ones in Macedon which adhere to the
Phoenician standard in post-Alexandrine times. On the types, which
are suggested by the name of the town, see Nmn. C'Jiron., 1 880, p. 58.
Circ B.C. 300.
Sun, moon, and stars.
[Zeit.f. Num., v. PI. I. 2.]
Radiate globe (the sun).
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 133.]
The sun as a star of eight rays.
Id.
Star and crescent (sun and moon).
OYP AN I AnN Aphrodite LTrania seat-
ed on globe
M Tetradr. 209 grs.
Id. . tR Didr. 107 grs.
OYPANIAHN POAEnS . . . .
M: Drachm, 56 grs.
„ ,, Id. . . M Size -65
„ Id. . . M Size -5
Terone or Toroue, on the Sithonian peninsula, was one of the most
flourishing of the Chalcidian colonies. l)uring the expedition of Xerxes
it was one of the towns which furnished ships and men to the Persian
armament. The tetradrachms are probably all anterior to b. c. 480. Of
the period of the Athenian supremacy tetrobols only are known.
In B.C. 424 Terone opened its gates to Brasidas, but was shortly
afterwards recovered for Athens by Cleon.
Here, as elsewhere in Chalcidice, the Euboic standard appears to have
been replaced, circ, B.C. 424, by the Phoenician, but there are no coins of
Terorte after circ. B.C. 420.
184
MACEI)ON.—{D) CHALCIDIAN DISTRICT.
Euhoic weight. Circ. B.C. 500-480.
Fig. 125.
TE, HE {]), or no inscription; Amphora, j Quadripartite shallow incuse square.
on which one or more bunches of (Fig. 125) . M, Teti'adr. 270 grs.
grapes.
Oenochoe. 1 Id M Tetrobol.
Circ. B. c. 480-424.
TE Oenochoe.
Oenochoe.
Id M Tetrobol.
Fore-part of goat in incuse square .
M \ Obol.
[Imhoof., Mon. Gr., PI. C. 25.]
Phoenician weight. Circ. B.C. 424-420.
TE Goat in incuse square or
TEPnNAON, around a quadri-
partite square . . JK Tetrobol.
Goat's head in incuse sqiiare JK Obol.
Quadripartite incuse square M, \ Obol.
Naked Satyr looking down into an
oenochoe.
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 23.]
TE Oenochoe.
Stork plunging his bill into an oeno-
choe. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 24.]
Sermyle near the head of the Toronaic gulf. The only known coins
of this city are two archaic tetradrachms of the Eubo'ic standard.
Circ. B. c. 500.
Fig. 126.
^EPMVAIKON Naked horseman
with spear, galloping. The specimen
at Berlin has a dog beneath the
horse.
Quadripartite incuse square. (Fig. 126.
The inscription is legible on the
original). . . . M, Tetradrachm.
Olynthus, at the head of the Toronaic gulf, was a colony of Chalcis,
subsequently, in the time of the Persian wars, occupied by Bottiaeans,
but restored, B.C. 479, by Artabazus to the Chalcidians. The earliest
known coin of this town is a Knboic tetradrachm of trlobular fabi'ic.
MACEBON.—{B) CHALCIBIAN DISTRICT.
185
Before circ. B.C. 500.
Quadriga of walking horses driven by i Incuse square irregularly divided
bearded charioteer. | M Tetradr.
[Num. Chron., N. S., XVIII. p. 85.]
Circ. B.C. 479-39.2.
Fit;. 127.
Quadriga, of coarser work than the
preceding ; above, a large disk.
Horse prancing or standing beside
column (meta).
[B. M. CaL,Mac.,^. 87.]
Forepart of prancing horse.
Eagle flying in the midst of an incuse
square (Fig. 127) . . ^Tetradr.
OAYN Eagle flying with serpent in
claws and beak . . M Tetrobol.
Similar ^ Diobol.
Except in Sicily agonistic types, such as the quadriga, etc., are very
rarel}^ met with. The eagle and serpent, though, as on the money of Elis,
it may symbolize the Olympian Zeus, and thus refer to victories at the
Olympian games, may also be considered as affording an instance of
a colony adopting the type of the money of its mother-city (Chalcis in
Euboea, q.v.).
Circ. B.C. 392-379, and later.
Into this period falls the beautiful federal currency of the Chalcidian
League, constituted B.C. 392, of which the head quarters was Olynthus.
The mass of this coinage was issued between the formation of the League
and the capture of Olynthus by the Lacedaemonians in B.C. 379. There
is every reason to suppose, however, that the coinage was continued
until Philip made himself master of Chalcidice, b. c. 358. The heads of
Apollo on these coins are remarkable for the strength and beauty of their
style.
Head of AjDollo laureate. | XAAKIAEHN Lyre. Sometimes with
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXI. 9.] j magistrates' names,
EPI EYAHPIAA,
I EPI OAYMPIXO[Y
K Staters,
Fig. 128.
186
MACEDON.—{B) CHALCIDIAN DISTRICT.
Head of Apollo, laureate (Fig. 128).
OAYNO[I Head of Apollo, laureate.
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 87.]
Head of Apollo, laureate.
Id.
Id.
XAAKIAEnN Lyre. Magistrates :
EPI— API^THNO^, APXIAAMO,
ACKAHPIOAnPO and KPA,
EYAHPIAA, AEAAEO^, POAY-
EENOY, ^TPATHNOt, etc . .
A\ Tetradr. 224 grs,
JB, Teti'obols 37 grs.
XAAKlAEflN Lyre in incuse square .
M Tetrob.
XAAKIA Tripod . . . . M Obol.
XAAKIAEnN Lyre . . . M -6
„ Tripod . . . iE .45
A tetradrachm at Berlin and another at Paris have in small characters
TET above the lyre, possibly the beginning of an artist's name.
Aphytis, on the eastern shore of the peninsula of Pallene, was
celebrated for its temple of Zeus Ammon (Plut. L^s., xx. ; Xen. Lacoti.,
xviii, 'A(f)VTaloL be TifxaxTLV " A.ynxoiva ovbev Tjcrcrov r) ol 'Aju/xwytot Alj3vu>v).
While tributary to Athens, before B.C. 424, it struck no coins (Corj). Inscr.
Att., vol. i. p. 329).
Circ. B.C. 424-358.
Head of Zeus Ammon with ram's horns
facing.
Id. in profile.
Id.
AcDYTAinN Kantharos . . 7^-65
[B. M. Cat. Mac, p. 61.]
A0Y Two eagles face to face M -65
A(t)Y One eagle ^ 'SS
The kantharos refers to the worship of Dionysos at Aphytis, where,
according to Xenophon, there was a temple of that god.
After -B.C. 168.
Head of Zeus Ammon,
[See also Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 64.]
A<t)YTAI Eagle, or two eagles face to
face ^ •8- — -6
Scione, on the south coast of Pallene, was probably of Euboean origin,
notwithstanding the fact that the inhabitants ascribed the foundation of
their city to some one of the Achaean heroes returning from Troy. In
B. 0. 424 it revolted from Athens, and two years afterwards was captured
and its inhabitants put to the sword.
Circ B.C. 480-421.
Young head, of early transitional style,
bound with taenia.
SKI ON (1) (retrogr.) Forepart of lion
looking l)ack.
SKIO (retrogr.) Helmet in incuse square
AX Euboic tetrobol.
Quadripartite shallow incuse square
Ai Euboic tetrobol.
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 102.]
After B.C. 421 (?).
Young male head bound with taenia.
Head of Aphrodite.
Id.
SKin Helmet [Ibid., p. 103) . M -8
SKinNAinN Two doves . . M -7
SKinNAinN orCKI One dove iE -6
Mende was an ancient colony of Eretria, situate on the south-west
side of Cape Poseidion in Pallene. The types of its coins allude to the
MACEDO^l—{lJ) CHALCIBIAN DISTRICT.
187
worship of Dionysos and his companion Silenos. The wine of Mende
was famous and is frequently mentioned by ancient writers. It may be
doubted whether any coins were struck at Mende after its fii'st capture
by Philip, B.C. 358. Here, as at Acanthus, etc., the Euboic standard
gives place to the Phoenician about b. c. 424.
Circ. B.C. 500-450.
MIM, MINAAON, MINAAION, or
no inscription. Ass standing before
vine, on his back a crow pecking at
his tail. Symbol, sometimes, crescent
moon.
Ass.
Head of Ass.
Four or more incuse triangles, in centre
sometimes O. [B. M. Guide, PI. IV.
8, etc. ; Zeit. f. Num. X, Taf. iii. 3.]
M. Euboic tetradrachm.
Id. . . . M Tetradr. and Tetrobol.
Id M Hemiobol.
Circ. B.C. 450-424.
Fig. 129.
Silenos reclining on bacTc of ass. He
holds a kantharos. In front a crow
seated on a tree, and beneath ass, a
Silenos standing beside ass and hold-
ing it by the ears.
Fore-part of ass.
MENAAION Vine in incuse square
(Fig. 129) . . . M Tetradrachm.
,, Crow in incuse square.
M Tetrobol.
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 19, 20.]
Kantharos M Obol.
Circ. B.C. 424-358.
MENAAinN Ass standing, on his
back a crow pecking at his tail, in-
cuse circle
-51 Tetradr. (Phoenician), 190 grs.
MENAAinN Amphora between two
branches of i\'y . JR Didr., 104 grs.
MENAAIH or MENAAinN Am-
I3hora in sunk square . JR Tetrobol.
MEN A A One or two Amphorae
M -65— -4
For other varieties, see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 83.
Capsa or Scapsa, north of Mende and near Assera, see Imhoof, Moti.
Gr., p. 69.
Before circ. B.C. 480.
Mule ; above, vase [kylix). [ K A in two of four incuse triangles . .
' M Tetrob., 45 grs.
Head of young Dionysos crowned with
ivy.
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL C. 21.]
Id.
[Imhoof, oj). cit., p. 83, No. 89.]
Silenos reclining on ass.
Head of young Dionysos.
188
MACEBOK—{I)) CHALCIBIAN DISTRICT.
This coin is attributed by von Sallet {Zeit. f. Num., 1885, p. 358) to
Mende, which he tliinks may have once been called Canastraeum after
the promontory near which it stood.
Potidaea, a colony of Corinth on the Thermaic gulf, began to coin
money early in the fifth century. Its name is clearly derived from
Poseidon (cf. Poseidonia). The type of the tetradrachm was doubtless
suggested by the sacred image of Poseidon, which Herodotus (viii. 1 29)
mentions as standing in front of the city, kv rw TrpoaaTei^o. Millingen
{S//1/., p. 48) thinks that the female head on the tetrobol may represent
Pallene, from whom the peninsula received its name. With the celebrated
blockade of Potidaea by the Athenians, B.C. 432-429, the coinage comes
to an end.
Circ. B.C. 500-429.
Fig, 130.
n Poseidon Hippios on horseback.
He holds trident ; under horse, star.
no or P Id.
P Naked horseman on forepart of
prancing horse.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian hehnet.
Incuse square, diagonally divided
(Fig. 1 30) . . JR Euboic tetradr.
Female head in spiked headdress, in
incuse square . . . JR Teti'obol.
Similar JR Diobol.
POT Pegasos JE ■>]
Cassandrea, Eurydicea. This town was founded by Cassander on the
site of Potidaea. It appears to have been called for a time Eurydicea
(Polyaenus, vi. 7), in honour either of Eurydice, daughter of Lysimachus
(e.g. 298-294), or of Eurydice, sister of Cassander, who reigned for a
time in Macedon, b.c, 280.
Circ. B.C. 298-280.
Veiled head of queen 1 EYPIAIKEHN Tripod
(B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 75). I
, JE .65
No other coins are known until the time of Augustus, when it received
a Roman colony, and struck bronze coins with Latin legends between,
the reigns of Claudius and Philippus.
Inscr. COLONIA IVLIA AVG. CASSANDRENSIS, variously abbreviated.
With few exceptions the reverse type is a head of Zeus Amnion.
Bottice. The Bottiaeans originally occupied the coast of the Thermaic
Gulf, but they were expelled at an early date and settled near Olynthus
in the district called after them Bottice. Their chief city was Spartolus
(B. M, Caf., lUac, p, xl.}.
MACEI)ON.—{L) CHALCIDIAN DISTRICT.
189
Circ. B.C. 424-392.
Head of Demeter crowned with corn.
[Imhoof, Choix, PI. I. i6].
BOTTIAinN Forepart of bull in
incuse square
M, Phoenician Tetrob. 36 grs.
Time of the Chalcidian League, B.C. 392-379, or later.
Head of Apollo laureate.
Head of Artemis.
Female head.
BOTTIAinN Lyre . . . . tE -55
Id M .45
„ Bull butting . tE -7
(See also Bottiaei Emathiae, p. 211.)
Dicaea, on the Thermaic gulf, was a colony of Eretria, from which its
coin-type is borrowed. On the distinction between the coins of this
town and those of Dicaea in Thrace, see J. P. Six (Num. C/iron., N. S.,
vol. XV, p. 97). In the Athenian Tribute Lists [Corp. Inscr. AH., vol. i.
p. 330) it is called AiKata 'Eperpt[(Si;], and the inhabitants AtKatoTroAtrat
'Eperpiwy aTTOt/cot.
Circ. B. c. 500-450.
Four or more triangular incuse depres-
sions . . M, Eubo'ic tetrobol, 44 gra.
Cow scratching herself, sometimes in-
scribed AIKA
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 70]
Cock [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI, C. 14]. I Sepiainincusesquare. .^Tetrobol, 4igrs,
AIKAI Cock , Scallop shell in incuse square . . .
[Imhoof, Mon. Or., PL C. 15]. M Diebol,
Bull, or forepart of bull Id. . . . . M Diobol and Obol.
\_Ihid., Nos. 16, 17].
Circ. B. c. 400.
Female head. | A! KAIOPOA Bull standing .^-65
For other varieties, see Imhoof, op. cit., p. 7 1 sq.
Aeneia, on the Thermaic gulf, was said to have been founded by
Aeneas (Otto Abel, Makedonien vor Konig PInlipp, p. c^j, and FriedJander,
Monaishericht d. K. Akad. d. JFissensch., 1878).
Before b, c, 500.
AINEAC Aeneas carrying Anchises,
preceded by his wife Kreusa carry-
ing Ascanios.
Quadripartite incuse square ....
{Zeit.f. Num., vii, 221).
M Eubo'ic tetradr.
Concerning this remarkable coin, which affords the oldest representa-
tion of a Trojan myth which has come down to us, see Friedlander (/. c).
The smaller silver coins are of two periods.
B.C. 500-424.
Head of bearded Aeneas, helmeted,
of archaic style.
Quadripartite incuse square . . . .
M, Euboic tetrobol, 39 grs..
and Diobol, 21 grs.
190 MACEI)ON.—{E) STRY310NIAN AND BOTTIAEAN DISTRICTS.
B.C. 424-350.
Head of Aeneas of more recent style.
Head of Pallas in Athenian helmet
bound with olive
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 12].
Head of Ascanios in Phrygian cap
[Imhoof , Choix, PI. I. 15].
AINEA^ Quadripartite incuse square,
yR Phoenician tetrobol, 35 grs,
,, Bull looking back, in inc.
square. Ai Phoenician tetrob. 36 grs.
AINEIATHN Bull
JE .6
E. Macedonian cities in the Strymonian and Bottiaean
DISTRICTS.
Amphipolis, on the Strymon, although founded B.C. 437 by the
Athenians, does not seem to have struck money before its capture by
Brasidas B.C. 424, from which time until it was taken by Philip in
B. c. 358 it remained practically free. The coins of Amphipolis as works
of art perhaps excel those of any other city of northern Greece. The
Race-torch, the usual reverse-type, is symbolical of the worship of
Artemis Tauropolos or Brauronia, who was especially revered at Amphi-
polis, and in whose honour Torch-races, Lampadephoria, were held
(Leake, Num. Hell., p. 11). The weight-standard is the Phoenician.
Circ. B.C. 424-358.
Head of Apollo, three-quarter face ;
various symbols in field : Bee, tripod,
Boeotian shield, plant or ear of corn,
ci'ab, dog, etc.
Similar.
Young head, r., wearing taenia.
Head of Apollo, or young head, bound
with taenia.
Circ. B. c
During this period Amphipolif
intage of the kings of Macedon.
AMcDIPOAITEnN (rarely AM<t)l-
POAITnN) written on a raised
frame in an incuse square. In the
midst, a race-torch and various
symbols or letters (Fig. 131) . .
JR Tetradr. 224 grs., Drachm,
and Triob
AM<t>l Race-torch in wreath . .
M Tetradr. and Tetrob
,, Dolphin in incuse square .
M Obol
„ Race-torch in linear square.
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 45] . JE -7—45
, 358-168.
was one of the principal places of
MACEDON.—{E) STRYMON IAN AND BOTTIAE AN DISTRICTS. 191
Circ. B.C. 168-146.
As the capital of the First Region the coins reading MAKEAONHN
nPHTH? were struck at Amphipolis, as were also many of the bronze
coins described below (p. 209).
Circ. B.C. 146. — Time of Augustus.
Few indications of date are afforded by the bronze coins reading
AM0irrOAITnN or AMct)inOAEITnN. Many of the types are, however,
identical with the bronze coins reading MAKEAONnN, though clearly
later. The following types are of frequent occurrence : —
Head of Herakles.
Centaur [B. M, Cat., Mac, p. 46]
Head of hero Perseus (or Roma ?).
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Strymon crowned with reeds.
Head of Artemis Tauropolos.
Id.
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of Medusa.
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Apollo (]).
Head of Artemis.
Bust of Artemis.
^75
Wreath ^ -75
Club in oak wreath . . . . ^ -8
Dolphin in wreath M -6
Bull butting -^ -75
Two goats on their hind legs . 7^-85
Goat ^ -75
Pallas Nikephoros ^ -75
Horse M •?,
Ear of corn M -65
Id.. ^.75
Artemis Tauropolos with inflated veil,
ridinff on bull ^ i-i
Semuncial reduction after B. c. 88.
Head of Janus. Mark of value I
Head of Poseidon
Two Centaurs back to back . . . .
As. -^ I-, wt. 290 grs.
S Prow . . Semis. M -g, wt. 89 grs.
Most of the remaining types, even when without the name of the
Emperor, belong to Imperial times (see B. M. Cat., 3Iac., p. 50 sq.),
Augustus to Salonina.
Tragilus, at the south eastern end of the Pangaean range, and about
ten miles west of Philippi, is the town where the coins reading TPAI
and TPAI Al ON were issued.
Circ. B.C. 450-400.
Ear of corn. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 130].
Bunch of grapes.
Head of Hermes in petasos.
TRAI or TPAI in the four quarters of
an incuse square . . . tE, 5-6 grs.
Id -51 3 grs.
TPAI between the four spokes of a wheel.
M .6-35
Circ B.C. 400-350.
Head of Hermes in petasos. | TPAIAION Rose ^-65
With regard to this type Heuzey {Mission archeologique de Macedoine^
192 MACEI)ON,—{pi 8TRY3I0NIAN AND BOTTIAEAN DISTRICTS.
p. 158) has pointed out that the roses of Mt. Pangaeum, called kKarovTa-
(\)vXka, were famous in antiquity.
Fhilippi. As early as the sixth century B. c. the Thasians possessed a
mining settlement on the mainland of Thrace, called Daton, a district
which extended inland as far as the springs called Crenides, Subse-
quently the Pangaean tribes expelled the Thasians, but in B.C. 361 the
Athenian orator Callistratus refounded the colony of Daton at Crenides
with the assistance of a number of Thasians.
Gold and bronze coins were now issued at the revived colony with the
inscription 0ACION HPEIPO, ohv. Head of Herakles, rev. Tripod. In
B. c. 358 Philip made himself master of the district with its rich mines,
renamed the town after himself, Philippi, and allowed it the privilege of
striking money identical in type with the Thasian coins above described,
but with the legend 0I Al PPnN, i5^ Staters 133 grs. [B.M. Guide, PI. XXI.
13], JR. Phoenician drachms and hemidrachms, and M Size '7—65.
Before the end of Philip's reign Philippi was deprived of the right of
striking money in its own name, but it remained a royal mint under
Philip and his successors, its mark, the Tripod, being of common occur-
rence on the coins of the kings of Macedon,
From the Roman conquest to the time of Augustus no coins appear to
have been struck there ; but after the battle of Philippi the right of
coinage was conferred upon the veterans of the Praetorian cohort whom
Augustus settled at Philippi. The legends of the coins of this series are
in Latin, COHOR . PRAE . PHIL .; COL . AVG . IVL . V . PHILIPP., etc.
' Colonia Augusta Julia Victrix Philippensium.' For the types see
B. M. Cat., Mac, pp. xlvi. and 98.
Methone, in Pieria. The few coins known of this town are all
anterior to its siege by Philip, b. c. 354.
Circ. B.C. 400-354.
Female head. | ME OH Lion breaking spear . iE -65
See also another coin with inscr. MEOO in Cat. Margaritis, p. 9
(Paris 1874.)
Pydna was originally a Greek city established on the Macedonian
coast, on the western side of the Thermaic gulf. It subsequently fell
into the hands of the kings of Macedon. Amyntas III found himself
compelled to hand over the maritime district of Macedon to the Olyn-
thians, and it is to this interval that the bronze coins of Pydna, identical
in type with those of Amyntas, belong.
B.C. 389-379.
Head of young Herakles I PYANAinN Eagle devouring serpent.
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. loi]. ! M -65
Another interval of autonomy occurred during the reign of Per-
diccas III. Pydna at this time again struck bronze coins, the reverse
type of which, the Owl, betrays Athenian influence. Pydna is indeed
• said to have been subject to Athens b. c. 364-358, but we may infer that
it enjoyed free institutions under Athenian control, for it is said that it
was by no means eager to be handed over again to the kings of Macedon
(Theopomp., Fragm. 189).
MACEDON.—{r) KINGS.
193
B.C. 364-358.
Female head with hair in sphendone . I PYANAIHN Owl in olive wreath.
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. loi.] I ^ -65
F. Kings of Macedox.
Alexander I, B. c. 49(S-454. With the possible exception of certain
coins struck at Aegae, the old capital of Maceclon, with the letters AA,
AAE, etc., there are no coijis of Alexander I of an earlier date than
B. c. 480, about which time, by his conquest of the Bisaltae, Alexa.nder
made himself master of those prolific mines which are said to have
yielded him as much as a talent of silver daily.
This fresh influx of money, and the opening up of a new commercial
route from Macedon to the Greek towns of the Thracian coast, by way
of the vallej^ of the Strymon, doubtless occasioned the change in
standard from Babylonic to Phoenician, which now took place in the
Macedonian currency. Alexander adopted the Bisaltian coinage, merely
substitutino- his own name for that of the Bisaltae.
Fig. 132.
Naked warrior anned with two spears
and wearing kausia, standing be-
side horse. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 157.]
Free horse {Ibid.)
Id. {Ibid.)
Young head in kausia {Ibid., p. 158).
The uninscribed specimens may equally well have been issued by
the Bisaltae.
Ferdiccas II. B.C. 454-413. There are various, mostly uninscribed,
Macedonian coins of Phoenician weight, which belong in style to the
reiffn of Perdiccas.
AAEIANAPO in square (Fig. 132) .
JR Phoenician 8 Drachm (448 grs.).
^ „ 8 Obol {66 grs.).
Incuse square quartered . JR Tetrobol.
Id M Diobol.
Id. ........ M Obol.
Horseman with two spears .....
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 158.]
Id. [Imhoof, 3£on. Gr., PI. D. 5.]
Free horse. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 159.]
Id. {Ibid., p. 160).
Forepart of horse {Ibid.)
Horseman with two spears ....
{Ibid., p 161.)
Horse prancing {Ibid., p. 162).
Horse fastened to ring {Ibid.)
Head of bearded
Herakles
{Ibid., p.
163.)
Goat's head or forepart of goat, in
incuse square . . . . M Tetradr.
Head in helmet in inc. sq. JR Tetradr.
Helmet in incuse square . JR Tetrobol.
Caduceus in incuse square JR Tetrobol.
Helmet in incuse square . .M Diobol.
Forepart of lion in inc. sq. JR Tetrobol.
PEPAIK Helmet in incuse square .
JR Tetrobol.
n]EP Forepart of lion in incuse square
JR Diobol.
PEP Club and bow in incuse square .
JR Diobol.
194
MACEDON.—{F) KINGS.
Archelans I, B.C. 413-399, From the beginning of the fifth century
we have seen that the Phoenician stater (wt. 230-220 grs.) had been in
use for the royal coinage of Macedon, but with the accession of Archelaus
this stater was exchanged for one of 170 grs., which, from its weight
(equivalent to two Persian sigli), has been designated as the Persic stater.
The money of the two important cities of Abdera and Maroneia also
underwent a like transformation at the same time. The causes of this
change of standard remain unexplained.
Fig. 133.
Horseman prancing, wearing kausia
and chlamys, ai-med with two spears.
Young male head, wearing taenia.
[B.M. Cat. Mac, p. 164,]
Horse. {Ihid.)
Id. {Ibid., p. 165).
Head of bearded Herakles, (Ibid.)
Id. {Ibid.)
Id. {Ibid., p. 166.)
Id. {Ibid.)
Lion's head facing.
[Imhoof, Choix, PI. I. i.]
Aeropus ( = Archelaus II), B.C. 396-392.
APXEAAO Fore-part of goat in in-
cuse square (Fig. 133) ....
JR Stater, 170 grs.
APXEAAO Horse with loose rein . .
M Stater.
,, Hehnet in incuse square .
M Diobol, 28 grs.
APXEA Eagle in incuse square .
Ai Diobol.
APX Fore-part of wolf ; above, club .
Ai Obol, 14 grs.
,, Wolf's head and club ....
Al \ Obol, 7 grs.
AP Lion's head and club
M \ Obol, 4-7 grs.
APXEAAO Club, quiver, and bow .
M Size -7
APX E Fore-part of boar . . .F -5
Young male head in kausia.
Id. [B.M. Co,t., Mac, p. 167.]
Amyntas II (?), B. C. 392-390.
Young male head, bound with taenia.
[B.M. Cat., Mac, p. 168.]
Head of Pan with short horns.
Young male head, bare {Ibid., p. 1 69).
Fausanias, B.C. 390-389.
AEPOPO Horse walking . . M -^
„ Fore-part of Lion jK -5
AMYNTA Horse with loose rein .
M Stater, 160 grs.
„ Fore-part of wolf . JE -4
Helmet . . . . iE -5
Fio. 134.
MACEDON.—{F) KINGS.
195
Youner male head bound with taenia. PAYS AN I A Horse standing (Fig. 134)
M Stater.
Id. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 170.]
Amyntas III.
First Keign, B.C. 389-383
Forepart of lion . ^ -6:
Fig. 135.
Head of bearded Herakles (Fig. 135).
Head of young Herakles.
Head of bearded Herakles ....
[B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 172.]
AMYNTA Horse standing M Stater.
„ Eagle looking back .
M Diobol.
,, Forepart of boar ; above,
club ^ -55
Second Reign, b.c. 381-369.
Horseman prancing, striking with AMYNTA Lion breaking javelin . .
javelin. [B. M. C'«<., J/ac, p. 173.] M Stater.
Head of young Herakles. i „ Eagle devouring serpent .
{Ihid., p. 174.) M -6
Id. {Ibid.) I „ Bow and club crossed M -4
Id. i „ Club M -^
Young male head. ! „ Forepart of wolf . M -5
Alexander II, B.C. 369-368. No coins can be certainly attributed to
this king.
Ferdiccas III, B.C. '^6^ or 364-359.
Fig. 136.
Head of young Herakles (Fig. 136).
Id. [B.M. Ca«., .l/ac, p. 175.]
Id. {Ibid., p. 176.)
PEPAIKKA Horse trotting M Stater.
,, Lion breaking spear JE -8
„ Eagle looking back JE -6
Philip II, B.C. 359-336. The Persian gold Daric had been hitherto
the one gold coin cii'culating no less in European Greece than in the
dominions of the Great King. Philip, having obtained possession of the
gold mines at Philippi, found himself in a position to supersede the
Persian coin with his own gold staters, which he sent forth in vast
numbers from many mints in various parts of his kingdom, reorganising
at the same time the Macedonian currency on an entirely new
o 2
196
MACEBON.--{F) KINGS.
system, which was afterwards brought to perfection by Alexander the
Great.
It would appear that the principle of himelaUlvn lay at the root of
Philip's monetary reforms, for, while issuing his gold money on the
Daric standard, he adopted for his silver the Phoenician weight (or i^
stater-standard), 15 staters or 30 drachms corresponding in value, at the
then market price of gold (i : 12^), to one gold stater. This standard
was probably selected with the object of keeping up the price of gold as
compared with that of silver, the round numbers thus obtained facili-
tating such a result. But the immense influx of gold from the newly
opened mines soon proved the futility of the plan. Gold began to fall
in value, and Alexander on his accession found himself compelled to
return to a monometallic currency, issuing both his gold and his silver
according to one and the same standard, gold being again simply
regarded as bullion, and no attempt being made to fix definitely the
number of silver drachms for which a gold stater should be legally
exchangeable (Droysen, GescJiicJife des HeUenismns, i. 155).
GoLn.
Fig. 137.
Head of Apollo, laureate, with short
hair (Fig. 137).
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
<|)IAinnOY Biga . A Stater, 133 grs.
,, Forepart of lion
A 1 Statei-.
Club and bow A \ Stater.
„ Various tyiJes, Fulmen —
Trident — Club — Kan-
tharos — Goat's leg . .
A i Stater.
Fulmen . K J.r Stater.
The head on many of Philip's gold staters resembles Ares rather than
Apollo. See Gardner [Nvm. Climn., 1880, p. 52).
SiLVEB.
Id.
Id.
Head of Apollo as on stater,
Vu:. 138.
MACEDOX.—{F) KINGS.
197
Head of Zeus, laureate (Fig. 138).
Id.
Head of vouug Herakles in lion's skin.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Head of Apollo, laureate, or bound
with plain taenia.
Head of Artemis, facing.
Head of Apollo with plain taenia.
Id.
Id.
Head of young HerakleSi
(blAIPPOY Naked boy-rider bearing
palm or crowning his horse, Kf'Xrjr .
M Tetradr., 224 grs.
01 Al PPOY Bearded Macedonian horse-
man wearing kausia and chlamys,
right hand raised . . M Tetradr.
(MAIPPOY Youth on horse . . . .
^11 Didr., 1 1 2 grs.
„ Id. . ^ 8 Obols, 66 grs.
„ Id* . M Drachm, 56 grs.
j, Macedonian horseman
M Drachm.
,, Naked horseman prancing .
Ai Tetrob., 37 grs.
„ Youth on horse M Tetrobol.
Id. . M Triobol., 28 grs.
„ Half-horse M Diobol., 1 8 grs.
,, Horse's head . M Diobol.
Club . . . M Obol(?).
BKOXZE;
Head of Ajiollo with plain taenia.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skill.
0IAIPPOY Naked horseman yE -7— 6
Club . . . M •55-4.5
The reverse-types of Philip's coins are all agonistic, and refer either to
the games celebrated by Philip at Dium in honour of the Olympian Zeus
(Miiller, Mon. (VAhr.^ pp. 1 1 and 344), or, preferably, to the great Olympian
games where Philip's chariots were victorious. We have, indeed, the
direct assertion of Plutarch {Alex., c. 4) in favour of the latter hypothesis,
Tin's ev 'OkvixTTia vUas tu>v apixdroov ey^apaTToov rots vop.i(T\xa(rLV. Philip was
also successful at Olympia with the race-horse (tTTTro) aekiiTL ; Plut., Alex.
3), a victory of which he perpetuated the memory on his tetradrachms.
The horseman with kausia and chlamys is less certainly agonistic, and
may represent the king himself as a typical Macedonian linTevs.
Philip's coins were struck at many mints in various parts of his
empire. For the various mint -marks which they bear, see Miiller's 3Iou.
(V Alex, le Grand, whose local attributions are, however, to be accepted
with great caution. They continued to circulate in Europe long after
his death, and the Gauls, when they invaded and pillaged Greece, took
vast numbers of them back into their own land, where they long-
continued to serve as models for the native currency of Gaul and
Britain.
Alexander the Great, B.C. 336-^2^. The coinage of Alexander is
a branch of Numismatics too extensive and complicated for discussion in
detail in the present work. His first coinage is of Macedonian fabric and
style, and must be assigned to the early years of his reign, before his
expedition against Asia. The tetradrachm (227 grs.) follows the standard
of Philip's coins, while for the smaller denominations the Euboic-Attic
standard was introduced, which some years later came into general use
for the coinage both of his European and Asiatic dominions.
198
3IACEI)0N.—{F) KINGS.
Circ. B.C. 336-334.
Head of Zeus as on tetradr. of Pliiliia.
[Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., PI. D. 8.]
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Head of Apollo, hair long.
AAEiANAPOY Eagle on fulmen, his
head turned back
JR Tetradr., 227 gra
AAEiANAPOY Id
M Drachm (Attic'
„ Eagle on fulmen .
JR ^ Drachm
,, Two eagles face to
face, on fulmen . ... JR Diobol
AAEIANAPOY Fulmen . JR Obol
,, Eagle on fulmen, head
turned back /E -65
AAEIANAPOY Fulmen . . ^ -55
After circ. B.C. 334.
It was probably not until his invasion of Asia that Alexander insti-
tuted^ his vast international currency, of which the following are the
principal types : —
Gold,
Fig. 139.
Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian
helmet, adorned with serpent, griffin,
or sphinx (Fig. 139).
Id. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXX. 4.]
Id.
Id.
Head of Pallas.
Id.
AAEiANAPOY (rarely with BACI-
AEn^) Winged Nike holding tropliy-
stand, various mint-marks and mono-
grams . . . N Distater, 266 grs.
Id N Stater, 133 grs.
Id Ml Stater, 66 grs.
Id ^ i Stater, 33 grs.
Club and bow . . M ^ Stater, 33 grs.
Fulmen ... N I Stater, 16 grs.
The usual denomination is the stater ; the rest are only exceptionally
met with. The cultus of Pallas Athene and of her attendant Nike was
introduced by Alexander, before whose time there is no trace of it on
Macedonian coins.
SiLVEB.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XXX. 5, 6, 7.]
Id.
AAEiANAPOY (sometimes with BA-
ClAEnS) Zeus seated on throne,
lidding eagle and resting on sce2)tre
Al Tetradrachin.
Ax Draclim.
Dekadrachms also exist, but are of great rarity ; Didrachm.^, Triobuls,
MACEDON.~{F) KINGS. 199
and Obols occur somewhat more frequently. All coins of these unusual
denominations appear to be of Syrian origin.
Bkonze.
Head of young Herakles iu lion's skin. | AAEIAN APOY Club, and bow in case
I M Various sizes.
Young male head, wearing taenia. | ,, Free horse . M -6
Other varieties less frequent than the above are the following, for the
most part oi post Alexandrine style : —
Head of Henikles.
Head of Pallas.
Young head wearing taenia.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Herakles.
Id.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Poseidon.
Macedonian shield.
AAEIANAPOY Biga . . . M •%
Nike . . . JE -7
[BA^IAEn^] Horse-
man . M-7—6
,. Horseman . JE ■'j
Id. . . . JE ■•]
B A Bow, club and quiver . . JE
„ Horseman JE
,, Prow JE -7-
;, Prow JE
,, Helmet JE
The difficulties with which we are confronted in attempting a
systematic classification of the enormous series of coins which bear the
name of Alexander are of two kinds: — (i) we have to decide as to
whether a particular coin belongs to the reign of Alexander himself, or,
if not, to what subsequent period it should be assigned, for in some parts
of the ancient world silver coins continued to be struck in the name and
with the types of Alexander for some centuries after his death, (ii) We
have to determine the geographical attribution.
The tetradrachms have been arranged by M. Miiller in seven classes,
which he distinguishes in the main by the following characteristics : —
I. Thick fabric, severe style. Zeus seated in stiff attitude, Ms right leg
visible in front of his left. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXX. 5.]
II. Similar, but with some slight variations. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXVII. 2,
4, 5-]
III. Similar, but of more elegant style. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXX. 6.]
IV. Fabric less lumpy ; style fine ; work usually (but not always) careful.
Right leg of Zeus drawn hack behind left. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXVII.
6, 7, 8; PL XXX. 10, 11; PI. XXXI. 12-14.]
V. Similar. Fabric flatter, and Jlan more spread. Style free, and usually
superficial. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXVI. 1-4.]
VI. Thin outspread fabric. Work usually sketchy, but not rude or barbarous.
[B. M. Guide, PI. XLVIII. 1-3.]
VII. Thin outspread fabric. Work rude, and frequently barbarous.
[B. M. Guide, PI. LIII. I, 2 ; PI. LXIV. 2.]
These classes belong in part to Europe, and in part to Asia, and may
be arranged somewhat as follows : —
200
MACEDON.—{F) KINGS.
B.C. 334-300, and later.
Europe. Asia.
Class I. Kingdom of Macedon, etc. Class II. Cilicia, Syria, Phoenicia.
„ III. „ „ „ III. „ \,
B.C. 300-280.
Class IV. Macedon, etc., Peloponnesus I Class IV. Cilicia, Syria, Phoenicia,
and Islands. j and Egyjit.
B.C. 250-200.
Class V. Thrace. Class V. Greek cities of western Asia
Minor (Fig. 140).
Phoenician cities (circ. 244-183).
After B.C. 200.
Classes VI, VII. Thrace, down almost j Class VI. Fiee cities of western Asia
to Imperial times. | Minor (b.c. 190-133).
The attributions to individual cities depend upon the correspondence
of the adjunct symbols with known coin-types of the cities in question.
On the coins of the later classes these symbols in the field of the reverse
are undoubtedly mint marks, but there is not sufficient evidence to show
that this was always the case on the coins of Classes I-IV, and in many
cases we have no safer guide to the local attribution than a knowledge
01 the countries from which certain sorts of tetradrachms usually come
to us.
No gold or bronze coins with Alexander's name were probably issued
after circ. B.C. 280.
Fig. 141.
Philip III (Aridaeus), B.C. 323-316. The coins of this king are
identical in type with those of Alexander of Classes III and IV. Inscr.,
<l)IAinnOY- or BACIAEn^ 0IAinnOY. They were issued both in his
European dominions and in Cilicia, Syria, Phoenicia, and Egypt.
[B. M. Guide, PL XXVII. 9, 10; PL XXX. 8, 9.] (Fig. 141, K Stater.)
Alexander IV, son of Roxana, B. c. 323-3 1 1 . See below under Ptolemy
Soter.
MACEDON.—{F) KINGS.
201
Cassander, B. c. 316-297. This king did not place his name upon the
gold or silver money, which continued to be issued in the name of
Alexander (Class IV).
Circ. B.C. 316-306. Inscr., KA^^ANAPOY.
Head of Herakles. I Seated lion . . . .
^■65
Circ. B.C. 306-297. Inscr., BACIAEH? KAS^ANAPOY.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Herakles.
Id.
Helmet.
TriiDod vE .7
Boy on lioree vE -8— 7
Lion walking M -d
Spear-head ^ -7
To the reign of Cassander belong also the bronze coins struck in the
name of his general, Eupolemus, b. c. 314-313.
Three Macedonian shields. | EYPOAEMOY Sword with belt. .E 7
Philip IV, B.C. 297-296, son of Cassander.
Alexander V, b. c. 295, son of Cassander.
To these reigns no coins can be confidently assigned, though some of
the coins of late style, bearing the types of Philip II and Alexander the
Great, may belong to this period.
Antigonus, B.C. 306-301. This king, the father of Demetrius Polior-
cetes, was acknowledged 'King of Asia,' in B.C. 311. In B.C. 306 he
assumed the title Baaikev^. In all his Asiatic mints it is probable that
he continued the issue of gold and silver with Alexander's types and
name unchanged (Class IV).
There are, however, gold staters of the Alexandrine type (except that
Nike holds in her right hand an acrostolium), reading ANTIfONOY
BA^IAEn^, and tetradrachms, the latter struck in Peloponnesus,
probably in the year B. c, 303, by Demetrius in the name of his father
Antiffonus.
Fig. 142.
Head of Herakles (Fig. 142)
BACIAEn^ ANTirONOY Zeus
aetophoros M Tetradr.
These coins are mentioned in the Inventory of the Asklepieion at
Athens as rirpaxfjia avnyoveia (see J. P. Six in the A?m?iaire de Nuviis-
matiqjie, 1882, p. 27). No bronze money can be certainly attributed to
this king.
202
3IACEJ)0N.—{F) KINGS.
Demetrius Poliorcetes, B. C. 306-283.
Gold.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Demetrius with bull's horn .
[B. M. Guide, PL XXXI. 15.]
Nike blowing trumpet, and holding
trophy- stand, standing on prow.
BACIAEnt AHMHTPIOY Nike . .
N Stater.
BACIAEHt AHMHTPIOY Armed
horseman with spear . . M Stater.
BA^IAEfl^ AHMHTPIOY Pallas
Promachos with shield and spear . .
R Stater.
SiLVKR.
Nike, as above (Fig. 143).
Head of Demetrius horned.
Fig. 143.
BACIAEat AHMHTPIOY Poseidon
wielding trident
M Tetrad., Dr., and i Dr.
BACIAEnS AHMHTPIOY Poseidon,
as above M Drachm.
Fig. 144.
Head of Demetrius horned (Fig. 144). BA^IAEHC AHMHTPIOY Poseidon
resting foot on rock, and leaning on
trident JR Tetradr.
Id. BA^IAEne AHMHTPIOY Poseidon
seated on rock, holds aplustre and
trident M Tetradr.
The types of these coins refer to the naval victory gained by the fleet
of Antigonus, commanded by Demetrius, over that of Ptolemy off the
island of Cyprus in b. c. 306. The same victory is commemorated by a
monument discovered some years ago in the island of Samothrace, now
in the Louvre, consisting of a colossal Victory standing on a prow, as on
the coins. See Conze, etc. [Samothrake, Bd. ii. p. 47 seqq.).
With very few exceptions the bronze coins of Demetrius Poliorcetes
have a prow on the reverse, and the letters BA (for BA^IAEfl^). The
obverse type is usually a head of Pallas or of Zeus.
Pyrrhus was king of all Macedon, B. c. 2<S7-6, and of west Maccdon until
B.C. 2cS4, and again h. 0. 274-272. If ho issued silver coins in Maccdon
they were probably, like those of Cassander, impressed with the name of
MACEI)ON.—{F) KINGS.
203
Alexander (Class IV). His Macedonian bronze coins are of the following
Macedonian shield, with monogram of i BA^I Hehnet and mon. HYP, all in
Pyrrhus in centre (PYP). ! oak wreath ^ -3
Interval, B. c. 286-277. During this period, while the government of
Macedon passed rapidly from Pyrrhus to Lysimachus, Seleueus, Ptolemy
Keraunos, Antipater, Sosthenes, etc., few coins were struck in Macedon.
Lysimachus, it is true, appears to have struck tetradrachms at some
of the Macedonian mints in his own name, but of the rest no coins are
known. There is, however, one series of Alexandrine tetradrachms of
Class IV (Mliller, Nos. 225-236, and B. M. Guide, PI. XXX. 11) with a
Macedonian helmet in the field on the reverse, which I would attribute
to this date, together with a corresponding set of bronze coins ; —
Macedonian shield ; in centre, various BA Macedonian helmet . . . ^^^-5
symbols.
Head of young Herakles. j BACIAEHS Bow in case, and club.
I Symbol: Race-torch . . . ^ -75
... „ ^ C It is not always possible to dis-
AntigonusGonatas. B.C. 277-239 Kinguish from one another the
Antigonus Doson. B. c. 229-220 ] ^^.-^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^
Dr. Imhoof-Blumer is in favour of attributing all the silver money to
Gonatas.
Head of Poseidon, with flowing locks
bound with marine j)lant (Fig. 145).
Similar head of eai'lier style.
Fig. 145.
1 BASIAEn^ ANTirONOY inscribed
on prow, upon which Apollo is
seated naked, holding bow . . .
M Tetradr.
BA^IAEn^ ANTirONOY Athena
Alkis of archaistic style, hurling
fulmen, and holding shield
JR Drachm.
Fig. 146.
Macedonian shield, in centre of which,
head of Pan horned, with pedum at
shoulder.
BAtlAEn? ANTirONOY Similar
type (Fig. 146) . . .J:1 Tetradr.
204
MACEI)ON.—{F) KINGS.
The types of the first of the above tetradrachms refer clearly to a
naval victory. Dr. Imhoof [Man. Gr., p. 128) thinks that the victory
recorded is that of Gonatas over the Egyptian fleet oft' the island of Cos,
B.C. 265. On the mainland, opposite Cos, was the Hieron of Apollo
Triopios, where games were celebrated in honour of Apollo and Poseidon,
the two divinities represented on the coins, ' C'etait la sans doute, que le
vainqueur a consacrd sa triere ; et c'est la aussi, suivant une inscription
trouvfc'e pres de I'hieron, qu'existait plus tard un autre sanctuaire, tres
riche et tres venere des Cnidiens, celui du Iieros Antigone Jils de V epigone
(Demetrius),' This sanctuary doubtless owed its origin to some exploit,
such as the victory off Cos, by means of which Antigonus had rendered
himself the benefactor of the town of Cnidus and its temple of Apollo.
But if, on the other hand, as the late style of the head of Poseidon on
the majority of these coins might lead us to infer, they belong to the
later Antigonus, the reverse type is still capable of explanation as con-
taining an allusion to the fortunate naval expedition which Antigonus
Doson undertook in b. c. 228 against Caria. I was at one time inclined
to adopt the last mentioned attribution (B. M. Guide, p. 75 sq.), but I
admit that Dr. Imhoof s arguments have somewhat shaken my conviction.
The bronze coin of the two Antigoni most frequently met with are of
the following types : —
Head of Pallas.
Head of Poseidon as 011 silver.
Head of young Herakles.
BA and ANTI (in monogram) Satyr
erecting a tropliy . . . J^ -/S—fio
Prow M -6
BA and ANTI (in mon.) Naked rider
c}'Owning his liorse . . /E -65
BACI Macedonian helmet . tE -7
Macedonian sliield, on which ANT
(in mon.).
Demetrius II, B. C. 239-229. No gold or silver coins
Bronze Coins.
Macedonian shield, in centre of which
monogram composed of the letters
AHMHTPI.
Id., but in centre, star.
Head of young Herakles.
Philip V, B.C. 220-179.
BACI Macedonian helmet ....
M -65 and -35
BACIAEH? AHMHTPIOY Id. .E .65
BA AH liider crowning horse. -E -65
Silver.
Fig. 147.
Head of king diademed (Fig. 147). BA^IAEH^ (J)IAinnOY Athena Alkis
1 aimed witli shield, luuling iuhnen .
I M Tetradr.
MACEBON.—{F) KINGS.
205
Fig. 148.
Macedonian shield, with head of the ^ BAtlAEAC (tJlAIPPOY Chib in oak
hero Perseus in the centre, wearing 1 wreath (Fig. 148) . . Ai Tetradr,
winged cap of Phrygian form, end- |
ing at top in eagle's head, j
BA^IAEH? cMAIPPOY Id. ^ Didr.
Id. M Dr.
Head of kinff diademed
Id.
Id.
Id. M I Dr.
Bronze.
Head of Zeus in oak wreath.
Head of Poseidon.
Id.
Head of Helios, i-adiate.
Head of Artemis.
Head of bearded Herakles.
Id.
Head of young Herakles.
Head of Pan.
Head of young Herakles.
Do., laui"., lion's skin round neck but
not over his head.
Head of hero Perseus.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Macedonian shield with wheel-orna-
ment in centre.
Id.
Similar ; Head of Perseus in centre.
BA 01 Rider crowning horse
^ -75
„ ,, Athena Alkis . . ^-E -80—65
„ Prow . . . . . ^ .55
BA^IAEH? (DIAIPPOY Fulmen in
oak- wreath yE i-o
BA <t> Eagle on iulmen in oak wreath.
M -75
BA^IAEn^ 0IAIPPOY Harpa in
oak- wreath M -g
BA <t> Prow ^ -45
„ Two goats at rest . JE -"j^
Id. .E -5
„ Rider crowning horse
^.65
BA <t)l Prow . '. . . . vE -75
BA (t> Eagle on plough or fulmen .
^•75-7
BACIAEnS (DIAIPPOY Horse . .
M -7
„ ., Harpa in
oak- wreath JE -6
BA Harjm and club . . ^E -4
BA 01 Club ^ -65
BA 0 Helmet . . . . iE -5
BACIAEnC 0IAIPPOY Helmet sur-
mounted by star . . . JE -6
T. Quinctius Plamininus, B.C. 196-190. Of this illustrious Roman
general a gold stater of Attic weight is known. It is of great rarity,
only three specimens having up to the present time been discovered.
Dr. Friedlander {Zeif.f. Num., xii. p. 2) is of opinion that it was struck
206
MACEBON.—{F) KINGS.
in Macedon after the battle of Cynoscephalae, but there is nothing to
prove that it was not issued during the sojourn of Flamininus in Pelopon-
nesus, perhaps on the occasion of the great Convention at Corinth, when
the Romans proclaimed the freedom and independence of Greece. As,
however, the reverse-type is that of the gold staters of Alexander the
Great I prefer to describe it in this place.
Head of Flamininus to r., slightly I T. QVINCTI Nike standing, holding
bearded [^627./. J\'?<m.,xii. PI. VII. 2 j. ' wreath and palm . . . iV Stater.
Perseus. B.C. 178-168.
Silver.
:v;s-
^^^gtf^""^ ii««^ .',' j^ , ,
Fig. 149.
Head of king Perseus, diademed.
(Fig. 149.)
Id.
Id.
BACIAEn^ HEPCEnC Eagle on ful-
men, all in oak-wreath M, Tetradr.
BA^IAEH? HEPCEnt Harpa in oak-
wreath . M. Didr.
,, Club in oak-wreath .
M Didr.
Beoxze.
Head of hero Perseus.
Head of young Herakles.
Macedonian shield, wheel-m-nnment in
centre.
BA HE (or HEP) Eagle on plough or
fulmen M -95—7
., Rider crowning horse
M .75-7
., Harjia M -65—5
Adaeus. A Dynast perhaps in Macedonia not mentioned in history.
His coins appear to have been struck at the town of Scotussa (Plin. IV.
17, s. 18) on the road between Heraclea Sintica and Philippi. [Imhoof,
Mon. Gr., p. j 14.)
Cire. B.C. 200, or later.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Pallas.
Head of hoar.
AAAIOY Tripod . . . M -85-65
Club 7^-65
„ Owl ^ -7
,, Spear-head . . . M -6
(a) KINGS OF PAEONIA.
207
G. Kings of Paeonia.
The death of Perdiccas III, King of Maeedon (b. c. 359), was followed
by a period of confusion during which the Paeonians rose and shook off
the yoke of the royal house of Maeedon.
The independent kings of Paeonia between this date and B.C. 286 are
as follows : —
Lycceius. Circ. B.C. 359-340. Silver coins of debased Macedonian
weight. Tetradrachms 214-188 grs.
Fig. 150.
Head of Aj)ollo.
Head of Zeus. [Coll. de Hirscli.]
Head of Apollo.
AYKPEIO or AYKKEIOY Herakles
and lion. (Fig. 150.). M Tetradr.
AYKKEIOY Same type . M Tetradr.
AYKKEIOY Lion . . . . M V>y.
A fragment of an inscription found some years ago at Athens (Hicks,
Mannal Gr. Inscr., p. 187) mentions a treaty of alliance between the
Athenians, on the one part, and Cetriporis of Thrace, Lyppeius of
Paeonia, and Grabus of Illyria. There can be no doubt about the
identity of the Lyppeius of the inscription with the Lycpeius or Lycceius
of the coins.
Patraus. Circ. B.C. 340-315.
Fro. 151.
Male head with short hair, usually
laureate.
Male head, wearing taenia.
Male head, laureate.
riATPAOY Horseman spearing pros-
trate foe. (Fig. 151.) . M Tetradr.
riATPAOY Forepart of boar . M Dr.
Eagle . . . M Tetrob.
208
MACEDON.—{H) UNDER THE ROMANS.
Audoleon. Circ. B.C. 315-286.
\ /'•■
i'lG. 152.
Head of Pallas, facing.
Id.
Head of Pallas in profile.
Head of Pallas, facing.
Head of young Dionysos.
AYAHAEONTO?
Free horse. (Fig.
152.) A\ Tetradr.
Id. . . . M Dr.
Id. . . M Didr.
Forepart of horse .
M Tetrob.
Id. . M Tetrob.
After circ. B.C. 306 Audoleon followed the example of the Diadochi,
and adopted the title Bao-tAev?. He then struck Attic tetradrachms,
similar in type to the money of Alexander the Great, but with the
inscription AYAHAEONTO^ BAllAEflS. Audoleon's coins were fre-
quently imitated by the Gauls.
Dropion, after circ. B.C. 379. See J. P. Six {^Annuahe de Numismatiqne,
1883, p. 5).
Head of Zeus.
DAIONnN
AP . .
Fulmen,
beneath which
. . . M .85
In 1877 an inscription was discovered at Olympia, on the base of a
statue, stating that it was set up by the community of the Paeonians
in honour of their king and founder, Dropion, who probably recon-
stituted the country after the invasion of the Gauls. His monogram AP
also occurs on tetradrachms of Lysimachus (Miiller, No. 489).
Nicarchus. An unknown dynast, probably contemporary with
Patraus.
Head of Apollo, r. laureate .... NIKAPXOY Tripod
[Bull. Corr. Hell, VI. 211.] M Tetradr. 204 grs.
H. Macedon under the Romans.
After the defeat of Perseus, the last king of Macedon, by the Romans
at the battle of Pydna (b. c. 168) Macedonia was divided into four
Ref/iones, and in B.C. 158 the right of coining silver money was conceded
to it b}'^ the Senate (Mommscn, Mon. Rom. III., p. 281). These four Con-
federations were dissolved in B.C. 146, when the country was constituted
a Roman Province.
Head of Zeus, wearing oak wreath
jlinhoof, Mon. Or., V\. 1). ir.]
B.C. 158-M6.
MAKEAONnN HPniH^
Artemis
Tainopohjs with two torches, riding
on bull . . . M Attic Tetradr.
3IACEB0N.—{H) UNDER THE ROMANS.
209
I
i
l'!^''
Fig. 155.
Macedonian shield, in centre of which,
bust of Artemis.
Id.
MAKEAONnN nPHTHC Club in
oak-wreath. (Fi,2f.'i53.) A\ Tetradr.
MAKEAONaN AEYTEPA^ Simikr
M Tetradr.
The smaller silver coins of this time read only MAKEorMAKEAONnN.
Macedonian shield on which club, or j Helmet or Prow . . . M, Tetrobol.
wheel-ornament. }
Head of Bacchante. i Prow M Tetrobol.
Bronze.
Head of Zens.
Head of Pallas.
MAKEAONnN TETAPTH^ Club in
oak-wreath ^ -85
MAKEAONriN TETAPTH^ The
Dioskuri /K -8
The remaining bronze coins are of Macedon in genere^ without the
number of the Region.
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of Apollo.
Macedonian shield.
Head of young river-god (Strymon).
Bust of Pan.
Head of young Herakles,
Head of Zeus, wearing oak- wreath.
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Silenos, facing.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Zeus.
MAKEAONnN Goat . . M 1-05
Tripod . M -8
Macedonian helmet . . . . M -65
MAKEAONnN Trident . . ^ -8
BOT (Bottiaea) in mon. Two goats .
M -8
MAKEAONnN BOT. Horseman .
„ „ Fulmen M -85
„ Club in oak-wreath .
^ .85
„ in ivy- wreath M -95
■„ Lyre and bow M -85
HAP in mon. Eagle on fulmen .
M .85-65
For numerous varieties of the above, see Brit. Mus. Cat., Macedon.,
pp. 11-16.
210
MACEU0jS\—{1I) UNLEB the liOMANS.
Macedonia a Roman Province. After B.C. 146.
Fig. 154.
Bust of Artemis, on ]\Iacedonian shield.
(Fig. 1 54-)
MAKEAONnN Club in oak-wreath,
with acorns. In field, usually LEG,
and a hand holding an olive-branch .
M Tetradr.
The letters LEG on these coins show that they were struck by the
Roman Legatus or Proquaestor.
^1
Fig. 155.
MAKEAONnN Head of Alexander
the Great, with flowing hair and
Ammou's horn.
Quaestorial insignia (club, virga via-
toris ?) Money chest (fiscus), and chair
(subsellium), the whole in wreath.
Roman magistrate : CAE PR(aetor) ;
AESILLA'^ (i(uaestor) or SVVRA
LEG(atus) PRO Q.(i\aestore)
JR Tetradrachms.
Cae .... was probably the predecessor of Sentius Saturninus as
Praetor of Macedon ; Aesillas was perhaps the Quaestor of Gae . . . . ,
and Sura the Legatus pro Quaestore of Saturninus, B.C. 88 (Lenormant,
31o7i. dans fAnt., ii. p. 144).
The bronze coins, for the most part, bear the inscriptions MAKEAONHN
and TAMIOY TAIOY nOHAIAlOY, or TAMIOY AEYKIOY 0OAKINNIOY,
showing them to have been issued by the Quaestors, G. Publilius and
L. Fulcinius. They are of the following types : —
Head of Poseidon.
Head of the hero Perseus (or Roma).
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of Pallas, as on late coins of
Athens.
Club in wreath JE -85
Inscription oidy .^ i-o
Goat standing ^ -8
Bull feeding, with mon. BOT (struck
in Bottiaea) /E -8
MACELON.—{H) UNBEB THE ROMANS.
211
Imjierial Times.
AAEIANAPOY Head of Alexander. |KOlNON MAKEAONnN NEH-
t [KOPn.N,etc. Types various M \o
This series is attributed by Eckhel (ii. p. 1 1 1) to the time of Caracalla,
but the majority of the specimens are probably later. See also Imperial
series {3Iionnet; B.M. CaL, Mac, p. 27 ; Imhoof, Man. 6V., p. 61 ; etc.).
To Imperial times must also be assigned small gold and silver pieces
bearing the name and head of Alexander the Great, and on the reverse
a lion, as well as the large medallions of the Tresor de Tarse {Bev. Num.,
1868, PL X-XIII.) and a curious little gold coin, having on the obverse
a head of Olympias, the mother of Alexander, and on the reverse
OAYMniAAO^ and a serpent {Zeit.f. Num., iii. 56),
Amphaxitis. After B.C. 168.
Macedonian shield.
Head of Herakles in lion's skin.
MAKEAONnN AMOAIinN Club
in oak Avreath . . . M Tetradr.
AMOAIinN Id. ... 10-85
These coins were probably struck at Thessalonica as the capital of the
district called Amphaxitis, for no city called Amphaxus is known.
Amphipolis. B.C. 168-146. See above, p. 191.
Beroea in Emathia, the city to which Paul and Silas withdrew from
Thessalonica (Acts xvii. 11). Autonomous M coins of the time of the
Emperors Gordianus III, or Phihppus I, of the same class as, and con-
temporary with, those of Macedonia in genere. Mionnet (i. p. 469)
publishes a specimen, reading KOINON MAKEAONnN B. N En (Kopwr)
BEPOIEnN, and bearing the date eOC ( = 275) of the Actian era = a.d.
245-
Bottiaei Emathiae. A portion of the Bottiaeans were restored by
Philip V to their native land, where they struck coins, probably at Pella,
with the sanction of the Romans.
Macedonian shield.
Head of Pallas.
After B.C. 168.
I BOTTEAinN Prow
M, Attic triobols.
Bull feeding . ^ -85
The bull feeding is a well-known type on coins of Pella (p. 212). For
other bronze coins, reading TAIOY TAMIOY and BOT (in mon."), see
above (p. 210).
Cotusa. See Scotussa, p. 212.
Dium in Pieria was situated near the southern frontier of the Mace-
donian kingdom. Of this town no undoubtedly authentic coins exist
(but cf. Millingen, Sj/Iloge, p. 44, PI. IV, 20) of the times before the
Empire, when, having received a Roman colony, it struck coins with
Latin inscriptions (see B.M. Cat., Mac, p. Ivii.) : COLON I A IVLIA
DIENSIS, or COL. IVL. AVC. DIENSIS, D. D. See also Imhoof, ifow. (?r.,
P- 74-
p 2
HP AK AEUUTUUN Macedonian shield.
Free horse, walking, r.
212 MACEDON.-(H) UNLER THE R02IANS.
Edessa, the later name of Aegae. Imperial coins fiom Augustus to
Gallienus. /«*cr., EAEC^AinN and EAES^EHN. %^r5, Roma Nike-
phoros seated and crowned by female figure (Edessa) ; beside them a
goat, in allusion to the name of Aegae and the myth of Karanos.
Heracleia Sintica. Autonomous bronze of Imperial times.
EPI CTPVMONI Club . . ^ -6
[Imlioof, ^fon. Gr., p, 77.]
HPAKAEUUTUUN in laurel wreath.
{Ihul, p. 78) ..... ^ -45
Pella, between the rivers Axius and Lydias, was promoted by Philip
to be the seat of government instead of the old capital Aegae or Edessa.
From this time it was probably one of the chief royal mints of the kings
of Macedon, but it struck no autonomous coins until after the Roman
conquest in B.C. 168. At Pella, as the chief town of the district called
Bottiaea and of the Third Region of Macedonia, were doubtless struck
the silver and bronze coins with the inscr. BOTTEATjQN or simply BOT
in monogram. Next in order follow the coins reading flEAAH^ or
riEAAAl nN. The principal types are Afliena AlHs in fighting attitude
(B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 90) probably copied from a statue of that goddess in
her temple at Pella (Livy xlii. 51). T/ie Head of Pan on the obverse of
these coins points to a special worship of this deity, which is further
illustrated by the seated Pan on many Imperial coins of the town. The
feedivg Ox alludes to the old name of Pella Bouyo/xo? (Eckhel, ii. 74). As
a Roman colony under the Empire the coins of Pella bear the Latin
inscr. COL. IVL. AVG. PELLA. See also Z.f. N., I. p. 169, and Imhoof,
Jlon. Gr., p. 86.
Fhila, a strong place near the mouth of the Peneius. For a bronze
coin of the Roman period, Obv. Nike, Bev. <t)IAA Club, see Imhoof, Mo7i.
Gr., p. 90.
Scotussa or Cotusa, on the right bank of the Strymon, not far from
Heraclea Sintica. To this town Dr. Imhoof-Blumer [J\loii. Gr., p. 114)
would attribute the coins struck by the dynast named Adaeus, after circ.
B.C. 300 (see above, p. 206), and the following bronze coin which resembles
the money of Adaeus : —
After B.C. 168.
Head of bearded Herakles. | KOTOY^AinN Club . . . /E -8
It is, however, quite possible that this coin may belong to the
Thessalian Scotussa.
Stobi was situate at the confluence of the rivers Axius and Erigon.
No coins are known to have been struck there before it became a Roman
Municipium.
Inscr., MVNICIPIVM STOBENSIVM. The most frequent type is
Victory with wreath and palm, but the most interesting shows the City
standing between the two river-gods Axius and Erigon (B. M. Cat., Afac,
p. 106, 18 ; Imhoof, Man. Gr., p. 91).
Thessalonica (the ancient Therma) was so named by Cassander
(B.C. 315) in honour of his wife. No autonomous coins were struck
THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST.
213
there until the fall of the Macedonian monarchy in B.C. 168. Thessa-
lonica was then made by the Romans the capital of the second Region,
and the silver coins reading MAKEAONaN AEYTEPAC {see p. 209)
were issued from its mint.
In the Roman period, both before and during the Empire, the bronze
coins of Thessalonica are plentiful Lisrr.. OeCCAAONiKH, OeCCAAO-
NlKeaN, KABeiPOC, etc. 7V//('*: — NenKOPOC, and on late coins
MHTPOnOAIC] and KOAn[NlA]. Perhaps the most remarkable type is
that which shows a figure of one of the Kabeiri, in whose honour games
were celebrated at Thessalonica, called Ka/3etpta, Ka/3etpta Ylvdia, and
Ka/3etpta knivUia (Eckhel, ii. 78), On some of these coins the Kabeiros is
carried by either Apollo or Nike (cf. the distinctive epithets applied
to the games). Games called 'OXvixina, nv6t.a, and "AKTia UvOia also occur.
Other coins of Thessalonica have heads of Libertas, eAGYOCPIA, and of
ArnNOOeCI A, the personification of the Presidency of the Games.
• II. THRACE.
I. The Greek Towns of Southern Thrace.
Aeims was an important city which stood at the mouth of the Hebrus,
and thus commanded the navigation of that river, which brought it into
commercial relations with all the eastern regions of Thrace. It did not
begin to coin money at so early a date as Abdera, the higher limit of its
currency being the middle of the fifth century.
Give. B. 0.. 450-400.
Fig. I so.
Head of Hermes in profile, wearing
close-fitting petasos.
Id. (Fig. 156).
Similar; AiNl on petasos.
A I N Bull on ear of corn.
Incuse square, within which A I N 1 0 N
(retrogr.) around a Caduceus . .
JR Tetradr. and small M.
Incuse square AINI Goat standing.
Symbols various — astragalos ; cre-
scent and ivy-leaf; term of Hermes
on throne ; bipennis ; caduceus ;
animal's head ; fly; amphora; crab;
ivy-leaf; mask of Silenos, etc.
M Tetradr. and small M.
Incuse square, within which linear
squai-e, containing goat. Magistrate,
ANTIAAAC Symbol: naked figure
of Pan M Tetradr.
Incuse square of ' mill-sail ' pattern
M Trihemiobol.
214
THBACE.—{I) SOUTHEBN COAST.
The weight-standard of the coins of Aenus appears to be a light form
of the Euboic- Attic. The tetradrachms of the first period range from
258 to 236 grs. The coin reading ' Antiadas ' is attributed by von Sallet
{Zeif.f. Num., v, 187) to the period 411-409 B.C., during which an aristo-
cratic form of government was set up under the auspices of the Four
Hundred at Athens in some of the tributary Thracian, etc. cities.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
In this period the weight of the tetradrachm falls to 240-232 grs.
It thus corresponds with the standard introduced about the same time
at Rhodes, and has hence been called. the Hhodmn standard.
Gold.
Head of Hermes in profile . . . . AINION Terminal figure of Hermes
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 77.] \ standing on throne . . iV 32-6 grs.
SiLVEK.
Head of Hermes facing, in close-fitting
petasos (Fig. 157).
Head of Hermes facing, in wide petasos.
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 80.]
/' '^ "^^
Fk;. 157.
AINION Goat. Symhols : dolphin;
amphora; monota ; rhyton ; star;
caduceus and petasos ; race-torch ;
trophy ; vine ; eagle ; lyre ; serpent ;
tripod ; fly ; helmet ; wreath ; laurel-
branch ; astragalos, etc
iB Tetradr. ; 4 Obols ; and 2 Obols.
AINION Terminal figure of Hermes
on throne to left. Symbols : kaji-
tharos ; goat's head ; corn-ear ; star.
JR Drachms.
Bronze.
Head of Hermes, in close or wide
petasos. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 80].
Id., in wide petasos [Ibid., p. 81].
Al, AINIJ or AINION Caduceus.
Symbols : astragalos ; ear of corn ;
grapes ; ram's head, etc.
Goat. Symbols: caduceus; pentagram;
torch, etc JE -7—6
Circ. B.C. 300--200.
Head of Hermes in wide petasos .
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, \\ 81.;
AINION Hermes seated on tluone,
holds purse and caduceus . . JE -65
THE ACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST.
215
Period of Roman Dominion, after circ. B.C. 190.
Head of Poseidon AINlilN Hennes standing between
.[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 8i.]
goats, or beside altar, holds purse
and caduceus ^ -8
Of the history of Aenus we know but little. During the Sicilian
expedition (b.c. 415) it was one of the subject allies of Athens. After
B. c. 350 it formed part of the Macedonian empire, and ceased to coin
in its own name, at least in silver, but coins were struck there in the
name of Lysimachus, though, perhaps, not until after the death of
that monarch.
After its liberation by the Romans, circ. B.C. 190, it coined bronze for
a considerable time.
Some of the full-face heads of Hermes on the coins of this town are
very fine as works of art. With regard to the curious terminal figure of
Hermes standing on a throne, Leake has justly remarked that it exactly
resembles the description which Pausanias has given of the statues of
Apollo standing on thrones at Amyclae and Thornax in Laconia (Paus.
Lac, X. 12). There Was doubtless a similar cultus-statue at Aenus.
Maroneia was an ancient city situate on the coast about midway
between the mouths of the Hebrus and the Nestus. It was named after
Maron, son of Euanthes, a priest of Apollo, who in the Odyssey gives
Odysseus the wine with which he afterwards intoxicates Polyphemos.
Maron is also called a son of Dionysos. The coins of Maroneia prove that
Apollo and Dionysos were both objects of especial worship there. The
earliest coins of Maroneia are obols., which seem to belong to the ancient
Thraco-Macedonian or Babylonic standard.
Before circ. b. c. 500.
Forepart of prancing horse ....
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 123.]
Incuse square of ' raill-sail ' pattern
M Obols, 14-5 grs.
Circ. B.C. 500-450.
Phoenician standard, Drachms 57 grs. Inscr., MAP, MAPH, MAPHN.
MAPnNOC, or MAPHNITHS.
Forepart of prancing horse ....
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, jd. 123 sq.]
Incuse square containing a sun-flower
or a ram's head, or simply quartered.
Sometimes with magistrates' names,
AOH, or POA (POM?) . . . .
yR Drachms, and \ Drachms.
Circ. B.C. 450-400.
Fig. 158.
216 THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST.
Phoenician wt., Tetradrachms 320 grs. ; Didr. 112 grs. ; Drachms 5ogrs.
Inscr. MAPnN, MAPHNUnN, MAPnNlTEnN, or MAPHNEITEHN.
Horse prancing (rarely standing). Incuse square, within which vine witli
Symbols : kantharos ; star ; wheel ; bunches of grapes in linear square :
wi'eatli ; lyre ; helmeted head ; • around, magistrate's name, often pre-
helmet (Fig."^i58). i ceded by EPI . . . . ^{ Tetradr.
Magistrates: BPABEH^, AEONYC, MHTPOAOTOC, MHTPO^nN,
PO^IAHIO, PYOOAnPO, etc. On some specimens the inscription
M APnNlTEflN stands on the reverse in place of the magistrate's name.
Forepart of prancing horse . . . . Incuse square quartered ; around,
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 125 ;
and Z.f. JV., iii, 274.]
Id. [Ibid.]
id. [Ibid.]
MAPnNlTnN, or magistrate's
name EP APXEMBPOTO. iR Didr.
Incuse square, in which, vine; around,
M APUN I TfiN, or magistrate's name
POSEIAIPPOC . . . ^Didr.
Incuse square, in which, grapes. JR Dr.
The following exceptional coin of light Attic wt. must also be placed
shortly before B..C. 400: —
Head of young Dionysos. iMAPriNiTEHN EPI MHTPO-
(Zeit.f. Num., iii. P\.\I. 18.) ' cl)ANEOC Vine growing over a
Silenos mask, facing
I M Tetradr. 255 grs.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
About the end of the fifth century the Phoenician standard was
replaced by the Persic, of which the staters weigh about i jj grs. The
standard of the gold coin is uncertain.
Fig. 159.
Prancing horse. MAPHNITEHN Vine . iV 48-5 grs.
Prancing horse. Inscr. sometimes j Vine in square. Symbols on some
MAPn (Fig. 159). specimens, — caduceus ; cray-fish ; bee ;
i ear of corn ; dog.
Magistrates' names on reverse, preceded by EPI : — APEAAEH, EYZIOE-
MIOC, EYPOAIOC, IH.MnNO?, HrHCArOPEH, HPAKAEIAOY, IKE^IO,
KAAAIKPATEO?, MHTPOAHPO. MHTPHNOC, NEOMHNIO, PATPOK-
AEO? POAYAPHTOY. P0AYNlK0Y,P0CEIAEI0Y,X0PHr0,ctc./K8taters.
I'liere are also Tiiobols or | Staters (wt. 44 grs.), and Trihemiobols
(wt. 22 grs.).
Forepart of horse. [ Vine in incuse square.
Inscr., MA, usually on the reverse, and magistrates" names generally
abbreviated;— AOHN En, APICTOAEH, IHNnNO^, HPAKAEI AEIi. MHT-
POAHPO, NOYMHNIO, etc.
THRACE. -{I) SOUTHERN COAST.
217
Bkonze.
Horse prancing.
Head of young Dionysos ivy-crowned.
MAPnNlTnN in square . . JE -6
Grapes EPI PYOONIKO
I ^ "7
On the coins of Maroneia the horse is an emblem of the sun-god Apollo,
as is also the sun-flower. The vine as a symbol of Dionysos refers
to the famous wine of Maroneia, which was said to be capable of mixture
with twenty times its quantity of water.
The autonomous coinage of Maroneia ceased when it fell under the
dominion of Philip of Macedon, but the town appears to have remained a
place of mintage under Philip, Alexander, Philip Aridaeus, Lysimachus,
etc. Not until the second century b. c, when the Romans were supreme
in Greece, did Maroneia regain its autonomy (Polyb, xxx. 3). The exact
date of the commencement of the new series of tetradrachms is doubtful,
but it is presumable that neither Maroneia nor Thasos began to coin
again until after the closing of the Macedonian mints in b. c. 146.
Both in style and fabric these large flat tetradrachms belong to the
last stage of the decline of art on coins. They may be compared with
the contemporary dated tetradi-achms of Alexandria Troas.
Fig. 160.
Head of young Dionysos (Fig. 1 60).
AIONY^OY tnTHPOS MAPnNl-
TnN Dionysos standing, holding
grapes and two stalks of the narthex.
In field, monograms of magistrates.
M, Attic tetradrachms,
light wt. 255-230 grs.
Broxze.
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of Apollo.
Head of bearded Herakles.
Similar .' JE 1-0—75
MAPnNlinN Asklepios standing .
M -9
„ Hoi-se galloping. M -8
See also Imperial coins in B. M. Cat., Thrace, Mionnet, etc., etc.
Phytaeum (?). • This town is only known from a single coin. It was
probably in the neighbourhood of Maroneia.
Circ. B.C. 450-400.
Bearded male head (Ares?) in close \ 4>YTAI0N Incuse square, vine
fitting crested helmet. . ! (Baron de Hirsch, ^»?;. t/ei\^2t7??,., 1884,
I PL I. 9) ... ^ 29-5 grs.
218
THRACE.— {J) SOUTIIEBN COAST.
Dicaea was an ancient seaport not far from Abdera with which it
appeai-s to have been in close commercial relations, vide Num. Chron.,
N. S., XV. 99.
Before circ. 3. c. 500.
Head of bearded Herakles in lion's Incuse squai'e diagonally quartered
skin of very archaic style. [ M Stater, 148-2 grs.
I JR Diobol, 27-6 grs.
These coins follow the ancient Thraco-Macedonian or Babylonic
standard.
Circ. B.C. 500-480.
Similar [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 115.] AIK Bull's head 1., in incuse square .
Al Stater, wt. 11 1.6 grs.
Dicaea appears to have changed its weight standard and adopted that
of Abdera when the latter city began to strike money. •
Circ. B.C. 480-450.
Female head, hair rolled.
Head of Herakles.
AIKAIA Bull's head, r., the whole in
incuse square . . . ^^.Dr., 55 grs.
AIKAIA Bull's head facing ....
M I Dr., 24 grs.
This town is mentioned in the Athenian Tribute hists (Corp. In.^cr.Aft.,
Ed. Kirchhoff, vol. i. p. 1 11) as a member of the Athenian Confederation
between B.C. 454 and 428. It is there called AUaia Trap' "AjSbripa, to
distinguish it from the other Dicaea, the colony of Eretria in Chalcidice
(p. 189). •
Abdera, on the southern coast of Thrace, not far from the mouth of
the river Nestus, was originally a Clazomenian colony founded in the
seventh century B. c. This first venture did not prove a success, but in
B. C. 544 the site was reoccupied by the larger portion of the population
of Teos, who preferred to leave their native land rather than submit to
the Persian conqueror (Herod, i. 168). Abdera now rose to be a place of
considerable importance and wealth, on which account it was selected
by Xerxes as one of his resting places in his progress along the northern
shores of the Aegean. This is the period to which its earliest coins belong.
The silver money of Abdera may be divided into the following
classes : —
Circ. B.C. 500-450.
Phoenician standard, wt. of Tetradrachm 230 grs.
Via. 161.
THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST.
219
Griffin seated, with one paw raised. i Shallow incuse square divided into four
I quarters.
No name of town. Magistrates, t.\ (]), HPX, EP, A, on Octadrachms ; —
ARTE, ACTA, AAM, HPAK, MEIAI, PPH, ^MOP, 0ITTAAO, ^YM, EHI
I A. on Tetradrachms (Fig. t6i);— ANT, HPO, AEO, HTH, onDrachms.
The griffin as a coin-type at Abdera is clearly copied from that on
the coins of the mother-city Teos. It is symbolical of the cultus either
of Apollo or Dionysos. The magistrates whose names occur from the
very earliest times on the coins of this town are the chief dignitaries of
the state, and not mere monetary magistrates. The accessory symbols in
the field may be tKe signets of mint-masters or inferior officials. Among
those which we meet with on the coins of the earliest period are the
following: — locust; calfs head; dancing satyr; kylix ; small human
head.
The adoption of the Phoenician standard in these northern parts is
perhaps owing to the existence in early times on the site of Abdera of a
Phoenician trading station or factory, for if the Teian colonists in
B. c. 544 had not found the Phoenician standard already established
there, and used for silver in bullion form, it is to be presumed that they
would have issued their coins uniform in weight as well as in type with
those of Teos, which is not the case.
Circ. B.C. 450-430.
Phoenician standard, iveiyht of Tetradrachm 236-230 grs.
Griffin with curled wing, seated on
fish. Magistrate, KAAAI AAM AC.
Similar griffin, sometimes with pointed
•wings, on one variety walking.
Symbols : cock ; kantharos ; scara-
baeus witli ball {Ateuchus Sacer);
amphora ; pomegranate ; star, etc.
Inscr. on some specimens ABAHPI-
TEHN.
ABAHPITEnN in shallow incuse
square. In ceiatre, a smaller square
quartered [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 67].
In place of ethnic. Magistrates' names,
EP HPOAOTO, EPI CMOPAO-
TOPMO KAA, EPI 0ITTAAO,
EPI NYMOOAHPO, EP EPMO-
KPATIAEH, EPI NECTIOC, EPI
MANAPnNAKTOC
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. i].
Weight of Tetradrachms reduced to circ. 224 grs.
Griffin with pointed wings, usually
reai'ing, but sometimes seated.
Symbols (less frequent) : crayfish ;
ivy-leaf, etc.
Shallow incuse square with magis-
trate's name around, and in the
centre a type which changes with the
magistrate [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 68j.
Varieties: EPI AHMOKPITO Lyre; EPI MOAPAAOC Young male
head; MEAAN I PPOC Head of Pallas: NiKOtTPATOC Warrior charging ;
POAYAPHTOC Grapes; ANAEIAIKOC Hermes standing; EPI AAEZI-
MAXO Kantharos; AOHNAIOC Bearded Dionysos- standing, holding
kantharos and long branch [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 2]; ANAEIPOAI^
Bearded Dionysos; Id. Female head (Aphrodite ?) ; APTEMHN Diota,
etc.
220
THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST.
Circ. B.C. 430-408.
Aeginetic danclard [B. M. Caii, Thrace, p. 69]. Staters or Didrachms
198-190 grs.; Drachms, 97 grs. ; Triobols, 4.8 grs. ; Trihemiobols, 24 grs.
Inscr. on obverse, ABAHPI orABAHPITEHN Griffin with wings pointed,
or rounded and smooth, without indication of feathers. Reverse- types ;
Didrachms, EPI 0IAAAO? Herakles seated; EPI IHNnNOC Hermes
standing, wt. 160 grs.; EXEKPATH^ Head of Aphrodite; PPnTH?
Prancing horseman; HrHCATOPHC Young male head; EPI MYPIO
Discobolos; PAPMENHN Bucranium ; PYOHN Tripod; EYAmN Prize
amphora; KAEANTIAHC Rushing bull; EPI MOAPAPOPEn Dancing
girl. Drachm, EP OPXAMO Lion. Triobols, EXEKPATH^ No type;
KAEANTIAH^ Bull's head; ANAZIAIKO^ Goat's head; EP HPOOANEO^
Hermes head; MOAPAPOPH? Head of Bacchante; NYMOAfOPH^
Dolphin; PPriTHC Head of Apollo (?) ; EPI PPHT EH Three ears of corn;
EPI ct)|AAIO Hermes standing; AOHNHS Stag. Trihemiobols, PPflTH^
Bull's head ; KAEAN Ram's head, etc.
Circ. B.C. 408-350.
In B. c. 408 Abdera, then in a flourishing condition, was brought by
the Athenian general Thrasybulus under the dominion of Athens. The
following coins appear to be subsequent to that date : —
Weight of Stater reduced to 175 grs {Persic wt.V).
ABAHPI Griffin with pointed wings, EPI KAAAIANAKTO? Incuse square
usually recumbent. within which Apollo with patera .and
branch, standing beside stag.
POAYKPATHC Artemis with bow
standing beside stag.
Id. [Gardner, Types, PI. III. 31].
Fig. 162.
Similar griffin, EPI P AYS AN I H
Id. EPI IKECIOY
Griffin with pointed wings.
ABAHPI TEriN Head of Apollolaureate.
Id. (Fig. 162) . . . M Staters.
Id. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 72] . .
M, Triobols, wt. 44 grs.
Magistrates on Triobols, EPI ^ANEH; EPI APXEAAOY; EPI PAYCANIH,
EPI XAPMO.
Griffin on club. | ABAHPITEnN Id
I A\ Diobols. wt. 25 grs.
Magistrates on Diobols, HP A, MHNO, etc. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 73.]
Weight of Stater reduced to circ. 158 grs.
ABAHPITEnN Griffin recumbent,
witli pointed wings.
No incuse. Head of Apollo laureate .
[B. M. Cat.^ Thrace, p. 73.]
THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST.
221
Magistrates' names on reverse, preceded by EPI — , AIONY^AAO?,
EYPHCIPPOY, IPPnNAKTOt: ^V/y;/W, cockle-shell. PYOOAnPOY :
iS>;;W, kantharos. AHMHTPIOY, AlOctANTOY, O/WHPOY . /H Staters.
EPi_ANAZIPOAIO,AIONYCAAOC,EKATnNYMOY,OMHPOY,POAY-
0ANTOY, IPPnNAKTOC, EYPHCIPPOY, AIPI AAEnC,etc., and PPHTHt
in nominative case without EPI Ai Triobols, 40 grs.
Although it is convenient to distinguish the weights of the coins of
Abdera as Phoenician, Aeginetic, and Persic, it seems nevertheless very
probable that the changes in weight were gradual rather than sudden.
Bronze.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
Griffin rearing.
Griffin recumbent; magistrates, <J)I,
EPMO, EYAN, MENAN, El, etc.
Griffin seated.
Id.
ABAHPITEnN Giiffin rearing.
Head of Hermes.
ABAHPITEnN Head of Apollo. JE-b
Id. in linear square .
JE -6
EPI AlONY^AAO^; EPI PAPM....,
etc., in quadripartite square . JE -4
EPI GE? . . . Eagle on serpent. JE 4
Head of Apollo in linear square, EPI
EPMOCTPATOY; EPI lEPO-
(t)nNTOt(?) /E .75
EPI AIONYCA Griffin seated. ^E -65
The above list of magistrates, extending over more than a century,
is of course by no means complete, but the number of names recorded is
sufficient to warrant us in supposing that they were the annual Eponymi
of the city. The almost constant presence of the preposition EPI, and
the prominent place occupied by the name are arguments in favour of
this hypothesis, as is also the fact that down to the end of the fifth
century the reverse type seems to be subordinate to the magistrate's
name, not only changing with it, but in some cases evidently suggested
by it; e.g. NIKOCTPATO^, a warrior; PYOnN, a tripod; EYAPHN, a
prize amphora; MOAPAPOPH?, a dancing girl; and perhaps others.
Several of the magistrates may also be identical with famous citizens
of Abdera, mentioned in history. Cf. von Sallet {Zeit.f. Num., viii. 106),
who points out that a Nymphodorus, circ. B. c. 430, held the supreme
power at Abdera (Thuc, ii. 29). Democritus the philosopher was also
an Abderite. He flourished circ. B.C. 440-357, and it is very possible
that he may have occupied at one time the chief magistracy of his native
town, as may also his brother Herodotus, for both these names occur on
coins struck before B. c. 430.
Some of the coin-types of Abdera, notably the Herakles at rest, the
dancing girl," the Discobolos, the Apollo, and the Artemis standing beside
a stag, are among the most artistically instructive coin-types which
have come down to us from any ancient city.
No autonomous coins were struck at Abdera after its absorption into
the empire of Philip of Macedon.
Imperial coins are known, but the types offer no points of interest.
See B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 76.
Trie[rus'?]. This town is known only from the following coins which
have always been found on the northern coast of the Aegean. It was
222
{K) THRACIAN CHERSONESUS.
probably situate between Chalcidice and Maroneia (Imhoof, Num. Chron.,
1873, p. 18).
Circ. B.C. 450-400.
Fore-part of horse.
Head of Apollo.
TPIH ill four quarters of incuse square.
. M6-2, grs.
,, in the four corners of a square,
within which, laurel-branch. M, 7 grs.
Cypsela was a Thracian town on the Hebrus.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
Headof Hermes in close-fitting petasos. 1 KYS'E Two-handled vase (Ku\//-eXr;) .
A vessel of this shape is seen also on coins of Cotys I, king of the
Thracian Odrysae, b. c. 382-359. See Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 52, and infra
sub§P.
K. The Thracian Chersonesus.
The smaller silver coins of Chersonesus are very abundant, and were
probably issued at a town called anciently Cherronesus. Whether this
place was identical with the later Callipolis or with Cardia is uncertain.
The weight standard in use appears to have been the Aeginetic. There
are, however, archaic tetradrachms of Attic weight.
Attic weight. Circ. B. c. 500-480.
Lion with fore-paw raised and head
reverted
(Baron de Hirsch, Ann. de JViim., 1884,
PL I. I.)
Incuse square, in which archaic head of
Pallas wearing close-fitting helmet
with large crest . . . ifl 253 grs.
Aeginetic weight.
Forepart of lion looking back . . . j Quadripartite incuse square ....
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 182.] I ■ yR 46 and 23 grs.
Circ. B.C. 480-350.
Forepart of lion with head reverted .
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 183 sqq..]
Incuse square divided into four quarters;
in the two deej)er ones a symbol and
a letter . . ■ M, \ Dr., wt. 40 grs.
Bronze. Inscr. XEP, XEPPO, etc., on one or other side.
Lion's head, or female head facing . . Corn-grain -^'45
{Ibid., IX 186.)
Aegospotami. Although there is no mention of a town of this name
in li. c. 405, when the Athenians were defeated by Lysander at the ' Goat
River,' yet there are small silver coins with the /wad of a poat, and with
an incuse reverse of Chersonesian pattern (wt. 14 grs.) which are certainly
earlier than that time. There are also bronze coins anterior in style to
the age of Alexander, which prove that a city Aegospotami existed in
the middle of the fourth century.
(A') THRACIJN CHERSONESUS.
223
Before circ. B. c. 350.
Head of Deineter wearing wreathed
and ornamented Stephanos.
AirOtnO or AirOPO Goat standing.
[B. M. Cat, Thrace, p. 187] . M -85
This head is identified as that of Demeter by comparison with a coin
of the neighbouring city of Sestus, on which the entire figure of the
goddess is seen wearing the same head-dress and holding ears of corn.
Agathopolis. This town is only mentioned by the Byzantine historian
Pachyraeres (vi. 4). H. P. Borrell (Ali/n. Chron., vi. 2) suggests that it
may have been named after Agathocles, son of Lysimachus, and that it
is his portrait which the coins bear, but his arguments are not con-
vincing.
Circ. B. c. 300, or later.
Young male head bound with taenia.
Young male head bound with taenia .
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 188.]
Similar head.
ATA within a laurel wreath M. Size -7
AT AGO Owl (sometimes double bodied),
beneath, spearr-head . . . ^ .7
A-r Caduceus M^ -45
Alopeconnesus, on the northern shore of the Chersonese, owed its
origin and name, according to Steph. Byz., to the fact that the first
settlers had been commanded by an oracle to found a city on the spot
where they should first see the cubs of a fox.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Head of Dionysos.
Head of Maenad.
Head of Pallas.
AAn or AAHPEKON Kantharos.
Symbols : Fox and bunch of grapes,
and sometimes corn-grain ....
■ [B. M. Cat., Thrace,-^. 188.] ^.75-55
Id.
Id.
Cardia, a colony of Miletus, was one of the chief cities of the
Chersonese. It was destroyed by Lysimachus in B. c. 309. Its coinage
in bronze falls chiefly into the latter half of the fourth century, but if, as
some suppose, the silver coins of Chersonesus above described were
struck at Cardia, the city must have begun to coin at least a century
earlier.
Circ. B.C. 400-309.
Head of Demeter or Persephone wear-
ing corn-wreath
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 189.]
Lion or lion's head.
KAPAIA, KAPAIANO^, or KAP-
AlANnN Lion devouring prey.
Symbols : Corn-grain, star, etc. . .
^ .75
Corn-grain in linear square , . ^ .45
The lion here, as at Miletus, the mother city of Cardia, is a solar
emblem.
Coela or Coelus, a port in the vicinity of Sestus. To this town MUller
ascribes various coins of Philip II, Alexander, Philip Aridaeus, and
Lysimachus, with the cornucopiae as a symbol, on the ground that this
is the usual symbol on the money of Coela as a Roman Municipium.
The attribution, however, cannot be accepted as sufficiently established.
224 {K) THRACIAN CHERSONESUS.
The Imperial coins of Coela read Al. MVN. COILA, AEL. MVNICIP.
COEL, etc. The most frequent reverse types are a Prow surmounted by
a cornucopiae ; or the Genius of the city holding statuette of Tyche and
cornucopiae ; or the common Colonial type, Silenos with wine-skin over
his shoulder (B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 191 sqq.).
Crithote was probably situated near the modern Gallipoli.
Head of Demeter.
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 194.]
Head of Pallas.
EAAI in wreath .
. M
•7-4
EAAIOYCiaN Owl. .
. ^
■45
„ Bee . .
. ^
•65
Circ. B.C. 350.
KPIOOYSinN Graiu of corn in corn-
wreath . . . . . . . ^ -85
KPI Corn-grain ^ -8
Elaens, the southernmost town of the Chersonese, celebrated for its
temple and tomb, of the hero Protesilaos, who is represented on Imperial
coins of Commodus struck at Elaeus.
Circ. B.C. 350-280.
Prow.
Head of Pallas.
Bust of Artemis.
See also other varieties and Imperial of Commodus in Imhoof, 3Ion.
Gr., p. 45 sq.
Lysimachia. This important city was built by Lysimachus in B.C.
309, near the site of Carcfia, which he had destroyed. From its position
hear the narrowest part of the isthmus it became the key of the
Chersonese, and commanded also the passage of the Hellespont. Lysi-
machus made it his residence and his principal European mint. After
his death the town fell under the rule at first of the Seleucidae and then
of the Ptolemies, but it probably retained its right of coining in bronze.
Bronze. Circ. b.c. 280-220.
The most frequent odverse-iypea are — heads of Lysimachus, of young
Herakles, of Demeter veiled, of the City turreted, of Pallas, of a Lion, or
of Hermes. Those of the reverse are — a lion running, or seated in upright
attitude, or the fore-part of a lion ; Artemis standing, holding torches ;
Nike holding wreath and palm ; wreath of corn ; ear of corn, etc. Inscr.,
AYtlMAXEnN (B. M. Cat, Thrace, p. 195 sq.).
Madytus, nearly opposite Abydus, was a. town of some importance in
the fourth century, to the middle of which its coins belong.
Circ. B.C. 350.
Rushing bull ; above, fish.
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 197.]
MA AY Dog seated. Symbols; ear of
corn or star ; magistrate's name .
JE -75-45
Circ. B.C. 197-27.
•Female head, 1. M AAY Lyre; in field, grapes . .
{Zeit.f. Num., xiii. PI. IV. 2.) JE 6
The rushing bull and fish may symbolize the streatn of the Helles-
pont, the dog is the Kynossema or tomb of Hecuba, which was in the
territory of Madytus, kvi-os raXaiv-qs aijfj.a, vavrtkoLs TU\xap (Eur. Ilec, 1273).
(/.) ISLANDS OF TIIBACE. 225
Sestus, renowned in myth for the romantic tale of Hero and Leander,
and in history for the crossing of the Persian hosts over the bridge
which Xerxes caused to be constructed across the Hellespont, was always
a place of considerable importance, but it did not begin to coin money
until shortly before the time of Alexander. After a long interval,
during which some regal coins were struck there in the name of
Alexander, Lysimachus, etc., it began once more to issue autonomous
bronze coins in the second century B.C. Cf. an inscription from Sestus
[Hermes, vii. 135), where it is recorded that a certain Menas was appointed
to superintend the coinage of the town.
Circ. B. c. 350.
Obverse types : — Female head with hair in sphendone. Head of
Demeter bound with corn. Term of Hermes. Head of Hermes, etc.
Beverse types : — Demeter wearing Stephanos, seated on cippus and holding-
ears of corn, in front a phallic term. Hermes standing. Amphora with
long neck. Term. Caduceus, etc. //wcr., ^A, later SH. \B.M. Cat., T// race,
p. 198.]
Second Century B.C.
Ol/verse types : — Head of Apollo. Female head in sphendone or sakkos.
Beverse types: — Seated Demeter. Symtjols : Term. Headdress of Isis.
Grapes, etc. Inscr., SHCTI. The chief divinities of Sestus were Demeter
and Hermes.
Iipfiferial Coinage.
Caligula to Philip Jun. The most interesting type of this series is
the representation of the exploit of Leander. [B. M. Cat,, Thrace, p. 200.]
L. The Islands of the Thracian Sea,
Imbros. This island struck no coins which can be positively asserted
to be earlier than the time of Alexander. Its money is of bronze, and
falls into two clearly marked periods.
After circ. B.C. 300.
Female head : sometimes of Demeter.
Head of Pallas.
IMBPOY Naked ithyphallic figure of
Hermes Imbramos, sacrificing
M .5-4
IMBPOY Owl .... ^ -45-35
About the time of the siege of Athens by Sulla in B.C. 87-86, it would
seem that the Athenian kleruchs settled in Imbros issued bronze coins
reading AGENAinN.
Head of Pallas.
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 49.]
Hermes Imbramos, standing before a
thymiaterion iE .65
226 [L) ISLANDS OF THBACE.
Imperial Times.
Head of Pallas.
IMBPinN Types various: — Owl —
Ajjollo Musegetes — Female figure
holding cornucopiae . . M -9—85
The fio-ure of the ithyphallic Hermes on the coins of this island is that
of a Pelasgic divinity of reproduction (Herod, ii. 51). With the Carian
epithet "I^/Spa/xos (Steph. Byz. s. v. ''lM/3pos) cf. the Gk. "Ijnepos (Preller,
Gr. Mj////., i. p. 297).
Lemnos. Hephaestia. Bronze coins of two periods.
Circ. B.C. 350-280.
Head of Pallas in Corintliian helmet: j H<t)AliTI, HOAI or HOA Ram uV. 65
the whole sometimes in oak-wreath. I
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 213.] |
Id. ' ,. Owl JE .5
C!rc. B.C. 280-197.
Head of king (1) diademed.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Apollo,
H<t>AI, H<t)A or H<t> Ram or torch M ^^
„ Two torches iE • 7
,, Cornucopiae, etc. .
M .7-5
The caps of the Kabeiri appear sometimes as symbols beside the torch.
Period of Roman Dominimi.
Bust of Hephaestos. | HcDAICTI€nN Torch . . . ^ 75
Lemnos was also, probably, the name of a town at which coins were
struck : — uhv. Bearded head ; rev. AHM Helmeted head M 75.
Mjrriua. Bronze, circ. b. c. 300.
Head of Pallas, often facing. , MYPI Owl, facing or r. . . ^-55
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 214.] |
Samothrace. The seat of the famous mysteries of the Kabeiri. The
coins of this island are all subsequent to the time of Alexander.
Circ. B.C. 300.
Head of Pallas.
[B. M. Gv,ide, PI. XLI. 4.]
Id.
^AMO Kybele seated on throne, be-
neath which, Lion. Magistrate's
name . M Attic Didr., also iE -75
^AMO Fore-part of ram or ram's
head. Symbol : caduceus . M •5—45
The ram is a symbol of the cult of the Pelasgic Hermes {see Imbros).
Period of Jioman Dominion.
Bust of Pallas. | CAMOGPAKHN Kybele seated .*: -75
(X) ISLANDS OF TIlliACK.
227
On an Imperial coin of Hadrian (Mion. ii) the remarkable inscr.
CAMIUUN eN OPAKH occurs. Cf. the line in Virgil {Aen. vii. 208),
' Thrciciamque Samum quae nunc Samothracia fertur.'
Thasos. The rich gold mines of this island had at a very early date
attracted the Phoenicians to its shores. Later on it was colonized by
lonians from Paros. There was also a Thracian tribe called Saians
settled in the island. The Thasian possessions in the mining districts
on the mainland were a source of enormous wealth, yielding, shortly
before the Persian invasion, as much as from 200 to 300 talents annually
(Herod, vi. 46). It was apparently from the mainland that the Thasians
derived the Babylonic standard of weight, as well as the types of its
earliest money. The Silenos carrying off a struggling nymph is one of
a class of types intimately connected with the orgiastic worship of the
Thracian Bacchus whose oracle stood on the summit of Mt. Pangaeum.
Circ. B.C. 550-465.
Naked ithyphalUc Silenos, kneeling
on one knee and carrying in his
arms a nymph.
Two Dolphins.
Dolphin.
Fig. 163.
Quadripartite incuse square. (Fig. 163.)
M Stater, 160-140 grs.
M Drachm, 70 grs (max.).
Id. . . . M Obol, 10 grs. (max.).
Id . . . M ^ Obol, 5 grs. (max.).
Cii'c. B.C. 465-411.
Fig. 164.
In this period of Athenian supremacy in Thasos the same types of the
stater and drachm are in the main adhered to, but there is a steady
decrease in the weight, which, on the later specimens, corresponds with
the Attic or even falls below it. In style many of these later Thasian
staters are admirable as works of art, and quite worthy of the age of
Pheidias. (Fig. 164.)
Circ. B.C. 411-350.
In B.C. 411 Thasos revolted from Athens and received a Lacedae-
Q 2
228
(L) ISLANDS OF TUB ACE.
monian garrison, but was afterwards again dependent upon Athens. As
at Acanthus and other towns on the mainland, an abrupt change of
standard from Attic to Phoenician took place at Thasos, in the last
quarter of the fifth century. This in the case of the Thasian money is
also accompanied by a change in the types. Gold coins in small
quantities were also issued at this time.
Head of Dionysos, bearded or j'oung,
ivy-crowned.
OASION Herakles kneeling, shooting
with bow . . . A 60 & 43 grs.
Fig. 165.
Id. (bearded,) (Fig. 165,)
Young male head crowned with reeds.
(River god.)
Janiform head of bald Silenos.
Silenos kneeling, holding kantharos.
Head of Silenos.
Head of Nymph.
GABION Id. Various sj^mbols in field
M Tetrad., 236 grs.
JR Didr., 109 grs.
^ Dr., 59 grs.
„ Id. . M i Dr., 29 grs.
[Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 4.]
OA^I Two amphorae placed in ojipo-
site directions . . . . JR ^ Dr.
OASinN Amphora M ^ Dr., 14 grs.
OA^I Two dolphins M i Dr., 7 grs.
OA Dolphin . . ifl jV Dr., 4| grs.
Bronze.
Head of bearded Herakles.
OA^ION riub, bow, and Bacchic
symbol ^ -4
In this period there was also a separate issue of gold and bronze
coins intended to circulate in the Thasian territory on the mainland.
These coins read GABION HPEIPO ; oh: Head of Herakles ; rev. Tripod
or Club and Bow (see p. 192).
Of the time of Philip, Alexander, and Lysimachus there are no Thasian
coins, but after B.C. 280 the mint of Thasos was again active for a few
years.
After circ. B.C. 280.
GAS;inN Club in wreath . . . .
Head of beardedDionysos, ivy-crowned,
of late style.
Head of bearded Herakles.
Head of young Herakles.
Head of Demeter veiled.
M Attic \ Di-.
„ Club, bow, symbol, and mon.
GASION Id M 85
„ Heads of the Kabeiri in
vine- wreath .^ -9
After circ. B.C. 14G.
After the battle of Cynoscephalae, Thasos, which had formed part of
(M) EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PliOPONTIS. 229
the dominions of Philip V, regained its freedom, B.C. 196, but it is not
probable that the series of large flat tetradrachms of base style com-
menced before the closing of the Macedonian mints in B.C. 146, by order
of the Roman Senate. These latest coins of Thasos were issued in
enormous quantities, and with those of Maroneia represent the staple of
the silver currency of Northern Greece in the 2nd and ist centuries, B.C.
Fig. 166.
Head of young Dionysoa, of base style,
wearing band across forehead, and
ivy- wreath.
HPAKAEOY? CHTHPO^ OACinN
Herakles naked, standing with club
and lion's skin. (Fig. 166.) . . .
JR Attic tetradr., 260 grs.
These coins were largely imitated by the barbarous Thracian tribes of
the mainland. The bronze coins of this late period are of various types,
among which the following may be specified : —
Bust of Artemis. Herakles advancing, drawing bow .
M -75
Amphora. Coruucopiae ^ '5
Im])erial. Hadrian, Caracalla and Geta ; rev. OACIUUN Herakles
advancing with club and lion's skin.
M. The European Coast of the Propoxtis.
Bisanthe was a Samian colony on the northern coast of the Propontis,
a few miles west of Perinthus.
After circ. b. c. 280.
Head of Pallas. | Bl Owl M -6
Head of Apollo. | BISANOHNnN Tripod . . ^E -55
Byzantium was a Megarian colony with an Argive element, to the
influence of which latter the worship of Hera and the introduction of the
myth of lo are perhaps to be ascribed. We gather from a passage in
Aristophanes that at the end of the fifth century the Byzantines were
using an iron currency (Arist. Nub., 249 et Schol. ; Pollux, ix. 78 ; Hesych.
s. V. StSapeos). None of this money has been preserved.
The silver coins of this wealthy port are extremely common, and may
be divided into three series. They are all probably later than the iron
money above alluded to.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
T'Y Bull standing on dolphin. I Incuse square, quartered, of 'mill sail'
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 93.] I pattern . . . . M Dr., 84 grs.
230
(31) EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PROPONTIS.
These coins correspond in weight with the Persian Siglos, which was
current in Asia Minor clown to the age of Alexander. Like the sigli, the
Byzantine coins are very frequently found covered with little counter-
marks.
Circ. B.C. 350-280.
Fig. 167.
About the middle of the fourth centuiy the weight standard of the
Byzantine silver coinage changes from the Persic to the Phoenician.
The types remain the same, but the frequent addition of symbols and
monograms in the field indicates the period of Philip and Alexander
as that to which these coins of Phoenician weight should be ascribed.
[Tetradrachm, 230 grs. (Fig- 167.) Drachm, 57 grs. ; Tetrobol, 38 grs.]
Beoxze.
Bull on dolphin.
Bull's head.
TY Trident . .
,, Three dolphins
M .65
^ -55
The form of the letter B (T") is peculiar to the money of Byzantium.
The bull and dolphin symbolize the worship respectively of Hera and
Poseidon.
Circ. B.C. 280-277.
At this time Byzantium suffered severely from the incursions of the
Gauls, whom it was compelled to buy off by the payment of an
enormous yearly tribute (Polyb., iv. 46). The state was completely
drained of money, and in their straits the Byzantines appear to have
been driven to make use of foreign coins, countermarking them with
the letter IT [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. no.]
Circ. B.C. 277-270.
To these few years belong in all likelihood the following rare silver
coins, of which the obverse type is identical with that which occurs on
the money of Chalcedon, on the opposite shore of the Propontis, with
which city Byzantium seems to have been for a time united in a
monetai'v alliance.
Fui. i6y.
{M) EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PROPONTIS.
231
Head of veiled Demeter, wearing corn-
wreath. (Fig. 1 68.)
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Apollo.
Head of veiled Demeter,
Poseidon naked to waist, seated on rock,
holding trident and aplustre. In
field, T* and mon. Magistrates: EPI
ANTIPAT, EPI EKATOAQ, EPI
MENltKOY, EPI OAYMPIOAn-
POY, EPI ^(DOAPIA, etc., etc. . .
A\ Tetradr., 215 grs., and Octobols
80 grs.
Prow on which BY ; behind, serpent.
Magistrate: EPI AIONYCIOY . .
M Attic 8 ol)., 88 grs.
T Tripod. EPI AAMnNAKTO^,
EPI MENICKOY, etc. . . M 95
KAAXA 1 T"i'«^- • • • ^ -9
BYIAN 1^ Poseidon seated on rock .
KAAXA ( M i-o
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Demeter.
After circ. B.C. 270.
The above coinage was of short duration. Chalcedon was absorbed
into the kingdom of Nicomedes I of Bithynia, and Byzantium, now
surrounded on all sides by states in which the Attic standard prevailed,
was compelled to conform to the new monetary convention, for such it
may be called, by which many of the chief Thracian towns agreed to
adopt the types of the coins of Alexander or Lysimachus, on account of
the commercial prestige which attached to these regal coinages. The
Byzantine issues are distinguished by the letters BY and a Trident.
[B. M. Guide, PI. LIII. 3, 4 and LXIV. 3, 4.] Many of these quasi-regal
tetradrachms and gold staters are of very barbarous work, and may be
Thracian copies. The bronze money of this time is rude.
Trident and magistrate's name jE -85
Cornucopiae ^ i-o
With various other smaller denominations, on one of which the word
A PAX MA occurs.
Period of Roman Dominion.
How long the coins of regal type lasted is doubtful. The next series
of Byzantine coins is of bronze, and belongs in style to the first century
B.C., and to Imperial times. The independence of Byzantium was long
recognised by Rome. Among the coins most frequently met with are
the following: —
Head of Artemis with quiver at
shoulder.
Head of young Dionysos,
Youthful horned head (river Lycus 1).
Head of Hermes.
Monogram in wreath.
pointed at both ends JE -55
The crescent on the first of these coins is supposed to allude to a
miraculous light which had once appeared in the heavens during a night
BYZANTiaN
Crescent and star .
^ -75
;5
Grapes . . JE -8
)'
Bull ... ^ .65
J,
Caduceus . . JE -"j
Two tall baskets
232 {21} EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PROPONTIS.
attack of the Macedonians upon the town, revealing to the besieged their
approaching foes. Hesychius relates that in memory of this portent
a statue was erected to Hekate (Smith, Diet. Geog.). The crescent as
a Byzantine symbol was inherited by the Turks after their capture of
Constantinople. The tall baskets, usually called fish-baskets, have been
thought to refer to the famous Byzantine fisheries, the profits arising
from which obtained the name of ' Golden Horn ' for the harbour of
Byzantium, but as they are frequently accompanied by symbols referring
to the worship of Demeter, it is not probable that they are fish-baskets at all.
In Imperial times, M. Antonius to Gallienus, Byzantium struck money
both with and without the Emperor's head. Among the latter the
following is worthy of note : —
BVIA^ Helmeted head of Byzas,
bearded. (The reputed oekist.)
Prow or entire galley, with magistrates'
names identical with those which
occur also on other coins with the
Emperors' heads . . . . ^ -95
Magistrates without title or with that of APX(wy), or less frequently
HP(6/xeVos) electus(?), lEPOMN A(/xcoy), or BAC(iAei;s) ; bqq Zeit.f. N., hi.
1 45 and Eckhel, ii. 31.
The name of a divinity sometimes occupies the place of that of a
magistrate, e.g. EPI AHMHTPOC TO B. This curious custom has been
explained by supposing that from time to time the chief magistracy of
the city fell to the turn of the corporations of the Priesthoods of the
various divinities, and that the High Priest (or Priestess, as the case
might be.) for the time being, instead of placing his own name, as such,
on the coin issued during his tenure of ofiice, substituted for it that of
the god whom he (or she) represented. [Zeit.f.N., ix. 147). Games:
ANiaNeiNlA C€BACTAandAAeiANAP€IA. Alliance coins with Nicaea.
Perinthus, an ancient Ionian colony from Samos, was situated between
Bisanthe and Selymbria. Its earliest coins are of the Alexandrine and
Lysimachian classes (Miiller, Num. d'Alex.). There are also autonomous
bronze coins of the same period.
Circ. B.C. 300.
Head of Pallas.
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 147.]
PEPlNOinN The foreparts of two
horses, joined back to back . JE -8
At Perinthus, Herakles was revered as oekist or founder, and on coins
of the time of the Empire his head is surrounded by the inscription
inNnN TON KTICTHN in allusion to the Ionian origin of the colony.
The various labours of Herakles are, as might be expected, commonly
represented on the large bronze coins of Perinthus in Imperial times.
Among other remarkable types is that of Diouysos standing over the
sleeping Ariadne (Num. Zeit., 1884; PI. IV. 5). The Imperial coins often
bear the names of the Roman Legatus and Propraetor, e. g. cttI MatKtou
NiTTcoros 7rpecr/3evro{i ^ejSaa-rov kol avTiaTparriyov. (Iinhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 43.)
The title Praeses, Hre(Ma)r), also occurs. Games :— AKTI A HYOI A. (Dl A A-
AeA06IA, CeYHPEIA HPHTA, HPAKAEIA HYOIA, and eHlAHMIA B
CeYHPOY.
Selymbria or Salybria was an ancient city situate about twenty-two
miles east of Perinthus. It struck silver money at first on the Persic
and later on the Attic standard.
(N) THE LANUBIAN DISTRICT. 233
Circ. B.C. 500-450.
Quadripartite incuse square ....
M. 76-4 grs.
^AAY Ear of corn . . M, 67 grs.
Incuse square, within which cock in
SA Cock. [B.M.Crt^., r/tmce, p. 170.]
Cock.
Head of bearded Herakles in lion's
skin. I dotted square . .^57 and 30 grs
This town is several times mentioned in the Athenian Tribute Lists.
There are no Selymbrian coins after the middle of the fifth century.
Odrysus, according to Lampridius, was identical with the later
Hadrianopolis.
After circ. B.C. 280.
Head of Herakles. OAPO^IinN, OAPOCHC, OAPO-
HC, etc. Bull standing on club .
M .7
See also Thracian kings of the Odrysae (p. 239 sqq.).
N. The North-Western Coast of the Euxine and
The Danubian Provinces.
Olbia, near the mouths of the rivers Hypanis and Borysthenes, was
a Milesian colony which rose to great prosperity in consequence of its
trade, on the one hand, with the Scythian tribes of the interior, and on
the other with all the coasts of the Euxine. It struck money in all three
metals after the middle of the fourth century b. c. The principal types are,
on the gold and silver, a Head of Bemeter. Reverse, OABIO, a sea eagle
jlying ivith a fish in its dates. The bronze coins have usually a Head of the
River-god Borysthenes., bearded and horned; and on the reverse, a Bow in its
case and a battle-axe. For numerous other varieties the student must be
referred to Koehne [3I//se'e Kotschoutjey, tom. i. pp. 41 sqq.). There are
also large cast bronze pieces of Olbia (aes grave) with a Head of Pallas,
facing, or a Gorgoneion, on the obverse ; and either a Wheel or a Sea eagle
tvith a fish on the reverse ; likewise some curious bronze pieces, made in
the shape offish, and marked with the letters OY or APIXO, which have
been ingeniously explained by Von Sallet [Zeit. f Num., x. p. 145 ) as
standing respectively for Ovvvos. 'tunny -fish;' and appixos or apixos,
'a basket.' The coins marked OY being the legal price of a tunny-fish,
and those marked APIXO for a basket full.
The weight standard in use at this town for silver, in the fourth and
third centuries B.C., appears to have been the Aeginetic; and in the
neighbourhood of Olbia is said to have been found the following
Aeginetic stater of archaic style : —
EMINAKO Herakles kneeling, string- Wheel, around which are four dolphins,
ing his bow. in an incuee square . ^ii 181 grs.
[Z.f. y.,ni.; Taf. ii. 4.] 1
The inscription appears to he the name of a Dynast in the genitive, and
234 (N) THE BANUBIAN DISTRICT.
as the coin has nothing in common with the money of Olbia, it is not
likely that it was struck there.
Concerning the title Archon, on coins of Olbia of the first century B.C.,
see Lenormaut, ]\Io)i. dans T Ant., i. 52 and iii. 64.
For Imperial coins, reading OABIOflOAITuuN, etc., see the Mm.
Koischoiihrji.
Tyra was a Milesian colony on the river Tyras [pnieder), about twenty
miles from its mouth. It struck silver on the Aeginetic standard, and
bronze in the latter part of the fourth century.
Clrc. B.C. 350-280.
Head of Demeter veiled, facing. \ TYPANON Rushing' bull (the river
j Tyras) . . . . M wt. 86 grs.
Head of Hermes. TYPA Caduceus , . Mi size -4
Coins were also struck at Tyra in the name of Lysimachus, and there
are Imperial coins from Vespasian to Julia Mamaea. Inscr., TYP A NnN
{Berl. BUiit., vi. 27.)
Dacia. Imperial. Inm-., AAKIA, PROVINCIA DACIA, etc., with dates
AN . I - AN . X, ranging from a.d. 247-256. See Eckhel, ii. 5.
Viminacium, Moesiae Superioris. Colonial coins from Gordian III to
Gallienus. Inscr., P. M. S. COL. VIM (Provincia Moesiae Superioris
Colonia Viminaciensis), with dates AN. I.- AN. XV I., ranging from a.d.
240-255.
Callatia, Moesiae Inferioris, was a colony of Heracleia Pontica, about
twenty-five miles south of Tomi. Autonomous silver of Aeginetic
weight.
Circ. B.C. 300, and later.
Head of Herakles in lion's skin. K AAA ATI Bow in case, club, and ear
[B. M. Cat., Thrace., etc., p. 21.] ; of corn . . M. 77, 44, and 30 grs.
Also gold staters and tetradrachms, copied from the money of
Alexander and Lysimachus, which circulated for more than a century
and a half in these regions.
Autonomous bronze coins are likewise known with the heads of
Herakles, Pallas, (reverse-types as above) and of young Dionysos, rev.
Ivy-wreath. Herakles was revered at Callatia as Ktistes or Founder,
and on coins of the Imperial period [Inscr., K AAAATI ANflN) various
labours of Herakles are represented.
Dionysopolis. Imperial coins from Commodus to Gordian III. Inscr..
AIONYCOnOA€ITnN. T^pcs — Demeter, Serapis, Dionysos, Herakles,
Hygieia, Serpent, etc.
Istrns, a colony of Miletus, south of the Ister, appears from its
plentiful silver coinage to have been, in the third century B.C., a place of
some commercial importance. The weight standard of the silver money
is the same as at Sinope, heavy Aeginetic.
(N) THE IJANUBIAN DISTRICT. 235
Cit'C. B.C. 300.
I^TPIH Sea-eagle on dolphin
Al Drachm, loo gis.
Two heads united, in opposite direc-
tions, upwards and downwards.
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., p. 25.]
This strange type probably refers to the cult of the Dioskuri, which
was very prevalent on the coasts of the Euxine.
The eagle seizing its prey in the waters has been explained as
symbolical of the maritime prowess of the tow^n.
On autonomous bronze coins of Istrus a full face head of the river
Ister appears in human form, bearded and horned, size '55. r, Like
Callatia, Istrus at a later date copied the coins of Lysimachus.
Imperial coins. Hadrian to Gordianus III. //^wr., ICTPIHNnN. T^j^es —
Kybele, the god Men on horseback, river-god Ister, etc., etc.
Marcianopolis. Imperial from Sabina to Philip Jun., with the name of
the Eoman Praeses, rj-yejicav, of the province preceded by YflO or by title
HrOYM[eNOY]. /^*cr., MAPKIANOnOAeiinN. %;^^ very numerous,
but for the most part possessing no great interest.
Nicopolis ad Istrum. Imperial from Trajan to Gordian III. Inscr.,
NlKOnOACIinN nPOC ICTPON or ICTPn and name of the i^y^ixcLv
preceded by YflO but without title. T//pes, numerous, among which is
Mount Haemus, AIMOC, represented as a hunter seated on a rock, on
wdiich is a tree, and at its base a bear. River Ister recumbent, grasping
a tree (B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., pp. 48 sq.).
Tomi, a Milesian settlement between Istrus and Callatia, is memorable
as the place of the exile of Ovid. No early coins of this town are known.
From the time of Lysimachus down to the first century B. c, gold and
silver coins in the name of Lysimachus were struck there, also bronze.
Obv. Head of Poseidon ; rev. Eagle in oak wreath.
In Imperial times, in addition to the coins with the head of the
Emperor, Tomi struck bronze coins, obv. Head of Apollo ; rev.
TOMITUUN The Dioskuri: obv. Head of Demeter ; rev. Torches:
obv. TOMOY HPUUOC or TOMOC KTICTHC Head of Tomos, the mythical
founder ; rev. Lion ; Head of Herakles ; Grapes ; etc.
On the Imperial coins from Aurelius to Philip Jun. the inscription is
MHTPOn.nONlOY.TOMEnC, sometimes with titles NEnK[OPOY] or
NAY[APXI AOC]. In the field is a numeral B, T, or A, i.e. 2, 3, or 4
units (asses'?), according to the size of the coin. Such marks of value
are frequent on coins of other cities on the west coast of the Euxine.
See Gardner, Num. Cliron., N. S., 1876, p. 307. The types of the Imperial
coins are numerous and interesting (B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., pp. ^^ sqq.).
Odessus. A colony of Miletus at the mouth of the river Panysus.
Its earliest coins are gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexandrine or
Lysimachian types, many of them with abbreviated magistrates' names,
among which the Thracian name KYPCA .... occurs. This unique name
is also found upon an autonomous tetradrachm of Odessus of the second
century p.. c. (cf. the analogous coins of Maroncia and Thasos).
236
(iV) THE DANUBIAN DISTRICT.
After circ, B. c. 200.
Fig. 169.
Bearded head bound witli taenia, hair
falling iu lank locks (Fig. 169).
OEOY METAAOY OAH[SITnN]
Bearded figure draped, standing, hold-
ing patera and cornucoi^iae ; beneath,
KYPCA yRTetradr.
The head on this coin is probably that of the divinity represented on
the reverse. On bronze coins the same god is seen in a recumbent atti-
tude like a river-god.
Youthful head, or head of Apollo. ! OAHCITflN Bearded male divinity
reclining, holding cornucopiae and
patera. In field, reversed amphora ;
in front, sometimes, thyrsos . JE -7
Also Imperial from Traj an to Salonina. I?iscr. OAHCCEITHN. Tj/pes —
The Zeus or Serapis of Odessus wearing modius and holding patera,
Hades, Demeter, and Persephone, etc. Games, AA€ZANAPeiA and
HAIA.
Anchialus, between Mesembria and Apollonia, struck money only in
Imperial times, Domitian to Gordian III.
ANXIAAOC Young head of tradi- I ANXIAAEHN Asklepios standing .
tional founder Anchialos'. JE -6
Bust of Serapis. I ATXIAAEnN Isis Pharia . ^.7
On some Imperial coins mention is made of games, C€BHPIA NYM0IA,
and CeOYHPIAN€MAIA (Mion. >^., ii. p. 223). Usual inscr. OVAniANnN
ArXIAA€nN. Magistrate, occasionally with title Hre[MnNj (Praeses).
l^^ypes — Demeter, Triptolemos, Coiled serpent. City gate. Agonistic table, etc.
Apollonia on the Euxine was another Milesian colony. It possessed a
famous temple of Apollo, who was here worshipped under the symbol of
the Lion, as at Miletus. The Lion's head facing represents the disk
of the Sun.
Circ. B.C. 430-400.
Lion's scalp facing.
[Cat. Lerame, 1872, PL I. 7.|
Lion's scalp facing.
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, 8 7. J
Id.
Quadripartite incuse squai-e, in each
quarter a small raised tablet on Avhich
A — P and two stars . JR 73 grs.
APOA in the four quarters of a shallow
incuse square . . .^ ^ Dr., 24 grs.
Incuse square containing swastica orna-
ment . . . . ^4i ^ Obol, 4 grs.
This coin is attributed by Mionnet {Huppf., vii. 188) to Anchiale in Cilicia.
(0) TAUBIC CHERSONESUS. 237
These coins seem to belong to the Persic standard. See also Imperial
coins, Inscr. AnOAAnNIHienN CN flONTn, etc. (Eckhel, ii. 25).
Mesembria. There were two places of this name in Thrace, one, an
important colony of Megara on the Euxine, the other, mentioned only by
Herodotus (vii. 108), who calls it a continental stronghold of the Samo-
thracians. It is to the former that the coins with the name of Mesem-
bria seem to belong.
Crested helmet facing.
Id.
B.C. 450-350.
Incuse square . . . M Obol, 8 grs.
M ETA in the four (quarters of a radiate
wheel . . . iR Diobol, 19-4 grs.,
\ Obol, 4-8 grs., and M, size -65-5
The silver coins may be of Attic weight. The types clearly refer to
solar worship. The helmet is a symbol of the sun-god Ares ; the radiate
wheel is also the midday sun (cf . the meaning of ixea-rjixftpia). See Gardner
in Num. Chron., N. S,, 1880, p. 59. The peculiar form of the letter S (T)
occurs on the coins of no other city. It is probably the ancient sibilant
mn, and not sigma (I. Taylor, Alplmhet, ii. 95).
Third and second centuries b. c.
Alexandrine tetradrachms of large flat fabric (Miiller, 487-489) and
bronze coins.
Head of City veiled and turreted. j MECA Ear of corn in wreath vE -6
Diademed female head. METAMBPI ANflN Pallas in fight-
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 132.] | ing attitude M -^
The later coins read ME^AMBPIANnN. There are also Imperial
coins from Hadrian to Philip Junior. Types — Apollo Musegetes, Serapis,
Kybele, Pallas, Hygieia, etc.
O. The Tauric Chersonesus.
Cercine, on the western coast of the Tauric Chersonesus (Friedlander,
Annali dell Inst., 1844, p. 2'^2))^ struck bronze coins probably during the
third century b. c.
Circ. B. c. 300, or later.
K E P K I Scythian seated on rock, hold-
ing bipennis.
KEP Head of Artemis 1., with quiver
at shoulder.
Horse trotting 1. Magistrate's name .
^•75
Stag advancing 1, Magistrate's name
in field M -6
Cherronesus (near the modern Sebastopol) was a colony of Heracleia
Pontica. The earliest coins are of bronze of the fourth or third century
B. c. The types usually refer to the worship of Artemis Tauropolos,
whose symbol as a moon-goddess is the bull. She often appears, how-
ever, on the coins as Artemis Agrotera or Elaphebolos.
238
[0) TAUmC CHERSONESUS.
XEP Naked warrior kneeling ^E -85
Galloping quadriga.
[Num. Zeit., 1884, PI. IV. i.]
Artemis with bow, kneeling.
Artemis seated beside stag, feeling the
l^oint of her arrow.
At a somewhat later period silver coins were struck at this town
which appear to belong in style to the earlier part of the third century.
Griffin running .
Bull upon a club
M -9
M -9
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., p. i.]
Id. [Ibid.]
Head of Artemis in turreted crown.
XEP Artemis spearing stag.
[B. M. Cat, Thrace, etc., p. 3.]
XEP Artemis with bow and arrow,
seated. Magistrate's name
ifl Didr., 142 grs.
„ Bushing bull JR Dr., 72 grs.
Stag . . . M Dr.
Magistrate's name. Bushing bull, torch,
and quiver . JE -8
Subsequently Cherronesus sought the protection of Mithradates against
the incursions of the Taurians and Sarmatians, and it formed part of the
kingdom of Bosporus until it was liberated by the Romans (Plin., iv. 26),
after which it struck coins reading XePCONHCOY eACYeePAC.
Imperial Times.
XeP Bust of Apollo with lyie. | eA€Y6€PAC Artemis huntress, be-
I side her a stag recumbent . ^ -9
See also Koehne in the Memoires de la Soc. (V Arch, de St. Petersburg,
1 848 ; MusSe Kotschouhey , 1 856 ; and von Sallet, Z. f. N., i. p. 1 7 sqq., where
numerous other varieties will be found.
Nymphaeum C?). A Milesian colony in the Tauric Chersonese.
Circ. B. c. 400.
Head of nymph ; hair in sphendone.
M Y Branch in incuse square. M 4 grs.
M (Coll.deHirsch.)
Fanticapaeum {Kertcli) was a Milesian colony founded in the sixth
century on the west side of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The issue at
Fanticapaeum of gold staters in the fourth century indicates a flourishing
condition of commerce.
Circ. B. c. 350.
\ -m
Fig. i;o.
(P) THE AC IAN KINGS AND DYNASTS.
239
Head of Pan facing or in profile, some-
times with ivy-wreath (Fig. 170)-
PAN Lion-headed Gryphon horned
and winged, with spear in his mouth,
standing on a stalk of harley .
K Stater, wt. 140 grs.
These gold staters are fine works of art without any trace of barbarism.
The worship of the god Pan at this town may have been connected with
the supposed derivation of the name. The winged and horned lion is a
variety of the grifhn, the fabled guardian of the gold-producing regions
of the north (Herod., iii. 116), the Ural or Altai mountains, whence the
Greeks of Panticapaeum obtained gold in great quantities, as has been
proved in our own time by the enormous masses of treasure unearthed
in the tumuli near Kertch. It was perhaps owing to the cheapness of
gold at Panticapaeum that the stater attains there the excessive weight
of 140 grs.
Bpfore circ. B. c. 400-300.
The silver coins, mostly of the fourth century, usually bear on the
obverse a /wad of Fan, and on the reverse a Bulls head, a Lion tcith a
spear in his mouth, or a Lioyis head. Among the earliest may be men-
tioned the following didrachm and obol in the cabinet of the Baron de
Hirsch, which are probably to be attributed to the latter part of the fifth
century.
Lion's scalp facing.
Id.
Incuse square, in the four quarters of
which r — A — N and a star
ifl 126 grs.
PANTI Ram's head in incuse square .
M. \o ffrs.
The Bull's head points to the cultus of Artemis Tauropolos. The Lion
breaking a spear is perhaps only a variant of the winged monster on the
gold coins. The bronze coins are numerous and for the most part
resemble the silver in their types.
Circ. B.C. 300-200, and later.
In the third and second centuries the silver coins have usually a head of
young Dionysos or of Apollo on the obverse, and the inscr. PANTIKAPAI THN ,
with various types of no special interest, on the reverse. On the largest
of the bronze coins of this time the head of the Moon-god, Men, occurs,
with, on the reverse, Dionysos standing with panther beside him. Among
other types may be mentioned the Drinking Pegasos, and the Cornncopiae
with the caps of the Dioskuri.
P. Thracian Kings and Dynasts.
Kings of the Odrysae, etc. Between the Persian and Peloponnesian
wars these kings had gradually extended their sway over the greater
part of Thrace.
Sparadocus, brother of Sitalces, circ. B. C. 430 {Bull, de Corr. Hell., iii.
p. 409).
240 (P) THUACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS.
Horseman with two spears.
SPAPAAOKO Incuse square, within
which eagle devouring serpent
M Attic Tetradr.
Incuse square. Flying eagle with ser-
pent . . . . JR Drachm.
Id M Diob.
^PAPAAOKO (retrogr.) Horse walk-
ing.
? P A Forejiart of horse.
From the reverse types of these coins we may infer that they were
struck at Olynthus.
Seuthes I, son of Sparadocus and successor of Sitalces (Thuc, ii.
95-101 ; iv. loi).
Fig. 171.
Armed horseman (Fig. 171). ICEYOA APPYPION or ?EYOA
I KOM MA No types. ^ Attic Didr.
These coins are remarkable for their reverse inscriptions, which show
most clearly that we may usually understand a word signifying 'coin'
in general, without any exact definition of the denomination, in all cases
where the name of a king or an ethnic adjective in the genitive case
stands alone. Analogous examples are KOTYOC XAPAKTHP (p. 243)
and rOPTYNOt TO PAIMA (see Gortyna). On the other hand, the
legend 0ANO^ EMI CHMA (see Halicarnassus), 'I am the sign of
Phanes,' refers to the type, a stag, as the sign or signet of Phanes.
Metocns, circ. B.C. 400, called Medocus by Xenophon [Anah., VII. ii. 32 ;
iii. 16 ; vii. 3, II. Hell., IV. viii. 26). See Zeit. f. Num., v. 95.
MHTOKO Head of bearded Diony- j Bipennis. AS'ym6o^, grapes . . . .
SOS. i M, Attic Didr.
The double axe is a symbol of Dionysos as well as of the great
Thracian goddess Kotys or Kotytto, a divinity closely allied to the
Phrygian Magna Mater (Preller, Gr. Myth., i. 549).
Amadocus I, circ. B. c. 400. The money of this king was struck at
Maroneia and bears the name of the municipal magistrate, whence we
gather that Amadocus was virtually supreme in this Greek city for a
short time.
AMAAOKO Bipennis. Incuse square. EPI AHM[OKPI]TO
Vine in linear square . . .^ -9
Teres II, circ. B. c. 400. The coins of Teres resemble those of Ama-
docus, and must also have been struck at Maroneia. Inscr. THPEH and
EPI KAtirNAKIOt, N. .9 {Zeit. f. Num., v. 97).
Eminacns (?), before B.C. 400. Silver stater found near Olbia, described
above, p. 233.
(P) THBACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS. 241
Saratocus, circ. B. c. 400. This dynast is only known from his silver
coins (wt. circ. 17 grs.), reading ^APATOKO, CAP, or CA. Some of them
with types of Thasos, o6v. Kneeling Satyr, rev. Amphora, were certainly
struck in that island [Zeif.f. Num., i. p. 163). Others, with a youthful
head on the obverse, and a bunch of grapes on the reverse, may have
been struck by the same prince on the mainland of Thrace.
Bergaeus. Dynast in Thrace or Thasos, circ. b. c. 400-350. Know^n
only from his coins.
BEPr Al OY written round incuse square
M 50 grs.
BEPr Fish JE-4
Silenos kneeling, carrying nymph.
Head of Silenos.
[Zeit.f. Nimi., i. p. 164.]
Cetriporis, B. c. 356. This Thracian dynast is mentioned as an ally of
the Athenians against Philip in an inscription found some years ago in
the Acropolis at Athens (Num. C/iroii., N. S., xv. p. 21).
Head of bearded Dionysos. IKETPIPOPIOC Kantharos . . . .
I ^ -55-35
Cotys I, B. c. 382-359. Dynast in Cypsela.
Bearded head.
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 202.]
Horseman. [^Ibid., p. 203.]
KOTYOC, KOTY, or KOTO Vase of
the same shape as that on the coins
of Cypsela . . . . . ^13 grs.
Similar ^ -8
Cersobleptes, B.C. 357-341.
Female head wearing sphendone. | KEP Vase as on preceding . M -4$
Cersobleptes was the son and successor of Cotys I, and, like his father,
appears to have struck his coins at the town of Cypsela. Imhoof-
Blumer {3Ion. Gr., p. ^'3,) suggests that certain similar coins, reading <1>IA
in place of KEP, were struck at the same town by Philip II \ when in
B. c. 343 he expelled Cersobleptes from the banks of the Hebrus.
Scostoces, circ. B.C. 350. Known only from his coins (Imhoof, Mon.
Gr., p. S?>)-
Head of Apollo (?), laur. \ CKOCTOK Galloping horseman MS
Eubr [T), before B.C. 320 (■?). Bronze coins reading EYBP. Imhoof
{Mon. Gr., p. 461) would attribute these coins to an unknown dynast in
Thrace. The usual reverse-type, a two-handled vase {Kv\^ikr]), points to
the town of Cypsela.
Seutlies III, B.C. 324. Bronze coins of careless style, attributed with
almost equal probability to Seuthes IV by Leake, N. H., p. 20.
Head of Zeus. I SEYOOY Horseman . . . /E -8
^ Dr. Imhoof, on the evidence of a coin which he has recently acquired with the letters <|)| AH
in monogram, is now inclined to attribute these coins to a dynast by name Philetas, who probably
ruled at Cypsela {Portrdtkopfe, p. i6).
R
242
(P) THBACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS.
Lysimachus, King of Thrace, etc., b. c. 323-281.
The money of this king is more plentiful than that of any other of the
successors of Alexander. His reign may be divided into three periods :
I. B.C. 323-311, from the death of Alexander to that of the young
Alexander (the son of Roxana). In this period Lysimachus, as Regent
in Thrace, struck money in the name of Alexander the Great and of
Philip Aridaeus with Alexandrine types. II. B.C. 311-306, from the
death of the son of Roxana to the date of the adoption by Lysimachus
of the title Baa-tXevs. The coins of this period still bear the name of
Alexander, though the letters AY are frequently added. III. b. c. 306-281,
coins inscribed BA^IAEH^ AYCIMAXOY, at first with types of Alex-
ander, and later with Lysimachus' own types, as follows : —
FfG. 172.
Head of the deified Alexander with
horn of Ammon (Fig. 172).
Head of young Ares in close-fitting
helmet.
Helmeted head.
Head of young Herakles.
Pallas Nikephoros seated
A", M Attic wt.
[B. M. Gxdde, PI. XXVm. 18, 19;
XXXI. 19, 20.]
Lion. Half lion, or lion's head . .
M Various sizes.
Trophy . . . . M
Corn-wreath . . ^
The money of Lysimachus was issued from numerous mints, in Thrace
B.C. 31 1-28 1, in Macedon B.C. 286-281, and in Asia Minor B.C. 302-281.
After the death of Lysimachus his coins were imitated indiscriminately
with those of Alexander, by numerous autonomous cities by no means
exclusively in Thrace (see Muller, Miinzen des Konicjs Lj/simacJtos, and
B. M. Gnide, PI. XLI. i ; LIIL 3, 4; LXIV. 3, 4).
Scostoces, circ. B. c. 300, appears to have been a Thracian dynast.
His name occurs on barbarous imitations of gold and silver coins of
Lysimachus (Imhoof, 3[on. Gr., p. ^^)^). Ho is probably to be distinguished
from his namesake mentioned above (p. 241).
Orsoaltius, circ. B. c. 300. Known only from his tetradraehms, copied
from those of Alexander," but reading BAtI AEHC OP^OAATIOY (E. Muret,
£nll. Corr. /tell., v. 331).
Cersibaulus, circ. B.C. 300. Known only from liis tetradraehms of
Alexandrine types, belonging in style to the first half of the third
century. luscr., BACIAEri? KEP^IBAYAOY.
(P) THRACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS.
243
Cavarus, circ. B.C. 319-200. The last Gaulish king in Thrace (Polyb.,
iv. 46, 52).
Head of AjdoIIo.
[B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 207.]
Head of bearded Herakles.
BASIAEH? KAYAPOY Nike stand-
ing /E -8
BASIA KAY A Cormicopiae . M -6
nCostis, circ. B. c. 200, or later. Tetradrachms in imitation of the latest
Lysimachian issues, but with portrait of Mostis on the obverse. Inscr.,
BA^IAEnC MOCTIAO^, and dates ETOY^ IT [13], KB [22], or AH [38],
and sometimes magistrate's name EPI ^AAAAOY. Also Bronze. Obv.
Head of Apollo. Tfcr. Horse. iE -75.
Demetrius, first century B. c
Eude head of Dionysos r., as on late
coins of Thasos.
[Northwick, Sale Cat., 558.]
Cotys, first century b. c.
Rude head of Dionysos r., copied from
coins of Thasos.
Silver money of barbarous style.
AHAAHT Horseman at full speed
brandishing javelin ; in field, crosses.
M Tetr. 254 grs.
KOTYOC XAPAKTH[P] Herakles
standing . . . M, Tetr. 252 grs.
[Zeit. f. Num., iii. 242.]
Whether the king who struck this coin was the Cotys who died circ.
B.C. 16 {Z. f. N., I.e.) or an earlier dynast of the same name (Lenor-
mant, Mon. dans PAitf., ii. 195) we will not venture to decide. The
curious legend KOTYOC XAPAKTHP, 'the striking of Cotys,' finds its
counterpart on the early coins reading TOPTYNO^ TO PAIMA (see
under Gortyna in Crete) and CEYOA KOMMA (p. 240).
Dixatelmeus, first century B. c. (1).
Head of Apollo. I BACIAEn? AlZATEAMEa? Am-
I phora M -65
From the date of the constitution of the Roman Province of Macedonia,
B.C. 146, down to the age of Augustus, we possess very scanty notices of
Thracian affairs, and the only coins to which we can point as belonging
to this period are base copies of the money of Lysimachus and Alexander,
and rare tetradrachms imitated from the late coins of Thasos, reading
HPAKAEOY^ ^HTHPO^ OPAKHN {Zeit. f. Num., iii. 241). On what
occasion the Thracians were sufiiciently united in one homogeneous
community to make use of a common currency we have no means of
ascertaining.
The subsequent coins struck by kings of Thrace in Roman times are
as follows. As they can hardly be called Greek coins it will be sufficient
to describe them very briefly.
Cotys III, B. C. 57-48.
Head of Cotys r., diademed.
Sadales, circ. — to B. C 42.
Head of Sadales r., diademed.
KOTYOC or BACIAEH^ KOTYO?
Eagle on fulmen . . . . ^E -5
BACIAEn? ^AAAAOY Eagle on
fulmen JE -6
E 2
244 (Q) INLAND CITIES OF THE ACE.
Coson, circ. B.C. 42.
K 0 1 n N The Consul Brutus between
two lictors. Mon. BR.
Eagle holding wreath
K Stater, 130 grs.
(Mommsen, llist. Mon. Rom., iii. 283.)
Rhoemetalces I, B.C. ii-A. D. 12,
BA^IAEnt POIMHTAAKOY Head I KAI^APO^ SEBACTOY Head of
of king r., diademed. | Augustus vE -7 — 9
Other coins of this king bear the heads, jugate, of Rhoemetalces and
his Queen on the obverse, and of Augustus or Augustus and Livia on
the reverse.
Cotys IV and Rhaescuporis, A.D. 12-19. M with KO (in monogram).
Head of king, R Head of Augustus, and M with BASIAEYS KOTYC
Head of king, R BACIAEH? PAICKOYPOPEH^ or PAICKOYPOPI AOt
Nike with wreath and palm.
Rhoemetalces III with Caligula, A.D. 37-46. M with BASIAEY^
POIMHTAAKA^ Bust of king R Head of Cannula.
Q. Inland Cities of Thrace.
Bizya, near the sources of the Agrianes, about 80 miles north-west
of Byzantium. Autonomous coins of Imperial times. Lisa:, BIZY,
BIZYHNnN, etc. T?/jjes — Head of Zeus, rev. Nike. Head of Poseidon,
rev. Zeus sacrificing. Head of young Dionysos, rev. Silenos with
kantharos aiid askos. Also Imperial from Hadrian to Philippus II.
T//jjes; Hera seated with Peacock on her knees, River-god, Asklepios,
Hygieia, Telesphoros, Apollo, Serapis, Isis, Harpocrates, etc. Magis-
trates— Presbeutes, Antistrategos, and Hegemon.
Dealtum. A colony established by Vespasian. Imperial coins with
Latin inscr. C. F. P. D. etc. (Colonia Flavia Pacensis Deultum). (Sestini,
Class. Gen., p. 28. See also Eckhel, ii. p. 32.)
Hadrianopolis, on the Hebrus, founded by Hadrian. Autonomous
coins of Imperial times. Liscr., AAPI ANOflOAITriN ; and Imperial from
Hadrian to Tranquillina, with or- without name of the Hegemon or
Roman Praeses. Ti/pcs chiefly referring to the labours of Herakles. On
some specimens is the river-god TONZOC, an affluent of the Hebrus.
Nicopolis ad Nestum, about twenty miles north of Abdera. Imperial
only, of Crispina, Severus, Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. Full inscr.,
OYAniAC NIKOnOACnC nPOC MECTH. Tj/j)es— Dionysos, Nemesis,
Men on horseback, etc.
Fautalia, south of Mt. Haemus, on the upper Strymon. Imperial
coins from Hadrian to Elagabalus, L/scr., nAYTAAIjQT'nN or OYAfll AC
riAYTAAIAC, usually with name of the Hegemon. Tj/jws various and
of considcral)le interest, e. g. River Strymon surrounded by four children,
BOTPYC, CTAXYC, XPYCOC, and APfYPOC, emblematical of the fertility
of the soil and metallic wealth of the district. On a coin of Caracalla
the name CTPYMnN accompanies the type of the recumbent river-god.
(li) KINGS OF THE SCYTHIANS. 245
Philippopolis. Autonomous and Imperial from Domitian to Salonina.
inscr., (DiAinnonoAeiTnN. or MHTPonoAenc (DiAinnonoAcnc, with
or without NCnKOPOY. Various names of magistrates, sometimes with
titles Presbeutes and Hegemon. Ti/pes numerous, among which, repre-
sentation of Mt. Rhodopo, POAOriH, seated on rock; and the River
Hebrus recumbent, with name EBROC beneath; also agonistic types, e.g.
Prize urns, etc., with legend KOINON GPAKnN, AA€ZANAPeiA HYGIA,
AAezANAPiA eN (DiAinnonoAci, KeNAPeiceiA nveiA eN ct)iAinno-
noAi NenKOPn, etc.
Flotinopolis, on the right bank of the Hebi'us, took its name from
Plotina, the wife of Trajan. Bronze of Imperial tinges. Ant. Pius to
Caracalla. Imcr., riAnTElNOnOAEITriN, rarely with name of the
Hegemon. Among the more noteworthy types is that of the river-god
Hebrus standing in a stooping attitude with one foot upon an over-
turned vase {Num. Zeit., 1884, PI. IV. 6).
Serdica. Although this town was situated to the north of Mt.
Haemus, and might therefore be supposed to belong rather to Moesia
than to Thrace, it has been included in the latter province by all numis-
matic writers, because some of its coins bear the names of the Hegemones
of the latter province. Imperial coins from Aurelius to Gallienus,
Inscr., C€PAnN or OYAHIAC CePAlKHC.
Topirus was probably situated about twenty miles from Neapolis, near
the river Nestus or Me.stus. It struck Imperial coins from Antoninus
Pius to Geta. Inscr., TOneiPeiTHN or OYAniAC TOneiPOY, often with
magistrates' names preceded by efll. Usual f^i/j^e, Herakles seated on
rock.
Trajauopolis, on the via Egnatia, about twelve miles north of the
Hebrus. Imperial coins from Trajan onwards. Inscr., TPAI ANOflOAEI-
THN or AYrOYCTHC TPAI ANHC, with or without magistrates' names,
with the title of Hegemon. Tj/pes — Zeus enthroned, Pallas carrying in
her hand a helmet, River-god Hebrus recumbent, Kybele enthroned,
Dionysos. Apollo, Asklepios and Hygieia, with many others.
R. Kings of the Scythians.
In addition to the various Thracian kings and dynasts described under
§ P, there are a few other coins of barbarous kings which, from their
provenance, appear to be Scythian rather than Thracian. See Koehne,
Berliner Blatter, ii. p. 129. All or nearly all probably belong to the
first century b. c.
Fharzoiius. King of the region about Olbia.
Head of Hermes or of king, in front, j BACIAEHC <t>APZOIOY Eagle and
caduceus. | OA {Num. Zeit., viii. 238) K Stater
Scilurus. This king also struck money in Olbia.
Head of Hermes. < BACIAE SKIAOYPOY Caduceus and
{Zeit.f. Num.,\x. iz^.) \ OABIO ^-6
Saumacus. M. BAH ?AYM. [Zeit.f. Num., viii. 239.)
Canites. M. BA^IAEHC KANITOY, etc. {Zeit. f. N 71m., \ji. 1^^.)
Sarias. M. BACI AEH^ £API A, etc. {Jwihooi Fort rat kopfe,^. 20.)
THESSALY.
The fertile plain of Thessaly, shut in on all sides by lofty mountain
ranges, and watered by the river Peneius and its tributary streams, was
believed to have once formed a vast lake, until, by the agency of the
earth-shaking Poseidon, the rocks which confined the waters were rent
asunder at the pass of Tempe, and an outlet thus made for the Peneius
into the sea (Herod., vii. 129). Hence Poseidon was very generally
revered in Thessaly as the creator of the national soil, as well as
of the celebrated Thessalian horses which grazed in the rich alluvial
plains with which the land abounded (Horn., II., ii. 763).
At Poseidon Tavpta (Preller, Gr. Myth., i. 446), games were held in his
honour, in which the youth of Thessaly exhibited their skill in seizing-
wild bulls by the horns ' praeterea Thessalos equites, qui feros tauros
per spatia Cu'ci agunt insiliuntque defessos et ad terram cornibus de-
trahunt' (Suet., v. Claud., c. 21). These peculiarly national religious
festivals were called Tavpeca (Preller, I.e., note 1) and TavpoKadd\}/La, and
their prevalence throughout the land is amply proved by the coins, on
which we see a Thessalian youth pulling down a raging bull, while on
the reverse is usually the horse of Poseidon (accompanied sometimes by
the trident), now quietly grazing, now bounding rapidly along with rein
flying loose, or issuing from a rock and so sjanbolizing the springs of
clear water called forth by the stroke of the trident of Poseidon, the
cleaver of rocks {TTerpalos, Preller, I.e., p. 447).
The Thessalians do not appear to have felt the want of a coinage of
their own before the beginning of the fifth century B.C. It was then
that Larissa and Pherae first found it necessary to issue money, probably
on the occasion of the celebration of the Tavpeia of Poseidon.
The weight-standard of the coins of Thessaly, from the earliest times
down to the second century B.C., was the Aeginetic. This fact indicates
that whatever commercial dealings may have taken place between
Thessaly and the outside world beyond its mountain barriers, must
have been in the direction of Phocis and Boeotia, where the Aeginetic
.standard prevailed, and not with Macedon in the north, or with the
cities of Euboea, or with Athens.
Historically, the Thessalian coinage falls into three well-defined
periods : —
(i) B. c. 480, or earlier, to B. c. 344, from the Persian wars to the time
of the subjection of the country by Philip of Macedon, when the autono-
mous issues of the Thessalian cities come to an abrupt termination, and
are supplanted by the regal money of Macedon. The coins of this
period may be subdivided by style into two classes, (a) B. c. 480-400,
with the reverse type in an incuse square, and (/3) B. C. 400-344, without
the incuse square.
(ii) B. c. 302-286. New issue of silver coins in Thessaly, probably on
the occasion of the expedition into Thessaly of Demetrius Poliorcetes,
who then bestowed liberty upon several Thessalian cities. These silver
issues lasted no long time, but it is probable that bronze money con-
tinued to be struck in Thessaly throughout the century of Macedonian
rule.
THESSALY.
247
(iii) B. c. 196-146. This period is marked by Federal coinages in the
names of the Thessalians, the Magnetes, the Perrhaebians, the Aenianians,
and the Oetaeans, which came into existence after the proclamation of
the freedom of Greece by Flamininus, and lasted until Thessaly was
incorporated with the Roman province of Macedonia, B.C. 146.
Geographically, Thessaly is divided into the following districts,
Perrhaebia, Histiaeotis, Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Magnesia, Phthiotis,
Aeniania, and Oetaea.
The latest work on the coins of Thessaly is the British Museum
Catalogue of Greek Corns, Thesmly to Aetolia, by Professor P. Gardner, 1883,
Autotype Plates.
Chronological Table of the Coinage of Thessaly.
Phthiotic )
B.C. 480-400
B.C. 400-344
B.C. 302-286,
and later in JE
B.C. 196-146
[mperial Times
Al
Achaeans \
••-■
Aenianes
JR
JR. JE
Atrax
Al
JE
Cierium
M ^
Crannon
M
JE
JE
Demetrias
JR.
Elateia
M
Eurea
JE
Eurymenae
JE
Goniphi f
JR. JE
Philippopolis \
Gonnus
JE
Gyrton
Al' JE
JE
Halus
JE
JE
Heracleia )
Trachinia \
JR JE
JE
Homolium
^:
Hypata
'" JE
Lamia )
Malis \
...
JR
JR. JE
...
^
Larissa
JR
Al M
M
JE
JE
Laiissa Cremaste
M
Magnetes
JR JE
Meliboea
'" JE
Melitaea
Ai JE
Methydriuiu
Al
Metropolis
JR
JE
Mopsium
JE
Oetaei
Al JE
JR JE
Oithe
M
Peirasia
jr"
Pelinna
JP.
JR. JE
JE
Perrhael^i
Al
yE
Peumata
'" JE
Phaciuni
JE
Phalanna
JPi"
JE
Phaloria
JE
Pharcadoii
Ai
'" JE
Pharsalus
Ai
Al JE
JE
Pherae
Ai
JR JE
JR JE
Proerna
JE
Scotussa
Jr
jpr
JE
Thebae
JR. JE
Tricca
Ai
JRi'
JE
Thessali
JR JE
JE
248
THESSALY.
Achaei of Fhthiotis. The inhabitants of this district of Thessaly
were called Phthiotan Achaeans down to a late period, to distinguish
them from the Achaeans of Peloponnesus. They issued a federal coinage
about the time of the Lamian war.
Circ. B.C. 302-286.
Head of Nymph.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., FIX. 17.)
AXAinN Pallas charging. Fine style
of art . . JR Drachm and i Dr.
Aenianes. The earliest coins of this people belong in style to the
later period of fine art.
Circ. B. c. 302-286.
Head of Zeus. | AlNlANflN Warrior hurling javelin
(Gardner,. 7'v/p6i' Gi: C, PI. XII. 17.) ! and holding his petasos before him
I like a shield . . M \ Dr. 42 grs.
Circ. B.C. 168-146.
The second series of Aenianian coins probably began after the disso-
lution of the Aetolian League, to which the Aenianes had been subject.
These late coins were perhaps intended to pass as Attic didrachms, the
obverse type being copied from the coins of Athens.
Fig. 173.
Head of Athena ; her helmet adorned
with four horses (Fig. 173).
Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet.
Head of Zeus.
AiNlANnN Slinger adjusting his
sling : beside him, two javelins
^118 grs.
,, Slinger . . vR 36 grs.
(B. M. Guide, PI. LIV. 14.)
,, Warrior hurling javelin .
M 36 grs.
(B. M. Cat, Thes., PI. II. 4.)
The Aenianian bronze coins resemble in their types the silver of the
late class. The slinger represented on the coins of this people is pro-
bably their mythical king, Phemius, concerning whom see Plutarch
[Qnaesf. Or., xiii.), who relates that the stone with which he slew his
adversary was revered as sacred by the Aenianes. See also Hypata.
Atrax (Pelasgiotis), on the northern bank of the Peneius, about ten
miles west of Larissa.
Head of Nymph.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. II. 7.)
Circ. B.C. 400-344.
ATPATION
Free horse walking
A\ \ Dr.
THTHIOTIC ACHAEANS—CRANNON.
249
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
On the bronze coins of the third century the only interesting types
refer to the worship of Asklepios. These are a cupping-glass, aiKva, and
a pair of pliers. M -55. Inscr., ATPAnnN and ATPA.
Cierium (Thessaliotis), anciently called Arne, after a nymph of that
name, a daughter of Aeolos the son of Hippotes (Paus., ix. 40, 3), who
by Poseidon became the mother of Boeotos.
Circ. B.C. 400-344.
Head of Zeus.
(Bompoisj Cierium, PI. I. i.)
Id., or Head of Anie.
(B. M. Cal., Thes., PI. II. 9, 10.)
Horse.
Head of Poseidon ; behind, trident.
K I ERIE... Youthful Asklepios or
Apollo naked, seated before a tree
round which a serpent twines .
M Didr.
K I EPI E I nN Nymph Arne kneehng
on one knee and playing with astra-
gali M Trihemiobol.
K I E P I E I n N Naked hero (Ajax 1) fight-
ing, armed with helmet, shield, and
sword A\ Obol.
K I Head of Arne . . . M\ Obol.
The bronze coins of Cierium date from about the middle of the fourth
century and later. Inscr., KIEPIEIlN or KIEPIEIHN.
Arne playing with astragali . JE, -55
Head of Poseidon.
(Bomi^ois, Cierium, PI. I. 5.)
Id. {Ibid., I. 8.)
Head of Apollo.
(B. M. Cat, Thes., PI. XXXT. 2.)
Horse galloping ; beneath, Arne vE -7
Zeus hurling fulmen ; in field, Arne
^•85
The figure of Arne on all these coins may have been suggested by a
statue of that nymph. If the seated divinity on the reverse of the first
of the above-described coins be indeed Asklepios, as is probable from
the prevalence of Asklepian worship in Thessaly (cf. coins of Tricca
and Atrax), it is perhaps the earliest representation of that god occur-
See Bompois [JJidrac/tnie de Cierium, Paris, 1876).
rins: on coins.
Craunon (Pelasgiotis), the residence of the powerful family of the
Scopadae, was situated near the source of the river Onchestus, which
took its name from Onchestos the son of Poseidon. The coins of
Crannon show that Poseidon received especial honours there, not of
course as a sea-god, but as the father of springs and rivers. The horse
and the bull, accompanied by the trident, are both emblematical of
Poseidonian worship. The curious type of some of the bronze coins, a
hydria on wheels accompanied by two crows, is explained by Antigonus
Carystius [Hid. Mirab., 15), who says that 'the irapaai^iiov or device of
the city was two crows seated on a chariot, and that when there occurred
a great drought it was customary, ad^iv, to agitate or drive about the
chariot whilst petitioning Zeus for rain' (Leake, Num. Hell., 43).
250 THESSALY.
B.C. 480-400.
Naked Thessaliau subduing bull ; in
field, bird flying.
KRAorKRANO Incuse square. Horse
of Poseidon, striking the ground with
fore-foot. Symbol : Trident . .
Ai Drachm.
On the smaller divisions, portions of the above types are represented
(B. M. Cat., Thcs., i6).
Bronze. After b. c. 400.
Inscr., KPA, KPANNO, KPAMNnNinN and KPANNOYNinN.
Head of Poseidon, laureate.
Head of Thessalian in kausia.
Thessaliau horseman.
Id.
Head of Zeus.
[Cf. B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. II. 11-15.]
Thessalian horseman . . . . M
Id M
Rushing bull. Symbol : Trident M
Hydria on car with two crows M
Id M
75
55
65
6
Demetrias (Magnesia), on the Pagasaean Gulf, was founded by Deme-
trius Polioreetes, b. c. 290, and became the favourite residence of the
Macedonian kings. See also Magueies.
Circ. B. c. 290.
Bust of Artemis. lAHMHTPIEnN Prow. ^ 40 grs.
I (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. I.)
Elateia (Pelasgiotis), on the right bank of the Peneius, in the gorge
which leads to Tempe.
Circ. B.C. 480-400.
Free horse. I EAATEON (i-etrogr.) Tncuse square,
(Prokesch., Ined., 1854, PL I. 25.) within which, head of nymph .
I M. Drachm.
Eurea (Pelasgiotis ?).
Circ. B.C. 300-146.
Female head facing.
{Zeit. f. Num., i. 173, note 3.)
EYPEAinN Grapes . . . ^ -8
Eurymenae (Magnesia).
Circ. B.C. 300-146.
Head of young Dionysos.
{Rev. Num., 1843, PI- X. i.)
EYPYMENAinN Vine^tree. Symbols:
krater and dolphin . . . ^ -8
Gomphi = Philippopolis (Histiaeotis), at the foot of Mt. Pindus, on the
road which led through the pass into Athamania. On the mountain
above the town stood a temple of Zeus Akraios, whose statue is seen on
the coins. Philip II changed the name of this town to Philippopolis,
1)ut it subsequently resumed its ancient appellation.
BEMETRIAS—HERACLEIA TRACHINIA.
251
Circ. B.C. 302-286.
Head of goddess facing, wearing Ste-
phanos. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. 2.)
<t>IAinnonOAITnN Zeus Akraios
seated on rock (Mt. Pindus) and rest-
ing on sceptre. In field, fulmen
M, Drachm.
Similar, or head of nymjah with float
ing hair.
Id.
Head of Apollo.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
rOM(l>EnN Zeus enthroned
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. 4.).^: .8-7
rOM<DITOYN Id ^-8
Id ^ .8
The letter
form A.
r on the above described coins has sometimes the
Gonnus (Pelasgiotis), on the river Peneius, near the pass of Tempe
Circ. B.C. 300-146.
Head of Zeus.
Female head.
Gyrton (Pelasgiotis), about five miles north of Larissa
Circ. B.C. 400-344.
Head of nymph facing.
rONNEHN Eam(Z./. iV^., xiii. 10) .
M -8
rONNE Lion standing . . . tE -7
Young male head beside horse's head.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XXXI. 3.)
rYPTaNinN Horse feeding . . .
M, \ Drachm.
rYPTnNinN Head of nymph . .
M -65
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
rVPTHNinN Female head.
Bridled horse
M .7
M -8
Head of Apollo, hair short, laur.
Head of Zeus.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. 5, 6.)
Halus (Phthiotis), on the northern shore of the Pagasaean gulf, at the
extremity of Mt. Othrys, said to have been founded by Athamas, one of
the sons of Aeolos. Zeus was here worshipped as the dark god of storm
and winter under the epithet of Aa(f)V(rTios (the Devourer). To this
divinity Athamas was ordered by an oracle to sacrifice his children
Phrixos and Helle. The myth of their rescue by means of the ram with
fleece of gold, sent by their divine mother, Nephele, forms the subject of
the coin-types of Halus.
No silver coins are known. The bronze money is of two periods,
B. c. 400-344 and B. c. 300-200. Some of these last bear the monogram
AX of the Phthiotan Achaeans.
Head of Zeus Laphystios, laureate, or
wearing taenia.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL XXXI. i.)
AAEHN Phrixos naked, or more rarely
Helle draped, holding on to the ram.
M .7-55
Heracleia Trachinia (Oetaea). This important Spartan stronghold
commanded the only road into Thessaly from the south. It was named
252 THESSALY.
Heracleia in consequence of the cult of Herakles, indigenous in Trachis
and Oetaea from the earliest times (Preller, Gr. Mj/th., ii. 247). Its coins
belong to the earlier half of the fourth century.
Circ. B.C. 400-344.
Lion's head.
(B. M. Cat, Thes., PL III. 7-9.)
Lion's head.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. 10, 11.)
See aho Oetaei.
HPAK or HP A Ckib. Symbols: ivy-
leaves, crayfish, etc
Al Obols, \ Obols, and {- Obols.
Id., or chib in wreath . . M -7—6
Homolium (Magnesia), at the foot of Mt. Homole, near the vale of
Tempe.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
Head of the hero Philoktetes (1) in OMOAIEHN Serpent coiled. ^ -8-7
conical hat (pileus). I
The serpent may here symbolize the worship of Asklepios, or it may
be connected with the myth of Philoktetes.
Hypata (Aeniania). The capital of the Aenianes.
Circ. B.C. 400-344.
Head of Zeus ; behind, fulmen. | YPATAinN Pallas Nikephoros stand-
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. iia.) | ing with spear and shield. . M -55
Lamia (Phthiotis). near the head of the Maliac gulf, and the chief
town of the people called the Malians. The coins usually read A AM I EHN,
more rarely MAAIEHN.
Circ. B.C. 400-344.
Head of young Dionysos, ivy-crowned. AAMIEHN Amphora
M \ Dr. and Obol.
Id. MAAIEHN Id. . M \ Dr.
(B.M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. 13 ; VII. 5.)
Head of nymph (Lamia, daughter of | AAMIEflN "Wounded Philoktetes
Poseidon ?), hair rolled. , naked, seated on the ground support-
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. 15.) ing himself with one hand and raising
the other to the top of his hat (pileus);
beneath, bird ^ -6
Id. (B.l\. Cat., Thes., Vl.lY.'^.) AAMIEHN Philoktetes (or Herakles ?)
on one knee shooting with bow and
i arrow at birds ^E -6
Head of Pallas. I M AAI EHN Similar, but Philoktetes in
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 6.) stamling posture . . . . /E -5
HOMOLIUM—LABISSA. 253
Circ. B.C. 302-286.
Fig. 174.
Female head, diademed, wearing ear-
ring (Fig. 174).
AAMIEnN Philoktetes or Herakles
naked, seated on rock, holds bow in
case M Dr., 86 grs.
Professor G&vdner (Ntim. C7/ron.,iSyS, 266) believes the head on this coin
to be a portrait of Lamia, the famous Hetaira who captivated and lived
with Demetrius Poliorcetes. In her honour both Athens and Thebes
erected temples, and the people of the town of Lamia, to flatter Demetrius,
may have placed her head on their coins. Dr. Friedlaender, however,
considers the head in question to be that of Apollo {Zeit.f. Num., vii. 352),
and cites a coin of Amphipolis on which a head undoubtedly of Apollo
wears earrings.
Larissa (Pelasgiotis), on the right bank of the Peneius, was the most
important town in Thessaly, and the residence of the Aleuadae, the
noblest of all the aristocratic families of the land.
The mythical ancestor of the race, Aleuas, was a descendant of
Herakles through one of his sons, Thessalos.
The rich series of the coins of Larissa begins at an earlier date than
that of any other Thessalian town. The sandal of Jason on the oldest
coins refers to the story of the loss of one of that hero's sandals in cross-
ing the river Anaurus. The coins of the best period are of exquisite
beauty. The head of the nymph is clearly that of the fountain Larissa,
and may be compared with the beautiful full-face head of Arethusa on
contemporary tetradrachms of Syracuse. The coin with the head of
Aleuas, with the word EAAA[?] on the reverse, may belong to the time
of the occupation of Larissa by Alexander of Pherae, on one of whose
coins the same word occurs {Zeit. f. Num., v. PI. II. 2, 3). The magis-
trate's name, ? I M 0^, is that of an Aleuad chief who appears to have been
appointed tetrarch of one of the four divisions of Thessaly by Philip of
Macedon, b. C. "^S^) (-^- ^- ^^^-i Thes.,^. xxv). On Philip's second invasion
of Thessaly, B. C. 344, he put down the tetrarch s whom he had formerly
set up, and Thessaly was brought into direct subjection to Macedon.
From this time there is a break in the issue of silver money throughout
Thessaly. All coins struck in the country now bore the name and types
first of Philip and then of Alexander ; and there is nothing to show that
Larissa recovered her autonomy until the liberation of Greece by Flami-
ninus in B.C. 197, when it became the place of mintage of the Federal
coinage of Thessaly.
Before circ. B.C. 480.
Inscr., AARI5AI0N, AARI^AEON, etc.
Horse biting his fore-leg.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. IV. 4)
Sandal of Jason in incuse square
M, Drachm.
254
THES8ALY.
Head of nymph, or bull's head, or head
of Jason (?) in petasos.
Sandal or horse's head, in incuse square
M Obols.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. IV. 7.)
Circ. B.C. 480-430.
7/iscr., AARI, AARI^A, AAPICAI, AAPICAION, etc.; Drachms, 1 Drachms,
Trihemiobols or \ Drachms, and Obols.
Thessalian youth restraining bull, or
forepart of bull.
Horseman or horse.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. IV. 10, 11.)
Fig. 175.
Free horse, or forepart of horse in
incuse square (Fig. 175).
Nymph Larissa, seated on chair or sup-
porting on her knee a hydria which
she has filled at a fountain, or seated
on hydria and playing with ball, etc.,
in incuse square.
Circ. B.C. 430-400.
Inscr., AAPI^AIA, AAPI^A, etc.; Drachms, Trihemiobols, and Obols.
Thessalian youth restraining bull.
(B. M. Ccct., Thes., PI. IV. 12, 13 ;
PI. V. 1,2,4.)
Horseman.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. V. 5.)
Horse.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. IV. 1 5 ; PI. V. 6-8.)
Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. V. 9.)
Horse's hoof on shield.
Incuse square. Free horse of Poseidon.
^Dr.
Incuse square. Nymph Larissa on chair,
holding a mirror before her face .
JR Trihemiob.
Incuse square. Nymph in various atti-
tudes, playing ball or fastening her
sandal, etc JR Obol.
Incuse square. Asklepios feeding serpent.
M Obol.
Incuse square, Larissa running and
playing ball JR Obol.
Circ. B.C. 400-344.
Inscr., AAPICAIA, AAPI^AIflN, etc.; Didrachms, Drachms, | Drachms, and
Trihemiobols.
Fk:. 176.
LABISSA—31A GNETES.
255
Head of fountain nymph, Larissa, at
first in profile, and later facing
with flowing locks (Fig. 176).
AAEYA Head of Aleuas in richly
ornamented conical helmet.
Running bull.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. V. 13.)
Horse galloping, trotting, grazing, or
held by man ; or mare walking be-
side her foal. Sometimes with name
^IMO^, the Tetrarch of Larissa,
B.C. 352-344.
Eagle on fulmen ; in field, EAAA.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. V. 12.) Al Dr.
Thessalian horseman galloping . M> Dr.
Bronze, b. c. 400-344.
InscT., AAPItA or AAPI^AinN.
Head of Larissa in profile.
Id.
Head of Larissa facing.
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VI. 1 1, 1 2.)
Head of Asklepios and serpent. M -6
Feeding horse
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VI. 13). M -65
Id., or horseman ^ "75
Trotting horse iE -85
Circ. B.C. 300-200, or later.
Head of Apollo, laureate. | AAPICAinN Artemis huntress. ^ -85
After B.C. 146, or ImperioX Times.
6EdAAnM Herakles naked, seated
on rock.
AAPISA Larissa standing draped, one
hand raised to her forehead . ^ -6
Larissa Cremaste (Phthiotis) stood on the slope of a steep hill (hence
the surname KpeixaaTj]) about twenty miles west of the Malian gulf. It
was believed to have anciently formed part of the dominions of Achilles,
whose head appears upon some of its coins. When Demetrius Poliorcetes,
in B.C. 302, invaded Thessaly he took Pherae and Larissa Cremaste and
proclaimed them free, and it is to this period that its earliest coins
belong.
Circ. B.C. 302-286.
Head of Achilles.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VII. i.)
Head of nymph.
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VI. 15.)
A API Thetis riding on hijipocamp
bearing shield of Achilles inscribed
with AX, the monogram of the
Achaeans of Phthiotis . . . /E -75
A API Perseus holding harpa and
Gorgon's head ^E -7
A API Harpa in wreath . . . iE -55
Head of Zeus.
Circ. B.C. 197-146.
I AAPICAinN Pallas in fighting atti-
I tude; in field, mon. AX . . . JE -8
Magnetes. This people after the liberation of Thessaly, B.C. 197,
struck federal coins for the whole of the Magnesian peninsula at Deme-
trias, where their assemblies were held, and where the Magnetarchs
resided (Livy, xxv. 3 1 ). The head of Zeus is clearly contemporary with
that on the Federal coins of the Thessali.
256 THESSALY
B.C. 197-146.
Head of Zeus crowned with oak. i MAfNHTnN Artemis with bow,
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VII. 2, 3.) seated on prow . . . M Attic Dr.
Bust of Artemis. | MArNHTnN Prow . tR J Dr.
Beonze.
Head of Zeus. MATNHTriN Centaur hokling branch.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VII. 4.) M .9-8
Prow . . . M-6
Id. . . . vE -8
., Artemis with torch .
M -6
,, Asklepios seated with
serpent-staff; at his feet, dog. M -9
Head of Artemis.
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Asklepios.
Roman Times.
MArNHTUUN APruJ Ship Argo. | Centaur jjlaying lyre . . . . M -^
As lolcus was one of the towns included in the territory of Demetrias,
the Argo is here an appropriate type.
The Centaur is Cheiron, who dwelt in the neighbouring Mt. Pelion, to
whom sacrifices were offered by the Magnetes until a late date (Plut.
Sf/iiipos., iii. i).
Meliboea (Magnesia), on the sea-coast a few miles north of Mt. Pelion,
mentioned by Homer as subject to Philoktetes (//., ii. 717).
B.C. 400-344.
Head of nymph facing or in profile. I MEAI or MEAIBOE One or two
{B.M. Cat., Thes., 'PI XXXI. 4.) \ bunches of grapes . . . .^-7
Melitaea (Phthiotis) near the river Enipeus.
Circ. B.C. 350.
Head of young DIonysosC?).
Head of Zeus.
M E Lion's head . . ■ . M Obol.
MEAI or MEAITAIEHN Bee . . .
M Diob., and M -7
The Bee, ixikiTra, contains an allusion to the name of the town (see
Prokesch, Ined., 1 854, PI. I. 30-35).
Methydrium (Thessaliotis), near Scotussa (Imhoof, Zeit.f. A'/ini., i. g'^).
Circ. B.C. 480-400.
Forepart of springing horse. I Incuse square. MEOY Corn-grain with
I its husk M Drachm.
Metropolis (Histiaeotis), in the plain at the foot of one of the eastern
off-shoots of the Pindus range, near the borders of Histiaeotis and Thes-
saliotis. Aphrodite was here worshipped under the name KaarvujTL'i, and
swine were sacrificed to her (Strab., ix. p. 437 f).
MA GNETES— ORTHE.
1157
B.C. 400-344.
Head of Aphrodite facing; to 1., bird(?);
to r., Nike crowns her.
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 8.)
Bearded head facing.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 7.)
MHTPOnO[AITnN Dionysos stand-
ing JR Diob.
MHTPOPOAITnN Apollo Kitha-
roedos Ax Trihemiobol.
MHTPO Aphrodite Kastnietis seated
on rock under tree, holding thyrsos.
M Obol.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
Head of Apollo.
Id.
(B. M. Cat., T/ies., PI. XXXI. 6.)
MHTPOPOAITnN Forepart of bull .
„ Aphrodite Kast-
nietis standing, holding dove, with
Eros beside her ^ '75
Mopsium (Pelasgiotis) between Larissa and Tempe. The town was
named after the Lapith Mopsos, the companion of the Argonauts.
B.C. 400-344.
Bearded heroic head (Mopsos?), facing.
[Ilonatsber. d. Bed. Akad. d. Wiss.,
1878, PL I. 6.)
MOtEinN The Lapith Mopsos con-
tending with Centaur . . . M -^
Oetaei. There is said to have been a city called Oeta near the
mountain of the same name, the scene of the death of Herakles. The
coins o^ the Oetaei resemble those of Heracleia Trachinia.
B.C. 400-344.
Head of lion, spear in mouth,
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 9.)
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 10.)
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 11.)
OITAflN (retrogr.) Herakles standing,
holding club ^ a Dr.
01 T A Bow, and quiver . . yfl Obol.
01 T An N Spear and knife . . M .6
B.C. 196-146.
On the liberation of Thessaly the coinage recommenced with the old
types, but of inferior style (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VII. 12, 13).
Bronze coins of the type of the Aetolian federal money, the spear-head
and jaw-bone of the Kalydonian boar, are also known [B. M. Cat., Thes.,
PI. VII. 14].
Orthe (Perrhaebia), (Pliny, iv. 9, sect. 16).
Bronze, b.c. 300-200.
Head of Pallas. I OPOIEinN Forepart of horse spring-
(^ev. A^Mm., 1843, PI. X. 4.) I ing from rock ^-7
s
258
THESSALY
Peirasia (Thessaliotis), otherwise called Asterium, near the junction of
the Apidanus and the Enipeus.
B.C. 400-344.
nEIPASIE[nN] Horseman . . . .
M Trihemiobol.
Head of Pallas, facing.
{Annali dell' Inst., 1866, Monum.
PI. XXXII. 5.)
Felinna (Histiaeotis), east of Tricca, near the- northern bank of the
Peneius.
B.C. 400-344.
Horseman galloping or spearing pros-
TTTlTf* TOP
(B. M.'CaL, Thes., PI. VIII. 1-4.)
PEAINNAI, PEAINNA, etc. AVarrior
with spear and shield in attitude of
combat
JR Dr., ^ Dr., and smaller coins, also JE.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
Veiled female head.
PEAINNAI nN Armed horseman. M -8
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VIII. 5, 6.)
Perrhaebi. These people were descendants of the original occupants
of Thessaly, and in historical times inhabited the region between Mt.
Olympus and the river Peneius. Their chief town was probably the
Homeric Oloosson near Tempe.
Circ. B.C. 480-400.
Inscr., PE or PEP A on reverse; Silver. Drachms, ^ Drachms, Trihemiobols,
and Obols.
Thessalian restraining bull or forepart
of bull.
Horseman.
Horse galloping.
Forepart of bull.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VIII. 7-1 1.)
Galloping horse or forepart of horse in
incuse square . . JR Dr. and ^ Dr.
Pallas (?) or Thetis seated, holding helmet
in incuse square . . . . JR Obol.
Pallas ininning with spear and shield in
incuse square JR Obol.
Horse's head in incuse square. JR Obol.
B.C. 196-146.
Head of Zeus.
Id.
Head of Hera veiled, facing.
PEPPAIBnN Hera seated . iR 57 grs.
Id ^ -8
„ Zeus hurling fulmen
JE -8
Peumata (Phthiotis). See U. Kohler, Zeii.f. Num., 1884, p. no. Bronze
coins, probably contemporary with the Federal coinage of the Phthiotan
Achaeans.
Circ. B.C. 302-286.
Head of nymph bound with oak-
wreath.
(Zeit. f. Num., 1884, p. in.)
PE YM ATinN written round the large
monogram of the Achaeans, AX ; in
field, Phrygian cap . . . . -^^ 5
PEIRASIA — PHARSAL US.
259
Phacium (Pelasgiotis), near the banks of the Peneius, between Atrax
and Pharcadon.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
Head of nymph crowned with corn. [ <t)AKIA^TnN Horseman , . M ■%
(E. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XXXI. 7.) 1
Phalanna (Perrhaebia), a few miles north-west of Larissa, on the left
bank of the Peneius.
Circ. B.C. 400-344.
Young male head with short hair. I 0AAANNAinN Bridled horse . . .
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VIII. 12-14.) | M Dr., i Dr., and Trihemiobol.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
Young male head. ' (DAAANNAinN Head of Nymph, hair
(B. M. Cat., Tims., PL VIII. 15, 16.) in net M -8
Helmeted head. <DAAANNAinN Horse. . . M -^
. . . . OPI^ Head of Zeus(1), r. 0AAAN Nymph seated, with left hand
(Leake, Num. Hell., p. 88.) j extended towards a stork . . -S -55
Female head facing. i OAAAN "Wolf running . . . ^ -75
(Hunter, P1.XLIII.6.) ^
Phaloria (Histiaeotis), in the west of Thessaly. The only known coin
is the following : —
Circ. B.C. 302-286.
Head of Apollo laur.
(Brit. Mus.)
<t)AAriPI A^THN AiDollo naked, seated
on rock, holding in r. arrow, and in
1. a long branch of bay . . ^ -85
Pharcadon (Histiaeotis), on the left bank of the Peneius, between
Pelinna and Atrax. The silver coins of this town all belong to the fifth
century.
B.C. 480-400.
Youth restraining forepart of bull.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. IX. i.)
Free horse walking (PI. IX. 2).
Bull's head.
Id.
0 A P K A A 0 Forepart of horse in incuse
square -^ ^ Dr.
<1)APKAA0NI0N Pallas standing . .
M Obol.
<t>AR Horse's head. Symbol: trident .
M Obol.
0A Earn M\ Obol.
Circ. B.C. 400-344.
Horse feeding. I <t)APKAAONinN Crescent and star .
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. IX. 5.) I ^ -65
Pharsalus (Thessahotis), on the left bank of the Enipeus, about
twenty-five miles south of Larissa, one of the most important cities of
Thessaly, and famous as the scene of the great victory of Caesar over
Pompey. Pharsalus began to strike money before the Persian wars, and
continued to do so, perhaps without intermission, down to the time of
Philip of Macedon.
s 2
260
THESSALY
B.C. 480-344.
The usual inscription is OAR or 0ARC
Fio. 177.
Head of Pallas in close-fitting crested Horse's head, or horseman brandishing
helmet (Fig. 177).
weapon . Ai Dr., \ Dr., etc. and M -7
During the period of finest art the silver coins frequently bear
abbreviated names of magistrates, TH, IP, TEAE0ANTO, etc.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
Head of Pallas facing.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., p. 45.)
With other varieties.
<t)AP^AAI nN Horseman striking at
enemy Avith weapon . . . vE -85
Pherae (Pelasgiotis). Next to Larissa, Pherae was the foremost town
in Thessaly, and one of the most ancient. It was situated a little to the
west of Mt. Pelion. From a rocky height on the northern side of the city
gushed forth the famous fountain Hypereia, which is represented on the
coins as a stream of water flowing from the mouth of a lion's head, and
perhaps also, under the form of the horse of Poseidon, issuing from the
face of a rock, or bounding along with loose rein ; but as such horse-
types are frequent throughout Thessaly it is safer to regard them at
Pherae also as referring directly to the worship of Poseidon, who, by
striking the rock with his trident, created the first horse.
Primus ab aequorea percussis cuspide saxis
Thessahcus sonipes, bellis feralibus omen
Exsiluit. (Lucan, PJiars., vi. 397.)
Pherae began to coin money quite as early as, if not earlier than, the
Persian wars. Amons: the chief varieties are the following :—
Circ. B.C. 480-400.
Thessalian restraining bull or forepart
of bull.
(B. M. Cat, Thes., PI. X. i, 2.)
Forepart of horse, sometimes issuing
from rocks.
OERAI Horse with loose rein, a lion's
head fountain pouring a jet of water
across his back, all in incuse square.
Ai Dr.
<i>E Grain of corn with husk in incuse
square (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. X. 4-7).
M Dr. and 1 Dr.
The half drachms often read TA or OA in addition to <1>E
perhaps the abbreviated names of tyrants or magistrates.
Horse's head bridled.
These are
<1>E Corn-grain, or club, incuse square .
M Obols.
PHARSAL US~PHERAE.
261
Head of Hekate or Artemis Pheraea to 0EP Al ON Lion's head fountain; below,
r., in myrtle wreath ; in front, torch. tish ^-65
(B. II. Cat, Thes., PI. X. 9.) !
Lion's head. 0EPAION Hekate with torches riding
[Ibid., PI, X. 10.) on horse M -55
No coins are known with the name of the famous Jason of Pherae,
but of the tyrant Alexander, who obtained the supreme power soon after
his death, we possess valuable numismatic monuments.
Alexander of Pherae. B.C. 369-357.
Head of Hekate, or Artemis Pheraea,
facing, weai'ing myrtle wreath : in
field, her hand holding torch.
Head of Artemis Pheraea in profile;
also her hand holding torch.
Female head in myrtle wreath. Inscr.,
EAAAC (1), or magistrate, EN-
NOIOS.
Wheel.
AAEZANAPOY or AAEZANAPEI-
0^ Armed horseman prancing;
beneath, and on horse's flank, a
bipennis (Fig. 178) . M. Didrachm.
AAEZANAPOY Lion's head; beneath,
sometimes, bijiennis . . . ifl Dr.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXII. 22.)
AAEZANAPOY or AAEZANAPEIA
(sc. 8f>axM)
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. X. 13.). M Dr.
AAE Bipennis tR Obol.
Young male head.
Forepart of rushing bull.
Bkokze.
AAEZANAPOY Leg and foot of horse.
JE -5
, , Forepart of horse .
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. X. 14.) JE -5
The cultus of Artemis Pheraea as a moon-goddess was identified with
that of Hekate and of Persephone (Brimo), (Preller, Gr. Mijth., i. 246).
The Bipennis as an adjunct on the reverse refers to the special worship
paid by Alexander of Pherae to the Dionysos of Pagasae, who was
surnamed ITeAe/cu?, from the sacrificial axe used in sacrificing to him.
Cf. Simonides (as cited by Athenaeus, 10, 84), who calls the axe Aiwt-woto
avaKTos j3ov(f)6vov Oepd-aovTa. See the Schol. in Hom. //., xxiv. 428,
©eo'TTo/xTTo'? (prjo-tv ^ Aki^avhpov ^epalov Aiovva-ov tov kv Ylaya(rais, os e/caAetro
rieAeKus eva-ejSelv bi.a(p6pcos.
Teisi2)honus. B.t. 357-352(1).
This tyrant was one of the brothers of Thebe, the wife of Alexander,
who usurped the tyranny after Alexander's assassination.
Forepart of butting bull.
{Bev. Num., 1853, PI. XIV. 10.)
TEI^I<t)ONOY Forepart of horse. yE ■ 5
263
THESSALY.
B.C. 302-286.
Pherae, like Lamia and other Thessalian towns, appears to have
possessed the right of coinage for a few years in the time of Demetrius
Poliorcetes.
Head of Hekate to 1. ; behind, torch.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL X. 15.)
<J>EPAIOYN Nymph Hypereia stand-
ing, placing her hand on lion's-head
fountain M ^ Dr.
Cire. B.C. 300-200, or later.
<t)EPAinN Hekate holding torch,
riding on galloping horse . . .^ -85
Head of Hekate facing; hand with
torch beside her.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. X. 16.)
Phthiotis. See Achaei of Phthiotis (p. 248).
Froerna (Thessaliotis).
Circ. B.C. 300-200(1).
Female head facing. I P PilEPN I HN Demeter standing, hold-
(Coll., Imhoof-Blumer.) I ing ears of cornC?) and torch (?). M -8
Scotussa (Pelasgiotis), between Pherae and Pharsalus. The coins of
this town are of three periods.
Forepart of horse.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL XI. i.)
B.C. 480-400.
I CKO Grain of corn with husk
Ai Dr. and I Dr.
B.C. 400-3G7.
Head of Herakles bearded. I CKO Forepart of horse feeding .
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL XI. 2.) M \ Dr.
Head of young Herakles. | ,, Id M -55
In B. c. 367 Scotussa was treacherously seized upon by Alexander of
Pherae, and ceased for some time to strike coins.
B.C. 300-200, or later.
Female head facing.
Head of bearded Herakles.
Head of Ares(?) in close-fitting helmet
•with feather.
SKO[TOY^SAinN] Poseidon seated
on rock with trident and doljihin
M \ Dr.
CKOTOY[C]CAiaN Club . . . .
(B. :\r. Cat., Thes., PL XXXI. 8.)
M .85
CKOTOY^tAinN Horse prancing.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL XXXI. 9.)
M -75
PHERAE—TRICCA.
263
Thebae (Phthiotis). There are no early coins of this town, all those-
that are known certainly belong to the time of Demetrius.
Circ. B.C. 302-286.
Head of Demeter.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XI. 3.)
OHBAinN and (011^) AX mon. of the
Achaeans of Phthiotis. Protesilaos
leaping ashore from prow of galley .
M I Dr., and M -55
Protesilaos was a native of this part of Thessaly, and at the neighbour-
ing Phylace there was a temple sacred to him, mentioned by Pindar
(Isi/im., i. 84).
npcorecrtAa, to rebv 5' avhpS>v 'A\a.LG>v
iv '^vXcLKo. T^fievos (TVix^dWofxaL.
For other varieties, see Ze'it.f. N.^ i. p. 175.
Tricca (Histiaeotis) was named after the fountain-nymph Trikka, a
daughter of the river Peneius, on the left bank of which the city stood.
The town is mentioned by Homer as subject to Podaleirios and Machaon,
sons of Asklepios, who led the Triccaeans in the Trojan war. At Tricca
was the most ancient and illustrious of all the temples of Asklepios in
Greece, and to this sacred place the sick had recourse from all parts
(Strab., viii. 374; ix. 437).
B.C. 480-400.
Thessalian restraining bull or forepart
of bull.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XL 7, 12.)
Horseman.
Horse.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XI. 8, 10, 11.)
Horse.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XI. 9.)
TPIKKA, TPIKKAION, later TPIK-
KAinN Incuse square, forepart of
horse A\ \ Dr.
TPIKKA Nymph Trikka seated, hold-
ing patera and mirror
JR Trihemiobol.
TPIKKAION Nymph playing ball, or
leaning on column and extending
hand towards swan, or opening cista,
or sacrificing at altar . . JR Obols.
TPIKKAION Pallas running .
M Obol.
B.C. 400-344.
Head of Nymph Trikka.
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XI. 13.)
TPIKKA Warrior Podaleirios or Ma-
chaon advancing . . . . JEi -65
T P I K K A I n N Asklepios seated, feeding
serpent with bird . . . . ^ -8
Thessali. In B.C. 196 the Thessali, the Perrhaebi, and the Magnetes,
were proclaimed free by Flamininus, whereupon the Thessali instituted a
federal currency, probably striking their coins at Larissa.
The Magnetes at the same time began to issue silver and bronze at
their capital Demetrias ; but the Perrhaebi at Oloosson struck only in
bronze. All these coinages came to an end in B. c. 146, when Thessaly
was incorporated in the Koman province of Macedon.
264
ISLANDS ADJACENT TO THESSALY.
B.C. 196-146.
Fig. 179.
Head of Zeus crowned with oak.
Behind, sometimes, the name of the
Strategos of the League in the
genitive case. Among the names
of Strategi whose dates are known
are Androsthenes, B.C. 18 7, and
Nicocrates, B.C. 182.
Head of Apollo with name of the
Strategos.
Head of Apollo with name or mono-
gram of the Strategos.
OEZZAAHN The Thessalian Athena
Itouia (Pans., x. i. 10) in fighting
attitude, usually accompanied by the
names of two magistrates, of which
one is often in the genitive. Wliat
offices these magistrates filled is un-
certain (Fig. 179)
Ja Double Victoriatus= i^ Denarii,
wt. 100-86 grs.
OEZZAAHN Demeter with torch in
each hand
J{\ Victoriatus = f denarius, 47-41 gi's.
OEZIAAHN Athena Itonia and
magistrate's name . . JH Attic Dr.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. I. 3.)
OEIZAAnN Horse . M Attic Dr.
,, Athena
magistrate's name
Itonia
M Attic
and
Dr.
Head of Athena Itonia.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. I. 4, 6.)
Head of Zeus in oak-wreath.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. I. 5.)
The bronze coins usually resemble the Drachms, having on the obverse
a head of Apollo or Pallas, and on the reverse Pallas fighting (R. Weil,
Zeit.f. N, i. 177 sqq.).
Im2)erial Times.
Caesar, after the battle of Pharsalia, conferred libeity once more on
the Thessalians, and henceforth the Imperial coins from Augustus to
Hadrian bear the name of the Strategos, and in the reign of Augustus
usually the inscr. ZEBAZTHnN eESZAAHN. From M. Aurelius to
Gallienus the coins read KOI N ON OECCAAHN, the name of the Strategos
being omitted (B. M. Cat., Thes., pp. 6-9). Among the types may be
mentioned — Head of Achilles, with inscr. AX I AA€YC, Apollo Kitharoedos,
Athena Itonia, Nike, Asklepios, etc.
ISLANDS ADJACENT TO THESSALY.
Icus.
Head of Poseidon, laur.
Halonesus.
Head of Zeus.
IKinN Triilent and doliihins . M -6^
(Imhoof, Man. Or., p. 134.)
AAONH^ . . . TJam
. M .8
ILLYRIA. 265
Feparethus. This island produced excellent wine, and Pliny (iv. 1 2,
s. 23) says that it was once called Euoinos. It struck bronze coins with
inscr. PEPA, and later neflAPHeiUUN, from about the middle of the
fourth century to the time of Augustus, and Imperial of Augustus and
Commodus. The types mostly refer to the worship of Dionysos
(B. M. Cat., T/ies., PI. XL 14-16).
Sciathus. Bronze coins from circ. b. c. 350 onwards.
Head of Hermes, or Gorgon head, SKIAOI Caduceus . . . M ^^--^
facing. 1 (B. M. Cat., Tlies., PI. XI. 17-19.)
ILLYRIA.
\_Briti)ih Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, Thessali/ — AetoUa, pp.xxxvii-xliii., and 55-8? with
autotype plates, by Professor P. Gardner, 1883.
A. J. Evans, On some recent discoveries of lUyrian coins, in the Numismatic Chronicle, 1880,
p. 269.]
Amantia. Autonomous bronze coins of the period of the Epirote
Republic, b. c. 230-168, with Epirote types. Heads of Zeus Dodouaeos or
of Zeus and Dione. Rev., Fulmen or serj)ent. Bust of Artemis. Rev. Torch.
Inscr., AM ANTHN. (Imhoof, Mou. Gr., p. 137, and B. M. Cat., PL XXXI.
10, II.)
Apollonia. Colony of Corcyra. Silver coins of five periods : —
(i) First half of the fourth century B. c. with Corcyrean types. Cow and
Calf. Rev. AP, Conventional pattern usually called Gardens of Alklnoos,
which we shall in future describe as a square containing a stellate
pattern, or as a Stellate square. Staters of circ. 160 grs. (B. M. Cat.,
PL XII. I, 2). M Lyre, R APOAAnNOS Obelisk of Apollo.
(ii) B.C. 350-300. Staters of Corinthian types and iveight,xQSidlng iKPO \,QiQ..
(iii) B.C. 229-100. New series of silver coins of the period during
which Apollonia and Dyrrhachium were under the protection of Rome.
These coins are of the weight of the Roman Victoriatus, circ. 52 grs. Obv.,
Coiv and, Calf. Rev., Stellate square (B. M. Cat., PL XII. 3), and of the
half Victoriatus, cii'c. 26 grs. Rev., Fire of the Nymphaeum. They bear
magistrates' names on both sides, that on the obverse, in the nominative
case, is the moneyer's name, that on the reverse, in the genitive, stands
for an eponymous annual magistrate. There are also bronze coins of
three or more sizes. Inscr., APOAAHNl ATAN (B. M. Cat., PL XIL 8-12).
Head of Artemis, 1 Tripod M 1-05
Head of Dionysos. Cornucojiiae M '^
Head of Apollo. I Obelisk ^-65
(iv) From circ. B.C. 100 to Augustus. About B. C. 100 the Victoriatus
was abolished at Rome, being assimilated to the Quinarius. From this
time forwards the silver coins of Apollonia were issued on the standard of
the Roman Denarius.
Head of Apollo. j Three nymphs dancing ronnd the fire of
(B. M. Cat., PL XII. 13.) the Nymphaeum . . . M 62 grs.
Head of Pallas. Obelisk .51 29 grs.
{Ibid., PI. XII. 15.) I
266 ILLYRIA.
(v) Imperial. Augustus to Elagabalus. Inscr., AflOAAnNlATAN,
NePuuNi AHOAAUUNI KTICTH, NEPUUNI AHMOCIUU HATPuuNl CAAA-
AOC, etc. Tj/pes: — Dancing nymphs; Obelisk of Apollo; Hades seated
with a standing female figure before him carrjdng an infant in her arms ;
Apollo ; Poseidon ; Asklepios ; River god, etc.
The Nymphaeum near Apollonia was sacred to Pan and the nymphs.
It is described by Strabo (p. 316), Ylirpa 8' ecrrt Trup avahihovcra, v'n avrf] h'k
Kpijvat p€ov(Ti xAtapoO koI aacpdXrov. For the meaning of the obelisk, see
Ambrac'ia, p. 270.
Byllis, on the north bank of the Aous, about twenty miles above
Apollonia. Small bronze coins of the period of the Epirote Republic,
B.C. 230-168. Inscr., BYAAIONriN or BYAAI?. Types:— Head of Zeus ;
R Serpent twined round cornucopiae. Youthful helmeted%ead ; R Eagle
B. M. Cat., T/ies., etc., p. 64).
Daorsi. An Illyrian tribe which had been subject to king Genthius,
on whose defeat by the Romans it obtained its freedom. Bronze coins of
the second century b. c. (Eckhel, JD. JSf. F., ii. p. 155).
Head of Hermes to r. 1 A AOPCnN Galley 1. {Z.f. K, xiii. p. 9)
I ^ -5
Dyrrhachii. Epidamnus, the capital of the Dyrrhachians, was a
colony of Corcyra of considerable importance. The money of this city
down to about b. c. 1 00, when it comes to an end, falls into the same
periods as that of Apollonia. Its coins bear the name of the people and
not of their chief town.
(i) B. C. 400-300. Silver staters of the Corcyrean standard, ca. 1 70 grs.
Cow suckling calf. AYP Double stellate square. ^R Staters.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XIII. 10.)
(ii) Circ. B. C, 350-250. Staters of Corinthian types and weight.
(iii) B.C. 229-100. Neni series of Byrrhachian coins.
Cow suckling calf. AYP Double stellate square ....
(B. M. Gxdde, PI. LXV. 12.)
^v 53 grs.
„ Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XIV. 3.) .
^H 26 grs.
These coins are of the weight of the Roman Victoriatus and \ Vic-
toriatus, and bear the names of two magistrates, that of the eponymous
annual magistrate in the genitive on the reverse, and that of the moneyer
in the nominative on the obverse. The adjunct symbol on the obverse
changes with the name on the reverse, and therefore belongs properly to
it. The bronze coins, also with magistrates' names, bear types relating
to the worship of the Dodonaean Zeus, Herakles, Helios, etc.
Oricus. A seaport in the neighbourhood of Apollonia, not far from
the mouth of the Aous.
C'lrc. B.C. 230-1G8.
Forepart of cow.
Head of Apollo.
nPlKinN Obelisk of Apollo
. ^.65
(P.. M. Cat., PI. XXXI. 13.)
Head of Pallas.
,, - Fulnion . . .
. ^^ -5
KINGS OF ILLYRIA.
267
Bhizoti. Bronze coins after clrc. B.C. i68. Inscr., PIIO and PIZONI-
TAN(?) [Nuvi. Chrou., 1880, p. 292).
Scodra. The earliest coins of this town may be referred to the reign
of Philip V of Macedon, who was supreme in Illyria between B.C. 211
and 197.
Macedonian shield. | CKOAPINHN Helmet . . , M 6
After B.C. 168.
Head of Zeus. | ^KOAPElNnN War galley . vE -65
See A. J. Evans in Num. Cliron., 1880, p. 288.
KINGS OF ILLYRIA.
Monunius, circ. B.C. 300 or 280, king of the Dardanian Illyrians. He
occupied Dyrrhachium and struck money there of the Dyrrhachian
type.
Fig. I So,
Cow suckling calf (Fig. 180).
BAllAEnC MONOYNIOY Double
stellate square . JK Staters, 160 grs.
On the coins of this king the ^ is sometimes wi'itten C, a form which
is rarely met with at so early a date (Droysen, iii. i. 184).
Genthius, c'lrc. B. C. 197-168, probably succeeded to the Illyrian throne
on the expulsion of Philip V of Macedon from his Illyrian possessions,
by the stipulations of the Peace of Tempe, B.C. 197. Genthius was
afterwards induced by Perseus to attack the Romans, but was defeated
beneath the walls of Scodra and taken prisoner by L. Anicius.
BAeiAEn? TENOIOY Helmet. M -6
„ Illvrian gal-
\ . M-^
Macedonian shield.
Head of Genthius in kausia.
ley
Ballaeus, known only from coins. The date of his reign is probably
B.C. 167-135 [Num. Chron.^ 1880, p. 300).
Head of king, bare.
(B. M. Cat.,Y\. XIV. 14.)
BA^IAEn^ BAAAAIOY Artemis with
torch and two spears, I'unning
M 54 grs., and M -7—6
These coins are usually found at Risano, and were probably struck at
Rhizon. Somewhat similar bronze coins are often found in the island
of Pharos, but these are without the title Bao-tXevs.
268
ISLANDS OF ILLYRIA.
ISLANDS OF ILLYRIA.
In the early part of the fourth century Dionysius of Syracuse began to
turn his attention to the western coasts of Illyria and the islands in the
Adriatic sea. He assisted the Parians in colonising the two islands of
Issa and Pharos, B.C. 385 (Holm, Gesch. Sic.,\x. 134). About the same
time the island of Corcyi'a Nigra, so called from its dark pine forests,
appears to have received a Greek colony. A town named Heracleia,
perhaps situate in the island of Pharos, in which the coins which bear its
name are found, belongs also to this category [Num. Journ., i. 164). The
coins of the whole of this group belong to the fourth and second
centuries B. c. There are apparently none of the third.
Corcyra Nigra.
E,ude head of Apollo.
Heracleia.
Fourth century B. c.
Head of Herakles iu lion's skin. ( HPAKA, HPAKorHPA Bow and club.
(B. M. Cat., Thes., PL XIV. 8.) I JE -95
Issa.
Fourth century b. c.
\t.t.K Head of Artemis (?). | Star with eight rays
Fourth century B. c.
I KOPKYPAinN Ear of corn . . . .
I {Num. Zeit., 1884, PL IV. 20). M -8
. M -9
Second century B. c.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Zeus (?).
1^ Amphora.
Jugate heads.
Youthful head.
IS Goat M -95—75
IS Stag with head turned back
M -6
5—1 Id
Vine-branch with grapes .
IS Grapes
I — S Kaiitharos ....
M
M
M
M
75
75
7
85
To this island may also be ascribed certain bronze coins of good style
(fourth century B. C.) bearing the inscription I0NI0[S], concerning which
see Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 258. On the obverses of these pieces are male
heads, youthful or bearded, or a female head wearing a stephane, and on
the reverse is a dolphin over a line of waves.
Pharos.
Head of Zeus.
Id.
Head of Persephone.
Fourth century B. c.
Goat standing yR 41 grs.
0APIfiN Id. Symbol: sometimes,
serpent JE -95
<t>A Goat M'S
Head of young Dionysos ivy-crowned
Young head laureate.
Second century b. c.
0-A
Grapes M -6
Kantharos M -8
EPmrs. 269
ILLYRIO-EPIROTE SILVER COINAGE.
Damastium. The silver mines of this town are mentioned by Strabo,
vii. p. 326. Its coins belong to the fourth century B. c, and may be
compared for style with the money of the kings of Paeonia.
Head of Apollo laur. A AM ACT! NHN Tripod, often with
(B. M. Cfli., PI. XV. 10-13; name of dynast or magistrate,
PI. XVI. I, 2.) HPAKAEIAO, KAKIO, KH^ KH<DI,
APPIA, etc
A\ Staters, Paeonian standard,
circ. 206-190 grs.
For other varieties, see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 135, and Nitm. Zeit., 1884,
p. 260, where a silver coin weighing 50 grs. is described having on the
obverse a female head, and on the reverse the pi'oper name AAPAAO in
a double linear square.
Felagia. Silver coins of the same types as those of Damastium, but
of ruder style. Inscr., nEAAriTHN or HEAAriTA^ (B. M. Cat.,V\. XVI.
9-1 1 ).
Samoa. Probably identical with '^apvov^ (Steph. Byz. s.v.). Coins
similar to the above. Inscr., CAPNOATHN.
Tenestini. Similar ^ coins. Inscr., TENESTINflN.
These unknown tribes or towns were probably only small mining
communities in the vicinity of Damastium, Imhoof {31o)i. Gr., p. 1 36, and
Z.f. K, i. 99).
EPIRUS.
IBriii^h 3htseum Catalogue of GreeTc coins, TheamJy — AetoUa, pp. xliii-xlvi. and 88-114, with
Autotype Plates, by Professor Gardner, 18S3.]
The earliest coins of Epirus consist (i) of silver coins struck before
B. c. 342, of Corinthian type and standard, at the town of Ambracia,
Inscr., AMPPAKiniAN, etc., and APE! (in monogram) for APEIPnJAN,
and of bronze coins of Cassope, Elea, and the Molossi, anterior to the
regal period, (ii) The second period of the coinage of this district
includes that of the kings, Alexander the son of Neoptolemus, b. c. 342-
326, and Pyrrhus, 295-272. (iii) B.C. 238-168. Bronze coins reading
APEIPnTAN exist, which are certainly earlier than the abolition of the
monarchy, but the regular series of the Epirote Federal money did not
begin till the Eepublic was fully constituted on the death of Ptolemy,
the last of the roj^al race of the Aeacidae.
The autonomous coinage appears to have gone on in some of the towns
of Epii'us side by side with the Federal money. After B.C. 168, when
370
E PIE US.
Epirus was devastated by the Romans and its inhabitants sold into
slavery, all coinage ceased.
The prevailing types on the coins of Epirus are the heads of Zeus
Dodonaeos and of Dione his spouse. The former is distinguished by his
wreath of oak-leaves from the sacred oracular oak of Dodona. The latter
wears a veil and a laureate Stephanos (see B. M. Caf., PI. XVII).
Chkonological Table of the Coinage of Epirus.
Anibracia
Before 342
342-238
238-168
Roman Times
JR (Cor.)
^. JE
Athamanes
JE
Buthrotum
JE 1
Cassope
Elea
JE
Ai ^
" 1
Molossi
JR JR
Nicopolis
Pandosia
'" JE
JE
Phoenice
JE
Kings
Federal
JR (Cor.)
[K JR] JE
JR JE
1
Note. — The gold and silver coins of the kings were probably issued in Italy and Sicily.
Ambracia. The most important colony of Corinth, on the Ambraciot
gulf. Silver staters of Corinthian type ci?-c. b. c. 400-342. Inscr.,
AMPPAKlnTAN, etc., on the obverse beside the head of Pallas. Of these
staters more than a hundred varieties are known.
Circ. B.C. 238-168.
Fig. 181.
Head of Dione veiled (Fig. 181).
AM, AMBPA, etc. Obelisk bound with
taenia . JR 52 grs. (Victoriate wt.),
jE .7-65
The obelisk represented on the coins of Ambracia is the sacred conical
stone (BaLTvXLov) of the Apollo "Ayvuvs of Ambracia (Preller, Gr. Myth., i.
p. 211).
There are also bronze coins with Acarnanian types : — Head of Herahles
or Achelons, rev. Apollo Aktios seated, or Cral) or Bviting Bull ; also with
Aetolian or Epirote types : —
Head of Apollo radiate or laureate.
(B. M. Cat, PI. XVIII. 4.)
Id.
Head of Zeus.
See also Iinhoof (il/ow. Gr., p. i'>y']).
Apollo naked, advancing witli bow .
JE -8
Zeus naked, hurling fulmen . M -8
Griffin. Magiyt rate's name in noiu. case.
^■7
AMBRACIA—MOL OSSI.
271
Athamanes. On the fall of the kingdom of Epirus this tribe rose to
be independent and struck bronze coins.
Circ. B.C. 220-190.
Head of Dione veiled.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XVIII. 5.)
Head of Apollo.
AOAMANnN Pallas standing, hold-
ing owl and spear . . . . /E -65
AOAMANnN Bull's head . iE -7
Buthrotum. Colonial and Imperial, Augustus — Tiberius, with Latin
inscriptions, C. I. BVT. or C. A. BVT. (Colonia Julia or Augusta Buthro-
tum) and names of Duumviri, with titles, 11 VIR EX D. D., IIVIR.
9[uinquennalis], etc. For a complete list, see Imhoof {3Io)i. Gr., p. 138.)
Cassope. Silver and bronze, with inscr. KA^CnflAinN on oherse or
reverse.
Before B.C. 342.
Hea
Id.
d of Aphrodite.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XVIII. 7.)
Coiled serpent ...
Dove flying in wreath .
. . JE.8
. . JE-S
B.C. 2c
i8-168.
Head of Aphrodite wearing stej)hanos.
Head of Zeus Dodonaeos and magis-
trate's name.
Head of Aphrodite.
Head of Dionysos.
Bull's head facing.
Cista mystica with serpent twined
round it M 81 gi'S.
Eagle on fulmen in oak- wreath .
(B. M. Guide, PI. LV. 18)
M 72-66 grs.
Dove ^ -75
Amphora (B. M. Cat., PI. XXXII. 6.)
Serpent (B. M. Cat., PI. XXXII. '5.)
i ^-55
This town also struck bronze coins in Roman times with the inscr.
KASSnriAinN MOAOZZHN (B. M. Cat., T//es., etc., p. 99).
Elea in Thesprotia. The bronze coinage of this town belongs to the
fourth century. The types, as Leake remarks {'Num. Hell., p. 48), relating
to the infernal regions identify the district with that Eleatis through
which flowed the rivers Acheron and Cocytus.
EAEAI Kerberos
(B. M. Cat., PI. XVIII. II.) . M .8
EAEAI Trident {lb., PI. XVIII. 10) .
^•55
On a specimen at Berlin Dr. Friedlander reads [EJAEATAN {Z.f.N.,
vi. 15).
Molossi.
Silver and Bronze coins before B. c. 342.
Head of Demeter facing.
Pegasos.
Dog lying.
Head of Pallas.
MOAO^CnN round rim of circular
shield. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVIII. 14.)
Head of Zeus.
M^O Fulmen . . . iR 15 grs.
MOAOCCnN Eagle on fulmen . ^-8
Fulmen in wreath -^ "75
Fulmen between M and cornucopiae, all
in oak-wreath M -i
272 KINGS OF EPIBUS.
ITicopolis. This town was founded by Augustus after the battle of
Actium. Imperial coins from Augustus to Gallienus.
Types (B. M. Cat., PL XIX.) usually referring to the quinquennial
Actian games held at NicopoHs in honour of the Actian Apollo, and in
memory of the battle of Actium. Inscr., NIKOHOAIC lEPA, ICPAC NlKO-
noAenc, AYroYcioc kticthc, cebactoy kticma, NeiKonoAcnc
lePAC NAYAPXIAOC, NeiKOflOAenC lePAC ACYAOY(I), H nPOC AKT,
etc., TPAIANOC CUUTHP nOACUUC liev. AHOAAUUN AEYKATHC, Imhoof
{Mon. Gr.,Y). 141), also <t>INAIOC accompanying the type of Asklepios
standing. Games, AKTIA.
Fandosia, on the river Acheron.
Bkonze. B.C. 238-168.
Head of Dodoiiaean Zeus and magis- I flAN Fulmen in oak-wreath ....
trate's name. . I (B. M. Cat., PI. XXXII. 9) . /E -75
Fhoenice was, according to Polybius (ii. 5, 8), the most important city
in Epirus after the fall of the Molossian kingdom. It was probably
therefore the capital of the Epirotic Republic, and the place of mintage
of the Federal currency (p. 274). In the same period it struck also
municipal coins of bronze.
B.C. 238-168.
Head of Zeus {1).
Head of Artemis.
4
Also Imperial of Claudius, Nero, and Trajan
OOlNlKAIEnN Fulmen in wreath .
M -7
,, Spearhead ....
(B. M. CaL,¥l. XXXII, 10, 11.)
KINGS OF EPIRUS.
Alexander, son of Neoptolemus, B. c, 342-326. The gold coins of this
king were almost certainly struck in southern Italy whither Alexander
went in B.C. 332 to aid the Greek cities against the Lucanians and
Bruttians. In style the silver staters closely resemble the gold, but
their weight (165 grs.), that of the coins of Corcyra, is in favour of their
Epirote origin. The bronze money is undoubtedly Epirote.
Fig. 182.
HeadofZeusDodonaeos, wearing oak- I AAEZANAPOY TOY NEOflTO-
wreatli. l AEMOY Fuhnen. A' Stater 133 gis.
(Fig. "182). I M Stater 165 grs.
KINGS OF EPIRUS.
273
Head of Helios. (B. M. Cat., PL XX. 2.)
Id.
Eagle, wings closed.
AAEZ Fulmen. . . . 7^ yV Stater.
Id yRDiobol.
AAEZA. TOY NE Fulmeu . M -65
Pyrrhus, B.C. 295-372. Pyrrhus, like Alexander, struck coins in
various parts of his dominions, chiefly in Italy and Sicily, but also in
Macedon and Epirus. All the gold coins and the silver pieces of 90 grs.
are of Syracusan fabric, as are also the finest of his bronze coins. His
tetradi-achms and didrachms of Attic weight appear to have been issued
at Locri in Bruttium ; his Macedonian bronze coins are distinguished
by the Macedonian shield on the obverse ; while his Epirote money bears
the head of Zeus, and is of ruder fabric.
Inscr. BACIAEnC PYPPOY, usually at full length except on the
Macedonian coins and on some of the Epirote bronze pieces, where the
name appears in monogram.
Head of Pallas (Fig. 183).
Head of Artemis.
Fig. I S3.
Nike wltli wreath and trophy . .
R Stater.
Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. XLVI; 25, 26.)
K i Stater.
Fig. 184
Head of Dodonaean Zeus in oak wreath.
Dione with sceptre, enthroned (Fig. 1 84).
M Tetradr.
■t/J
J,--
Fig. 18:
Headof Achilles, helmeted (Fig. 185). I Thetis veiled, riding on Hippocamp,
and holding shield of Achilles . .
M Didr.
274
EPIROTE REPUBLIC.
Fig. 1 86.
Head of Persephoue with flowing hair
and coni-wreath (Fig. i86).
(tOI A^ Head of Phthia veiled.
Head of Persephone as on M,.
Head of Pallas.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 15.)
Macedonian shield, on it PYP in
monogram.
Head of Dodonaean Zeus.
Pallas with spear and s])ie]d. in fighting
attitude JR go grs.
Fulmen. (Gardner, Type><, PL XL 27.)
M i-i
Demeter enthroned.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 14.) . . M -95
Ear of corn in oak-wreath . . ^E -75
ACI Macedonian helmet in oak-
wreath (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 16.) .
^.65
Fulmen in oak- wreath . . M -95—75
The veiled head with the inscr. (1>0IAC is usually supposed to be a
portrait of Phthia, the mother of Pyrrhus. Some have, however, seen in
it an ideal personification of the district Phthia in Thessaly, whence
Pyrrhus traced the origin of his race.
To this king Dr. Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. 459) is inclined to attribute a
very beautiful Attic drachm in the Santangelo Museum at Naples. Obv.
Head of Herakles in lion's skin. Pev. BA^IAEH? Dionysos in car drawn
by panthers.
EPIROTE REPUBLIC.
Before B.C. 238.
APEIPnTAN Bull butting. ; Fulmen in laurel-wreath
AP (in mon.) Head of Dodonaean Zeus, j Fulmen in oak-wreath .
. .E-7
. .E 1-7
(B. M. Gat., PI. XA^n. I, 2.)
B.C. 238-168.
Fig. 1S7.
Heads jugate of Zeua Dodonaeos and | APEIPHTAN Rushing bull (Fig. 187).
Dione. ifl Didr., 154-140 grs.
CORCYRA.
275
Head of Zeus Dodonaeos.
(B. M. G^MiV/e, Pl.LV. i6, 17.)
Heads of Zeus and Dioiie.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XVII. 8.)
Head of Zeus Dodonaeos.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XVII. 9.)
AT El PUT AN Eagle in oak-wreath .
M Dr., 78-70 grs.
,, Fulmen in oak-wreath.
^ (= Victoriate) 52-48 grs,
w..
iB, ( = i Victoriate) 24-23 grs.
The types of the bronze coins for the most part resemble the silver.
They present, however, some varieties,
APE I Pni A N Tripod in laurel-wreath
Head of Dione.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Artemis.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XVII. 12, 14, 15.)
M -7
Club in oak-wreath
Spear-head . . M
After B.C. 168,
Although the Epirote coinage, as such, ceased when the country was
ruthlessly devastated by the Romans in B. c, 168, nevertheless there are
exceptional pieces which appear to have been issued at Dodona in the
name of a priest of the temple of Zeus Nai'os, These are of late style,
and are certainly subsequent to the fall of the Republic, They bear the
inscr. lEPEYC MENEAHMOS APTEAAH^,
Head of Zeus Dodonaeos. ! Bust of Artemis . . . . . tE i-o
CORCYRA.
[^British Museum Catalogue of G re eh coins, Thessaly — Aetolia, pp. xIvii-1. and 11 5-167, with
Autotype Plates ; by Professor P. Gardner, 1883.]
The long series of the coins of this wealthy and enterprising maritime
State begins about b, c. 585, when, on the death of Periander of Corinth,
Corcyra became independent of its mother-city. The standard of the
Corcyrean money is a light form of the Aeginetic, the stater weighing at
first 180-170 grs., and the drachm 90-85 grs. These weights gradually
fall until about b, c, 300, when the stater weighed no more than 160 grs.,
and the drachm about 80 grs.
The invariable type of the staters of Corcyra throughout the whole of
the above period is —
A cow suckling a calf (Fig. 188).
Fig. i{
Two star-like patterns of elongated
form, each enclosed on the earlier
specimens in a separate oblong incuse
and on the later in a linear square .
M Stater.
T 3
276 COBCYBA
In the archaic period the coins are anepigraphie, but from about
B.C. 450 they are generally inscribed KOP.
The origin of these types is very obscure. The cow and calf is a well-
known oriental symbol connected with the worship of the Asiatic
Nature goddess, who was usually identified by the Greeks either with
Hera or Artemis (E. Curtius, Arch. Zeit., 1S55, p. 3), With some such
meaning the cow and calf is frequent on the money of Carystus in
Euboea, but whether the Corcyraeans derived it from Euboea or received
it from Asia Minor is uncertain.
The reverse-type has been usually regarded since Eckhel's time as a
conventional representation of the famous Gardens of Alkinoos, the
Corcyraeans priding themselves upon their descent from the Phaeacians,
and identifying their island with the Homeric Scheria (Thuc, i. 25).
This ■ explanation is, however, now generally abandoned as fanciful,
and Professor Gardner's theory {Num. C/iron., 1881, p. i) that the type is
of solar origin, and connected with the worship of Zeus Aristos, Aristaeos,
or Apollo Nomios, is more acceptable.
The most frequent type of the drachm of Corcyra before b. c. 300, is —
Forepart of a cow. Star, in incuse square
I (B. M.Ca«.,Pl. XXI. 3-5.)
I yR 86 grs., Drachm.
The half drachms and quarter drachms bear, in combination with the
Star, sometimes a Head of Hera, and sometimes an Amphora or a Kantharos
on the obverse. The obols have on the obverse a Bunch of grapes, on
the reverse, a Ram's head or incuse StvastUca.
The types of the bronze coins are, with few exceptions, Dionysiac.
For varieties, see B. M. Cat., Thes., s. v. Corcyra, PI. XXH.
Circ. B.C. 338-300.
After the occupation of Corinth by Philip, B. c. 338, Corcyra, like
many other Corinthian colonies, began to strike staters similar to those
of Corinth, but with the epigraph KOP (often in monogram) or K.
Circ. B.C. 300-229.
About B. c. 300 it would appear that an assimilation took place between
the Aeginetic and the Corinthian standards at Corcyra. The staters of
160 grs. ceased to be issued, while the former drachms of 80 grs. now
became didrachms, the drachm being made identical in weight with the
Corinthian drachm of 40 grs. (see B. M. Cat., PL XXII. 17, 18 ; XXIII.
1,2).
Double stellate pattern
M 80 grs., Didr.
KOP Single do. . . A\ 40 grs., Dr.
KOPKYPAI Star. . tR 40 grs., Dr.
)| Thyrsos and grapes .^l 13 grs., Diob.
As in the previous period the types of the bronze coins are most fre-
quently Dionysiac. There is^ however, an interesting series —
Forepart of galley. | KO Kantliaros M -"j
KOPKYPAI Forepart of a cow.
Cow and calf.
Amphora.
Head of young Dionysos.
CORCYRA. 277
The peculiarity of these coins is that the name of the galley is inscribed
upon it, e.g. AAKA, EAEYOEPI A, EYKAEI A, EYNOMIA. OHPA, KOPKYPA,
KnMOC,KYnPI^,AAONlKA,NEOTH^,NlKA,nAAAAC,nPnTA,tnTEIPA,
0AM A, 0n^0OPO^, etc. Professor Gardner has suggested [Journ. Hell.
Stud., ii. 96) that the galley figured on these coins may be an agonistic
type, having reference to galley races held in Corcyrean waters on the
occasion of festivals of Poseidon, of Dionysos, or of the Actian Apollo.
Circ. B.C. 229-48.
In B. c. 229 Corcyra surrendered to the Romans, under whose
protection it was allowed to retain its autonomy. The silver coins of
this period are of the following types. They all bear the monogram of
Corcyra (K).
Head of young Dionysos bound with
ivy.
Head of Dione veiled.
Pegasos ^80 grs., Didr.
(B. M. GWtZe, PI. LV. 19.)
Id. in wreath . M 48 grs. (Victoriate).
(R. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 4)
Pegasos ^38 gi's., Dr.
Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 6-10.)
^28 grs. (1 Victoriate).
Id. „ „' vH 28 grs.
Id. „ „ iR 28 grs.
Head of Aphrodite.
Id.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Dionysos.
The bronze coins have heads of Dionysos, Dione, and Poseidon. Rev.
Kantharos or Amphora, Bull's head, Prow, Trident, Aplustre, Ear of corn.
These are followed by another series of bronze coins bearing the names
of the Prytanek of the city of Corcyra, as is clearly proved by the
occurrence of no fewer than half of the number of known names with
the title Prytanis in Corcyrean inscriptions of the same age as the coins
(Boeckh, C. I. G., 1870).
Head of Herakles. I KOPKYPAinN Prow and name of
I Prytanis M -2,
Names of Prytaneis,APISTEA?, AAMOCTPATOC, HPHAHC. MENAN-
APO^, NIKANHP, CTPATHN, ^nCITENHS, Cn^TPATOS, OAAAKPO^,
<t>IAnN, (tJlAHNlAA^, (DIAHTA^, etc. (B. M. Cat., PL XXIV. 18).
B.C. 48-A. D. 138. J. Caesar to Hadrian.
Throughout this period the city of Corcyra continued to strike autono-
mous bronze coins on which the deities ZEYC K ACIOC and ATPEYC, with
their names in full, and Ares, are frequently represented. The first is
usually in the attitude of Zeus seated on a throne. Agreus is a standing
bearded figure, clad in a long chiton, and holding a cornucopiae (B. M. Cat.,
PI. XXV. 7). The worship of this pastoral god was related to that of
Aristaeos.
A. D. 138-222. Antoninus to Caracalla.
The Imperial coins of this period have the Emperor's head. The
reverse types are Zeus Kasios, Agreus, Ares, Galley under sail, Pegasos,
Dionysos on panther, etc. (B. M. Cat., PL XXVI.).
278
ACAENANIA.
ACARNANIA.
[British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, Thessahj — Aetolia, pp. li-liv. ami 168-193, with
Autotype Plates, by Professor P. Gardner.
Inihoof-Blumer, Die Miinzen Akarnaniens in the Numismatische Zeitgchrift, x. pp. 1-180,
Vienna, 1878.]
Acarnania, the country between the Achelolis on the east, and the sea
on the west, derived its coin standard from the two flourishing com-
mercial colonies of Corinth, Anactorium, and Leucas. Before the close of
the fifth century the towns of Acarnania formed themselves into a Con-
federacy, of which Stratus on the Achelolis was the chief city.
At all the Acarnanian coast-towns staters of the Corinthian type, ohv.,
Head of Pallas, rev., Pegasos, now began to be issued, mainly for com-
merce with Italy and Sicily, where they are still chiefly found. The
cities of the interior. Stratus, Oeniadae, etc., took little or no part in this
Corinthian coinage, but struck small silver coins with their own types.
About B. c. 300 Stratus fell into the hands of the Aetolians, and Leucas
took its place as the chief city of the Acarnanian League. Thyrrheium
likewise rose to importance after this date.
At what precise period the Pegasos staters ceased to be issued cannot
be determined, but it is certain that in the latter part of the third
century (circ. 220) they had already been superseded by a regularly
organized Federal currency, the coins having on the obverse the head of
the national rivei'-god Achelolis, and on the reverse a seated figure of the
Actian Apollo. It is to be inferred that Leucas was the place of mintage
of these Federal coins down to B.C. 167, when it was separated from
Acarnania by the Romans, and began to strike silver in its own name.
After this date Thyrrheium continued for some time the series of coins
of the Federal type, but with the legend OYPPEjQN in place of
AKAPNANnN, until soon afterwards all coinage ceased in the land.
Chkonological Table of the Coinage of Acarnania.
Alvzia
Before 400
400-350
350-250
•250-167
After 167
1
^(Cor.) JR
Anactorium
M (Cor.)
JR (Cor.)
^(Cor.) M
M M
Argo.s
M (Cor.) -.^E
Astacus
M (Cor.")
Coronta
^(Cor.)
Leucas
M (Cor.)
M (Cor.)
^ (Cor. and Fed .).^
K JR ^(Fed.)
JR JE
Med eon
M
Metropolis
M (Cor.) M
Oeniadae
M
Palaerus
M (Cor.)
Phytia
M (Cor.) JE
Stratus
Ai
M (Fed.)
M (Fed.) M
Thyrrheium
...
JR (Cor.) M
.
JR JE
I
ALYZIA—LEUCAS.
279
Alyzia. Corinthian staters, B.C. 350-250. Inscr., AAY or AAYIAinN,
and contemporary bronze coins with types relating to the cult of
Herakles, to whom there was a temple in the neighbourhood (Imhoof,
Akarnania, p. 46).
Anactorium. Corinthian staters down to B. c. 350 with the digamma
(F). After 350 with AN A (often in monogram), ANAKTOPIflN, etc.,
and smaller denominations often with inscr. AKTIO, AKTIOY, referring
to the worship of Apollo Actios in the territory of Anactorium, and
AKTIA^ accompanying the head of the goddess of the Actian games
(Imhoof, L c, p. 63).
B.C. 250-167.
Head of Zeus. AN (mon.) in laurel-wreath. M, 35 grs.
Head of Apollo. AN AKTOPIEHN Lyre . . .^•7'^
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 10, II.)
Argos Aniphilochicum. Corinthian staters (350-250), inscr., A, AP,
APTEIflN, etc., or AM^I, AMOIAOXflN, etc, and bronze coins of two
types :---
Young male head with short hair. j APPEinN Dog -^-75
Head of Pallas. ., Owl facing . . . M -55
I ' (B. W.Cat., PI. XXVII. 14, 15.)
Astacus. Corinthian staters (350-250), inscr., A^, and symbol, cray-
fish {cLTTaKos), (Imhoof, I.e., p. loi, and B. M. Cat., Thes., p. 173.)
Coronta. Corinthian staters (350-250). Inscr. K and so-called Mace-
donian shield.
Heracleia. See Heracleia in Bithynia.
Leticas. This city began as early as the fifth century to strike
Corinthian staters, and continued to do so down to about B. c. 250 with
inscr. A, AE, AEY, AEYKAAinN, etc., as the chief city of the Acarnanian
Confederacy.
After the fall of Stratus it appears also to have been the place of
mintage of a series of Corinthian staters distinguished by the letters AK
(in mon.). The bronze coins of Leucas (350-250) are of the following
types: —
A Head of Pallas. | Chimaera. (B. M. Cat, PI. XXVIII. i.)
(Usually restruck on ^' of Philip of Macedon.)
AK Head of mandieaded bull (Ache- AE Chimaera -^ -8
loiis).
Id. or Head of Aphrodite.
Bellerophon on Pegasos.
Pegasos.
A Head of Pegasos.
Head of Apollo.
A Pegasos.
„ Trident. (B. M. Cat., PL XXVIII.4.)
M -7
AEY Chimaera. {Ih., PI. XXVIII. 6.)
M -7
AEYKAAinN Trident . . .^-5
Dolphin and trident . . . . tE -5
AEY Prow. (B. M.Cat, PI. XXVIII. 11.)
7E-7
Id M-e
280
ACARNANIA.
From about B. c. 250 to 167 Leucas was probably the chief mint of the
Federal coinage of the Acarnanian League. See Federal coinage (p. 282).
After B. c. 1G7.
In B. c. 167 Leucas was separated by the Romans from the Acarnanian
Confederacy, but it continued to be a place of importance, and, like
Corcyra, appears to have retained its autonomy under Roman protection.
To this period may be ascribed the long series of silver coins with
magistrates' names (Prytaneis ?), of which more than forty are known.
Fig. 189.
Statue of goddess, 'Arppodirr] Alveuis,
with attributes — Crescent, aplustre,
owl, stag, and sceptre surmounted
by dove : the whole in a wreath.
Head of young Herakles.
AEYKAAinN Prow and name of
magistrate (Fig. 189). ^^ Attic Didr.
AEYKAAinN Club in wreath, and
magistrate's name
JR "J "J, 67, and 59 grs.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIIL 17.)
The figure on these Leucadian coins has been identified by E. Curtius
(Hermes, x. 243) as a statue of Aphrodite Aineias, whose sanctuary stood
on a small island at the northern end of the canal which separated
Leucas from the mainland. The bronze coins of this last period of
Leucadian autonomy bear the same magistrates' names as the silver
(Imhoof, I.e., p. J 35).
Medeon.
Bronze. Circ. b. c. 350-300.
M E Head of Apollo, hair short.
Head of Apollo, hair long.
Head of Pallas.
A or M in laurel-wreatli . . M -"j
M-E Tripod .'E -7
„ Id. 01- owl . . . . JE -7—6
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. 9, 10.)
Metropolis.
/. c, p. 142).
Corinthian staters (350-250) with MH in mon. (Imhoof,
Oeniadae. For the silver coins with the digamma (F) and T (Tpuo-
f-iokovl) usually attributed to Oeniadae, see Stratus. The Actolians
seized Oeniadae in the time of Alexander". As the bronze coins of this
town are not of early style, they can hardly have been struck before
B.C. 219, when Philip V took it from the Actolians, nor can they well be
subsequent to B.C. 211, when the Romans gave it back to that people.
MEBEON— STRATUS.
281
Head of Zeus.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. 14.)
Circ. B.C. 219-211.
0 1 N I A A A N Head of man-headed bull,
Acheloiis, and AKAP. iii monogram.
M -9
Palaerus. Silver (350-250), Imhoof, /. c, p. 153.
Female head, and mon. PAAAI P. j Pegasos ^- 25 grs.
Phytia. Corinthian drachms (\vt. 40 grs.), B. c. 350-250, and bronze
coins resembling those of Medeon.
Head of Apollo, hair long. | <l>— Y Tripod M ^^
Stratus, down to the early part of the third century, was the chief
town of the Acarnanian Confederacy. It then passed into the hands of
the Aetolians, and Leucas became the capital of the country. The coins
of Stratus fall into the following classes : —
Circ. B.C. 450-400.
Bearded head of Acheloiis, facing.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. 15.)
Id.
%. — T — I? — A (retrogr.) Incuse square
in which head of Kallirrhoe, facing .
vK. 36 grs.
C — T — R — A (retrogr.) Young head in
profih
M IK "rs.
The nymph Kallirrhoe was a daughter of the river-god Acheloiis,
and mother of Akarnan the eponymous ancestor of the Acarnanians
(Pans., viii. 24. 9). About b. c. 400 these autonomous coins were replaced
by a Federal coinage of the same types as the above, but with A — K on
the reverse or the name of a strategosC?) APHMnN. The following coins,
some usually attributed to Oeniadae, may be preferably given to
Stratus.
Girc. B.C. 400-300.
F in incuse square, around KAA-
AIPOA M 34 grs.
T between oak-boughs KAA .
M 16 grs.
qTs in concave field . . . ^ 18 grs.
qTx in concave field . . . iH 17 grs.
T'o
in concave field
M 18 grs.
Head of Acheloiis in piofile.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Head of bearded Herakles.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. ii-i;
The digamma on the first of the above described coins is probably the
initial letter of the word ^aKapvav^^. The large T stands probably for
TpL(a(3oXov. The signification of the small letters between which it is
placed is doubtful. On the third coin it would seem as if the T formed
an integral part of the inscr. CTP: whereas KO and TO may be ab-
breviated names of magistrates. On the last coin the three letters
T — P — I might stand for TpLdofioXov.
qTi between two bunches of grapes,
incuse square . . . . ill 14 grs.
282 ACARNANIA.
The following bronze coin of Stratus belongs also to the fourth
century : —
Head of Kallirrhoe (1). CTPATinN Head of Acheloiis . M -7
i (B. M. Cat, PL XXIX. 16.)
Thyrrheium was in late times a place of some importance, and after the
separation of Leucas from Acarnania in B.C. 167^ it became the chief
place of mintage for silver in Acarnania. It struck Corinthian staters
(B.C. 350-229?) with inscr. O, OY, OYP, OYPP, and perhaps also certain
pieces weighing about 106 grs., with Corinthian types and the Acheloiis
head as an adjunct symbol behind the head of Pallas. To this period
likewise belong the bronze coins : —
Head of Pallas in Attic helmet. ] GYPPEHN or OYP Owl . .E .8-6
Cf. similar coins with Attic types of Argos and Medeon.
After circ. B. c. 167.
When Leucas was separated from Acarnania, Thyrrheium appears to
have adopted the types of the Federal coinage which ceased to be issued
at that time.
Haad of beardless Acheloiis and
magistrate's name.
(B. M. Cat, PI. XXX. I.)
OYPPE Head of Pallas.
OYPPEinN Apollo Actios seated,
naked, holding bow
M 165-J32 grs., and 73 grs.
i\Iagistrate's name in wreath ....
M 45 grs.
Among the names of magistrates we meet with one ZENOMENHC,
who may be an ancestor of the Xenomenes of Thyrrheium, who enter-
tained Cicero when he passed through the town in b. c. 51 and ^o.
FEDERAL COINAGE OF ACARNANIA.
B. c. 400-350 {Mint, Stratus)
Head of Acheloiis, faciiig.
Id.
A — K Head of Kallirrhoe, facing .
(B. M. Cnt., PL XXVII. I.)
^29 grs.
Id. ATHMnN (Strategos?) . .
M 30 grs.
B.C. 350-300 (il/???i!, Stratus?).
Series of silver drachms marked F (initial of FaKapvaves) and Triobols
marked T described above; see Stratus.
B. c. 300-250 {Mint, Leucas).
Series of Corinthian staters with AK in mon. and bronze coins.
AK Head of Achelmis. ' Chimacra A'j -S
AETOLIA.
283
B.C. 250-229 {Mini, ThyrrlierHml).
Series of reduced Corinthian staters with head of Acheloiis as a
symbol, wt. io6 grs.
15. c. 250(?)-167 {Mint, Leucas).
Inscr. AKAPNANnN, and name of Strategos on obverse or reverse.
Fig. 190.
Head of beardless Acheloiis (Fig. 190). | Apollo Aktios seated with bow .
I N 66 grs., JR, 156 grs., and 78 grs
Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIL 4.)
Id.
Id.
Head of Apollo.
(B. M. Guide, PI. LV. 20.)
Artemis running with torch
M65 grs
Apollo Kitharoedos standing ...
Al 100 grs., and 45 grs
Zeus hurling fulmen . . . JR 49 grs
Artemis with bow, quiver, and torch
running ^113 grs,
Head of Zeus.
Head of young Herakles.
Head of Pallas.
AK or A Head of bearded Acheloiis .
^•95
Similar ^ -85
Similar. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 6-8.)
^•95
AETOLIA.
[British Museum Catalogue of Greeh coins, Thessaly — Aetolia, jiji. Iv-lviii. and 194-200,
with Autotype Plates, by Professor P. Gardner, 1883.]
The Aetolians, notwithstanding their ancient heroic fame, were in
historical times the most turbulent and uncivilized people of Hellas.
Before the age of Alexander there is no trace of native Aetolian money,
nor was it until after the consolidation of the Aetolian League brought
about by the invasions of Aetolia by the Macedonians (b. c. 314-311), and
by the Gauls (b. c. 279), that the Federal coinage began.
This is proved by the reverse type of the tetradrachm, which contains
a distinct allusion to the repulse both of Macedonians and Gauls by the
Aetolians.
284
AETOLIA.
Circ. B.C. 279-168.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XLII. 14.)
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
AITHAnN Aetolia wearing kausia,
short chiton, chlamys, and endro-
mides, with sword and spear, seated
on pile of shields, her left breast
bare, and holding Nike . M Stater.
AITHAaN Id
(B. M. Guide, PI. XLII. 15.) N I Stater
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
Bust of Artemis laur., with bow and
quiver at her shoulder.
Young male head (Aetolos) wearing-
wreath intertwined with diadem.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XLII. 17.)
Head of Artemis laureate, with bow
and quiver at her shoulder.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
Head of Aetolia weai'ing kausia.
Head of Aetolos, hair sho
kausia.
Head of Aetolia.
Id.
Head of Aetolos (?), laureat
rt, wearing
e.
Id.
Id. (B. M
Cat.
PI.
XXX.
12.)
Head of Pallas.
(B. M.
Cat.,
PI.
XXX.
^3-)
AlTnAHN Id. without Nike (Fig.19 1 ).
M Attic tetradr.
„ Id. . . M Attic tetradr.
„ Naked warrior (Aetolos)
with kausia hanging at his back and
swoi'd under his arm, standing rest-
ing on spear with one foot on rock .
M 158 grs.
AITHAnN Aetolia seated on shields .
(B. M. Guide, PI. XLII. 18.) M 82 grs.
AITHAnN Boar and spear-head
(Imhoof, lion. Gr., PI. D. 18.) M 87 grs.
AITflAnN Calydonian boar; iu ex-
ergue, spear-head
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXX. 8.) JR 41 grs.
AITHAnN Id Al 38 grs.
AITHAnN Id M .7
,, Spear-head . . M -7—6
Trophy
(B. M. C'ai., PI. XXX. II.) ^ -7
AITHAflN Chib . . . . ^ -45
,, Spear-head and jaw-bone
of Calydonian boar . . . tE -7
AITHAnN Herakles standing . . .
JE .7
The seated figure of Aetolia^ on some of the above coins is certainly a
copy of the statue of that heroine dedicated by the Aetolians at Delphi,
yvvaLKus ayaX^a ODTrkicrfievrj^, y] AhcoXia brjdev (Paus.,x. 18. 7), iu memory of
their victory over the Gauls. Beneath her feet on the tetradrachms is a
Gaulish trumpet {caruj/x) ending in the head of a wolf or dragon, and
some of the shields on which she is seated are of the Gaulish and others
of the Macedonian pattern.
'■ Concernin<if the old attribution of this figure to Atalanta and of that of Aetolos to Meleager,
see Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. 145).
LOCBIS.
285
None of the Aetolian towns issued autonomous coins. The few bronze
pieces with Aetolian types were probably struck by cities in alliance
with the Aetolians outside the boundaries of Aetolia proper, or not
actual members of the Confederacy, such as Oeta in Thessaly, Amphissa,
and Oeantheia in Locri Ozolae, Thronium in Locri Epicnemidii, and
Apollonia near Naupactus.
LOCRIS.
LOCRI OPUNTll (EPICNEMIDII).
[British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, Central Greece, by B. V. Head, 1884, pp. xiii-
xxiii. and 1-13, with Autotype Plates.]
The eastern Locrians, sometimes called 'Hoiot, sometimes Opuntii,
after their chief town Opus, and sometimes Hypocnemidii (later Epic-
nemidii) from their geographical position at the foot of Mt. Cnemis,
struck no coins which can be attributed to an earlier date than about
B, c. 400, nor was it until after the Peace of Antalcidas, which enacted
that all towns in European Greece /cat /xtKpa? koL fxeydXas avrovoixovs etvai
(Xen., JlelL, v.) that the capital Opus began to place her own name on
the money.
The weight standard of the Locrian money is the Aeginetic, and the
following are the chief types : —
Head of Persephone crowned with
corn, apparently copied from the
famous Syracusan dekadrachm by
Euainetos (b.c. 405-367), (Fig. 192 ;
of. Fig. 100.)
OPON Amphora.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr
Head of Pallas.
PI. I. 2.)
Fig. 192.
OPONTinN The Locrian Ajax, the
son of Oileus, naked, but armed with
helmet, sword, and shield, advancing
to the fight, accompanied on one
variety by his name A! A?
M Staters and | Drachms.
Star {rjoios aarrjp, the badge of the
eastern Locrians. C£ Strab., p. 416).
M Obols.
OPONTinN Grapes . . . . vE 5
After the battle of Chaeroneia, B.C. 338, it is probable that Opus, like
Thebes, fell under the displeasure of Philip, and that as, in Boeotia,
the right of coining silver was transferred from Thebes to the Boeotians,
so also in Locris it was transferred from Opus to the Locrians.
The coins of the Locrians which appear to be subsequent to the
battle of Chaeroneia resemble for the most part in their types those
abeady described, although they are distinctly later in style, but instead
of OPONTinN they bear the epigraphs AOKPnN YPOK (in mon.),
AOKP, AO, or AOKP EPIKNA (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. IL).
286 LOG BIS.
Under Macedonian rule from circ. b. c. 300 there is no reason to suppose
that any coins were struck in Locris, but when Flamininus (b, c. 197)
restored freedom to all the cities of Greece, Opus began once more to
strike bronze coins with the old types, but reading OPOYNTinN in place
of OPONTinN. This coinage came to an end in B.C. 146 (B. W..Caf.,
Cent. Gr., PI. II. 9).
Under the empire Opus again enjoyed the right of coinage, but for
a short period only, during the reigns of Galba and Otho. On some of
these coins of Imperial time are the heads of Hades and Persephone, and
on the reverses a warrior (perhaps Opous) standing. For other varieties
ofLocrian coins, seeB. M. Gaf., Gentral Greece and Imhoof, il/o?/. Gr., p. 148.
Scarpheia was an ancient Locrian city mentioned by Homer (//., ii. 532).
Bronzk. Before b. c. 338.
Female head. I SKAP(t)EnN The Locrian Ajax in
I fighting attitude . . . . yE -65
B.C. 196-146.
Head of Pallas. 1 CKAP^EnN Hermes standing . ^-8
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., Pi. II. 13.) |
Throuium. (Leake, Northern Greece, ii. 177.)
Fifth century, silver.
Bearded head of Centaur or Silenos. j ©RON I Gieave(Ki'77/ij$') in incuse square.
(B. M. Gat., Cent. Gr., PI. IL 14.) | A\ Obol.
On this coin the reverse type contains an allusion to the Cnemis range
of mountains, from which the people of Eastern Locris derived their
surname. This is one of the earliest coins struck in Locris.
In the time of the Aetolian League, B.C. 279-168, Thronium struck
bronze coins of the Aetolian type.
Head of Apollo. \ OPONlEflN Spear-head and jaw-bone
(B. M.Crti., Ce/i<. (^r., PI. XL 15.) I of boar M -^
LOCRI OZOLAE.
Amphissa after having been destroyed by Philip of Macedon, b. c. 338,
was afterwards restored and became a populous place.
Second century, b. c.
Head of Apollo laur. 1 AM<l)IC?EnN Spear-head and jaw-
1 bone of the Calydonian boar . ^ -7
Oeantheia. The only known coin of this citj'- shows by its types that
it belongs to the time of the Aetolian League.
Second century, n. c.
Head of Apollo laur. OIANOEHN Spear-head . . /E -7
(Imlidof, ^[o}^.Or.,\^. 147.)
PIIOCIS.
287
PHOCIS.
[^British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins. Central Greece, by B. V. Head, 1884, pp. xxiii-
xxxvi. and 14-31, with Autotype Plates.]
The coinage of Phocis begins at a very early period, probably about
the middle of the sixth century. Like the archaic money of Arcadia it is
distinctly federal in character.
The twenty-two confederate Phocian towns held their periodical
(Tvvibpiov in a building called Phokikon, near Daulis (Paus., x. 5. i), and
here, perhaps, rather than at any one of the Phocian towns, the federal
mint may have been established. Money would be issued at this mint
only on the occasions of the meetings of the crwebpiov, when it may be
inferred that a concourse of people from all parts of the Phocian territory
was gathered together, and that a fair or market was held for the
exchange and purchase of commodities, as at Delphi during the Pythian
festivals.
The weight-standard of the Phocian money is the Aeginetic, of which
Triobols (48 grs.), Trihemiobols (24 grs.), Obols (16 grs.), and Hemiobols
(8 grs.), occur.
The inscription on the archaic coins is (D — 0 or ©OKI.
Ciir. B.C. 550-371.
Bull's head, facing.
{B.M.GuiJe, PI. V. 19.)
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. III. 3-8.)
Id. or in profile.
Bull's head in profile.
Rough incuse square
M Triobol, Tiihemiobol, and Hemiobol
Female head in incuse square
M Triobols
Forepart of boar in incuse square .
M Obols
Helmet in incuse square ....
Al Hemiobols
The bull's head, sometimes bound with a sacrificial fillet, is perhaps
symbolical of some special sacrifice in honour of the national eponymous
hero, Phokos, to whom there was a temple called the Hereon of the hero
Archagetas, where sacrifices were offered daily throughout the year, and,
presumably at certain stated times, a great sacrifice on behalf of the
whole people, when a prize bull may have been the victim (cf. Boeckh,
C. 1. G., 1688, where, in an Amphictyonic inscription, one particular bull
sacrificed to the hero Neoptolemos is called 6 /Sous tov ijpcoos). The head
of the goddess on the reverse is probably intended for Artemis, to whom
the boar also alludes (repTro/^et-rj Ka-npoiai, 11. , vi. 104).
Circ. B.C. 371-357.
In this period of Theban supremacy in central Greece bronze coins
make their first appearance.
Head of Pallas, facing. i <t> or <i>Cl in olive-wreath . . . M -6
(B. Isl. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. III. 17.) [
288
PHOCIS.
Circ. B.C. 357-346.
This is the period of the third sacred war, during which the Phocians
under their successive Strategi, Philomelus (357-354), Onymarchus (354-
352), Phayllus (352-351), and Phalaecus (351-346), held possession of the
oracle of ]3elphi, and turned its sacred treasures into coin.
Bull's head, facing.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Qr., PL III. 18-20.)
<t)nKEnN Three bull's ht'a(b.
(7i(ti, PL III. 21.)
Bull's head, facing.
Id. {Ihicl, PL III. 24.)
Id.
0X1 Head of the Delphian Apollo .
M Tiioh.
T in laurel-wreath . M Trichalkon -85
0X1 in Laurel-wreath . . . . M -65
ONYMAPXOY in wreath . . ^ -6
0AAAIKOY in wreath . . . ^E -6
Of this period more coins would doubtless have been preserved had
not the Locrians at the end of the war collected all the Phocian money and
melted it down to make a silver amphora for dedication to Apollo at
Delphi (Plut., Ue Pi/tJi. Orac, xvi.). The complete devastation of this
land by Philip ift 346 (Demosth., Fals. Leg., p. 361) put an end to all
coinage in Phocis.
B.C. 339-146.
In B. c. 339 Athens and Thebes combined to reconstitute Phocis and to
rebuild some of the ruined towns. The few remaining bronze coins are
of careless execution : —
Bull's head, facing. | ^nKEHN Head of Apollo . tE .8-65
On some specimens over the bull's head are the letters EA and AN
which may stand for the towns of Elateia and Anticyra,
Anticyra. On the Corinthian gulf, north-west of Medeon. Bronze
of a late period.
Head of Poseidon with trident at his ANTlKYPEnN Artemis huntress . .
shoulder. {Zeit.f.Num.,V\.i^.) \ ^^-9
Delphi. The Delphians claimed to be regarded as independent of the
Phocian confederacy, a claim which, after the Peace of Nicias (b. c. 421),
was generally recognized (Thuc, iv. 118). There are, however, Delphian
coins which are certainly earlier than B.C. 421, among which are the
following : —
Before B. c. 421.
Fig. 193.
Four deep incuse squares, in each of
which a dolpliin (Fig. 193) • • •
Al 279 grs.
{Rev. Nnm., 1869, i>. t;,o, and Zdt. f. X.. xiii. PL III. i.)
DAha>lKOV\ in archaic characters
Two ram's heads and two dolphins.
ANTICYRA— DELPHI.
289
This remarkable coin is either an unusually heavy Attic tetradrachm
or less probably a tridrachm of Aeginetic weight, a denomination which
occurs, as far as I am aware, at no other town. Whether the following
stater is of Delphi is very doubtful.
Kam's head, r., beneath, dolphin. | Incuse square quartered. M 186-5 grs,
(Ashburnliam Collection.)
All the other Delphian coins are small. (Trihemiobols, 34 grs., Trite-
moria, 1 3 grs., and Tetartemoria, 4 grs.)
Ram's head and dolpliin.
(B. M. Cat, Cent. Gr., PI. IV. 1-3, ib.)
Tripod or I'am's head.
{Ibid., PI. IV. 4.)
One or two goats' heads in incuse
square, in profile or facing, usually
accompanied by dolphins . JR 22 grs.
Circle, with a point in the centi'e, the
Delphic omphalos {dixcpakos y^s)
iEiSgrs.
Circ. B.C. 421-357;
A-Q Incuse square; goat's head, facing,
or ram's head and dolphin. ^11 grs.
AAA or AEA Goat's head facing be-
tween dolj)hins . . . . iR 23 grs.
Head of negro. {Ibid., PL IV. 5-8).
Ram's head and dolphin.
{Ibid., PblV. II, 12.)
The ram's head (Kapvos) is a symbol of Apollo as the god of flocks and
herds, Kapv€to^. The goats' heads recall the story told by Diodorus
(xvi. 26), that some goats feeding on the brink of the chasm in the rock
over which in after-times the oracular tripod was placed, became intoxi-
cated by the fumes which issued from the opening, and by their strange
antics first made known the existence of the oracle to the herdsmen
ov xapLv ai^l p-aXia-Ta \pr](TTr}piaCovTai p.^XP'- '"'^^ ^^^ ^^ AeA^ot.
The dolphins refer to the cultus of Apollo Delphinios, who assumed
the form of a dolphin (Homeric Hj/mu to Apollo, 1. 390). Cf; Steph. Byz.,
S.v. AeA^oi: — kKki^driaavhe AeA^ot, on 'ATToAAcoy crlJreTrAeucre beXc^lvL elKaadeis.
The negro's head has been supposed to represent the mythical founder
of Delphi, by name Delphos, the son of Poseidon by the nymph Melaine.
(Panofka, Delphos iind Melaine, p. 7.) Others have taken it for Aesop,
who, according to one tradition, was a black, and who met his death at
Delphi (cf. Leake, Num. Hell., s. v.).
Between b. c. 357 and 346 the Phocians held Delphi and struck money
there in their own name (see p. 288).
C
irc. B. c. o
4g.
Fig.
Head of Demeter of Antliela veiled
(Fig. 194).
194.
AMOlKTIONnN Apollo in long
chiton, with lyre and laurel-branch,
seated on Delphian omphalos, over
which hang fillets
iR Stater 187-3 grs.
390
PH0CI8,
Head of Demeter of Anthela veiled.
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 149.)
Id.
{Kev.Num., i860, PL XII. 8.)
AM(J)IKTIONnN Apollo in long
chiton, with lyre and laurel-branch,
seated on Delphian omphalos, over
which hang fillets
M. Drachm 84 grs.
AM0lKTIONnN Omphalos, round
which is coiled a serpent ....
M Diob. 30-8 grs.
These remarkable coins seem to have been struck on the occasion of
the reassembling of the Amphictyonic Council at the close of the Phocian
war (b. c. 346). At all the meetings of the Amphictyonic Council
TTvkaia, markets or fairs, were held, called TrvXarCbes ayopai, for which such
coins may have been struck, but the great Pythian festival of b. c. 346 is
by far the most probable date of the above coins.
From this time until the reign of Hadrian there appears to have been
no mint at Delphi. That Emperor's strenuous endeavours to reanimate
the ancient religion of the Greeks, together with the influence of Plutarch
who was a member of the Amphictyonic Council, and held the office of
Priest of the Pythian Apollo at Chaeroneia, the duties of which must
have brought him into frequent relations with the neighbouring oracle
of Delphi, doubtless added much to the importance of Delphi about this
time.
The right of coinage was now restored to the city, and numerous
pieces were struck in honour of Hadrian and the Antonines, among
which two may be here selected as worthy of especial mention. Of these
one bears the unusual inscription ANTINOON HPfiA nPOnOAOl AMOIK-
TYONeC. 7iV«;. Tripod over omphalos and legend, ieP€YC APICTOTIMOC
AN€0HKeN {Zc'if.f. N., xiii. PL IV. 3). The other, without the Emperor's
name, may be thus described : —
Apollo Kitharoedos.
(Millingen, Eecueil, T. II. 11.)
For other Imperial coins of Delphi, see Imhoof-Blumer, Zelf. f. N., i.
115, especially with regard to the famous Delphian El. Cf. Plutarch,
77ept rov El, Tov Iv AeX^cfyoh. This mystic word is represented on a coin
by a large E placed within a temple.
Elateia. Among the noteworthy objects in this town Pausanias
(x. 34. 7) mentions an archaic bronze statue of Athena and a temple of
Athena Kranaea. The statue on the following coin is perhaps the one
referred to.
B.C. 196-146.
Bearded head. EAATEHN Athena iu lighting atti-
(B.M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. IV. 26.) tude. Symbol: bull's head facing. .
Lilaea. Silver and bronze with Phocian types : Bull's head and
female head of archaic style. Inscr. A! (Imhoof, ]\[on. Gr.,^. ijo).
Neon. Silver of archaic style.
0 ® Bull's lu'ad facing.
(Imlioof, Mon. Gr.. p. 150.)
nV6IA The three mountain-peaks of
Mt. Parnassus ^ i-o
NE Forepart of boar in incuse square .
^1\ Trihemiobol.
BOEOTIA.
291
BOEOTIA.
[Imhoof-Bluraer, Zur Miinzkunde Boeotiens in the Num. Zeit., iii. 1871 and ix. 1877.
B. V. Head, Jlisiory of the Coinage of Boeotia, London, 1881, with Autotype Plates.
British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins. Central Greece, by B. V. Head, 1884, pp. xxxvi-
xlv. and 32-93 with Autotype Flates.]
In Boeotia, as in Phocts, the commencement of the coinage may be
placed in the earlier half of the sixth centuiy B.C. The most striking
characteristic of the money of Boeotia is that it is in great part a Federal
currency. The various Boeotian cities appear to have been from the
first united in an Amphictyonic confederation, as members of which they
adopted a common coin-type, which serves to distinguish the Boeotian
currency from that of all other Greek states. This type is the so-called
Boeotian luckier, a round or oval shield with semicircular openings at
either side. That this shield is a sacred religious emblem there can be
little doubt, but to what divinity it properly belongs we have no positive
information. It is presumable, however, that it is the shield of Athena
Itonia whose temple, near Coroneia, was the meeting-place of the Boeotian
League (Paus., ix. 34, es rov kolvov (rvviacriv evravda ot Botcorot aijWoyov).
That golden shields were preserved at Coroneia we gather from another
passage of Pausanias (i. 25. 7), where he relates that the Coroneians put
Lachares to death (b.c. 299) because he had taken away the golden
shields from the acropolis of their city, and stripped the image of Athena
of her ornaments.
The weight standard of the Boeotian money is the Aeginetic down to
the time of the restoration of Thebes by Cassander, B.C. 315, after which
there are tetradrachms of Attic weight, and thirds of the tetradrachm,
weighing about 80 grs. as in Aetolia.
Chrokological Table of the Coinage of Boeotia.
Acraephium
550-449
446-387
387-374
379-338
338-315
315-220
220-27
Imperial.
M
Chaeroneia
JR JE
Copae
M JE
Coroneia
M
M
Haliartus
M
JR
JE
Lebadeia
M
JE
...
JE
Myc;iles8us
JH
Orchomenus
ja
^(?)
Ai JE
JE
.. .
JE
Pharae
M
JP.
Plataea
JP.
JE
Tanagra
M
JR.
JE
JE
Thespiae
JR
JE
'Je
JE
Thebes
M
M N.
'JE
JE
JE
Federal
M
JR
JR JE
JR. JE
JR JE
JR JE
U 2
292 BOEOTIA.
Acraephium, on the eastern shore of lake Oopais, is said by Pausanias
(ix. 27. 5) to have belonged in early times to Thebes. It must, however,
have enjoyed intervals of autonomy, both before and after the Persian
wars.
B.C. 550-480.
Boeotian shield.
{Zeit.f. N., ix. PI. I. 35.)
Id. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 2.)
Half shield.
A in centime of mill-sail incuse
M Stater.
A in incuse s^quare . . . JR Obol.
Id. ........ .-R ^ Obol.
Circ. B.C. 456-446.
Boeotian shield.
(On i obols, a half shield.)
(B. 5l. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 3.)
A-K Kantharos in incuse square
M Staters, Obols, and i Obols.
Chaeroneia, once included in the territory of Orchomenus, appears to
have obtained autonomy at the Peace of Antalcidas.
Circ. B.C. 387-374.
Boeotian shield. I XAI orXAIPfiNE Club
I tH i Dr. and M ■^
Copae, on the edge of the lake Copais, not far from the Katabothra
into which the Cephissus flows on emerging from the lake.
Cio-c. B.C. 387-374.
Boeotian shield. KHPAinN Forepart of rushing bull .
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 4.) Al Obol.
Id. K-n Bull's head, facing . . iE -45
The bull may here symbolize the river Cephisus.
Coroneia.
Chr. B.C. 550-480.
Boeotian shield. j 9 ^" incuse square
I :M Drachm, Obol, etc.
Circ. B. c. 456-446 and 387-374.
Boeotian shield. j KORO, K-0 Gorgon-head or head of
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 6.) 1 Athena Itonia M I Dr., Obols, etc.
The gorgon-head on the coins of Coroneia symbolizes the worship of
Athena Itonia, whose temple stood in the vicinity of Coroneia, and was the
meeting-place of the Council of the Boeotian League (Paus., ix. 34. 1).
Cf. the story of lodama, priestess of that goddess, to whom, when one
night she entered the sacred Temenos, the goddess appeared with the
gorgoneion on her chiton, and straightway lodama was transformed into
stone. The custom of daily kindling fire upon the altar of lodama was
still kept up when Pausanias visited Coroneia (Paus., I.e.).
ACRAEPHIUM— ORCIIOMENUS.
293
Haliartns was destroyed by the Persians in B. c. 480. There are silver
coins previous to that date, from the stater downwards, distinguished by
the aspirate ( B ), the initial letter of Haliartus, placed either in the side-
openings of the shield, or in the centre of the incuse on the reverse [Num.
Zeit. 71, PL IX. 1-2). The town was subsequently restored, and issued
staters, etc. in the fifth century.
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat., Cmt. Gr., PL VII. 15.)
ARI (retrogr.) or A Amphora or Kan-
tharos . . . . . . M Stater.
B.C. 387-374.
Boeotian shield on which trident.
(B. M. Cat, Cent. Gr., PL VII. 16.)
AI^IARTIOt* Poseidon Onchestios na-
ked, striking with trident ill Stater.
This interesting coin refers to the celebrated temple and grove of
Poseidon at Onchestus in the territory of Haliartus (//. ii. 50*^)5 which
was the meeting-place of an Amphictyonic Council of the Boeotians,
OyyjicTTbs 8' kcTTlv ottov to ^ Aixcjuktvovlkov (TVvriyeTO ev Tjj 'AXiapTcq. * * i^ *
exwi; Tlo(T€LbS)vo^ lepov (Strab., ix. 2. 33). The statue of Poseidon was still
standing there in the time of Pausanias (ix. 26. 5).
B.C. 338-315.
API in plain field
Boeotian shield.
(B.M. Cat, Cent Gr., PL VIL 17.)
Lebadeia-
B.C. 387-374.
Boeotian shield. I AEBA Fulmen
/E .95
M Diobol.
Boeotian shield.
Head of Pallas.
(B.M. Cat, Cent Gr., PL VII. 18.)
B.C. 338-315.
I AEB in jolain field
B.C. 146-27 (?).
AE in olive-wreath
M .8
M 6
Mycalessus.
B.C. 387-374.
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat, Cent Gr.. PL VIII. i.)
Id.
M-Y Fulmen Ai Obol.
M Grapes or Kantharos Ai I Obol, etc.
Orchomenus or Erchomenus. In very early times the Minyan Orcho-
menus had been a member of the naval confederation of Calauria on the
Saronic gulf, and the first city of Boeotia. This fact points to the
existence of commercial relations between Orchomenus and Aegina, and
perhaps accounts for the introduction into Boeotia of a system of coinage
modelled upon that of Aegina. The early silver coins of Orchomenus
difier from those of the other Boeotian towns in that they are without
the buckler characteristic of the Boeotian Federal money. This type
was not adopted at Orchomenus until the 4th century B. c.
294
BOEOTIA.
Circ. B.C. 600-387.
E or ER Si^routing grain of corn, or,
on the i obols, a half cox'n-gi-ain.
Incuse square, of the Aeginetan pattern
JR Obols, etc.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VIII. 2 sqq.)
B.C. 387-384.
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VIII. 8.)
E-P Three corn-grains ; one corn-
grain ; or half cox-n-grain.
{Ibid., PI. VIII. 13.)
Boeotian shield.
{Ibid., PI. VIII. 1 6.)
EPXO Galloping horse; amphora; or
corn-wreath. Magistrate's name
EYAOPO, etc. on staters ....
JR Staters, ^ Drachms, etc.
Horse ; wheel ; corn-wreath ; or ear of
corn . . M f Obols, | Obols, etc.
E-P-X-0 between rays of a star
Boeotian shield.
{Ibid., Vl YIIJ. 17.)
Bust of Hera, veiled.
{Ibid., PI. VIII. 18.)
B.C. 338-315.
I OPX in plain field
M .65
M SK
B.C. 146-27.
EPXO Tripod ^ -5
Fharae, about four miles north-west of Tanagra, appears, fi-om the
number of its coins which are still extant, to have ranked among the
most prosperous members of the Boeotian Confederacy during the
flourishing period before the Persian invasion.
Circ. B. c. 550-480.
Boeotian shield, in one of the side-
openings of which, the letter © .
{Ibid., PI. IX. I.)
CD in centre of incuse or in centre of
star, contained in incuse square .
JR Staters, Drachm, etc.
B.C. 387-374.
Boeotian shield. {Ibid., PI. IX. 2.) | <J)-A Amphora
M Obol.
Flataea. The only known silver coins of Plataea belong to the period
between the Peace of Antalcidas, B.C. 387,Avhen the city was restored by
the Spartans, and its second destruction by Thebes in B.C. 372.
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. IX. 3, 4.)
PA A Head of Hera in profile or facing,
wearing Stephanos
M i Dr., Diobol, ete.
The head of Hera on these coins may be that of the statue by
Praxiteles in the Heraeum there (Pans., ix. 2. 7).
Circ. B.C. 338-315.
Boeotian shield. {Ibid., PI. IX. 5.) | PAA in plain field
M -Sk
PHABAE— THEBES.
295
Tanagra and Federal Coinage. This city, which stood on the left
bank of the Asopus not far from the borders of Attica, was in importance
second only to Thebes among all the members of the Boeotian League.
Circ. B.C. 550-480.
Boeotian shield with T-T or T-A in
the side-openings.
(B. M. Cat., OenLGv., PI. IX. 6-8.)
Incuse square, in the divisions of which
sometimes T-T
M Dr., \ Dr., Obols, etc.
Circ. B. c. 480-456.
Id. (7t?W., PI. IX. 9-17.)
TA or B-O-l, B-0 between the spokes
of a wheel, or B in incuse square
M Staters, i Dr., Obols, etc.
From the inscr. BO I on these coins we may infer that after the
humiliation of Thebes (circ. 479), Tanagra aspired for a time to the
leadership of the Boeotian Confederacy.
Circ. B. c. 387-374.
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PL X. 1-4.)
Id.
Id.
{Ibid., PL X. 8.)
TANA, TAN, or TA Incuse square in
which fore-part of springing horse .
JR Stater and \ Drachm.
T— A Horse's head in incuse square
M Obol.
T-A Stern of eallev . . M Obol.
Of the horse, as a Tanagraean coin-type, various interpretations have
been suggested. It may, as in Thessaly, be an emblem of Poseidon
Onchestios, the god of the Boeotian Amphictyony, or it may have a more
restricted and local signification, and symbolize the river Asopus which
is seen from Tanagra forcing its way through a rocky ravine from the
Parasopia into the Tanagraean plain, or again it may be the horse of the
sun-god Apollo, whose temple at Delium stood in the territory of
Tanagra. In this case it would express the same idea as the wheel.
Circ. B.C. 338-315.
Boeotian shield. {Ibid., PL X. 10.) | TAN in plain field . .
M -85
Imperial.
From Augustus to Commodus coins were struck at Tanagra, both with
and without the Emperors' heads {Nimi. Zeit., ix. p. 30 sqq.). Inscr.
TANATPAIUUN. Types A CnnOC Head of the River : nOIMANAPOC
Bust of Poemander the mythical founder : Hermes Kriophoros and
Hermes Promachos, probably from the statues of that god (Paus., ix. 22):
copy of statue of Dionysos, by Calamis, with vanquished Triton beneath
his feet (Paus., ix. 20. 4).
Thebes and Federal Coinage.
600-550, are anepigraphic.
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Or., PI. V. r-5.)
The earliest coins of Thebes, circ. b. c.
Incuse square, divided into eight tri-
angiilar parts . M Drachms, etc.
296
BOEOTIA.
Circ. B. r. 550-480.
Fig. 195.
Boeotian shield. (Fig. 195.
• or ©EBA in incuse square of 'mill-
sail ' jiattern . . . M Staters, etc.
Circ. B.C. 480-446.
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat, Cent. Gr., PI. XL 13-17.)
Amphora in incuse square with or with-
out © or ©— E
M Staters, \ Dr., Obols, etc.
Circ. B.C. 446-42G.
Fig. 196.
After the battle of Coroneia (b.c. 447) Thebes began to consolidate her
authority throughout Boeotia and monopolized the right of coining
money. To this period belongs the series of Theban staters bearing
various types mainly representations of Herakles, ^calking with club and
bow (B. M. Guide, PL XIII. 16) ; kneeling, stringing Iris how (Fig. 196) ; carrying
off the DelpJdc tripod (B. M. Guide, PL XIII. 18) ; or as an infant strangling
serpents{B. K. Cat., Cent. 6'r., PL XII. 7). The usual inscription is ©EBA 10^.
These coins possess great artistic merit, and recall in many respects
the style of the metopes of the Parthenon. The following beautiful coin
appears to be of the same time : —
Boeotian shield.
(B.M. Guide, Pl.Xin. 15.)
OEBA Incuse square, within which,
seated female figure holding helmet.
M Stater.
The figure on the reverse has been thought to represent Harmonia,
daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, and wife of the Theban Cadmus. But
it may be merely a personification of the eponymous nymph of the city
of Thebes.
Circ. B.C. 426-387.
Fig. 197.
Fro, 19S.
THEBES.
297
The archaic form of the letter O (©) is no longer used in this period.
It should also be noted that on some of the hemidrachms the ethnic is
written OEBH[0N] instead of OEBAION, the letter H having been used
in the Boeotian dialect to represent the diphthong Al, shortly before the
introduction of the other letters of the Ionian alphabet. The principal
reverse types on the silver coins are Iieads of bearded Herakles, or of bearded
Dionysos crowned loith ivy (Fig. 197); Ami^hora (^\g. 198); Kanfharos; or
hifanf HerakJes strangling serpents (Fig. 199).
Fig. 199.
Here also belong the rare gold coins of Thebes.
Head of bearded Dionysos. I O-E Infant Herakles strangling ser-
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XIV. i, 2.) I pents . . N. 46-3 grs., and 15-8 gi-s.
Circ. B. c. 387-379.
At the Peace of Antalcidas Thebes lost her ascendency over the
other Boeotian cities, which now all began again to coin in their own
names. In 382 the Cadmeia was seized by the Spartans, and Thebes
did not recover her freedom until 379. It is doubtful whether any coins
were struck at Thebes in this period.
Circ. B.C. 379-338.
After the recovery of the Cadmeia by Pelopidas and his associates,
and under the able leadership of Epaminondas, Thebes obtained an in-
fluence throughout Hellas, second to that of no other Greek state. A
new Federal Boeotian currency was put into circulation about this time
(B.C. 378) which from the number of known varieties cannot have lasted
less than 40 years. This coinage soon superseded the separate issues
of the other Boeotian cities, which were perhaps induced to accept it
more willingly than they might otherwise have been inclined to do
because the name of Thebes was considerately omitted.
'^m
Fio. 200.
Boeotian shield (Fig. 200)
Amphora and magistrate's name in
abbreviated form . . . M Staters.
Silver staters of this type are known with the names of about forty
magistrates who were probably Boeotarchs, but not necessarily the
eponymous archons of the League. Several of the names, as might be
expected, are those of persons mentioned in history, such as Charon, one
298
BOEOTIA.
of the Liberators (379-8); Epaminondas (variously spelt EPPA, EPAM,
EPAMI), who was Boeotarch 111371, 370, 369, ci^G^j, c^6;^, and 362; AAMO,
OEOP, and HICME, may also stand for Damocleidas, Theopompus, and
Ismenias, all friends of Pelopidas (Plutarch, Fe^op., c. 7, 8 ; Diod. xv. 78).
Small silver and bronze coins also occur with some of the same
magistrates' names : —
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Or., PI. XV. 10.)
Head of young Herakles
(/feid, PI. XV. H-17.)
Head of young Herakles with names
EP, OE, IC, etc. . . . ^HObols.
Club, often with arrow, bow, thyrsos,
grapes or caduceus, and magistrates'
names -^ -5
Cire. B.C. 338-315.
After the disastrous battle of Chaeroneia a Macedonian garrison was
placed in the Cadmeia, and three years afterwards Thebes was destroyed
by Alexander. The Federal mint must have been at this time transferred
to some other Boeotian city, perhaps Orchomenus. The coins now bear
no magistrates' names : —
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. V. 14.)
Id. {IUd.,V\.\.i6.)
Id. (/5ul, Pl.V. 17.)
BO-in Amphora and changing symbol.
M Stater.
BO-I Kantharos. Symbol : crescent.
BOinrnN Trident. . . M^6
Circ. B.C. 315-288.
Thebes was rebuilt by Cassander after having lain in ruins for twenty
years. Both he and his successor Demetrius appear to have struck
money at Thebes with the types and name of Alexander the Great,
distinguished by the presence of the Boeotian shield as an adjunct
symbol on the reverse (Miiller, Nos. 751-756). There are also small
bronze coins, which seem to belong to this time.
Head of young Herakles.
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XVI. i, 2.)
Circ. B.C. 288-244.
In B.C. 288, Demetrius, who had now fallen from the height of his
power, presented Thebes with her freedom, hoping perhaps thereby to
attach Boeotia to his cause. From this time until b. c. 244 Boeotia was
independent of Macedon. The coins which on grounds of style may be
assigned to this half century bear the inscription BOinTHN, but were
without doubt struck at Thebes.
OHBAinN Thyrsos and club
Trident . . .
JE -4
JE -4
^^:
Fig. 201.
THEBES— THESPIAE.
299
Head of Zeus laureate (Fig. 201).
Head of Pallas.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VI. 2.)
Head of young Herakles.
(76ic7., Pl.VI.3,4.)
Head of young Dionysos.
{Ihid., PI. VI. 5.)
BOininN Poseidon holding dolphin
and trident, seated on throne .
M, Attic tetradr.
BOininN Trophy . . . . ^.85
,, Winged Pallas wielding
fulmen . . . . iE -7
„ Apollo seated, tripod be-
hind him M -']
CiVc. B.C. 244-197.
In B. c. 244 Boeotia was once more compelled to place herself under
the protection of Macedon as a defence against the marauding Aetolians.
During the reigns of Antigonus Gonatas, Demetrius II, and Antigonus
Doson, B.C. 344-321, it is probable that only Macedonian coins were
current in Boeotia, but with the accession of Philip V a larger measure
of autonomy was allowed to the Boeotians. The Boeotian bronze coins
struck after this date are as a rule restruck on money of Antigonus
Doson. The silver coins, which closely resemble the bronze, are
drachms (?) weighing about 80 grs. of the standard in use in Aetolia.
Head of Persephone facing.
(B.M.6?mWe, PLXLII. 19.)
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VI. 8.)
BOinTnN Poseidon standing resting
on trident, and holding dolphin . .
M 80 grs.
BOinTHN Poseidon standing, resting
one foot on rock M -1
Circ. B.C. 197-146.
In this period Boeotia, like the rest of Greece, was permitted by the
Romans to retain its autonomy, but financial disorganization prevailed
throughout the land to such an extent that the state actually issued
bronze money in the place of silver, identical with the silver both in
size and types, and apparently legally equivalent to it (B. V. Head,
Coinage of Boeotia, p. 91).
Head of Poseidon laureate.
(B. M. (^w^Ze, PI. LV. 22.)
BOininN Nike standing holding
trident and wreath, various mono-
grams . . . . ^ 80 grs., M -7
Circ. B.C. 146-27.
It is probable that in this period small bronze coins were struck at
Thebes and some other Boeotian towns.
Boeotian shield.
(B. V. Head, Coinage of Boeotia, p. 94.)
OHBAinN Nike standing, resting on
trident ^ "5
Imperial Times.
Under the Emperors Galba, and perhaps Trajan, Thebes issued bronze
coins bearing magistrates' names preceded by Efll and their titles,
Archiereus, or Polemarch (Head, Coinage of Boeotia, p. 95).
Thespiae. Of this town there are no archaic coins. Its earliest issues
fall into the period between b. c. 387 and 376-4, when, after the Peace of
Antalcidas, Thespiae had become one of the strongholds of the Spartans
300 BOEOTIA.
in Boeotia. The Thespian coins are epigraphically very instructive, as
they indicate the precise epoch of the introduction of t. in place of the
older $ into Boeotia. Mythologically also the coins of Thespiae are of
value, as they prove that in addition to Eros, who was the god especially
revered at that city. Aphrodite Melainis (Paus., ix. 27) was there wor-
shipped as a Moon-goddess. The crescent, the constant mint-mark of
Thespian money, is the symbol of this goddess.
Circ. v,.v. 387-374.
Boeotian shield.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. V. 11.)
Id. {Ibid., PI. XVI. 5, 6.)
Id. (or \ shield on \ obol).
(/6tU,Pl.XVI. 7.)
Amphora. Symbol : crescent. M, \ Dr.
GE^PI Two crescents . . ^ Obol.
OE^ or ©EC Crescent
M Obol, I Obol, \ Obol.
Boeotian shield.
(76ic?.,Pl.XVI. 8.)
Id. (7^.^W.,P1.XVI. 10.)
OE^PIKON Head of Aphrodite Me-
lainis; in frontandbeneatb,a crescent.
M, Stater and ^ Drachm.
G Head of Aphrodite . . " M Obol.
From B.C. 374-338 Thespiae was subject to Thebes and struck no
coins, but after the battle of Chaeroneia it obtained the right of coining in
bronze.
B.C. 338-315.
Boeotian shield. (/&z(i., PI. XVI. 11.) | OEC in plain field . . . . vE -85
From the date of the restoration of Thebes (b. c. 315) there is another
interval in the coinage of Thespiae, and it does not begin again until
after B. c. 146, when the Romans appear to have restored to many Greek
cities the right of coining bronze (cf. Paus., vii. 16. 7).
B.C. 146-27.
Female head, wearing Stephanos and
veil.
Head of Pallas.
GEZniEnN Lyre in wreath ^■6—45
{Ibid., PL XVI. 12, 13.)
6EZniEnN Artemis huntress M -^
Imperial coins are known of the Emperor Domitian only. The usual
type is Apollo Kitharoedos. {Ibkl, PI. XVI. 14, 16.)
EUBOEA. 301
EUBOEA.
\_British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins. Central Greece — by B. V. Head, London 1884,
pp. xlv-lxix. and 94-137.
Prof. E. Curtius, Hermes, vol. x., 1876, p. 215 sqq.
Imhoof-Blumer, Monntsbericht d.k. Acad. d. Wisselisch., Berlin 1881.
Dondorff, I)e rebus Chalcidensium, Halle 1855.
Heinze, De rebus Eretriensium, Gottingen 1869.]
That an island of the extent and importance of Euboea should have
had no native currency during the period of her greatest colonizing and
commercial activity is a proposition hardly to be entertained. Chalcis
and Eretria, from the dawn of history down to the close of the sixth
century, were the two most enterprising cities in European Greece, as is
shown by the large number of Chalcidian and Eretrian colonies on the
coasts of Thrace, of Southern Italy, and of Sicily.
Euboea, also, in very early times had already given her name to one
of the most widely used standards for weighing the precious metals ; a
remarkable fact, and one which is alone sufficient to warrant us in
supposing that Euboea would be one of the starting-points of the art of
coining on the western side of the Aegean sea. The earliest currency
of the Euboean towns has however been only identified within the last
few years. Some numismatists still hesitate to accept as Euboean the
early uninscribed coins attributed by Imhoof-Blumer, E. Curtius, and in
the present work to that island. The archaic coins in question are of
various types, but all of Euboi'c (Attic) weight, and characterized by an
incuse square on the reverse, diagonally divided. These coins were
formerly assigned to Athens on the ground that they have been usually
discovered in Attica, but as many of them are distinctly later in style
than the earliest Athenian tetradrachms, it may be confidently asserted
that Athens could not have issued from her single mint so many various
series of coins simultaneously with her own well-known ' Owls.' The
circumstance that they are now usually found in Attica^ is easily
explained by the close relations which always existed between Attica
and Euboea, and by the identit}- of standard (staters 135 grs. and tetra-
drachms 270 grs.) which enabled them to circulate side by side with the
money of Athens. In Euboea, as elsewhere in Greece, the invasion of
Xerxes (b. c. 480) forms the lower limit of the early archaic coinage.
The war over, the cities of Euboea were enrolled among the allies of
Athens, and such of them as retained the right of coinage adopted a new
and improved method of striking money, and for the most part new
types. The various Euboean cities to which these and later coins may
be attributed are the folio wino; : —
1 Quite recently, however, there has been a find of these coins in the island of Euboea itself.
U. Koehler, Munzfunde avf Euboea in the Mitth. d. Arch. Inst. Athen. ix, p. 354.
302
EUBOEA.
Chronological Table of the Coins of El^oea.
Uncertain
Before 480
480-445
411-336
313-265
197-146
Imperial
M
AthenaeDiade8(? )
MQ)
Carystus
M
JR JEi
XM M
M
Chalcis
EL M
M
M M
Jix Jti
M
Cyme (?)
MO)
Eretria
EL^v
M
M M
M
Histiaea
M M
.ax Jtj
JR M
Fedeial
JR JEi
JE
Athenae Diades(?) An Athenian settlement near the northern
extremity of the island. (Kohler, Belisch-Attisclie Bund, p. 196,)
Before B. c. 480.
Owl. (B. M. Guide, PI. VI. 26.)
Incuse square, diagonally divided
M Didrachm.
The type of these staters is borrowed from that of the money of
Athens, but in style and fabric there is no resemblance.
Carystus. Of this town it does not appear that there are any coins of
the first period, but after B. c. 480, except during the intervals of Athenian
and Macedonian rule, the coinage is continuous.
B.C. 480-445 and 411-336.
Bull scratching himself with his horn.
{Coll. de Hirsch.)
Cow suckling calf.
(B.M. Cat., Gmt. Gr., PI. XVIII. i.)
Head of Herakles.
{Ibid., PI. XVIII. 3.)
Forepart of bull. {Ihid., PI. XVIII. 2.)
Bull's head. {Ibid., PL XVIII. 9.)
Head of Apollo.
{Ibid., PI. XVIII. 10.)
Head of Herakles.
(Ibid., PI. XVIII. 13.)
B.C. 197-146
KARV^TIO[N] Incuse square, in which
cock ....... M Tetradr.
K Incuse square (except on later coins),
within which, cock . . . M. Didr.
KAPY Bull recumbent
M, Drachm, and \ Drachm.
Incuse square, palm tree. JR \ Drachm.
KAPY Two palm trees . . M. Diobol.
K Three palm ti'ees . . . M, Obol.
KA Bull's head ^ -7
Head of bearded Herakles.
(B.M. Guide, PI. XLIII. 29.)
Head of Antiochus III (?) as Apollo.
(B. M. Gxdde, PI. XLIII. 30.)
Head of Herakles.
(B. M. Cat, Cent. Gr., PI. XIX. 3.)
Head of Zeus. {Ibid., PI. XIX. 4.)
Veiled head of Hera. {Ibid., PL XIX. 5.)
Id. {Ibid., PL XIX. 8.)
Head of Poseidon. {Ibid., PL XIX. 6.)
Head of young Dionvsos (?).
{Ibid., PL XIX. 9.)
KAPY Bull recumbent . Si 49-3 grs.
KAPYSTiaN Nikeinbiga. M Didr.
KA Bull's head M -i
KAPY^TI nN Eagle, wings open iE- 7
KAPY Bull butting . . . . M -6^
KAPY Dolphin M '6s
KAPY^TinN Dolphin and trident.
M .7
KAPY Dolphin ^ '55
ATHENAE BIADES-CHAICIS.
303
The Imperial coins have usually a head of Poseidon on the reverse.
The Cow and Calf and the Bull are probably symbolical of the
worship of Hera, who possessed a primitive temple on Mount Oche, at the
foot of which Carystus stands (Steph. Byz. s.v. Kapuoros ; Walpole,
Travels, p. 235).
The Cock {ktipv^, Kapv$, Aristoph., Eccl. 30) contains an allusion to the
name of the town Kapvaros, cf. napvaaco (Anthol., p. 5. 3), to crow. As
the Herald of the Dawn the Cock may also be a solar emblem (cf. Coins
of Himera in Sicily, p. 1 36).
The gold coins of Carystus were called drachms ; see the Inventory of
Demares, one of the 'lepoTroiot of the Temple of Apollo at Delos, who,
among other gold and silver coins dedicated to the god, registers i Carija-
tian gold drachm.
Chalcis. This important Ionic town, the mother-city of so many
colonies in Italy, Sicily, and the peninsula of Chalcidice, carried on an
extensive commerce in early times with all parts of the Hellenic world.
Its relations with the lonians of Asia Minor were probably instrumental
in introducing into Europe the standard for weighing gold and silver,
afterwards known as the Euboic. The earliest Chalcidian coins appear
to have been of electrum (wts. 45 and 23-5 grs.). In silver, Didrachms,
Drachms, Trihemiobols, and Obols also occur.
Girc. B.C. 700-480.
Eagle devouring hare.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PL XX. i
Eagle flying. [Ihid., PI. XX. 2.)
Wheel of four spokes.
{Ihid., PI. XX. 3.)
Irregular incuse square EI. 44-4 grs.
Id El. 22- 1 grs.
Id El. 2 1-8 grs.
Wheel of four spokes. (Fig. 202.)
Id. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XX. 5.)
Id.
Id.
Fig. 202.
Incuse square diagonally divided
M Didr.
Id ill Dr.
Id M Trihemiobol.
Id M Obol.
Circ. B.C. 480-445.
H' (archaic X) on so-called Boeotian
shield.
Flying eagle, holding serpent.
Id. or without serpent.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XX. 8.)
Eagle flying.
Wheel in incuse square . M Tetradr.
(Inihoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 221.)
Wheel in incuse triangle . M Didr.
{Zeit.f. Num., iii. p. 217.)
S^AU Id. in incuse square or triangle .
M Tetroh.
„ Id. ...... .R Obol.
304
EUBOEA.
From the time of the reconquest of Euboea by Pericles in b. c. 445, the
coinage of Chalcis ceases until after circ. b. c. 369 (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr.,
Introd. p. Iviii.), when the series of drachms and bronze coins begins,
which extends down to the aije of Alexander.
Cii'c. B.C. 369-336.
Female head with earring.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr.. PI. XX. 9.)
Id. {Ibid., Vl XX. 12.)
Id. facing, wearing diadem surmounted
by five disks, connected by a fillet.
{Ibid., PI. XX. 15.)
Female head in jjrofile, covered with
head-dress of pearls.
{Ibid., PI. XX. 17.)
XAA Flying eagle, holding serpent
M 58 grs.
,, Id. devouring hare . iR 27 grs.
., Id. devouring serpent . ^E -55
Id.
JE -6}
The female head on these coins is probably the celestial Hera, a lunar
goddess worshipped on Mount Dirphys, overlooking the Chalcidian plain.
The disks which encircle the head may symbolize the Planets (cf. Over-
beck, Kunst-mytholofjie, iii. ; Gemmentafel, i. 8). The Eagle devouring
a Serpent seems to be an emblem of the Olympian Zeus, as on the coins
of Elis, for at Ohalcis one of the chief shrines was that of Zeus Olympios
(cf. Hicks, Gr. Inscr., p. 34).
Circ. B.C. 336-197.
Throughout the Macedonian period Chalcis was one of the chief strong-
holds of the kings of Macedon, and was hence called one of the three
fetters of Greece. Tetradrachms of Alexander's types were struck there ;
symbol, Head of Hera encircled by disks as above.
Circ. B.C. 197-146.
In B.C. 197 Chalcis received her freedom at the hands of Flamininus,
as did also the other Euboean towns Carystus, Eretria, and Histiaea.
Fig. 203.
Head of Hera veiled, and
stephane. (Fig. 203.)
wearing
XAAKIAEnN Hera with sceptre in
(juadritra. Magistrate's name, ZEN 0-
K PATHS ." . A\ Attic tetradr.
CHALCIS—EJRETBIA.
805
Female head, with two long locks at
back of neck.
Id. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XXI. 3.)
XAAKI Quadriga. (76i(Z., PL XXI. 4.)
Head of Hera crowned with pearls, or
facing on the capital of a column.
Fig. 204.
XAAKI Eagle and serpent,
trate's name, MENEAH .
204.) M
XAAKI Id M
Magistrate's name in wreath
XAAKIAEHN Eagle and serpent M
{Ibid., PI. XXI. 5.)
Magis-
• (Fig.
84 grs.
Diobol.
M .9
7
Im2)erial Times.
On the Imperial coins a head of Hera, crowned with a headdress com-
posed of three tiers of pearls, and fixed on the top of a column is the
most frequent type ; but on a coin of Sept. Severus a complete statue of
the celestial Hera is seen, accompanied b}'^ her name HP A. (B. M. Cat.,
Cent. Gr., PL XXI. 12.) She is seated on a conical stone, and wears
a long chiton and peplos, and a lofty headdress ; she holds a patera and
a sceptre. The sacred conical stone also occurs by itself as a reverse type.
The magistrates' names on Imperial coins are L. Livius, Rufinus, Tib.
Claudius, Euthy chides, Meschmis, Cleonicus, etc. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 222.)
Cyme, a town of great antiquity on the eastern coast of Euboea, had
fallen into a dependent condition, probably before the close of the sixth
century B.C. The coins which may be (though only conjecturally)
ascribed to it are didrachms and drachms, in style and fabric correspond-
ing with the other Euboean series with the Wheel, the Gorgoneion, etc.
Horse in plain circle. (Beule, Mon.
d'Athenes, p. 19.)
Forepart of horse in plain circle.
Hindpart of horse in plain circle,
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PL XXIV. 20.)
Incuse square, diagonally divided , .
M Didr,
Id M Didr. and Dr.
Id M Didr, and Dr.
The horse, as in Thessaly and Boeotia, may be symbolical of the cultus
of Poseidon.
Eretria. This city was second only to Chalcis in importance and may
lay claim with reasonable show of probability to the following series of
coins : —
Cire. B, c, 600-480,
306
EUBOEA.
Bull's head, facing.
{Rev. Num., 1864, PL VII. 10.)
Gorgon-head. (Fig. 205.)
Id.
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XXII. 7, 8.)
Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. V. 24.)
Incuse square .... EL Diobol.
Incuse square, diagonally divided . .
M Didr.
Id M Obol
Id., within which, lion's head, facing .
M Tetradr.
Id M Didr.
j
Gorgon-head. (Fig. 206.) Incuse square, within which Bull's head,
facing M Tetradr.
Bull's head, facing. Id., diagonally divided . . M Didr,
(B. M. Guide, PL V. 23.)
The Gorgoneion and Bull's head may be symbols of the worship of
Artemis Amarynthia [the Refulgent), a Moon-goddess whose sanctuary
near Eretria remained, down to a late date, a kind of Amphictyonic
centre for all central and southern Euboea.
Girc. B. c. 480-445.
The new issue of Eretrian coins, after the Persian wars, is marked by
a change of fabric. From this time the pieces are thinner, flatter, and
more spread, and are distinguished by the letters ^ or ^1^. (B. M. Cat.,
Cent. 6^r., PL XXIII. 1-6.)
Fig. 207.
Cow scratching herself, on her back a
swallow.
Id., no swallow.
Id.
Head of bull or cow, facing.
M Tetradr.
Sepia in incuse square
(Fig. 207.)
Id M Didr.
Id ^ Dr.
Id M Diob. and Obol.
As on the coins of the earliest period, the cow or bull may be
emblematical of moon-worship. The sepia {t€v6U) points to the cultus
of Poseidon. This creature appears to have been the well-known and
recognised device or ' arms ' of the town of Eretria, just as the owl was of
Athens ; for Themistocles, on one occasion, mockingly compared the
ERETRIA.
307
Eretrians to cuttle-fish : toii? 8c 'Epcrpteis eTna-KunrTOiv eXeyev uKrirep revOibas
H&yaipav [ikv €x_(tv Kaphiav 8e /x?) ^\ii.v (Plut., A2)0j)hth. Reg. et Imp. [ThemuL),
xiv. ; also Vita Tliemist., xi.).
With the revolt and reconquest of Euboea by Athens in b. c. 445, the
right of coinage appears to have been withdrawn from all the cities of
the island, but when Euboea regained its autonomy in B.C. 411 it would
seem that Eretria became the place of mintage of a series of Federal
coins then issued with the epigraph EYBOI, EYB, EY, etc., though with
Eretrian types. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XVII. i sqq.).
Circ. B.C. 411-336.
Ox recumbent.
Head of nymph Euboea.
Id.
Id.
Bull's head, facing.
Bull standing.
Head of nymph.
Head of nymph Euboea, in incuse square
^184 grs.^
Head and neck of bull M. Dr. 66 grs.
Id iti I Dr.
Vine-branch with grapes . M, Diobol.
Sepia -^ -55
Bunch of grapes iE -6
Bull's head with grapes . . ^ -5
In the Macedonian period there are no Eretrian coins, but after the
liberation of Greece by Flamininus, they again became plentiful. Those
of silver were struck in the name of Eretria, but the bronze coins usually,
but not always, with the inscr., EYBOI EHN.
Circ. B.C. 197-146.
Bust of Artemis, with bow and quiver
at her shoulder.
ERETPIEnN Ox standing. Magis-
trate's name. The whole in laurel
wreath M Tetradr.
Fig. 208.
Head of Artemis. (Fig. 208.)
Head of nymph.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XXIII. 11.)
Id. (/6iU, PI. XXIII. 12.)
Veiled female head.
{Ibid., PI. XXIII. 13.)
EPETPIEflN Ox recumbent. Magis-
trate's name . . . . M, Octobols.
ERETPIEnN Vine-branch. Magis-
trate's name . . . . M, Tetrob.
ERETPIEnN Head and neck of bull
Magistrate's name . . M, Triob.
ERETRIEnN Ox recumbent. Magis-
trate's name -^ -65
* This is the only known Euboean coin which follows the Aeginetic standard. All the other
silver coins are of the Euboic (Attic) weight, at first full, and from B.C. 411 gradually declining.
It has been suggested by Prof. Gardner that this stater may be in reality Cretan, and that the
legend may be EYR for Europa, and not EYB.
X 2
308
EUBOEA.
Bull standing or recumbent, and star.
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XVII. 15, 16.)
Veiled female head.
{Ibid.,V\. XVII. 17.)
Id., facing. {Ibid., PI. XVII. 18.)
Head of Hermes.
{Ibid., PL XVII. 19.)
EYBOIEnN Vine-branch and star
M .65
Bull buttinsf . M ()
Prow .
Ear of corn .
M 6
M .45
Im2)erial Times.
Among the Imperial coins of Eretria the only one which calls for
remark is a coin of Commodus (Num. C/tron., O. S. vi. p. 145), on the
reverse of which is EPETPinN and a head presenting three faces, that
in the middle a female front face, the others, right and left, male bearded
profiles. This coin is suggestive of the moon in its three phases, and
points to the continuance of the cultus of the heavenly bodies at Eretria
down to a very late date.
Histiaea. The first coins which can be with certainty attributed to
Histiaea belong to the half-century before Alexander. It is interesting
to note that the vines which had obtained for the town, as early as
Homer's days, the epithet TToXv(TTa(f)vXos occupy an important place on the
coins. (R. Weil, Z.f. N., i. 183.)
Circ. B.C. 369-336.
Head of Maenad, wearing vine-wreath. ISTI Bull, and vine with grapes
(B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XXIV. i.) j iR Dr.
Id. {Ibid., PI. XXIV. 3-5.) ! „ Bull or bull's head . . ^ -5
Circ. B.C. 313-265.
The next issue of Histiaean coins probably took place after the
Euboean towns declared themselves independent in B. c. 313, but it does
not seem to have been of long duration.
Head of Maenad with vine-wreath, her
hair in sijhendone.
{Zeit.f. Num., i. p. 186.)
Id. (B.M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XXIV. 6.)
Id. {lUd., PI. XXIV. 8.)
Head of Dionysos, facing.
I CT I A I EnN !N"ymph Histiaea with her
name I^TIAIA, seated on stern of
galley and holding a trophy-stand .
M Octobol.
Id., without name of nymph M, Tetrob.
I^TI Bull's head .... ^ -6
„ Vine-branch . . . . ^ -55
Circ. B.C. 197-146, and later {1).
The silver coins of this time are remarkably abundant, and consist of
tetrobols similar in type to those of the previous century, but very
carelessly executed and varying in weight from 39 to 28 grs. ; the head of
the Maenad is almost identical with the contemporaneous tetrobols of
Macedonia, struck between B. c. 158 and 146 (p. 209). In the Inventory of
Demares, compiled B.C. 185-180 (B/tll. Corr. Hel!., 1882, p. ■^^), these
coins are called 'lo-naiKci and apyvpiov ^laridiKov. For varieties see B. M.
Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XXIV. The bronze coins of this period are the
following: — ■
Head of Maenad.
Similar.
Female head (?).
ATTIC J. 309
IZTI Bull's head .... ^ .55
IZTIAIEHN Grapes ... ^ .65
„ Tripod . . . -^ -45
Incuse square, diagonally divided .
M Didr.
Id M Didr. and | Dr.
Id M Didr.
I/ucertaiu, probably of Euboea. Before B. C. 480.
Amphora in plain circle.
(B. M. Guide, PL V. 22.)
Triskelis in plain circle. (Beule, p. 19.)
Astragalos in plain circle. (^Ibid.)
These coins belong to the same class as those with the Wheel, attributed
to Chalcis, the Gorgoneion, to Eretria, and the Horse, to Cyme, etc.
That with the triskelis for type may however be Lycian.
ATTICA.
Beul^, E., Monnaies d'Athenes, Paris, 185S.
Rathgeber, G., Silberne Miinzen der Athenaier, Weissensee, 1858.
Grotefend, C. L., Chronologische Anordmmg d. Athenische Silbermilnzen, itanover, 1872.
Droysen, J. G., Ziim Miinzivesen Athens (K. Preuss. Akad. d. Wlssensch., Berlia), 1882.
Athens. Theseus, according to Athenian tradition, was the first who
caused coins to be struck in Attica, and Plutarch [T/ies. 25) asserts that
these coins were impressed with the figure of an ox, €ko\(/€ be Kal vofxta-ixa
^ovv eyx^apd^as. See also Pollux (ix. 60) and Schol. in Arist., Av. 1106,
T] yKav^ €-n\ yja.payyiaTO's i)v TeTpabpd)(^ixov, o)? 4>tAoxo/3o?' iK\i]dri Se to v6ixi.(riJ.a
TO T€.Tpdhpa\ixov TOTe [?/] y\av^. i]v yap yXav^ iTria-rnxov koI TrpocrMirov
'Adrjvas, T(av irpoTeputv bibpa-xixoyv ovtoov kiria-rnxov 8e ^ovv eyjovTOiv ^.
This statement of Philochorus, an Athenian antiquary of the third
century b. c, seems to have been accepted without sufficient enquiry,
both by Plutarch and Pollux.
Philochorus himself, as Leake has suggested, may not improbably have
been misled by an erroneous interpretation of the well-known proverb
^ovs cTTt yXuKTar] /SeySrjKei; (Aesch., Agam. 7^^; Theogn. 813), a saying which
may well have been more ancient than the use of coined money, and may
date from the age when cattle was the ordinary medium of exchange, as
was the case in Attica down to a comparatively recent period, for Solon
was the first to commute into money values the fines of oxen and sheep
fixed by the laws of Draco. (Lenormant, 3Ion. dans V Ant., i. 77.)
Nevertheless there can be no doubt that money was current in Attica
before Solon's time, although there is nothing to show that this money
was Attic money. On the contrary thei-e is every reason to suppose that
it was Aeginetic, for it is implied by Androtion (Plut., Sol. 15) that Solon
caused drachms to be coined of lighter weight than those previously
current, so that 100 new di'achms were equivalent in value to seventy-
three old ones. Now this is precisely the proportion between the
Attic di-achms of 67-5 grs. and average Aeginetic staters of rather over
90 grs. (73 : 100 : : 67-5 : 92-4), the Attic mina being to the Aeginetic as
100 : 137. See also Boeckh., C. I. G., 123. § 4, where, in a decree dating
from the second century B.C., the Athenian commercial mina is fixed at
* Some NuJTiismatists are of opinion that the coins referred to by Philochorus are the
didrachms with a bull's head upon them, attributed in this work to Euboea. That these and
the rest of the early Euboean coins circulated in Attica side by side with the Solonian ' owls ' is
highly probable, but that they were the coins of Solon's time, and that the owl coinage was iirst
introduced by Hippias I cannot bring myself to believe.
310
ATTICA.
138 drachms, ayeTco be kol ?/ fiva 7; efx-nopiKj] ^recpavrjcfiopov bpaxiJ^as kKarbv
TpiaKovra Kal oktw Trpos to. frra^juta to. ev t<2 apyvpoKOTieiio.
The ^Te(})avri(f)6pov hpaxpiai here mentioned are ordinary di'achms of the
Attic standard, so called because the mint was attached to a shrine of
Theseus, the traditional inventor of coinage, who was represented holding
a wreath in his hand, and was popularly known as the Hero Stephane-
phoros. Here the official standards of weight were kept. From this
inscription we also gather that the Aeginetic standard continued to be
used at Athens in ordinary commercial transactions, although it had been
abandoned for the coinage.
The new standard introduced by Solon in place of the Aeginetic has
been convincingly proved by Mommsen (3fou. Bom. Ed. Blacas, i. p. 29
sqq. ; 73 sq.) to have been the Euboi'c, and henceforth Euboean coins
would circulate freely in Attica, side by side with the new Attic money.
It has been akeady remarked under Chalcis (p. 303) and Eretria that
the use of gold or electrum was not unknown in Euboea, and there is
reason to suppose that Athens also, in the early part of the sixth century,
may have struck small electrum coins, one of which is figured in Beul^,
p. 64, No. I ; see also Koehler, Milnzf uncle avf Euhoea in the Mitth. d. Arch,
hist., ix. 359.
Owl to left.
Incuse
1 square, irregularly divided .
El. 2 1 grs.
The monetary
scale
used
for Athenian
silver coins comprised the
following denominations : —
Dekadrachmon
=
10 Dr.,
wt. 675 grs,
Tetradrachmon
=
4 ,>
» 270 „
Didrachmon
=
2 „
» 135 „
Drachme
=
I „
„ 67.5 „
Pentobolon
=
5 Ob.^
» 56-25 „
Aristoph., Eq., 798.
Tetrobolon
1=
4 „
5> 45" »
Pollux, ix. 63.
Triobolon = |
Dr. 01
■3 „
3) 33*75 ))
Ibid.
Diobolon
r=.
2 „
„ 22-5 „
Ibid.
Trihemiobolion
=.
i| »
„ 16-87 »
Ibid.
Obolos
=
I >,
» 11-25 ..
Tritemorion
=
3
'4 )>
>, 8-45 „
Pollux, ix. 65.
Hemiobolion
=
h „
>, 5-62 „
Xen., Anab., i. 5. 6; Arist., AV«i.,
Trihemitartemorion =
3
H >5
» 4-2 ,,
554-
Tetartemorlon
=
1
4 '»
„ 2-8 „
Pollux, ix. 65.
Hemitartemorion = I
1-4
The coins of Athens are remarkable for their uniformity of style and
type. There are nevertheless certain well marked variations which
enable us to classify them in the following periods.
Circ. B. c. 590-525.
Fir,. 209.
ATHENS {OLD STYLE).
311
Head of Athena of rude archaic style
with large prominent eye, wearing
round earring and close-fitting
crested helmet, plain but for a sim-
ple volute ornament behind. The
hair is usually combed over the fore-
head, each separate lock ending in a
twisted curl : fabric globular.
Id.
Janiform heads of archaic style wear-
ing earrings, hair bound with taenia.
Head of Athena of archaic style, in
close-fitting' helmet.
AOE or A©E Incuse square, within
which, owl r., head facing, and wings
closed. Behind, olive-spray. (Fig.
209.) M Tetradr.
AGE Incuse square, within which
female head r., of archaic style.
Hair clubbed at back of neck and
bound with taenia . . M, Triobol.
AOE Head of Athena in close-fitting
crested helmet . . M Trihemiob.
AOE Incuse square, in Avhich owl and
olive- spray M Obol.
The coins of this first class do not seem to have been struck in large
numbers much before the time of Peisistratus. Among the most archaic
specimens, however, there are doubtless some which are as early as the
time of Solon. Throughout this period (b.c. 590-525) it would appear
that the two forms O and 0 were both in use, though the former is by
far the commoner even on the most archaic specimens (cf. Droysen,
Zuni Miinzwesen Athens, p. 9, 1882).
Circ. B.C. 525-430.
In Aristot., Oecon., ii. 5, it is stated that Hippias called in the money
then current in Athens, and reissued it with a new type, to 8e ro>ta-/xa to
ov 'AOrjvaLOLS aboKifxov eTToCrjcrev' Ta^as 8e TtpV eKeAeucre irpos avTov ava-
KOixiCeiV (TVViXOovTMv he €itI TO) Ko'\//'at hepov x^P^'^'^^lP"- ^^^^i^^ y^ "^"""^
apyvpiov. This statement is by some thought to refer to the fii'st issue of
Athenian coins with the head of Pallas and the owl. For my own part,
however, I see no difliculty in supposing that the money called in was
the extremely archaic coinage above described, which by its rudeness
might naturally offend the artistic taste of the Peisistratidae. The_ eVfpos
XapaKTTip introduced by Hippias may therefore have been the following :—
Fig. 210.
313
ATTICA.
Head of Athena of refined archaic
style, her helmet adorned in front
with three olive-leaves erect, and
at the back with a floral scroll, the
hair neatly an'anged in wavy bands
across the temples.
AOE Incuse square, within which owl
facing, with spread wings. To 1.,
olive-spray. (Fig. 210.) . .
ifl Dekadrachm.
Id. (Fig. 211.)
Id. (Fig. 212.)
Fig. 211.
AOE Incuse square, within which owl
r., head facing, wings closed, behind
ci'escent-moon and olive-spray . .
M Tetradrachm.
Fig, 212.
AOE Id M Didrachm.
Id. (Fig. 213.)
Fig. 213.
I AOE Id., but no crescent M Drachm.
Id. (Fig. 214.)
Id.
Fig. 214.
AOE Incuse circle, owl facing, winga
closed, between olive-branches . .
M Triobol.
AOE Incuse circle, owl facing, wings
open, above, olive-spray ....
M Trihemiob.
ATHENS {OLD STYLE).
313
Id.
Id.
Id.
AOE Incuse circle, two owls r. and 1.,
between them, olive-spray ....
M Triheraiob.
AGE Incuse square, owl r., behind,
olive-leaf and berry . . M. Obol.
AOE Id A\ Hemiobol.
On the coina of this period the eye of the goddess is always shown in
the archaic style, as if seen from the front. On the earlier specimens the
work is delicate and in the purest archaic taste. Towards the close of
the period it becomes coarser, and it is evident that the archaism is of
the conventional kind which archaeologists distinguish by the term
' archaistic'
Circ. B.C. 430-350.
Gold.
Pig. 215.
Head of Athena of fully developed
style, but rough and careless execu-
tion, the eye in frojile. The deco-
rations of the helmet as on coins of
previous period.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id. {Bull Corr. Hell, vi. 2 to.)
Id.
AOE Owl r., wings closed behind,
crescent and olive-spray. In front,
kalathos. On some specimens traces
of incuse square. (Fig. 215.) . .
K {xpva-oxis (TTarfip) 133 g^'S
AOE Owl on olive-branch ...
N. {j(pV(rov Spaxixrj) 66 grs
AOE Owl facing, wings open, beneath,
kalathos ^ (;^pvo-o{) Tpiw^oKov) 33 grs
AOE Owl and kalathos ....
K [fXTT]) 2 2 grs,
AOE Two owls with olive-branch be-
tween them . . N {fKTrj) 22 grs
AOE Owl on olive-branch . . .
SL (jihUktov) 1 1 grs
SiLVEK.
Head of Athena exactly resembling
that on the gold coins.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
AOE Owl of rough careless work,
behind, olive-spray and crescent . .
Ai Tetradrachm.
AOE Id. ..... ^ Drachm,
AOE Owl facing, wings closed, between
olive-branches . . . M Triobol.
AOE Owl with two bodies and one
head, in field, olive-spray JR Diobol.
AOE Incuse square, within which four
crescents, back to back . M Obol.
314
ATTICA.
Head of Athena exactly resembling that
on the gold coins.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
AOE Three crescents, horns inwards .
JR Tntemorion.
AOE Incuse square, owl within three
crescents . . . M. Tritemorion
AOE Incuse square, kalathos
M, Trihemitartemorion
AOE Incuse square, crescent
-51 Tetartemorion
AOE Owl between olive-branches .
JR Hemitartemorion
Some of the smaller divisions may belong to the previous period.
The tetradrachms of this time are very carelessly executed, and still
more carelessly struck, the impression of the die being frequently half
off the coin. All this is to be accounted for by the exigencies of a time
of war. The annual expenditure in armaments of every description, both
during the Peloponnesian war and later, necessitated a coinage on a vast
scale, and it is only natural that the coins should bear the marks of
wholesale manufacture.
It is not quite certain at what precise time, within the above limits,
the gold money of Athens was issued. Aristophanes [Ran. 720 et Schol.)^
apparently alluding to an issue of gold money at Athens, contrasts it
with the good silver coin of former times, and calls it ' wretched copper/
and the Scholiast to this passage asserts, on the authority of Hellanicus
and Philochorus, that the gold was issued in B.C. 407, and that it was
much alloyed. Aristophanes' words are, however, anything but clear,
and it is quite possible that he may have been alluding to the new
bronze coins first issued the year before the Frogs was acted, the
expression to Kawov xpvcriov might just as easily be applied ironically to
bronze as x^-^i^^ov to gold.
In any case the base gold coins, if any such were indeed issued, must
have been soon called in again, for none of them are now extant.
The Attic gold coins are of excellent quahty, and probably somewhat
later than most of the silver money of the period now under consideration.
The year B.C. 394, when Athens, under the administration of Conon, had
recovered much of her former prosperity, seems on the whole the most
likely date of their issue.
Beoxze.
Head of Athena as on the silver and
gold money.
AOE Owl with two bodies and one
head, in field, olive-spray. Symbol :
on some specimens, kalathos . tE -5
TloXXaKis y' rjij.iv fSo^fv ^ iroXis TrciTOvQivai
ravTof €9 T( rujv voKtTwv Toiis Ka\ovs Tf KlyaOots,
is Tt Tap)(aiov vvfuCFfta, ical to koivov \pvalov.
OvT€ yap rovTotatv ovffiv oii KeKtPStjXfVfifvots.
aK\a KaWiarois airavrajv, ws SoKf?, vofiiaixaraiv,
Kai fjLovots 6p9ws Kovfiai, Koi K(Ka}ha)Via^xivoi%,
IV T( ToTs "EWrjcri feat rots Pap^apoiffi vavraxov,
XpwfjifO ovSiv, olKKA toutois tois novtjpois xo^^'o'S.
\Ofs Tt Kal wpwrjv Honftai t<^ KaKiaTcp Hofifjan.
ATHENS {OLD STYLE).
315
These bronze coins are identical in type with the diobols, and un-
doubtedly of the same period. The Scholiast (in Arist., Ban., 1. c.) says
that bronze coins were struck at Athens under the archonship of Callias
(b. c. 406), and it is not improbable that they may have been originally
issued as money of necessity, legally equivalent to the silver diobols.
In this case they would serve to explain another passage in Aristophanes
[Eccl., 816 sqq.) where he alludes to a recent proclamation by which the
use of bronze coins was made illegal, and a silver currency reverted to.
This demonetization of bronze probably took place about B.C. 394 [Bev.
Num., 1 85 1, p. 107), for the Ekklesiazusae was exhibited in B.C. 392.
Circ. B.C. 350-322.
In this period there appears to have been a great falling off in the
amount of money coined at Athens. Such a diminution is only natural
at a time when Athens had ceased to be the leading state in Greece.
The Macedonian tetradrachms of Philip and Alexander were gradually
superseding those of Athens as the international currency of the ancient
world. The few examples which have been handed down to us from
this time are distinguished by the constant presence of an adjunct
symbol in the field of the reverse. In this peculiarity they conform to
the universal custom of the asre.
Head of Athena of later style than
those previously described. Helmet
decorated with upright olive-leaves
and floral scroll.
Head of Athena wearing long earring,
helmet decorated in fx-ont with
olive-leaves, and at the back with
a2)lustre.
Head of Athena in crested Corinthian
helmet.
Head of Athena in Attic helmet ivith-
out olive-leaves.
AGE Owl, as before.
Symbols: Bull's head in pi'ofile.
Bull's head filleted, facing.
Fulmen and crescent.
Ai Tetradrachms.
AOE Owl, as before (or on rudder).
Symbols : Y.
Trident.
Stern of galley.
Head of Medusa.
iR Drachms.
AOE Owl with open wings towards r.
Symbol: Amphora.
M Pentobol.
AOE Two owls face to face ....
M Tetrob.
AOE Owl facing, wings closed, between
olive-branches . . . . M Triob.
The bronze money now begins for the first time to be issued in larger
quantities. The following types are all apparently earlier than the
conquest of Athens by the Macedonians after the Lamian war.
Head of Athena in Attic helmet with-
out olive-leaves.
Id.
Id. (head 1.)
Id.
AOE Two owls face to face, in olive-
wreath. Symbols: kalathos, ple-
mochoe, grain of corn . . . M -55
AOE Owl ^ .45
AOE Owl facing between olive-
branches JE -35
A OH Owl in olive-wreath . . JE -6
316
ATTICA.
The coins last described with A0H in place of AOE are the only ones
on which the H occurs until the time of the Empire.
A-O Owl in corn-wreath . . M -^
AOE Owl. Symbol: wreath or cornu-
copiae " -^ -5
AOE Owl towards r., wings open, in
front, plemochoe or amphora. ^ -75
AOE Id tE .6
AOE Pig standing on torch, symbol in
ex. plemochoe -^ '^^
AOE Torch in wreath . . . ^ -55
Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet.
Id.
Head of Athena in Attic helmet, with
three olive-leaves in front.
Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet.
Triptolemos in car, drawn by winged
serpents.
Two pigs.
These two last types refer to the celebration of the Eleusinian
mysteries, on the occasion of which a solemn procession travelled from
Athens to Eleusis, along the sacred way. Cf, also Imhoof, M071. Gr.,
p. 151 sqq.
B.C. 322-220.
After the Lamian war and the submission of Athens to Antipater the
coins of Athens of the Old Style ceased to be issued, and there can be no
doubt that Athens was at that time deprived of the right of coining
money in her own name. This privilege she did not recover until the
latter part of the third century (circ. B.C. 220), as will become apparent
by a minute consideration of the coins of the Neio Style.
Athenian coins of the New Style circ. B.C. 220-86.
Head of Athena Parthenos, r., wearing
earring, necklace, and helmet with
triple crest adorned in front with
the foreparts of four or more horses
abreast, on the side with a running
griffin or Pegasos, and on the back
with a scroll resembling an aplustre:
box'der of dots.
AOE (or AGE) [except in Class I]
Owl r., head facing, wings closed,
standing on amphora lying on its
side ; the whole in olive- wreath :
in the field at fix'st two monograms
and later two or three magistrates'
names, and a symbol. On the am-
phora there is usually a letter ( A-M ),
and as a rule there are two or more
letters beneath the amphora .
M Tetradr., Drachms, and Triobols.
This coinage falls into 106 series easily distinguished by the names
(or monograms) of the two magistrates which occupy the upper part of
the field on either side of the owl on the reverse.
The 1 06 series may be classified as follows : —
Class I. Without AOE, two monograms. AVork good.
2 series.
B.C. 220-196. -( Class II. AOE 0 AEMOC, no names. Work good.
I series.
Class III. AOE, two monograms. Work good. 17 series.
Class IV. AOE, two names abbreviated. Work good.
9 series.
Class V. AOE, three names. Work good.
Class VI. AOE, three names. Work rough.
Class VII. AOE, two names. Work rough.
B.C. 196-186. \
186-146
r c
146-86. < p
B. c
B. C
27 series.
19 sei'ies.
31 series.
ATHENS {NEW STYLE). 317
The head of Athena on the coins of the new style is almost certainly
copied from that of the colossal chryselephantine statue by Pheidias in
the Parthenon. Pausanias describing this figure (i. 24. 5) says that on
each side of the helmet was a griffin, and in the midst a sphinx. The
griffin, sometimes replaced by a Pegasos, appears on the coins, but not
the sphinx. In its place are the foreparts of four or more horses which
Pausanias has omitted to mention, but which the die-engraver would
hardly have placed there had they not been conspicuous in that position
on his model. Here, as on most other copies of statues or heads of
statues on coins, the artist has been content to reproduce the general
aspect of the original and to retain only so much of the detail as he
could conveniently accommodate to the limited space at his disposal.
In fabric these late Athenian tetradrachms betray their date by their
large size and flat out-spread style, which only came into vogue towards
the end of the third century, as well as by their reduced weight, which
seldom exceeds 260 grs. The two magistrates' names which stand first on
the coins are annual magistrates, and to one of them belongs the accessory
symbol in the field. The third name in Classes V and VI changes as
many as twelve times in the course of the year during which the two
others remained in office, and, as a rule, the letter on the amphora
changes with every change of the third magistrate's name. It is there-
fore to be inferred that the third magistrate was elected in rotation from
each of the twelve tribes, and that the letters on the amphora A, B, f, A,
E, Z, H, O, I, K, A, M, indicate the twelve periods of about a month each
during which the twelve tribes prytanized in succession. The letters
beneath the amphora are supposed to stand for the initials of the names
of the officinae or workshops in the mint from which the coins were
issued.
With regard to the chronological arrangement of the 106 series, it
should be observed that there are only four of which the dates can be
accurately fixed ; these are —
(i) ANTIOXOZ— KAPAIXOZ (Class V). Symbol, Elephant, to the
year B.C. 176, when Antiochus, afterwards Antiochus IV of Syria, was
in Athens, for to him the Syrian symbol, the elephant, clearly refers
(B. M. Guide, PL LV. 23).
(2) BA2;iAE[YZ] MIGPAAATHS—APIZTinN (Class VII). Symbol,
Star and crescents, to B.C. 88 (B. M. Guide, PL LXV. 14).
(3) APISTinN— <t)IAnN (Class VI). Symbol, Pegasos drinking, to
B.C. 87.
(4) AHEAAIKHN— rOPriAZ (Class VI). Symbol, Griffin, to B.C. 86
(B. M. Guide, PL LXV. 15).
The second of these series can only have been issued when Athens
joined the cause of Mithradates against Rome, b. c. 88. Aristion, the
partizan of Mithradates (Paus., i. 20. 5), made himself tyrant of Athens
in B. c. 87, and Apellicon, the peripatetic philosopher, was his friend
and accomplice.
We thus get two fixed points, B.C. 176 and B. c. 88-86, round which to
group by analogy of style the 106 series which have come down to us,
and of these 106 series there are none that can be positively asserted to
318 ATTICA.
be later than the capture of Athens by Sulla in b. c. 86, while, on the
other hand, there are from thirty to forty series, Classes I, II (?), Ill, IV, and
part of y, which are evidently earlier than b. c. 176. This brings us up
to about B.C. 216, or let us say 220, as the starting-point of the coins of
the new style. The remaining series, sixty to seventy in number, of
Classes V, VI, and VII, would fall into the ninety years between B.C. 176
and 86. The total number of 106 series would therefore cover a period
of about 134 years (from circ. b. c. 220 to 86), leaving a margin of about
twenty-eight series which future discoveries may possibly bring to light.
As a probable chronological arrangement of the Athenian coins of the
new style, I would therefore propose the following. In each period the
series are arranged alphabetically, as it is manifestly quite impossible to
attempt an exact attribution within the limits of each period.
Period I. b. c. 220-196 (24 years, 20 senes), Classes I-IIT.
Already as early as B.C. 228 Athens had entered into very friendly
relations with Rome, and about this time, or shortly afterwards, &,foedus
aeqiium between the two cities was concluded (cf. Tacit., Ann., ii. ^'^,
Hertzberg, Gesch. Gr., i. p. 45, note ^0,), in consequence of which it may
well have been that Athens resumed her ancient right of striking silver
money, a right which throughout the period of Macedonian dominion she
had been precluded from exercising.
Class I, without AOE.
(i) In field, two monograms. (2) In field, two trophies. (This series,
which is of rude work, may however be of later date ; see Von Sallet's
remarks, Zeit.f. Num., xii. p. 381, where he gives plausible reasons for
attributing it to the year b. c. 86.)
Class II, AOE 0 AEMOC (3) in field symbol, Harmodius naked, wielding
sword and holding sheath. {Zeit.f. Num., xiii. PI. III. 4.)
The three known specimens of this series were discovered in 1883 at
Carystus in Euboea. U. Kohler {Zeit.f. Num., xii. p. 103) is of opinion
that this coin belongs to the latest period of Athenian autonomy, circ.
b. c. 86 ; but as both style and fabric seem to me to bear a closer
resemblance to the series with monograms than to the smaller and
rougher pieces of the age of Mithradates, I have preferred to include it
among the earlier issues of the new Athenian currency, although I do
not deny that the execution of the head of Athena is more careless than
that of the other series of this period.
rin. 216.
ATHENS (NEir STYLE). 319
Class III, AOE. In field, two monograms, and following symbols.
(4) Trophy. (5) Columnar Hermes. (6) Plemochoe. (7) Rudder.
(8) Thyrsos. (9) Club. (10) Cornucopiae. (11) Ear of corn (Fig. 216).
(12) Pilei of the Dioskuri. (13) Two serpents. (14) Nike. (15) Eagle.
(16) Cicada. (17) Aplustre. (18) No symbol, one of the monograms
sometimes resolved into the letters <t)ANI[AZ. (19) flOAY — Tl, and
monogram, Palm. (20) AH — AYS I, and monogram, Forepart of horse.
Amphora-letters from A to M occur on series i, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17,
19 (on this series to 1. of owl), and 20, and mint-letters on 8, 11, 15, 17,
19, and 20.
There can be little doubt that the above twenty series (with the
possible exception of series 2 and 3) with monograms, and of large out-
spread dimensions, and (for the time) good style, precede those which
follow on which the magistrates' names are written at greater length. It
is noticeable that on series 13, 16, 17, and 19, the amphora numerals run up
to M (12), whence we may infer that those series are subsequent to the
creation of the tribe called Attalis, in honour of Attains of Pergamus,
which is supposed by Grotefend to have raised the number of Athenian
tribes to twelve (circ. b. c. 200) from eleven, at which it had stood since
B. c. 265. Grotefend's arrangement (Ch-on. Anord. d. Aiken, Silbermmizen)
cannot, however, be used in support of this theory.
Period II. B.C. 196-186 (10 years, 9 series).
Class IV, AOE. Two names abbreviated.
The following nine series, on which the monograms are resolved into
two much abbreviated names, form the link between the coins of
Classes I and III, with monograms, and those with three magistrates'
names (Class V). In fabric and style they resemble the coins of
Class III.
(i) AAEI— HAIO Symbol: Trident.
,./AMMn— AlO ., Plemochoe.
^^' 1 None
(3) „ „ „ Cornucopiae.
(4) TAAY— EXE „ Head of Helios.
(5) AHMH— lEPn „ Helmet.
(6) AIO0A— AIOAO „ Apollo standing (Fans., i. 3. 4).
(7) KTHZI— EYMA „ Nike.
(8) XAPI— HPA „ Cock and palm.
(9) MIKI— 0EOOPA „ Nike in quadriga.
These nine series have as a rule both amphora- numerals and mint-
letters. The magistrate MIKI[nN] of seizes 9 is probably Micion, the
son of Eurycleides, whose name occurs as a victor with the quadriga in
an inscription of which the date is b. c. i 94 (Rangabe, ii. 962 ; cf. Grote-
fend in PJiilolog., 28, 73). Both this man and Eurycleides, whose names
occur on coins more than once in the next period, are doubtless descendants
of the more famous Athenian orators, Eurycleides and Micion, mentioned
by Plutarch {Ami., 41), Polybius (v. 106), and Pausanias (ii. 9. 4).
320
ATTICA.
Period III. B. r. 186-146 (40 years, 27 series).
Class V, AOE, Three names; work good.
'if^lltsia^
Fig. 217.
Introduction about this time of the custom of placing the name of
a third magistrate on the coins. Style good. Fabric somewhat less
spread than in the previous Classes.
(i) AMMnNlOS— KAAAIAZ. /S^/m&or- Two torches.
This Ammonius is probably identical with the AMMH- of Class IV.
(2) ANTIOXOZ— KAPAIXOZ Elephant (Fig. 217).
The Antiochus of this series has been identified with Antiochus, after-
wards the IV th of Syria (Theos, Epiphanes), who was residing at Athens
for some time previous to his accession to the throne in B. c. i y^.
Club, bow, and quiver.
Nike stephanephoros.
Double cornucopiae.
Cornucopiae and ear of corn.
Quiver and bow.
Dionysos (Melpomenos ?).
Helios in quadriga.
No symbol.
Forepart of lion.
Eagle on fulmen.
Artemis Brauronia with stag beside
her (Paus., i. 23. 7).
Woman standing with cornucopiae.
The three Charites.
(B. M. Giiide, PI. XLII. 22.)
This Eurycleides seems to be the son of Micion mentioned in an
inscription [PJiilisfor, iv. p. 343) among other contributors to some public
fund at Athens, circ. B.C. 190, MtKtwy KrjcfiLcruvs A koI virep rod vov
EvpuKXeiSou Kal tov v'Cbov MtKioivos. It appears that the families of Eury-
cleides and Micion were closely related, and that in both the two names
recur in each successive generation (Grotefend, Athenuclie Sllhermilnzen,
p. 15, note, where other references will be found). The symbol on this
coin has been identified with the group of the three Charites by the
philosopher Socrates. Paus., i. 22. 8 ; ix. '3,^. 7 : Beule, p. 298.
(3) APIZTOd)— HPA
(4) A(t)POAISI— AHOAHZIZ
(5) A<t)POAIZI— AIOTE
(6) AXAIOZ— HAI
(7) AA.MnN— ZnZIKPATHZ
(8) AlOrE— nOZEl
(9) AIONYZI— AIONYZI
(10) AIOTIMOZ— MAfAZ
(11) AnPOOE— AlOct)
(12) EHirENHZ— ZnZANAPOZ
(13) EYBOYAIAHZ— ArAOOKAHZ
(14) EYMHAOZ— KAAAI<DnN
(15) EYPYKAEIAHZ— APIAPAOHZ
(16) iniAOZ— EYANAPOZ
(17) OEMIZTO— GEonoMnoz
(18) GE04)PA— ZniA
Bee.
Trophy on galley (cf. Paus., i. 36. i).
Winged fulmen.
ATHENS {NEW STYLE). 321
There is no reason why the Theophrastus of this series should not be
the same man as the colleague of Micion of Class IV. series 9.
(19) KAPAIX— EPrOKAE Prow. Cf. Caraichus in ser. 2 of this Class.
(20) AYZAN— rAAYKOZ Cicada. Cf. Glaucus in Class IV. ser. 4.
(21) MENEA— EniTENO Asklepios (cf Pans., i. 21. 4).
The second name is here in the genitive case (ETTrENO[YZ]). The only
other instance of a genitive is in the series TIM APXOY — NIK A TO.
, . /MHTPOAnpOZ— MIATIAAHS Grapes.
^^-' \ MHTPOAnPOZ— AHMOZOEM Grapes.
In this year Miltiades, the second magistrate, was replaced after the
second prytany by Demosthenes, The two series must therefore be
counted as one.
(23) MiKinM — EYPYKAEI Dioskuri standing (Paus.,i. 18. 1 ; B. M. C^m'ie,
PI. XLII. 21).
To accept with Grotefend these two magistrates as the Eurycleides
and Micion who were Trpoorarat of the Athenians, circ. B. C. 217, and who
were poisoned by Philip V. of Macedon (Paus., ii. 9), involves one of two
equally unacceptable hypotheses. Either we must raise the date of the
commencement of the coins of the new sii/Ie to about b. c. 350, in which
case the 106 series would have to be spread over a period of at least
264 years (b. c. 350-86), such a scanty occurrence of Athenian coins
being extremely improbable (cf., for instance, the number of dated annual
issues of the town of Aradus^ where during ninety-five years we know
of seventy-five dated coins which gives us exactly the same proportion
as at Athens, supposing the new style to have begun in 220 and ceased
in 86), or we must adopt Grotefend's hypothesis, that the series with
monograms came last instead of first, which is still more difficult for
anyone familiar with the steady degradation of style about this period
to accept. In this case it is evident that the not unnatural desire to
identify the Eurycleides and Micion of the coins with the two men known
historically has led Grotefend astray.
The two magistrates are certainly descendants of the Trpoordrat, and
are probably identical with the colleagues of Theophrastus (Class IV.
series 9) and Ariarathes (Class V. series 15).
(24) nOAEMnN— AAKETHZ Tripod.
(25) nOAYXAPM— MiKOr Winded caduceus.
(26) ZnKPATHS— AlONYZOAn Apollo Delios.
The figure of Apollo here represented with the Charites in one hand
and a bow in the other, and with a small animal on either side, is the
archaic statue of the Delian Apollo by Tectaeus and Angelion (Paus., ix.
35. 3), (Overbeck, Cr. Plastik, i. p. 78.) This coin may date from B.C. 167,
when Delos was presented to Athens by the Komans.
(27) TIMAPXOY— NiKArO Anchor and star.
The first name is here in the genitive case, see series 21 of this
Class.
^ B. V. Head, Coins of Ephesus, p. 80.
Y
322
ATTICA.
Period IV. Circ. B.C. 146-86 (60 years, 50 series).
Classes VI. axd VII. ( Work rude. Third magistrates name omitted in
Class VII.)
The coinage of this period bears every indication of hasty production
on a wholesale scale. In B.C. 167 the island of Delos had been con-
stituted a free port and placed under the administration of the Athenians,
and after the fall of Rhodes and the destruction of Corinth in B.C. 146,
the Athenian commerce through Delos, both with the east and the west,
attained an importance unequalled by that of any other city of Greece,
and of course necessitated a large increase in the amount of silver
annually coined at Athens. This state of things lasted until B. c. 88
when Delos was devastated by Menophanes, one of the admirals of
Mithradates (Paus., iii. 23). Two years later Athens was herself besieged
and captured by Sulla, and the issue of silver money from the Athenian
mint apparently prohibited altogether.
Although the coins of Class VI. with three magistrates' names, and
those of Class VII. with two only, are undoubtedly contemporary (the
omission of the third name being merely due to want of space or negli-
gence), it is nevertheless convenient to class them separately.
Class VI. with three magistrates' names.
Fig. 218.
(i) AM<DIKPATHI— EniZTPATOZ Ears of corn.
Fabric very rude. Third name often illegible or even omitted
altogether.
(2) ANAPEAZ— XAPINAYTHZ Seated and standing figures.
(3) AnEAAIKnN— rOPriAZ Griffin (Fig. 218).
This magistrate is Apellicon of Teos, the accomplice of Aristion, and a
strong partizan of Mithradates, The date of this series seems to be
B.C. 86.
(4) APIZTinN— cDIAHN Pegasos drinking.
Aristion, who was entirely devoted to the cause of Mithradates, was
master of Athens in B. c. 87. The drinking Pegasos was doubtless
selected as being one of the most frequent coin-types of Mithradates.
(5) APOnOZ— MNAZArO Eros crowning himself (cf. Pans., i.
20. 20).
(6) AHMEAZ— EPMOKAHZ Head-dress of Isis.
(7) AHMHTPIOZ— ATAOinnOZ Pilei of the Dioskuri.
(8) AnZlOEOZ— XAPIAZ Tyche (?) seated.
(9) EY/V\APEIAHZ-KAEOMEN Triptolemos.
ATHENS {NFJF STYLE).
323
(lo) HPAKAHZ— EYKAHZ Nike or winged Tyche with cornu-
copiae dropping voting pebble into
amphora.
(ii) GEOAOTOZ— KAEOtDANHZ No symbol.
As one of the third magistrates on this series the Roman name
nOTTAIOZ occurs.
(12) IKEZIOZ— AZKAHniAAHS AVreath.
(13) KOINTOZ — KAEAZ Nike crowning seated figure (Romal)
(B. M. Guide, PI. LV. 24).
(14) KOINTOZ— XAPIAZ Two ears of corn.
Publius, Quintus, and Lucius, are the only three Roman names which
occur on these late Athenian coins. The Quintus of series 13 and 14
may be Q. Caecilius Metellus (b. c. 146).
(15) NIKHTHZ— AIONYZIOZ Head of Medusa (Paus., i. 21. 3).
(16) NIKOTENHZ— KAAAIMAXOZ Statue of the hero Stephanephoros
(Theseus).
Concerning this symbol, see Beule, p. 349.
(17) TIMOZTPATOZ— nOZHZ
(18) <t)ANOKAHZ— AnOAAHNIOZ
(19) XAPINAYTHZ— APIZTEAZ
Dionysos Melpomenos (?) (cf. Paus.,
i. 2, 5) holding mask.
Artemis holding torch.
Demeter holding torches (v, CI. VI.
ser. 2).
Class VII. with two magistrates only.
Fig. 219.
(20) AAKETHZ— EYArPnN Helmet.
(21) AMct)IAZ — OINO0IAOZ Demeter with reversed torches.
(22) ATTEAAIKriN — APIZTOTEAHZ Demeter standing with ears of corn.
This Apellicon is probably the same as the Apellicon of ser. 3. CI. VI.
(23) ATTOAHZIZ — AYZANAPOZ Artemis huntress {ayporepa^ Paus., i.
19. 6).
(24) APXITIMOZ— AHMHTPI Aphrodite holding dove.
(25) APXITIMOZ— HAM MENHZ Thyrsos (?).
(26) AHMEAZ— KAAAIKPATIAHZ Isis standing.
Cf. CI. VI. ser. 6, where Demeas has also a symbol referring to the
worship of Isis.
(27) AIOKAHZ MEAI — MHAEIOZ Athena Parthenos (Paus., i. 24. 7).
With regard to the word MEAI I am inclined to accept Grotefend's
suggestion that it may stand for MeAtrews, indicating the Dome to which
Diodes belonged.
Y 2
324 ATTICA.
(28) AIOKAHZ TO AEY— MHAEIOI Hygieia (Paus., i. 23. 4).
(29) AIOKAHZ TO TPI— AIOAUUPOZ Dionysos of Alcamenes (Paus., i.
20. 3).
Although many names occur more than once on the coins of the new
style, Diodes is the only one who, by the addition of to bevrepov and to
TpLTov, is careful to chronicle the fact. Respecting the Dionysos of Alca-
menes, see Overbeck, Tlastik, i. 242.
(30) AIOKAHZ— AEUUNIAHS Asklepios standing.
As on this series to TtTapTov does not occur, it is in all probability
another Diodes.
(31) AIONYZIOS— MNAZArOPAZ Dionysos standing {Num. Chron.,
1881, PI. IV. 4).
(32) AIO0ANTOZ — AIZXINHZ Sphinx.
(33) ETTirENHZ— ZENnN Apollo Lykios (Lucian, Ana-
char sis, 7).
(34) EYMHAOZ— OEOZENIAHZ Theseus or Ares naked, resting on
spear (Paus., i. 8. 4).
(35) HPAKAEHN— HPAKAEIAHZ Eagle's head.
(36) KAAAIMAXOZ— EniKPATHZ Triptolemos, above him sun and
crescent moon (cf. Paus., i. 14. i).
(37) KAEOcDANHZ— EniOETHZ Stone of Pessinus.
(38) AEYKIOZ— ANTIKPATHZ Artemis Propylaea (1) (cf. Paus., i.
38. 6) and Demeter with torches.
(39) AYZANAPOZ— 0IN0(J)IA0Z Poppy-head and corn.
(40) MENEAHMOZ-TIMOKPATHZ Demeter seated.
(41) MENTnP— MOZXinN Harmodius and Aristogeiton (Paus.,
i. 8. 5).
This series offers a copy of the famous group of the two tyrannicides
by Critius and Nesiotes, Overbeck, Plastik, i. 116.
(42) BAZIAE MIOPAAATHZ— APIZTinN Sun and crescent (Fig. 2 1 9).
This series may be dated exactly to b. c. 88 (Paus., i. 20. 5), and it
immediately precedes those with APIZTIHN — <t>IAnN and ATTEA-
AlKnN — rOPriAZ. A gold stater of this series is also known, the only
one which exists of the new style.
(43) MNAZEAZ— NEZTnP Pleraochoe.
(44) NEZTHP— MNAZEAZ Stag.
(45) EENOKAHZ— APMOZENOZ Trident and dolphin.
(46) ZENOKAHZ— APMOZENOZ Serpent.
(47) ZENOKAHZ— APMOZENOZ Seated figure facing.
(48) ZHTAAHZ— OEMIZTOKAHZ Branch (ft>(rta,./;?).
(49) 0IAOKPATHZ-HPnAHZ Dionysos standing.
(50) 4)IAOKPATHZ-KAAAI0nN Nike.
Bronze coins contemjiorary with the silver of the new style,
B.C. 220-8G.
The following are the principal types of the bronze coins which
certainly belong to this period. It is noticeable that many of the types
ATHENS {NEJF STYLE).
325
of the bronze coins are identical with the adjunct symbols on the
silver.
Head . of Athena in ornate helmet,
Avith horses in front.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Gorgon-headj
Head of Zeus.
Head of Artemis.
Head of young Dionysos.
Cicada.
Id.
Head of Apollo.
Id.
Head of Zeus,
Id.
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of Demeter.
Head of Nike.
Head of Demeter.
Plemochoe.
Dolphin and trident.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Artemis.
AOE Two owls face to face on fulmen:
all in olive-wreath. Cf. similar type
in a previous period, b. c. 350-322 .
M .55
Owl on amphora, all in olive-wreath ;
on either side monograms as on M.
of CI. i. ser. i, p. 318 . . . M .75
AOE Owl on amphora in wreath, in
field symbols corresponding with
those on the silver coins. iE -85, -65
AOE Owl on prow . . . . M •'^
„ Athena advancing with spear,
owl or serpent beside her . tE -7
AOE Nike ^ -7
„ Apollo Delios (cf. CI. V. ser. 26).
M .7
„ Tripod, poppy-head, and fulmen.
JE .7
„ Sphinx JE '7
a6e Zeus hurling fulmen, at his feet,
eagle ; in field, symbols as on con-
temporary silver coins . ^ -85, ^ -7
AOE Zeus Polieus (?). Symbol: prow.
M -7
,, Demeter standing with two
toi-ches M -^j
„ Artemis running with torch . .
M-6
AOE Athena advancing with spear and
aegis i . JE -75
AOE Athena hurUng fulmen ; in field,
sj^mbols -^ -65
AOE Athena Archegetis holding owl
and patera (Schol. in Ar.,Av. 515) .
^•85
AOE Athena advancing with spear and
aegis ^ "7
AOE Owl on fulmen . . . . iE .5
„ Oenochoe and palm . . ^ -45
„ Owl and lyre . . . ; ^ -65
„ Lyre . . . . . . . ^ -55
,, Amphora in wreath . . JS -75
„ Head of bearded Dionysos M -7
,, Kantharos . . . ; . JEj -6
„ Cicada 1^-6
„ Bow and quiver . . . -^ -5
,, Plemochoe JE -g
,, Kalathos in corn- wreath JE '5
,, Plemochoe in corn- wreath
iE.5
,, Plemochoe ^ -5
„ Plemochoe -^ '35
326
ATTICA.
Head of Demeter with corn-wreath.
Head of Demeter veiled.
Head of Demeter.
Head of Demeter veiled.
Triptolemos in serpent-car.
Head of Demeter.
AOE Owl with palm-branch in wreath.
M -7
„ Triptolemos in serj)ent-car .
/E -7
„ Pig ^ -8 and -4
„ Poppy and ears of corn . yE -55
,, Torch and ear of corn ci'ossed .
„ One or two ears of corn . vE -45
Imperial Times.
From the capture of Athens by Sulla in b. c. 86 until the time of the
Empire there is no proof that any coins, even of bronze, were struck at
Athens. At what time the latter recommenced is uncertain, but it seems
probable that about the time of Hadrian the rare privilege of striking
autonomous bronze money was accorded to Athens. How long the city
remained in the possession of this right is also uncertain. The following-
are the chief types of the Imperial period.
Bust or head of Athena in crested
Corinthian helmet, with the addi-
tion sometimes of shield or aegis.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id. (Pans., i. 24),
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
(Beule, i?. 292).
Head of Athena in Attic helmet with
olive leaves in front.
Bust or head of Athena in crested
Corinthian helmet as above.
AGHN AinN Athena Parthenos hold-
ing Nike and resting on shield and
spear JR -85
AeHNAinN Athena Archegetis with
owl ^ -85
AGHNAinN Athena Hygieia feeding
serpent ^ -85
AGHNAinN Athena armed, in various
attitudes JR -85
AGHNAinN Athena beside olive tree
on which her owl is perched, serpent
sometimes pi'esent . . . JE -85
AGHNAinN Athena seated before
olive tree, feeding serpent coiled round
it ^E -85
AGHNAinN Athena Hi^Dpia in gal-
loping biga JE -85
AGHNAinN Athena and Poseidon
with olive tree, owl, and serpent be-
tween them JE I-
AGHNAinN Athena and the satyr
Marsyas tE -85
AGHNAinN Olive tree between owl
and oenochoe, or with owl perched
upon it JE -85
AGHNAinN Sacred table, on which
owl, wreath, and bust of Athena .
JE -9
AGH. Altar beside olive tree . JE -65
„ Oenochoe and owl . . -^ -8
„ Owl JE -6—4
„ Owl on olive-sjiray . . JE -6
AGHNAinN Demeter in car drawn
' by serpents JE .8—65
ATHENS {IMPERIAL TIMES).
327
Bust or head of Athena in crested
Corinthian hehnet as above.
Id.
Id.
Id. (helmet Attic.)
Id. (Cor. helmet.)
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Head of Theseus, club at shoulder.
Head of Hermes.
Bust or head of Athena as above.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
A0H. Ti-iptolemos in serpent-car .
M -6
„ Coiled serpent . . . M -^
A 9 H N A I n N Apollo Patroos (1) naked,
standing holding bow . . ^ -85
A 0 H N A I n N Apollo Lykios with lyre
and one hand placed on his head ^ -8
AGHNAinN Apollo Pythios draped,
standing holding patera and lyi'e
M -8
AGHNAinN Tripod with serpent
coiled I'ound it -^ "5
AGHNAinN Zeus Polieus standing
before altar . . . . . . M -g
AGHNAinN Zeus Olympios seated .
M -9
, , Dionysos of Alcamenes (? )
enthroned, holding kantharos and
thyrsos M -q
AGHNAinN Theseus raising the rock,
copied from statue (Pans., i. 27, 8) .
M -9
AGHNAinN Theseus driving Mara-
thonian bull (Paus., I.e.). . M -9
AGHNAinN Theseus contending with
the Minotaur, also suggested by group
on the acropolis (Paus., i. 24, i) . .
M -9
AGHNAinN Theseus wielding club .
iE.65
AGH. Various types. Oenochoe, pig,
two torches, bunch of grapes, bucra-
nium, club, etc M -45
AGH. Caduceus ^ -45
AGHNAinN Bucranium bound with
olive- wreath ^E -85
AGH. Themistocles, carrying trophy
and wreath, standing on the Sala-
minian galley (Paus., i. 36, i). iE -9
AGH. Prow ^ -5
„ Monument of Miltiades at Mara-
thon, i.e. Miltiades bringing a captive
Persian before a trophy (Paus., i. 32.
4,5) ^-85
AGHNAinN Asklepios standin g with
serpent staff -/E -9
AGHNAinN' Eirene standing carry-
ing infant Plutos, group by Cephiso-
dotus (Paus., i. 8) . . . . M -g
AGHNAinN View of the Acropolis
showing the Propylaea, the Parthe-
non, and the colossal statue of Athena
Promachos, together with the flight of
steps leading to the top, and the grotto
of Pan on the side of the rock ^E -85
328
ATTICA.
Bust or head of Athena as above. A9HN AIHN Front view of the theatre
of Dionysos, above it caverns in the
rock, and, higher up, the wall of the
Acropolis surmounted by the Propy-
laea and Parthenon . . . ^ -85
Denominations of Attic bronze coins.
With regard to the denominations of the Athenian bronze coins we
have little definite information. Pollux, ix. 6^, says that the obol con-
tained 8 x^'^'^ot, and it is probable that the x^^'^oiSs consisted of 4
Ko'A.Au/3ot (Hultsch, p. 228, note 2). We also hear of a division of the
XakKovs into 7 XarTd, but as there is considerable diversity both in the
weight and size of bronze coins of one and the same type, it is quite
impossible to identify the various denominations. It is to be inferred,
however, that the larger coins are multiples of the x«'^'<oSs, e. g. 8ixaA.Ka,
T^TpdxakKa, etc., and the smaller, multiples of the KokXvjSos, e.g. binokXyjia,
TpLKoXkvfia (Pollux, ix. 6'^).
Eleusis was the only Attic deme which (perhaps on account of its
sacred character) was allowed by Athens to coin money. This privilege
it possessed, however, only during a limited period, apparently from
about B.C. 350 to 322. Cf. contemporary bronze coins of Athens: —
Trij)tolemos seated in winged car
drawn by serpents, the lower part
of his body draped, the upper part
bare (Pans., i. 38, 6).
EAEYCI Pig standing on pine-torch,
on the earlier specimens encircled
with a wreath of corn. The more
recent coins have an adjunct symbol
in the exei'gue or field . ^ -7—6
EAEYC Plemochoe on pedestal M -5
Head of Demeter or Persephone
{Num. Chron., 1881, PI. IV. 5.)
Triptolemos was the great hero of the Eleusinian mysteries ; his
temple at Eleusis is mentioned by Pausanias (i. 38). He is here repre-
sented passing over the lands in his dragon-chariot making man
acquainted with the blessings of agriculture. On some few specimens
the goddess Demeter takes his place, but on the majority the figure is
undoubtedly male.
Oropus stood on the northern coast of Attica, exactly opposite Eretria
in Euboea. The port of Oropus was the sacred harbour of Delphinium
(Strab., ix. 403).
Circ. B.C. 197-146.
Female head, hair rolled.
Bearded head (Amphiaraos?) laureate.
n prim XI N Dolphin coiled round a
trident ....... ^ -75
nPnninN Serpent coiled round a
staff ........ ^ -8
With the reverse type of the first of these coins, cf. the name of the
harbour, Delphinium. That of the second refers to the worship of
Amphiaraos, who at Oropus possessed a famous oracle and a statue
mentioned by Pausanias (i. 34). On an Imperial coin of Gallienus
Amphiaraos is seen seated with a serpent beside him (cf. Pans., i. 34, 2).
The cultus of this seer bore a close resemblance to that of Asklepios
(Newton, Travels m the Levant, i. 30).
Salamis. From the first half of the sixth century Salamis formed
part of the dominions of Athens until B.C. 318, when it fell into the
ELEUSIS — MEGA RA.
329
hands of the Macedonians. It was again recovered by Athens, b.c. 232.
It appears to have possessed the right of coining in bronze between circ.
B.C. 350 and 318.
Female head wearing stephane (Sala-
mis ?).
SAAA Shield with side-openings, as
on coins of Boeotia. On it or beside
it, sword in sheath with strap . .
M -65 and -45
Other varieties have a Triskelis, a
gorgon-head, or an eagle, on the
shield.
The shield and sword are those of Ajax, to whom there was a temple
in the island (Pans., i. ^j, 3). According to Athenian tradition Philaeus
the son of Eurysakes had given up Salamis to Athens. As Eurysakes was
named after the ' broad shield ' of his father Ajax, that shield is doubly
appropriate as a Salaminian coin-type.
See also Imperial (Wellenheim, 3965) of Caracalla R Demeter standing
with torch and ears of corn.
MEGARIS.
Aegosthena at the head of the Corinthian gulf, and at the foot of
Mt. Cithaeron, possessed a temple of the prophet Melampus (Pans., i.
44, 5), who fii'st established the worship of Dionysos in Greece. Imperial
coins only. Sept. Severus and Geta, Inscr. AirOCOENI[nN Infant
(Melampus ?) suckled by a goat. Round building, from which springs a
tree entwined by a serpent.
Megara. The prosperity of Megara before its surrender to Philip of
Macedon, B.C. 338, is attested by Isocrates. It is to this time that its
earliest coins belong : —
MET-APE Lyi-e . . . ^ 122 grs.
M-E-f-A and H between five cres-
cents ^50 grs.
M-E-P between three crescents . .
iH 23 grs.
Lyre JRi8-2 grs.
It is uncertain to what standard the above coins belong. From the
battle of Chaeroneia until the time of Demetrius Pohorcetes, who con-
ferred freedom on Megara in B.C. 307, it would appear that no money
was struck there.
After circ. B.C. 307.
Head of Apollo.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Head of Apollo resembhng in style
some of the finest tetradrachms of
Demetrius.
MEPA-PEnN Lyre, sometimes with
fillet attached . JR Attic Drachm.
Id.
META-PEHN Id. . M^ Drachm.
Id.
M E r A Prow, with magistrate's name.
M Tetrob.
Head of Apollo.
METAPEnN Lyre . . . JG -8
Id.
Tripod . . . ^ -6
Id.
M-E-P in wreath . . . . tE -55
Prow on which tripod.
MET Two dolphins . . . -^ -55
MEfA Prow.
Tripod between dolphins . . -^ -55
Id.
Obelisk between dolphins . . -^ -55
M-E Tripod.
Dolphin -^ -35
330 MEGARIS.
Shortly after this the town fell again into the power of the Mace-
donian kings, in whose hands it remained until B.C. 243, when Aratus
united it to the Achaean League. Some of the above described bronze
coins may be as late as B.C. 243, but the silver pieces are undoubtedly
earlier.
The Megarean coin-types refer to the worship of Apollo, who was said
to have assisted Alkathoos to build the walls of the town. In honour of
this god the lesser Pythian games were held at Megara. The obelisk is
probably the stone at Megara which was called Apollo KapLvos (Paus.,
i. 44, 2) : cf. the similar obelisk at Ambracia, called Apollo Xyvuvs
(p. 270). ^
For coins struck at Megara between B.C. 243 and 146, see Achaean
League.
After B.C. 146.
METAPEnN. Bearded head of the
philosopher Eucleides of Megara,
veiled and wearing earring.
Artemis (Soteira(?) Paus., i. 40, 2) run-
ning with torch in each hand, prob-
ably a copy of the statue made by
Strongylion for the Megarians vE i -o
This remarkable type refers to the story that Eucleides attended the
lectures of Socrates in the disguise of a woman, the Athenians having
passed a decree that no citizens of Megara should be admitted within
their walls (Aulus Gellius, Nod. Alt., vi. 10).
Imperial Times.
On the Imperial coins, Antoninus Pius — Geta, the following types may
be mentioned : —
Zeus Olympios (?) seated (Paus., i. 40, 4). Zeus advancing.
Demeter standing holding two torches before a third tall torch fixed
in the ground (Paus., i. 40, 6).
Asklepios and Hygieia (Paus., i. 40, 6).
Tyche sacrificing at altar (Paus., i. 43, 6, statue by Praxiteles). Artemis
running with two torches.
Artemis Agrotera holding bow and drawing arrow from quiver at her.
shoulder (Paus., i. 41, 3).
Pythian Apollo with lyre, beside altar (Paus., i. 42. 2, 5).
Apollo, Artemis, and Leto (Paus., i. 44, 2).
Statue of Pallas, probably that of gold and ivory on the Acropolis
mentioned by Pausanias (i. 42, 4).
Dionysos standing (Paus., i. 43, 5). Herakles at rest. Term in temple.
Pagae, the port or harbour of Megara on the Corinthian gulf. After
B.C. 243 it became a member of the Achaean League, and independent of Me-
gara (see Achaean Leayue, p. 351 ). Imperial coins are also known, Aurelius
— Sept. Severus, Inscr. TTArAiriN Types — Temple containing statue of
Artemis running with torches. (Paus., i. 44, 4) Kj^bele seated, at her feet
lion. Dionysos seated. Isis in temple. Bust of Tyche. Horseman. Gate
with three entrances, on which three figures, etc. Herakles on basis in
building.
AEGINA. 331 ■
AEGINA.
The island of Aegina was the first State in Eui-opean Greece to adopt
the use of money. Ancient tradition, which ascribed to Pheidon, king
of Argos, the credit of having been the first to strike coins in this island,
is fully borne out by the archaic appearance of the oldest staters of the
Tortoise type. Unfortunately there is much doubt about the date of
Pheidon. Weissenborn, Hermann, and Curtius bring him down to the
first half of the seventh century, while Clinton, on the other hand, places
him a century earlier. As for the earliest Aeginetic coins there can be
little doubt that they belong to the first half of the seventh century, and
in so far as they may be taken as evidence, they bear out the opinion of
Weissenborn and Curtius^ The principal ancient writers who mention
Pheidon as having struck coins in Aegina, or the Aeginetans as having
been the first to strike money, are — Ephorus in Strabo, viii. p. 358 ;
Aelian, Var. Hist., 12. 20 ; and the Parian Chronicle, Boeckh, C. I. G.
2374, V. 45 {^i'lhoiv 6 'Apyeios eS^/xeuo-e to, ixirpa koX av€<rK€va(re, Kal
i'6^j.L(7fxa apyvpovv kv Alylvj] eTrotT/crey). Cf. also Etym. Magn. s. V. d/3eAtcr-
KO's — , TiavTiXiV h\ TTpQTOs ^PeibcDV 'Apyetos vop-LcrpLa eKOxf/ev ev Alyivrj. Why
Aegina rather .than Argos was chosen by Pheidon as his place of mintage
is not difiicult to understand, when we remember that from very early
times down to its conquest by Athens in b. c. 456 Aegina was one of the
greatest commercial states of Greece, while Argos was to some extent
removed from the main current of the stream of trade which flowed
through the Saronic gulf to and from the isthmus of Corinth.
Whether the Aeginetic standard was derived from the Phoenician, as
the weights of some of the heaviest Aeginetic coins have led me else-
where (Ancieni Systems of Weight, Journal of the Institute of Bankers, 1879)
to suggest, or from Egypt, with which country the Aeginetans were in
close relations (Herod., ii. 178), is and will probably remain doubtful;
but the fact that the tortoise, a creature sacred to Aphrodite (the
Phoenician Astarte, the protector of trade as well as the goddess of
the sea), was chosen as the coin-type, lends much probability to the
theory first advanced by E. Curtius [Num. Chron., 1870), that Pheidon's
mint was connected with the Temple of Aphrodite, which overlooked the
great harbour of Aegina.
The coinage of Aegina, like that of Athens, exhibits great uniformity
of type, a uniformity which characterizes it as an international, and no
mere local, currency. Throughout Peloponnesus the coinage of Aegina
was, down to the time of the Peloponnesian war, the only universally
recognized medium of exchange. This is implied by several passages in
ancient authors, e. g. Pollux, ix. 74) '^^tt p.i)v to YleXoirovvrjaLMV v6p.i(Tp.a:
yeX(i>vr\v Tiv\s Tj^LOVv KaAeti; (1. KaAeto-^at) cltto tov rvTrco/ixaroj ; Hesychius,
\€\(avri voixicrixa Tl€\QTT0vvri(naK6v.
By the Athenians the Aeginetic drachm was called, in contradistinc-
tion to their own drachm, rj iraxda bpaxH-v (Poll., ix. 76). Hesychius also
says, keTTTCLS Kat Traxeiaj ZdXevKos iv vopois ras bpaxp-ds, XeTrras p-ev ras
e£a)/3oAou?, Traxetas be ras ixkiov Ixovcra'i : and Trax^^V bpaxprj to bCbpaxiJ-ov
'Axo-LOL.
From the weights of some exceptionally heavy specimens we gather
that the Aeginetic stater originally weighed over 200 grs., and in the
Bibliotheque nationale, Paris, is an unique electrum stater, obv. Tortoise,
332
AEGINA.
rev. Inc. square, divided into two parts, weight 207 grs. The date of this
remarkable coin can hardly be much later than about B.C. 700. ^ It
belongs to the class of early electrum money struck on the Phoenician
standard somewhat reduced. Here therefore perhaps is a clue to the
source whence the merchants of Aegina may have derived their standard
of weight. Putting aside this coin, and some few silver staters of more
than 200 grs., as exceptional, we may take the following scale as repre-
senting the actual maximum weights of the coins of Aegina : —
Stater,
Drachm,
Triobol,
Diobol,
Trihemiobol,
Obol,
Hemiobol,
Tetartemorion,
194 grs.
97 grs.
48 grs.
32 grs.
24 grs.
16 grs.
8 grs,
4 grs.
The following are approximately the chronological periods into which
the money of Aegina falls.
Circ. B.C. 700-550.
Tortoise with plain shell and row of
dots down the middle of its back
(Fig. 220).
Incuse square divided into eight tri-
angular compartments, of wliich four
or more are deeply hollowed out , .
M, Staters and divisions.
Circ. B.C. 550-480.
Id.
Incuse square divided by broad bands
into five parts
M Staters and divisions.
On these coins the original rough incuse square has already become a
conventional pattern, maintained, there can be no question, not from any
lack of skill on the part of the engraver, who might, if the State had so
willed it, have provided the coin with types on both sides, but, for
fear of damaging the credit of a currency, with the primitive aspect of
which, the traders of the Peloponnesian towns, and of all the Aegean
ports, had, for more than a century and a half, been familiar. There
is, however, in the British Museum one very remarkable coin, with
a reverse type, unlike any others known. It may be described as
follows : —
Tortoise, as on the other coins of the
period.
Incuse square, within which Triskelis
M 187.5 gn
AEGINA.
333
Circ. B.C. 480-456.
In this period a marked advance is visible in the skill with which the
shell of the tortoise is delineated.
Tortoise, of which the structure of
the shell is shown, as in nature,
divided into numerous compart-
ments or plates.
Incuse square divided hy bands, as on
the coins of the preceding period . .
JB, Staters and divisions.
Circ. B.C. 456-431 and 431-404.
In B. c. 456 Aegina was made tributary to Athens. There are a few
coins, chiefly small, having the letters A-l on either side of the Tortoise
on the obverse, and various letters in the divisions of the incuse square
on the reverse, which may belong to this period. In b. c. 43 1 the
Aeginetans were expelled eti masse by the Athenians, and the island
was occupied by Athenian kleruchs. In b. c. 404, after the great defeat
of the Athenians, Lysander restored the remnant of the Aeginetan popu-
lation to their old homes.
After B. c. 404.
The restored Aeginetans seem to have begun at once to strike money.
The old types are adhered to, but the fabric is more spread, and there are
letters on one or both sides.
Fig. 221.
Tortoise, as in last period. On either
side, often, A-l.
Two dolphins, between them A.
Airi, Air, or H\ and dolphin In
divisions of incuse square (Fig. 221) .
M, Staters and divisions.
Incuse square divided in the conven-
tional Aeginetan manner, sometimes
with letters A-f, A-l, N-0, etc., in
two of the compartments . -^ -55
Bronze coins were first issued at Athens in b. c. 406. Those of Aegina
are of about the same time.
Third and Second Centuries, B. c.
Shortly after Alexander's time tetradrachms appear to have been
struck in Aegina, with the tortoise and dolphin' as symbols (MUller,
899). For the rest, Aegina in this period struck bronze money of
various types : —
AiriNA Prow of galley. Ram's head M ■*]
A-l Bucranium. Al Dolphin JE, -65
Head of Zeus. AI-fl-NI Archaic Apollo walking
with bow and branch (cf. Pausanias,
n.ZO,i) M .65
334 CORINTIIIA.
Impenal Times.
Severus and family. Inscr. AlPElNHTflN. Types: Hekate. (Paus.,
ii. 30, 2.) Columnar Hermes. Hermes carrying a ram on his shoulders.
The port of Aegina, expressed by a semicircular enclosure, in which is a
galley, and above it a statue of Aphrodite in a temple (Sestini, Mus.
Fonta7ia, p. 49, 4) : see Pausanias (ii. 29, 6). Aphrodite draped, holding
branch and apple. Demeter. Pallas. Nike. Poseidon. Aphaia (Brito-
martis) standing by Zeus {Mvs. Fontana, PI. II. 7), see Pausanias (ii. 30, 3).
Zeus holding eagle and fulmen (Paus., /. c).
CORINTHIA.
[E, Curtius, Hermes, x. 215 sqq.]
Corinth. This ancient and illustrious city on the isthmus between
Peloponnesus and the mainland of Hellas occupied the meeting point of
the great routes of commerce between the East and the West.
Like Chalcis in Euboea, Corinth derived her standard for weighing
the precious metals from Asia Minor, the unit of weight being the light
Baby Ionic stater of 1 30 grs.
The system of division by 3 and 6 which prevails in the Corinthian
coinage sufficiently attests its Asiatic origin.
The style and peculiar fabric of the earliest Corinthian silver coins
distinguish them from those of all the other states of European Greece.
At what precise time this wealthy commercial city began to send forth
her well known Pegasos staters it is not easy to determine, but we shall
not be far from the truth in placing the commencement of the Corinthian
coinage in the age of Periander, b. c. 625-585.
As Aegina in those days commanded the commerce of the eastern side
of the isthmus, so Corinth, by means of her port, Lachaeum, on the gulf
which bore her name, monopolised that of the western seas, and im-
parted the use of the Corinthian standard of weight to her Colonies,
Ambracia, Anactorium, Leucas, etc., on the shores of Epirus and
Acarnania, and to the Achaean cities of Magna Graecia on the other
side of the Ionian sea.
The extension of the Corinthian standard and system of division by 3
and 6 to the Achaean quasi-federal currency of S. Italy, can be most
satisfactorily proved, not only by the weights themselves of the coins of
Croton, Sybaris, Metapontum, etc., but by their flat fabric, incuse reverse
type, and by the fact that they are frequently re-struck on Corinthian
coins of the most archaic class.
The types of the Corinthian coins refer to the myth of Bellerophon
and Pegasos, and to the worship of Athena \dkivlTi'i, for she it was who
assisted Bellerophon to subdue the wondrous winged horse. Pegasos on
his part was regarded as the author of fountains, of fresh water, which
with a stroke of his hoof he caused to gush forth from the rocks ; cf. the
fountain of the Muses, Hippokrene, which Pegasos produced in this way,
hence Pegasos is also the horse of the Muses.
On the Acrocorinthus he was said to have alighted, and to have drunk
CORINTHIA.
335
from the fountain of Peirene, where Bellerophon sought in vain to take
and tame him, until at last, while the hero lay asleep beside the altar of
Athena, the goddess came to him in a vision and gave him a golden
bridle, which on awakening he found beside him, and with this he easily-
subdued the winged steed. Another version of the tale makes Athena
herself tame Pegasos, and it is she who hands him over to Bellerophon.
The worship of Athena at Corinth, it may be here remarked, was also
connected with the cultus of Poseidon and with the sea (cf. Preller, Gr.
Myth., i. 172).
The great goddess of Corinth was, however, Aphrodite, and it is her
head which on the drachms takes the place of that of Athena.
The Pegasos-staters of Corinth, familiarly called ttwAoi (Poll., ix. 6. 76),
were the chief medium of exchange along all the coasts of the Corinthian
Gulf, and even beyond the seas in Italy and Sicily, where the largest
hoards of them have been brought to light.
In its divisional system the Corinthian coinage possessed a practical
advantage over both the Attic and the Aeginetic, which enabled it to
pass current in the territories of both its rivals. Thus the Corinthian
stater of about 130 grs. would pass as a didrachm side by side with the
tetradrachms of Athens^ while the Corinthian drachm (^ stater) of about
44 grs. was practically equivalent to an Aeginetic hemidrachm.
The region in which the Corinthian money circulated was therefore at
no time confined to the narrow isthmus and limited territory of the town
of Corinth.
The following are, as nearly as may be, the periods into which the
coins of Corinth seem to fall.
Time of Periander, b. c. 625-585.
9 Pegasos with curled wing.
(B. M. Gidde, PL VI. 30.)
Incuse square divided into eight tri-
angular compartments, of which four
are in relief . . . . M Stater.
Circ. B.C. 585-500.
Fig. 222.
(J) Pegasos with curled wing (Fig.
222).
9 Half Pegasos.
9 Pegasos.
Head of Pegasos.
Incuse pattern in the form of the
swastika
M Stater and Drachm.
Id M\ Drachm.
Id iRObol.
Id M^ Obol.
336
CORINTHIA.
The fabric of these coins is flatter than that of any other money of
early times, except the coinage of the Achaean cities of southern Italy
derived from it.
Circ. B.C. 500-430.
Archaic Style.
9 Pegasos with curled wing.
Id.
P Half Pegasos with curled wing.
9 Head of bridled Pegasos.
9 Pegasos with curled wings; symbol,
trident.
9 Head of Pegasos.
Incuse square, within which head of
Athena Chalinitis helmeted. Pure
archaic style . M, Stater and Drachm.
Incuse square. Head of Aphrodite (1) of
archaic style : hair turned up be-
hind M Drachm.
Id. or head of Athena . JR \ Drachm.
Incuse square, containing large A . .
M Diobol.
Incuse square, within which Gorgon
head and T-P-l-H . ^ Trihemiobol.
Incuse square containing large H . .
JR Hemiobol.
In this period the flat fabric is abandoned, and the coins become
smaller in dimension and more compact.
Id.
Transitional Style.
Pegasos with curled wing.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XIII. 25.)
Incuse square. Head of Athena of trans-
itional stj'le (eye in profile), some-
times with symbol, trident, or shell
behind M Stater.
Incuse square. Head of Aphrodite (?)
hair rolled M Drachm.
Circ. B.C. 430—400.
Transitional Style.
9 Pegasos with curled wing.
9 Bellerophon, naked and bare-headed,
riding on Pegasos ^.
9 Pegasos with curled wing.
9 Pegasos with curled wing, symbol
vine-branch.
Incuse square. Head of Athena of trans-
itional style (eye in profile), some-
times with symbol (usually a trident)
behind M Stater.
Incuse square, in which Chimaera to r.
M, Trihemidrachm.
Incuse square, within which head of
Aphrodite 1., hair rolled. M Drachm.
Incuse square. Pegasos prancing, adv.,
inscr. A-l-0 . . . . M Diobol.
There are also trihemiobols, as in the previous period, but they are of
later style, for the Pegasos on the obverse has pointed wings, and the
tongue of the gorgon-head is not protruded.
* The trihemiobols on which Bellerophon wears a petasos and chlamys belong to a later period,
circ. B.C. 338. They usually have the letters A I in the field.
CORINTH.
337
Circ. B.C. 400-338.
Fine Style.
Fig. 2 2',.
9 Pegasos, usually flying, with pointed
wing, but occasionally standing or
walking, wdth curled wing, or at-
tached by a cord to a ring fixed in
the wall above him ; on some few
specimens he is I'epresented as
drinking.
<j) Pegasos with pointed wings.
9 Half Pegasos with curled wing.
9 Pegasos with curled wing.
Head of Athena, of fine style, in Co-
rinthian helmet with large neck-
plate. In the field a magistrate's
symbol, which was changed probably
annually ; sometimes also there are
one or more doljihins in the field,
which cannot be regarded as magis-
trates' symbols . . . A\ Stater.
Head of Aphrodite variously repre-
sented, often with adjunct symbol
tR Drachm.
Head of Aphrodite, her hair variously
dressed
JR \ Drachm.
Pegasos with cui'led wings, prancing or
trotting, sometimes with dolphin or
inscr. AlO . . . . M Diobol.
Cross of Swastika form . M, Obol.
Trident M Obol.
9 Pegasos with curled or with pointed
wings.
9 Id.
Some of the smaller denominations mentioned above miffht, with
almost equal probability, be attributed to the period before B.C. 400,
about which time the smallest divisions seem to have been in great part
superseded by the newly introduced bronze money.
Fourth and Third Centuries to circ. B. c. 243.
Next in order, though in part contemporary with the series above
described, there follows a large class of staters, drachms, etc., with
magistrate's letters or monograms in the field of the reverse, in addition
to the adjunct symbol. These series, like the others, always have the
letter 9 on the obverse.
Although it is very difficult to speak with assurance as to the chrono-
logical sequence of these lettered coins, the following dates may be
perhaps accepted as approximately correct. The list includes only such
specimens as I have myself seen.
Before B.C. 400 Z Symhols
Circ. B. c.
400-350 AA
3 or
Shell (on obv, Pegasos of archaic
style, with curled wing).
Trident.
Fore-part of bull ; torch ; rose ;
bow ; poppy-head ; star. (Pega-
sos on obv., often walking.)
338 COBINTHIA.
Lire. B.C. 400-350 EP Symbols: Nike holding thymiaterion.
„ EY ., Naked figure holding fillet ; tripod.
(Pegasos on obv., sometimes walk-
ing-)
„ aY3 ,, Rose and dolphin.
,, EYO „ Double-bodied owl ; chimaera ; ap-
lustre.
,, EYTY „ No symbol. (Pegasos on obv. with
curled wing, attached to ring by
cord.)
,, I A „ Dolphins around.
)l or KA ,, Trident.
3 or %. ., Doljjliin.
Circ. B.C. 350-338 A ,, Shield, on Mhich trident; bee;
oak-wreath ; astiagalus ; harpa ;
sword ; helmet with broad flap ;
stork.
„ A A „ Wheel ; globular object ; bearded
mask ; three crescents ; cuirass ;
trophy.
„ AY „ Figure holding torch and cornu-
copiae.
„ A ,, Dionysos standing ; ki-ater ; ivy-
wreath ; oak-wreath ; head of
Helios; wolf; cuirass.
,, N 01' Nl ,., Coi-n-wreath ; three ci-escents in
circle; kantharos; Ares(?); prow;
oenochoe ; cock's head ; bucra-
nium; term; Macedonian helmet.
Circ. B.C. 338 T ,, Thyrsos; dove in wreath.
,, I ,, Nike with fillet ; cock on club; star;
bow in case ; owl.
KA (in moil.) ., Crested Macedonian helmet.
Circ. B.C. 338-300 AP ,, Boar; ivy-leaf; plough; aegis;
Pallas Promachos ; chimaera ;
helmet ; coruuco2?iae ; eagle.
(Helmet of Pallas, on this series
always laureate.)
,, A I „ Cow and calf ; wreath; Zeus seated;
Pallas standing ; Artemis, hun-
tress ; Artemis with toich ; term
with cornucopiae ; amphora, tlie
last on trihemidrachms of the
Bellerophon type.
Circ. B.C. 300-243 B „ Grapes.
,, A ., Trophy stand.
„ Yar. Mons. „ Term ; eagle, etc.
Bronze Coins.
Circ. B. c. 400-338.
Q Pegasosi with pointed wing. | Trident with various svmlK)ls und letteis
j in the field ..'.... Al -5
COBINTH.
339
Circ. B.C. 338-243.
Head of Athena, wearing crested
Corinthian hehnet.
Head of Athena as above.
Head of Poseidon with hair falling in
heavy locks, and bound with wreath
of marine plant, as on the coins of
Antigonus Gonatas, or Doson.
Head of bearded Herakles, wearing
wi'eath.
KOPlNOinN Trident, often with
letter in the field . . . . ^ -75
K Pegasos with pointed wing . ^-55
KOP or p, and vairous letters. Bellero-
phon mounted on Pegasos and strik-
ing downwards with his spear M -8
P and various letterf:.
Pegasos flying r. -
Forepart of
Corintli, although occupied by a Macedonian garrison from B.C. 338-343,
when it was delivered by Aratus, does not seem to have been deprived,
like Athens, of the right of coinage, for its Pegasos staters continued to
be struck, though much less plentifully than of old, until it became a
member of the Achaean League. But in B.C. 223 Corinth was surrendered
by the League to Antigonus Doson, and between this time and 196, when
it was again set free by the Romans and reunited to the League, it does
not appear to have been allowed to strike money, unless indeed the
bronze coins with the heads of Poseidon and Herakles described above
are to be assigned to this period.
Corinth a Roman Colony.
From its destruction by Mummius in B.C. 146, Corinth remained a
heap of ruins for the space of one hundred years. In B.C. 46 Caesar
sent a colony there, and the city became once more a flourishing place,
as, from the natural advantages of its position, it could hardly fail to do.
From henceforth it struck bronze coins with Latin legends, COL. COR.,
or simply COR., CORINT., etc., which, down to the reign of Galba, usually
bear the names of Duumviri in the ablative case.
From the reign of Domitian to that of Gordian III the legends are
COL. IVL. FLAV. AVG. COR., COL. IVL. COR., or C. L. I. COR (Colonia
Laus lulia Corinthus), and the magistrates' names are discontinued.
Among the types deserving of special mention are the following : —
Bellerophon holding or subduing Pegasos. Bellerophon standing beside
Pegasos while he drinks from a stream at the foot of the Acrocorinthus.
Bellerophon mounted on Pegasos contending with the Chimaera. Pegasos
leaping from the point of the rock of the Acrocorinthus. Other frequent
types refer to the myth of Melikertes or Palaemon, in whose honour the
games called Isthmia were celebrated at the Isthmus. Such are the boy
Melikertes lying on the back of a dolphin under a pine-tree (Paus.,ii. 1,3) ;
the body of Melikertes lying on a dolphin, which is placed on an altar
beneath a tree with Isthmos as a naked youth holding a rudder, or
Poseidon with his trident standing by ; Palaemon standing or riding on
the back of the dolphin ; circular temple of Palaemon, sometimes with
sacrificial bull in front ; Ino holding her child Melikertes in her arms,
before her, sometimes, Isthmos seated on a rock, with a dolphin repre-
senting the sea ; Ino throwing herself from the rock Moluris with
Melikertes in her arms, in front dolphin or sea-god stretching out his
arms to receive the child. The following types are also worthy of note : —
z 3
340 COLONIES OF COBINTH.
Isthmos personified as a naked youth, either seated or standing, and
holding one or two rudders, in alhision to the two ports of Corinth, inscr.
in one instance ISTHMVS. Tlie two ports Lechaeum and Cenchreae as
nymphs holding rudders, legend sometimes LECH, CENCH, or as re-
cumbent male figures with the Acrocorinthus between them. The port
of Cenchreae wdth statue of Poseidon in the centre, on either side
of the harbour are the temple of Aphrodite and the sanctuaries of
Asklepios and Isis, while below are three galleys (Paus., ii. 2, 3).
Statues of Poseidon in various attitudes. Temple of Poseidon with
Tritons on the roof (Paus., ii. i, 7). Poseidon in chariot drawn by hippo-
camps. Isis Pharia. Artemis huntress. Artemis Ephesia. Among the
numerous copies of statues on the coins of Corinth one of the most
interesting is that of the Aphrodite of the Acrocorinthus, standing naked
to waist, and holding the shield of Ares, on the polit^hed surface of which
she is gazing at her reflection as in a mirror. This type illustrates the
epithet wirXuTfxivi-j applied by Pausanias (ii. 5, 1) to the statue. The Acro-
corinthus with temple of Aphrodite on the top, and buildings and a tree
at the foot. Head of Aphrodite or of the famous Hetaira Lais, rev.
Tomb of Lais, consisting of the capital of a column surmounted by a
lioness standing over a prostrate ram, as described by Pausanias (ii. 2, 4),
ra(f)os AaiSoy, w bij keaii>a iiTLOijixd ecrrt Kptov e)(^ov(ra Iv toIs TrpoTipots iroariv.
Statue of Athena Chalinitis holding bridle, spear, and shield (Paus., ii.
4, i). The sacred Fountain Peirene personified as a nymph seated on a
rock and holding a vase, or seated at the foot of the Acrocorinthus, on
the summit of which is the temple of Aphrodite, while in front is Pegasos
drinking the water of the spring. Agonistic types, wrestlers, runners,
etc. Stadium with meta in the centre between two horsemen racing at
full speed. ISTHMIA in a wreath, etc. Dionysos standing or seated.
Hermes with ram, standing or seated, or carrying infant Dionysos.
Tyche standing or seated. Zeus standing. Pallas standing. Herakles
standing. Helios in quadriga. Kybele seated. Asklepios and Hygieia.
Kronos with sickle. Hephaestos with tongs. Ares. Triptolemos in
serpent-car. The Propylaea surmounted by quadrigas. The Genius of
the Colony holding cornucopiae and patera, inscr. GEN. COL. COR.
The Temple of the JuHa Gens, inscribed on the front CAESAR,
AVGVSTVS, or GENT. IVLL
For numerous other types, which we have not space to mention, see
Imhoof and Gardner, Nnmismatic Commeniari/ on Pausanias, in the Jonrn.
Hell. Stud, 1885.
COLONIES OF CORINTH.
Under this general heading it is convenient to classify all those
copies of the Corinthian Pegasos staters which are without the letter
9. 'fhey were issued by various towns in Acarnania, Corcyra, Epirus,
Illyria, Sicily, and Bruttium.
The following list of the cities which, for commei'cial reasons, adopted
the well-known Corinthian types, is taken from Dr. Indioof-Blumer's
Coinafje of Acarnania, p. 5. For the periods of the issue, see under the
separate headings.
COLONIES OF COBINTH. 341
(a) III Acarnama : —
Alvzia, with A, A, AAY, AAYIAIilN.
Anactorium, F, A/, A/, A, AN, ANA, ANAKT. ANAKTOPinN,
ANAKTOPIEHN.
Argos-Ampliilocliicuin, A, AP, APTEI, APTEinN, APTEHN and
APnnN. Also with AM, AMcl), AM0I, AM<t)IA, AM<t)IAO,
AMOIAOXnN.
Astacus, witli AC
Coronta, with K.
Leucas, A, A, AE, AEY, AEYKAAI ami AEYKAAinN-.
Metropolis, M and M.
PalaeriisC?) TTAAAIP in Hon. (Divisions only.)
Phj'tia, 4). (Divisions only.)
Thyrrheiiim, O, GY, OYP, OYPP.
Acarnanian Federal with f^, struck in Leucas.
(h) In Corey ra :—K, cK, eg, and KOP.
(c) In Ej)irus: —
Ambracia, A, A, AM, AMP, AMPPA. AMPPAKI, AMPPA-
KIOTAN, AMPPAKiriTAN, and AMBPAKIHTAN.
Epirote federal, (aE (ATTEI) and A (probably for Ambracia).
(d) In Illyria : —
Apollonia, APOA.
Eiiidamnus— Dyrrhacliium,with ^ or A, AYP, AYPA, AYPPAXINHN.
(e) In Sicihi : —
Eryx Avith ^IN.
Leontini, AEONTiNON.
Syracuse, ^YPAKO^ION and eYPAKOCinN.
( f) In Bruttium : —
Loeri Epizephyrii, /^, AO, AOK, AOKPHN.
Mesma, M and NE.
Ehegium, R.
Terina,"E.
Of the above cities which adopted the Corinthian stater, Anactorium-,
Leucas, and Ambracia appear to be the only ones which did so before the
close of the fifth century, for of these towns alone, in addition to Corinth,
are staters extant of the transitional and early fine style.
Epidamnus, Argos-Amphilochicum, and Alyzia, followed their example
at a somewhat later period, but it was not until after the middle of the
fourth century that the Corinthian stater came into general use in the
western parts of Greece, in Bruttium, and in Sicily. From this time
until the middle of the third century the Pegasos staters continued to be
issued in large quantities, chiefly, it is to be inferred, for the purposes of
trade with Italy and Sicily, where the largest finds of this class of coin
have been brought to light.
The Pegasos coinage, common though it undoubtedly was to many
cities, is not to be confounded with a federal coinage properly so-called,
such as that of the Achaean League, as there is no reason to suppose that
it was adopted in pursuance of reciprocal treaties between Corinth on
the one part, and the towns participating in the coinage on the other.
The various cities would seem rather to have selected the Corinthian
342 PELOPONNESUS.
types independently of one another, and for their own individual con-
venience and profit, much in the same way as many Asiatic cities, long
after the death of Alexander, copied the Macedonian tetradrachm, which
his conquests had raised to the rank of an international coin, famihar in
all the markets of the Greek East.
In the outset no doubt the Corinthian coinage may have been imposed
either by choice or necessity upon Anactorium and Leucas by the mother
city, Corinth ; but from these mints the s^^stem appears to have spread
naturally enough throughout the Achelous-district among towns which,
as members of the Acarnanian League, were quite beyond the influence
of the ' city of the two seas.'
Thus, as Dr. Imhoof-Blumer (Aeanmiua, p. 12) has pointed out, the
Pegasos staters within the limits of Acarnania became a quasi-federal
Acarnanian coinage, while outside those limits they would circulate freely
side by side with the staters of Corinth herself, Ambracia, Syracuse, etc.,
as a generally recognised international currency.
PELOPONNESUS.
The history of the coinage of the Peloponnesus, regarded as a whole,
may be summed up in a few words. From the age of Pheidon of Argos
down to the Persian wars the only coins generally current in Pelopon-
nesus were on the north coast the Corinthian Pegasos staters, elsewhere
the staters of Aesfina. In the interior the Arcadian triobols served the
purpose of small change. The Aeginetic standard continued to be
everywhere prevalent in Peloponnesus.
The splendid and varied series of Elis does not begin before the close
of the period of archaic art (circ. B.C. 4H0). Between the Persian and
Peloponnesian wars we note an increase in the number of Arcadian
mints, Cleitor, Heraea, Mantineia, Pallantium, Paroreia, and Psophis, all
issuing small silver coins in addition to the money of the Arcadian
League. In the next period, B.C. 430-370, the Arcadian Federal money
is entirely superseded by the local issues of the various Arcadian cities.
The place occupied of old by tlie Aeginetic stater is now filled by the
beautiful staters of Elis, Sicyon, and Argos.
With the restoration of Messene and the renewal, under Theban
auspices, of the Arcadian Confederation, B.C. 370, Messene and Megalo-
polis were added to the now considerable number of Peloponnesian mints.
After B.C. 322, when Peloponnesus had for the most part fallen under
Macedonian dominion, the greater number of the Peloponnesian towns
ceased to strike silver in their own names, and between B.C. 2 Ho and
146 the Federal coinage of the Achaean League became little by little
the chief currency in Peloponnesus, the types and style of which, the
few mints which held aloof from the League tended more and more to
imitate.
With the constitution of the Koman Province in ]?.C. 146, all silver
money (except perhaps at Patrae) was put an end to. Bronze coins
continued, however, to be issued at many towns. As a rule the Imperial
coinage is confined to the time of Sept. Sevcrus and his family.
PELOPONNESUS.
nR\j;A
343
The following table includes the coins not only of Peloponnesus, but
of Attica, Aegina, and Corinth : —
700-480 480-430
430-370
370-322
322-280
280-146
146-27
Imperial
Times.
Athens
M M
KMM
M.M
M.M
M. M
M
Eleusis
M
Oropus
M
M
Salamis
1
M
M
Aegosthena
M
Megara
M.
M.M
Fed.
M
M
Pagiie
Fed.
M
Aegina
EL.^.
M
MM
. •••
M
M
M
Corinth
M
M
MM
JR iE
M.M
MMSc Fed.
Phlius
M.M
M. M
Fed.
M
Sicyon
M.M
M.M
M M M. & Fed.
M
Aegae
M
M.
1
Aegeira
M
Fed.
M
M '.
. Aegium
Fed.
M
M
' Bura
M 1
Ceryneia
...
Fed.
1
Dyme
M.M
Fed.
Helice i
M
Patnie i
Fed.
M.M
M
Pellene
M.M
M.
Fed.
\
Elis
M
M.
M
Fed.
M
M 1
Hypana
Fed.
1
Pisa
N
1
Cephallenia
M
M.
^v^
M 1
Ithaca
M
M
Zacynthus
1 M
M.
M.M
M.M
M.M
M
Cythera
M.M
M
Messene
M.M
^ ^ & Fed.
M !
Asine
Fed.
M
Colone ' ... j
Corone
M M & Fed.
Cypaiissia
M
Mothoue
M
M
Pylus
M
M
Thuria
M
M
Asopus
M
M
Boeae
M
Cranae
M
Gythium
...
M
Lacedaemon
JlX JiU
.^K.^&Fed.
'm
M
Las
M i
Argos
M]
M
M.
M.M
M.M
^^ ^ & Fed.
M
Cleonae
Mi
M
Fed.
M
EpiJaunis
M.M
M.l M'l
Fed.
M
Hennione
MM
Fed.
M
Methana
M
M
Mideia
M
Tir3Tis
1
M
Troezen
1
M.
MM
M
344
PIJLIASIA.
700-480
480-430
430-370
370-322
322-280
280-146
146-27
Imperial
Times.
Alea
M
Fed.
Alipheira
...
Fed.
Asea
Fed.
Callista
Fed.
Caphya
Fed.
M
Cleitor
Jr
M.M
Fed.
M
Dipaea
Fed.
Elisphasii
Fed.
Gortys
Fed.
Heraea
Ai
Ai'jE
"'m
Fed.
M
Lusi
Fed.
Mantineia
M
Ai
Ai"
"jE
Fed.
M
Megalopolis
...
MM
Fed.
M
Methydriutii
"m
Fed.
Orchoineniis
M
M
Pallantium
Ai
Ai"
Fed.
Paroreia
Ai
M
Pheneus
Ai
MM
Fed.
M
Phigaleia
Fed.
M
Psophis
Jk
MM
M
Stym])halus
MM
-/TV Jtj
Fed.
Tegea
M.
M^M
Fed.
M
Teuthis
Fed.
Theisoa
Fed.
Thelpusa
M JE
Fed.
M
Ml
Arcadia. Fed.
M
M
MM
[Note. — F'or the metals of the Federal coins in the above Table, see p. 351 sq,]
FHLIASIA.
Fhlius was an independent city whose territory consisted of the valley
of the river Asopus, bounded on either side by mountains. It derived its
name from a certain Phlias, or Phlios, a son of Dionysos (Paus., ii. ] 2, 6),
and the temple of Dionysos was the most ancient edifice in the town.
Its coins consist of drachms and smaller divisions of Aesjinetic wein^ht.
Circ.-B.v. 430-322.
Bull with head lowered (tauiiform
Dionysos, or river Asopu^^). In
exergue <1)AEIA.
SI ON (end of obv. ins-ci'.) in the lour
corners of an incuse square, within
which a wheel , . A\ Drachm.
In the centre of the wheel there is usually a pellet enclosed in a circle,
which here, as at Delphi, may symbolize the dju^aAo'?, a sacred stone at
Phlius, which the inhabitants, with unaccountable ignorance of distances,
affirmed to be the centre of Peloponnesus (Paus., ii, 13, 3).
The hemidrachms and smaller coins arc uninscribed, but bear on the
reverse a large <t> instead of the wheel, sometimes accompanied by
bunches of grapes.
The types of the Phliasian coins remained unchanged down to the
time of the Macedonian conquest, circ. 322, except that on the latest
class the <I> on the reverse is encircled with an ivy-wreath. After
B. c. 322 the coinage of Phlius comes to an end.
SICYONTA.
345
The bronze coins of the fourth century for the most part resemble the
silver, but on some specimens the bull on the obverse is replaced b}^ a
head of Pallas or of Zeus {?). See also Achaean League.
Imperial of Severus, Caracalla, and Geta. Types ; Artemis huntress,
Asklepios, Tyche sacrificing.
SICYONIA.
\Annali di Corrispondenza archeologica, 1830, p. 336.]
Sicyon, during the period of its greatest prosperity, consisted of an
acropolis about two miles from the Corinthian Gulf, a lower town at its
foot, and a port-town. The large number of its coins still extant
sufficiently attests the ancient wealth and commercial importance of
the city. It does not appear to have struck coins before the middle of
the fifth century, nor indeed does its money become plentiful much
before B. c. 400.
Before b. c. 400.
Dove with open wings, in act of alight-
ing.
Chimaera, beneath M[ = Z].
Chimaera.
Forepart of chimaera.
Dove with closed wings.
Id.
Dove's head.
Large M=Z in incuse square, within
the letter sometimes a floi'al ornament
Ai Drachm.
Doveflying in incuse square, incomers W
[ = Z] and A (for Apa^/ii?) JR Drachm.
Dove flying in incuse square, in corners
Z and T (Tpiw^oXov) . M Triob.
Id. Z and 0 ('O/SJXoy) . . Al Obol.
M = Z in incuse square . Ai \ Obol.
Dove flying in incuse square, in corners
Z and H {'Hfiio^oKiov) . M 1 Obol.
Id . . Mi Obol.
Without Incuse Square.
^E Chimaera.
AjDollo, kneeling on one knee, with
bow and arrows.
Flying dove .
t.E in laurel-wreath
JR Triob.
M i Obol.
Circ. B.C. 400-322.
Fig. 224.
SE (rarely SI) Chimaera, above, some-
times, wreath ; beneath, sometimes
kneeling AjjoHo with bow. Head of
river-god Asopus (1), etc.
CE or t.\ Dove alighting.
Dove flying in laurel-wreath, often with
letters in field, A, E, I, N, AO, AP,
PA, SIBYPTIO[S, etc., or symbols,
bow, ivy-leaf, etc. (Fig. 224) .
JR Stater and Drachm.
Id M Drachm.
346
STCYOyiA.
CE or t.\ Cliimaera,
C ov CI Dove alighting.
5 or t. Lion walking.
Head of Apollo.
Id.
Apollo kneeling with bow and arrows.
Apollo with lyre, seated on rock.
Head of Apollo,
Dove flying.
Id
Id
Id
Lyre in wreath
Lyre ....
ZE in wreath .
ZE in monogram
Letters in field .
M Triobol.
Al Diobol.
M Obol.
M i Obol.
^t Obol.
M Obol.
M 1 Obol.
M i Obol.
M I Obol.
Beonze.
Naked Apollo holding up a long fillet,
which falls behind his back ; in
field, dove.
Dove flving.
Id.
Head of Apollo.
Dove flying.
Zl Dove feeding.
Zl in wreath ^ -65
Tripod in wreath -^E -65
Z in wreath -^ -55
Z in wreath .E -7
Magistrates' names, EY, AH, OEY,KAE,
ME, TE, within a wreath . ^^ -65
Zl Tripod in wreath . . . yE -7
Some of the names on these bronze coins have been identified by
R. Weil [Zeif. f. N., vii. 376) with historical personages, among whom
Euphron may be mentioned, who made himself tyrant of Sicyon shortly
after B.C. 368.
Circ. B.C. 322-25 L
After the close of the Lamian war, B.C. 332, Sicyon passed for a time
into the hands of the Macedonians, under whose rule tetradrachms were
struck there, with the name and types of Alexander the Great (b. c.
316-308), (Muller, Mou. (Vxilex., Nos. 864-898), A large number of these
tetradrachms was discovered near Patrae in 1850 (C T. Newton, i\7^ra.
Citron., 1853, p. 29). Some of the accessory symbols on these coins, such
as Apollo holding a fillet behind his back, and the Chimaera, are
undoubtedly Sicyonian. The whole class is distinguished by its
peculiar fabric. The majority of the specimens have the throne of
Zeus surmounted by two small figures of Nike.
Contemporary with these tetradrachms are the following series of
Aeginetic triobols (or Attic tetrobols) and bronze: —
Flying dove. Large Z surrounded by magistrate's
name, all in shallow incuse square .
M Triobol.
Among the names the following occur: — AINEIAZ, AAEZIHN,
AMEINIAZ. ANAPnNlAAZ, OPAZYKAHZ, KAEANAPOZ, AYAIAAAZ,
ZENOTIMOZ, OAYMniAAAZ, nOAYKPATHZ, HPOMAXIAAZ, ZHZI-
KPATHZ.
Flying dove and one of the above
names.
Dove feeding, ANAPOTIMOZ.
Head of Apollo.
Zl in wreath -^E -65
Zl Tripod in wreath . M •'^
Zl Dove flying, carrying fillet, and
I magistrate's name . . . . .^ -7
For coins of Sicyon as member of the Achaean League, sec p. 351.
ACHAIA. • 347
Concerning the coins of Sicyon, Col. Leake remarks {Num. Hell., p. 95)
that 'the change from CEKYnN or ^EIKYHN to CIK YHN occurred about
the time of Alexander tlie Great. The bird is probably the wood -pigeon,
great numbers of which still inhabit the cliffs that surround the ancient
site. They were perhaps sacred to Aphrodite, whose temple was one of the
principal edifices of Sicyon, and in which there was a seated statue of the
goddess by Canachus (Pans., ii. 10).'
The M = Z, which so frequently occurs as a coin type, was the device of
the city, and was placed by the Sicyonians on their shields (Xen., Hell.,
iv- 4)- . . ,
Imperial coins exist from Domitian to Geta. Inscr., CIKYnNlflN.
Types, various ; the most remarkable is a representation of a tomb (cf.
Paus., ii. 7, 2). The coin shows a small distyle temple on a rock, flanked
by two tall terminal figures, and by two cypress trees. Another coin has
for type a Maenad in attitude of frenzy, holding a sword and a bunch of
grapes, perhaps one of the Maenads in the temple of Dionysos at Sicyon
mentioned by Pausanias (ii. 7, 5). Another very frequent type is a
naked Apollo with hands raised, holding a long fillet. There also occur
on Imperial coins of Sicyon figures of Aphrodite and Eros, of Dionysos,
of Pan, of Artemis Pheraea (Paus., ii. 10, 7), of Demeter, of Tyche 'AKpala
(Paus., ii. 7, 5), etc.
ACHAIA.
Aegae was in early times (after Helice) the chief seat of the worship
of Poseidon in Achaia.
The town gradually fell into decay, until, before the time of Alexander
the Great, the remnant of its inhabitants migrated to the neighbouring
Aegeira. Its coins are triobols of the Aeginetic standard.
B.C. 480-430.
D^A Forepart of goat.
DIA Forepart of goat.
{Zeit.f. Num., v. i. 6, 7, 8.)
Incuse square quartered . JR Triob.
V\0IAMA Archaic head of bearded
Dionysos ivy-crowned in incuse square
M Triob.
Cire. B.C. 430-365.
A I C Forepart of goat
AICAION Similar head of fine style .
M Triob.
AICAION Goat standintr . M Obol.
Head of young Dionysos crowned Avitli
ivy- I
See Zeit.f. Nitm.^ v. p. 5, and Imhoof, 3Iou. Gr., p. 157.
Aegeira. To this town, which stood between Aegae and Pellene, the
inhabitants of the former place removed when it fell into decay.
Circ. B. c. 350.
Head of Pallas in close fitting crested j AIT Forepart of goat in wreath. .^-55
helmet. j
For Federal coins, see Achaean League, p. 351.
After B.C. 146.
AiriPATAN Veiled female head. | Goat standing in wreath . JE 6^
348 ACHAIA.
hnperial, Severus, Domna, and Plautilla. Inscr., AIPEIPATHN, rarely
AiriPATHN.
Aegiuiu, the chief political and religious centre of Achaia, and the
meeting-place of the delegates of the various cities which composed the
League. Of this town, with the exception of the federal money (p. 351);
bronze coins only are known.
Circ. B.C. 146-43.
HMI0B6AIN HeadofZeuf^.
AinenN HcadofZeus.
AirienN lUver g(xl (Sellnus) .
M -8
HMI0B€AIN Zeus hurling fuhnen
(piob. Zeus Soter, cf. Paus., vii. 23, 7).
J]iL -85
Other varieties with magistrates' names, OEOZIOZ KAHTAIOZ.
A I r I enN Head of Zeus, H M 1 0 Be A I N Nymph Phthia witli in-
flated veil following a dove, which
looks back at her . . . . M .85
The type of this coin alludes to a local myth, which told how Zeus in
the form of a dove seduced the nymph Phthia (Athenaeus, ix. p. 395 ;
Aelian, Var. Hist., i. [5). HMIOBEAIN is supposed to be a variant of
HMIOBOAION.
AinenN HeadofZeus. HMIOBEAlN Infant Zeus suckled by
goat between two trees. The goat
looks back at an eagle . . . ^] -7
This type is explained by Strabo, viii. p. 387, laTopovcn 8' IvravOa kol
Tov Ato vtt' alyos TpacjiijvaL Kaddirep ({)i](tI Kal "Aparos.
AinenN Head of young Dionysos | OEOZIOZ KAHTAIOZ Eagle. ^-7
crowned with ivy.
AinenN Bust of Artemis. GEOZIOS KAHTAIOS Female figure,
EileithyiaC?), standing holding knife (?)
JE -7
Cf. Pausanias, vii. 23, 5, where, however, Eileithyia is said to have held
a torch.
Imperial coins from Hadrian to Geta. Types : Ant. Pius, Artemis
holding two torches (Pans., vii. 24, 1). Others reading ZeYC MePAC
are associated with a figure of Zeus, hurling fulmen and holding eagle.
Bura, destroyed by an earthquake B.C. 373, but subsequently rebuilt,
joined the Achaean League b. c. 27,5, but none of its federal coins
have as yet been found. Lnperial, of Severus and his family. Inscr.,
BOYPAeuuN. Types: Herakles wielding club, perhaps a cop}^ of the
statue of Herakles Buraecus in the oracular cavern, sacred to Herakles,
between Bura and the Corinthian Gulf. Another coin has Eileithyia
facing, holding a torch (cf. Pans., vii. 23. 3, 5).
Ceryneia. Federal coins only (see p. 351).
Dyme, the most western city of Achaia, bordering upon Elis, struck
small silver and bronze coins circ. B. c. 350 (Zeit. f. Nutn., vii. 366).
Inscr. AY or A YM A.
AEGTUM—PATRAE. 349
Female lieacL
Id.
Head of Pallas.
Female head, veiled.
Amphora JR Obol.
Broad fish iE .65
AY in wreath M -65
Id M -65
For other varieties, and for coins struck at Dyrae as a Roman colony,
reading C. I. D. or C. I. A. DVM. (Colonia Julia Augusta, Dumaeorum),
J. Caesar to Tiberius, sometimes with names of the Duumviri quin-
quennales followed by the formula EX. D. D. (ex deereto decurionum),
see Imhoof, ]\lon. Gr., p. 162 sqq.
See also Federal Coins, p. 351.
Helice. The most ancient of all the cities of Achaia was totally
destroyed in the earthquake of B.C. 373, when its territory was in-
corporated with that of Aegium.
Circ. B. c. 400-373.
EAIK (retrog.) Head of Poseidon dia- ! Trident between dolphins in wreath,
denied within a circle of waves. ; {^-f- A^, vii. PI. VIII. 6) . yE -7
At this city was ■ famous temple of Poseidon, called Helikonios, to whose
anger the destruction of the town was attributed (Num. C//ron., 1 86 1 , p. 2 1 6).
Fatrae, previously known under the name of Aroe, was a port on the
Corinthian Gulf between Aegium and Dyme. As a member of the
Achaean League from B.C. 280 it issued silver coins (p. 351), but
apparently none of bronze.
Circ. B.C. 146-43.
After the dissolution of the League it appears to have been allowed to
retain the exceptional privilege of striking money both in silver and bronze.
Head of Aphrodite (1).
Head of Zeus.
APICTAPXOC AAMUUNOC Diony-
SO) holding thyrsos.
AAMACIAC and OATP (in jiion.) all
in wreath ^36 grs.
ATYC AICXPIUUNOC and same mon.
in wreath ^36 grs.
TTATPCLUN Sepulchral monument of
the oekist Patreus, all in wreath of
ivy ^ -7
This monument, according to Pans., vii. 20, stood in the agora of
Patrae. Among other types are the following, bearing the names of
various magistrates in full : —
Pallas, with shield and spear, advancing
(cf Pans., vii. 20). . . . JE -8
Poseidon wielding trident (cf Paus., vii.
21) . . . ' iE.75
Owl, magistrate, AAMACIAC. Trident, between TT-A . . . ^-55
It was at Patrae that M. Antonius passed the winter before the battle
of Actium, B.C. 32-31, and it must have been on this occasion that coins
were struck at Patrae with the portrait of Cleopatra, rev. Head-dress of
Lsis. After the battle of Actium, Augustus established a colony at
Patrae, which continued to strike money until the time of Gordianus,
Inser. C. A. A. P. (Colonia Augusta Aroe Patrensis). Among the remark-
able types are copies of the statues of Artemis Laphria. with her dog beside
her, by Menaechmus and Soidas in the temple of that goddess at Patrae.
Head of bearded Herakles.
Head of Pallas.
350 ACHATA.
This statue -was transported to Patrae by Augustus from Aetolia.
Pausanias (vii. iH, 6) thus describes it, cryfuj-a rod ayaXfjiaTO'i Oripevovad
kcTTLv' (X^(j)avTos be kuI y^pvcrov 7Te7rotr;rat.
In honour of this goddess a splendid festival was celebrated at Patrae,
in which Pausanias tells us that the priestess of the goddess, a maiden
drawn in a biga of stags, closed the festal procession. This type occurs
on coins of M. Aurelius. Another statue mentioned by Pausanias (vii.
20, 5), which is copied on coins of Commodus. is that of Asklepios.
Other types show Hermes seated on a rock, with a ram before him,
perhaps copied from a statue at Corinth (Paus., ii. 3, 4). The following
topographical type is also worthy of remark: — Plan of the town and
harbour of Patrae ; above, three temples ; below, a statue on a pedestal.
This type is varied on coins of Gordian, where we see a colossal statue
in the centre of the harbour, galleys within the port, and several small
buildings over it.
Fellene, the most eastern town in Achaia, struck silver and bronze
coins in the latter half of the fourth century.
Circ. B.C. 370-322.
Head of Apollo.
Lyre.
Head of Apollo.
PEA in laurel-wreatli . . M, Triob.
P-E Tripod M-^
PE (in mon.) Eam's head in wreath
Apollo Theoxenios was the god chiefly worshipped at Pellene, I'o-rt koI
'ATTo'AAcoros &eo^€VLOv YleWyjvevcrLV lepoV to be ayaXixa x^aA.KoO TreTTOujrai
(Pans., vii. 37).
Pellene became a member of the Achaean League about B.C. 270
(see p. 351).
On the Imperial coins, Severus and famil^^ inscr. TTEAAHNenN, are
figures of Dionysos Lampter (Paus., /. c), standing naked with kantharos
and thyrsos, and of Artemis with torch and bow (Paus., /. e.) : -nXyia-iov be
Tod 'ATTD'AAcoyos vaos eariv 'Apre/xtSos, To^evovarjs be ?; Qeos Trape'x^erat (r^TJfia.
ACHAEAN LEAGUE.
[Leicester Warren, Greek Federal Coinage, London, 1863 ; Lambros, P., Zeitschrift
fiir Numismalik, 1875, p. 160; Weil, R., Zeit. f. Num., 1882, p. 199.]
The earliest federal money of this famous League appears to date from
the time before the Macedonian Conquest,
Before circ. B.C. 330.
Head of Zeus Homagj'rios.
Head of Pallas,
AX (in Tiion.) . Ax Hemidrachm,
Id /E .7
It was not, however, until the reorganization of the League in i?.'c. 280,
when Patrae and Dyme succeeded in throwing oft" the yoke of the Mace-
donians, that the plentiful coinage, which for about 130 years formed the
staple of the currency of Peloponnesus, regularly commenced. Gradually,
as town after town was brought Avithin the political union, the circle of
federal mints went on widening, each town on its admission to the
League agreeing to adopt a uniform coinage, not on\y in silver, but also
ACHAEAN LEAGUE.
351
in bronze ; for identity of laws, weights, measures, and coinage was, as
Polybius, ii. 37, informs us, imposed by the central authorities upon all
the members of the Confederation: wore /xt; jjlovov crviJ.}xa\iK))v kcu (piXiKiji^
Koivciiviav ycyovevai, TTpayixdroiv Tre'pt avroijs, akKa Koi voixols XpTJcrOai Tols avrol'i
Kttt (TTadiJLols Kol jxerpois Kal z'O/xur/xacrt, K.T.k.
The types of the federal silver coin were as follows: —
Fig. 225.
Head of Zeus Homagyrios (Fig. 225). The Achaean monogram, around Avhich
various letters, monograms, local sjmii-
bols, names of magistrates or of cities,
usually abbreviated, all within wreath
of bay Ai 40-34 grs.
It is upon these symbols, etc., that the classification to particular
cities is based with more or less probability.
The bronze coinage is much more historically important than the
silver, since it ofiers the name of each city in full, preceded by the name
of the Achaeans collectively, e.g. AXAinN KOPlNOinN, etc. Types as
follows : —
Full length figure of Zeus Homagyrios
holding Nike and leaning on scej^ti'e.
Demeter Panachaia {1} seated, holding
wreath and resting on sceptre . JE -"j
On one side is the name of the city, on the other a local magistrate's
name, nearly alwa3^s at full length.
Zeus Homagyrios, the assembler of men, and Demeter Panachaia, were
the protecting divinities of the League, whose temples stood side by side
at Aegium, where the central assembly held its meetings, e^e^T/s 8e rw
'OiJ.ayvpL(^ Att Ylai'a)(^aLas ia-rl Ai]iJLi]Tpos (Paus., vii. 24, 2).
The towns which took part in this federal currency are about forty-
three in number. The probable date of admission to the League is
added wherever I have been able to ascertain it.
In Achaia, B.
c.
Aegeira, 2 74('?)
M Symb.
Half-goat .
. M AXAinN AirEIPATnN.
Aegium, 275 .
M Symb.
freq. FuJmen .
. M AXAinN AirE^N.
Ceryneia, 273
M
Tridint .
. M AXAinN KAPYNEHN.
Dyme, 280
Jti ,,
Fish . . .
. M AXAinN AYMAinN.
Patrae, 280
M
I)olj>hin.
Pellene, 274(1)
M Symb
Lyre or vase .
. .^ AXAinN HEAAANEDN.
Sicyon, 251 . M ^Y^\h. Dove, tripod . . . ^ AXAinN ZlKVnNinN.
Phlius, 228 M AXAinN 0AEIAZinN.
Corinth, 243 . M „ (^ or Pejjasos . . ^ AXAinN KOPlNOinN.
Megara, 243 . .^1 „ Lyre JE AXAinN METAPEnN.
Pagae, 208 JE AXAinN nATAinN.
352 ACIIAIA.
In Aryolis, B.C.
Argos, 228 . ^^^ ^>™);^ WoJfs-liead, harpa, | ^^ ^xAinN APrEIIiN.
Cleonae, 229 '. \ M AXAinN KAEHNAiaN.
Epidauiup, 243 M Symh. Serpent, cupping-vessel tE AX AIHN EFFI AAYPEHN.
Hermioiie, 229 /E AX AIHN EPMIONEHN.
In Arcadia, b. c.
Alea,bef. 23;-^ ^: AXAinN AAEATAN.
Alipheira, 194 yt] AXAinN AAIOEIPEHN.
Asea, 194 M AXAIHN AZEATAN (or HN).
Callista, 194(1) iE AXAinN KAAAIZTATAN.
Caphyae, 227 . M Sjmh. Head of Pallas . /h]AXAinNKA0YEnN.
Cleitor. . . . ^ Letters K AH \ . . . vE AXAinN KAEITOPinN.
Dipaea, 194 JE AXAIHN AinAIEHN.
Elispliasii, 194 M AXAinN EAIZ^AZinN.
Gortys, 194 JE AXAIHN KOPTYNinN.
Heraea, bef. 234 .E AXAIHN HPAIEHN
Lusi JE AXAinN A0Y2IATAN.
Maiitmeia, bef. 222 JSi Symb. Trident.
Mantiueia, called) ^ j^^^^^^.^^^ .... vE AXAinN ANTirONEHN.
Antigoneia, 2 2 2 j
Megalopolis, 234 {^ %'?1^^^''"'''"' ^'''^""'' }^ AXAinN MErAAOnOAIinN.
Methydrium !!.'.".'. ^ AXAinN MEOYAPIEnN.
Pallantium, 194 M ^jmh. Tl^ A, Trident . ^ AXAinN HAAAANTEnN.
Pheneus, 234 . M „ Caduceus . . . M AXAinN cDENEnN.
^, . ,. „ I iE AXAinN cDITAAEnN or
Phigaha, 208 I (DIAAEnN.
Stymplialus,bef.234 JK AXAinN ZTYM*AAinN.
Tegea, 222 . . M Letters TE . . . . M AXAinN TETEATAN.
Teuthis JE AXAinN TEYOIAAN.
Theisoa, 194 ^ AXAinN OIZOAinN(orEnN).
Thelpusa, bef. 234 JE AXAinN OEAnOYZinN.
I/i Elis, B. c.
Elis, 191 . AllueiieYs ? A, Eagle, dove, fidmen ^ AXAinN AAEinN.
Hypaiia ..'..,. JE AXAinN YHANnN.
In Messenia, b. c.
Asine .E AXAinN AZiNAinN.
Corone,i84 tE AXAinN KOPnNAinN.
Messene, 191. . ^ Letters MEZ or ME . ^ AXAinN MEZZANinN.
In Laconia, B.C.
Lacedaemoii, 192 A\ >iymh. Filei of Bioslairi.
A C H A I A (Roman Province).
The only Imperial coins of the Eoman Province of Achala which call
for special notice are the followinrf, which belong rather to the class of
dedicatory medallions than to tlie ordinary cunency, although it is
ELIS.
353
probable that they also circulated as money. It was no unusual thing
for wealthy individuals to undertake, on behalf of their native cities, the
entire expenses of religious festivals, games, dedications of temples, or
other solemnities, in return for municipal honours of various kinds, Tlic
sums paid into the local exchequer by such public benefactors, when
issued in the form of coin, usually bore the name of the donor in the
nominative case, together with his honorary title and the verb avedrjKe,
followed by the name of the city or province in the dative or genitive.
Such dedicatory pieces are not uncommon in Asia Minor, but in
Europe they are very rarely met with.
The following examples were struck at Corinth by Hostilius Marcellus,
the priest of the worship of the deified Antinous, and by him dedicated
to the Achaeans and Corinthians : —
OCTIAIOC MAPKeAAOC 0 ICPeYC TOY ANTINOOY Bust of
Antinous.
Hev., TOIC AXAIOIC ANCOHKeN Antinous leaning on terminal figure,
or as Belleroplion taming Pegasos (Mion., ii. i6o. 97, 98).
Another, but with KOPlNOinN ANCGHKeN.
Eev. Type, Helios in biga (Mion., ii. 180. 239),
ELIS.
Circ. B.C. 480-421.
iiM
Figs. 226, 227.
The beautiful silver coins of Elis, of the Aeginetic standard, form a
series, which, for the variety of treatment, and the high artistic ability
which it evinces, is excelled by no other class of coins in European Greece.
There are no coins of Elis which can be said to belong to the period of
archaic art before the Persian wars ; but from about B.C. 480 until Elis
became dependent upon Macedon after the Lamian war, B.C. 322, the
silver staters of Elis form an almost unbroken series, which Professor
Gardner, in his able essay on the coins of Elis (A?/w. C/rron., 1879,
p. 221 sqq.), has arranged in fifteen periods, corresponding with the
political history of the city. In the present work a more general
classification is all that need be attempted.
The whole land of Elis was sacred to the Olympian Zeus, and the
symbols of this god, the T/iimder-boU, and tlie Eagle toith a serpent, a hare,
or other animal in his claws, the well-known omen of victory sent by
Zeus, Atos T€pas alyioxpio (II., xii. 21 1), form the constant types of the
coins of Elis from about B.C. 480-421 (Figs. 226-229). Other varieties
exhibit Nike in various attitudes, running to crown a victor in the games,
or seated on a cippus, or standing with the sacred fillet in her hand ; or
again, the Olt/7npian Zens himself, enthroned, with his eagle flying beside
him, or wielding the thunder-bolt.
A a
354
ELIS.
§ \ ]
:^j
Figs. 228, 229.
The following coin is remarkable, as bearing the engraver's name
EYO . . . , not improbably the same EYO . . . who was shortly after-
wards employed as a coin engraver at Syracuse (p. 100) : — ■
Eagle devouring hare. Incuse square, withiu which FA, Xike
with spread wings running 1., hold-
ing wreath in outstretched hand ; in
front EYO .... M Stater.
The inscriptions on the coins of the above period are FA or FAAEION,
and in one instance OAYMPIKON without the name of the Eleians at
all, denoting probably that the coin was issued on the occasion of one
of the Olympic festivals, at which, as at Delphi during the Pythian
festivals, fairs or markets were held, such as would naturally call forth
an unusually large issue of JEleian coins, for the convenience of visitors
from all parts of the Greek world.
Circ. B.C. 421-365.
The introduction of the head of Hera as an Eleian coin-type is sup-
posed by Professor Gardner (oj). elf.) to have been introduced both at
Elis and Argos about the time of the alliance contracted, circ. b. c. 420,
between Elis, Argos, and Mantineia. But, although it is quite con-
ceivable that in the worship of Hera the Argives and Eleians may have
found a bond of union, which they expressed upon their respective
coinages, I cannot admit that the head of Hera, either at Elis or at
Argos, makes its appearance on the coins before the end of the fifth
century.
The chief Eleian coin-types of this period are the following : —
f^--m>,^
Figs. 230, 231.
Head of Zeus laureate, features large,
liair short hehind, style severe.
Head of Hera wearing lofty Stephanos
adorned with conventional flowers,
the letters HPA sometimes ahove or
on the Stephanos.
F-A Fulnien in wreath of wild olive
(Fig. 230) M Stater.
Id. (Fig. 231)
.R^Stater, Drachm, ] Dr. & Obol.
ELTS.
355
Fig. 232.
Eagle's head of noble style, beneath I FA Fulmen in wreath of wild olive
it, a leaf, on which sometimes en- (Fig- 232) . . .
graver's initials A A (or A A). | M Stater, Drachm, Triobol, & Obol.
On the drachm the Eagle's head is accompanied by a lizard.
Another type (Fig. 233), which is supposed to have been sug-
gested by the trophy erected by the Eleians in commemoration of a
victory which they gained over Agis king of Sparta (Paus., vi. 2, 4),
shows Nike with spread wings and holding a palm in her hand, seated on a
basis of two steps.
Fig. 233.
This type is one of the most striking compositions in Greek numis-
matic art. The monument, which it probably represents more or less
faithfully, was the work of the Sculptor Daedalus of Sicyon, and was
set up about B.C. 400 in the altis at Olympia, Professor Gardner has
even ventured to suggest that Daedalus may actually have been
employed to engrave coins for the Eleians about this time, and that
the letters A A which he reads on some specimens (Fig. 232) may stand
for his name, but Dr. Imhoof-Blumer {Mon. Gr., p. 168) disputes the
reading A A and prefers to read A A.
Cire. B.C. 365-322.
Fig. 234.
This period embraces the age of the Theban supremacy in Pelopon-
nesus, of the war between Elis and the Arcadians, and of the Spartan
and Macedonian alliances.
A a 2
356
ELIS.
The Eleian coins now offer a head of Zens of softer and more ornate
stylo than the large and severe conception of the same divinity previ-
ously met with (Fig. 234). A head of the vymph Oli/mpia, sometimes
accompanied by her name OAYMPIA, now also makes its appearance
on the money of Elis, and may be intended as an assertion of the claim
of the Eleians to the exclusive administration of the Olympic games ; a
right which the Pisatans, backed by the Arcadians, successfully disputed
on the occasion of the 104th Olympiad (e.g. 364). (See Pisa, p. 357.)
To this period probably belong also the series of coins with the head of
Hera, rev., Eagle within a v)reailt. of olive [Num. Chron., 1H79, PL XIV.),
these heads being unquestionably later in style than the bolder Hera -head
of the preceding period (Fig. 231). The inscription on the money of-
this time is FA or FAAEIfiN.
Circ. B.C. 322-312.
During this period of Macedonian supremacy, if any coins were struck
at Elis, they will probably be found among the tetradrachms issued by
Alexander's generals in Peloponnesus in the name and with the types of
Alexander the Great (cf. Muller, 3Io7i. d'Alex., Nos. 894 and 895).
Circ. B.C. 312-271.
Fig. 235.
During the precarious autonomy which followed the expulsion of
Telesphorus, a general of Antigonus, who had made himself supreme
in Elis, the series of Eleian coins begins again. The types of most
frequent occurrence are Heads of Zetis and' of Hera, of late, and often of
careless style. That of Zeus has flowing hair, and closely resembles the
contemporary Zeus-head on the coins of Boeotia, struck after Demetrius
had presented Thebes with her freedom, B.C. 288 (cf. Figs. 235 and 201).
Some of the later specimens of these coins bear the letters AP or API,
showing them to have been struck under the rule of Aristotimus, who
made himself despot of Elis B.C. 272-271 (Justin, xxvi. i).
Circ. B.C. 271-191.
ELIS—PISA.
357
Throughout this long period, the Head of Zeus and the Eagle, frequently
contending with a serpent, are the types of most common occurrence.
In style they exhibit a steady degradation, and as a rule they bear in
the field the initials of the names of successive tyrants, none of whom
have however been identified (Fig. 236).
Circ. B.C. 191-146.
In B.C. 191 Elis was compelled by the Achaeans, much against her
will, to join their League. (For coins, see p. 352.)
Circ. B.C. 146-43.
With the Roman conquest the series of the silver coins of Elis
comes to an end, but the town still continued to issue bronze money
of base style.
Head of Zeus. FAAEIXlN in wreath . . . ^ -8
Head of Apollo. FA Zeus striding to right, wielding
fulmen and holdincr eagle
M -6
Imperial Times.
Hadrian to Caracalla. Inscr., HAEIHN or HAEIUUN. The following
types deserve especial mention. Hadrian, rev.. Figure of Zeus Olympios
seated on throne, holding Nike, and resting on sceptre. Hadrian,
rev., Head of Zeus Olympios (Gardner, Types of Gk. Coins, PI. XV. 18 and
19). There can be no doubt that these two remarkable coins are copies
of the head, and of the entire statue of the world-renowned chrysele-
phantine Zeus of Pheidias at Olympia, and moreover that they are the
most faithful copies of this masterpiece which have been handed down to
us (cf. Gardner, Coins of Elis, p. 47 sq.). Hadrian, rev.. River-god Alpheius
reclining, holding in his right hand a wreath and in his left a reed, at
his feet an urn with a palm. It was on the banks of this river that the
Olympian games were solemnized, to which the palm in a prize urn
here alludes.
Fisa. The ancient city of Pisa, a little to the east of Olympia, had
been destroyed by the Eleians in B.C. 572, but the descendants of its
former inhabitants continued to be distinguished as Pisatans, and in
B. c. 364 the Arcadians determined to restore to them their ancient right
of presiding over the Olympic games. This attempt proved successful
on the occasion of the 104th Olympiad. The Pisatans then seized the
temple treasures, and converted them into coin for the payment of
troops. A few specimens of this money, which is of gold, have been
preserved.
Head of Zeus. {Num. Chron., 1879,
PI. XIV. 7.)
Id. {Ihid., PI. XIV. 8.)
r I e A Three half thunderbolts • . . .
N. Trihemiobol, 24 grs.
Thunderbolt ... A Obol.
After this bold attempt on the part of the Pisatans, the Eleians
recovered the presidency of the games, and forthwith ordered the
104th celebration to be omitted, as having been illegal, from the
official list of Olympiads.
358
ISLANDS OFF ELIS.
ISLANDS OFF ELIS.
[De Bosset, Sur Ifs Mid. des iles de Cephallenia et d^Ithaca, London, 1845.
Zeitung, 1837. Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 81.]
N Htnismatische
Cephallenia, the largest of the Ionian islands, derived its name from
the hero Kephalos. In historical times this island was a. tetrapolis, the
land being divided between the four towns, Same, Proni, Pale, and
Cranii, each of which seems to have been independent of its neighbours.
The money standard of the Cephallenian towns was the same as that
which prevailed in Corcyra, viz. a light form of the Aeginetic. (Stater,
172 grs. [Drachm, 86 grs.] ; Tetrobol, 58 grs. ; Triobol, 44 grs. ; Diobol,
29 grs. ; Trihemiobol, 22 grs. ; Obol, 14 grs.)
Cranii, B. c. 500-430 or later. The archaic silver money of this town,
Inscr., KR, KRA, KRAN, etc., shows on the obverse a ram's head (Stater);
ram (Triob.); forepart of ram, R. TRI (Trihemiob.) ; head of ram (Obol).
The usual reverse type is a bow. The following types also occur: —
Female bust of archaic style.
Female head of archaic style.
Eam's head in incuse square ^Tetrobol.
Id A\ Trihemiobol.
After circ. B.C. 400.
Eam's head. KPA Animal's hoof . . , iil Obol.
Gorgon-head. „ TTT . . M Tritetartemorion.
Eam's head. „ H tR Hemiobol.
On the bronze coins of the fourth century the usual types are : — Ram,
rev., boio ; BtdVs head, rev., K ; Ham, rev., H ; Kephalos standing resting on
spear, rev., KPA, rarris head or hoof\ Head of Pallas, rev., K or H ; Head of
Pallas, rev., Kephalos kneeling with bow in hand; Helmet, rev., K ; etc.
It will be seen that the -types for the most part refer to the myth of
Kephalos, and to the cultus of Hermes, his reputed father, to whom the
ram was sacred.
Imperial — Domna, Philip I., and Otacilia. See Num. Zeitung, 1837, 113.
Pale :
B.C. 480-400.
Circ.
r Earn.
Circ.
PA Head of Kephalos, hare.
Incuse square, in which pine-cone and
leaves M Triobol.
B.C. 400-350.
KE<t>AAO^ Kephalos naked, seated on
rock holding spear
Al Tetrobol & Diobol.
Similar . . . M Tetrobol & Diobol.
PA Female head crowned with corn
leaves (Demeter 1).
The same types occur on the bronze coins, but of these the most
frequent reverse type is a corn-grain within the letter P, or the letters
PA in monogram. For some other coins, possibly of Pale, see under
Paros.
Froni :
Circ.
B.C.
400-300.
PPnNNnN Club . . . ^{ Triob.
PP Fir-cone ^ -65
On the summit of Mt. Acnus, in the southern part of the island, was
the temple of Zeus Au'7;(Ttos. This mountain is still covered with forests
Head of Kephalos (]).
Head of Zeus Aenesios.
CEPHALLENIA—ZACYNTIIUS.
359
of fir-trees, which the fir-cone shows must also have been the case in
ancient times.
Same :
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Head of Keplialos (1) with sliort hair,
laureate.
Head of Pallas facing.
Id.
CA M A I nN DojT. Al Tetrob. and Diob.
„ Ram. . . . M, Tetrob.
Id. . . . M .75-6
The dog on the silver coins of Same is the hound Laelaps presented to
Kephalos by Prokris.
Ithaca. This island, which derives its chief interest from the poems of
Homer, issued autonomous bronze coins, which appear to belong chiefly
to the fourth and third centuries. Inscr., 10 A, lOAKHN.
Fulmen in olive- wreath . . M -6
Head of Odysseus in conical pilos.
Head of Athena.
Id.
Id.
Head of Odysseus.
Head of Odysseus . . . iE -85— 6
Odysseus (?) naked, standing resting on
spear M -65
Cock ^ -75
Id ^ .65
Pausanias (vi. 26) says that the cock was sacred to Athena, who
appears on coins of Ithaca as the tutelary goddess of Odysseus (Paus.,
viii. 44).
Zacynthus, an important island about ten miles south of Cephallenia,
and the same distance west of the coast of Elis, contained but one city,
which bore the same name as the island. The chief deity of Zacynthus
was Apollo, to whom there was a temple in the lower town. Pliny
(xxxv. 15) mentions Mt. Elatus as a remarkable feature in the island,
' Mons Elatus ibi nobilis.' On this mountain fragments of an inscription
have been found which show that a temple of Artemis once stood there
(Bursian, Geog., ii. 379). The silver money of Zacynthus falls into the
following chronological periods : —
I A Amphora. {N. C, 1885, PL III. 2.)
Crescent. {Ibid., PL III. 3.)
Before B. c. 431.
Tripod in incuse square
M Tetrobol, Diobol, and Obol.
Id M Diobol.
Circ. B.C. 431-394.
Head of Apollo laureate of early style.
{N. C, 1885, PL III. 8.)
Id. (/6zVZ., PLIII. 12.)
Id. [Ibid., PL III. 13.)
Head of Apollo laureate of early style.
(/6e(Z., Pl.lII. 14.)
Head of Apollo laureate of fine style.
{Ibid., PL III. 18.)
lA Tripod
M Stater, Tetrobol, Diobol, i Obol.
Two laurel leaves
M i Obol.
,, Laurel leaf in incuse square .
M \ Obol.
lAKYNGO? Apollo naked, seated on
rock, playing lyre . . M Stater.
M Tetrobol.
I AKYN 00? Youthful Asklepios seated
1. on rock, placing his hand on the
head of a coiled serpent . M Stater.
360
ISLANDS OFF ELIS.
Fig. 237.
lAKYNOinN Infant Herakles strang-
ling serpents . . . . M Stater.
Head of Apollo laureate of fine style
(Fig. 237).
The last mentioned coin was probably issued in b. c. 394, when, after
the battle of Cnidus, the type of the infant Herakles strangling the
serpents became very popular in Greece ; cf. contemporary coins of
Cnidus, lasus, Ephesus, Samos, Rhodes, Thebes, and Locri Epizephyrii.
Circ. B.C. 394-357.
Head of Apollo laureate of fine style.
{N. C, 1885, PL III. 20.)
Id. {ibid., PI. IV. I.)
Id.
Id.
Lyre.
lAKYN Tripod and magistrate's name
M Stater.
I-A Tripod in laurel-wreath ....
M Tetrobol.
lAKY Tripod and symbol M Diobol.
I A K Altar M\ Obol.
I-A Tripod iE .75
Circ. B. c. 357.
Head of Apollo laureate.
{N. C, 1885, PI
Head of Apollo laureate.
{IbiJ., PI. IV. 8.)
Head of Apollo laureate.
{Ibid., PI. IV. 9.)
IV. 7.)
I-A Tripod, around which the name
A I n N 0 ? . . . . M Stater.
Large I within which I A and Al .
^•55
I-A Tripod in wreath, A I . M .55
These coins bear the name of Dion of Syracuse, who, while preparing
his expedition against Dionysius the Younger, made Zacynthus his head-
([uarters, and before embarking offered solemn sacrifice with great
magnificence to Apollo (Plut., Dion., xxii).
Circ. B.r. 357-146.
The silver and bronze coins of this period are of no special interest.
All the chief varieties are engi'aved in Professor Gardner's paper on the
coinage of this island [Num. Citron., 1885, p. 81).
The standard of the Zacynthian silver coins is the same as that of
Corcyra and Cephallenia (Aeginetic reduced). The stater never exceeds
180 grs.
The Imperial coins of Zacynthus, M. Antony to Caracal la, are of
various types, Zeus standing Pan carrying infant Dionysos, Dionysos
standing, JUver-god, A.sklepios standing, etc.
MESSENIA,
361
MESSENIA.
Messene. From the close of the second Messenian war, B.C. 668, for
the space of 300 years Messenia was subject to Sparta and incorporated
in Laconia. It was not until after the battle of Leuctra that the exiled
descendants of the Messenians were restored to their country, under the
auspices of Epaminondas, and the city of Messene founded B.C. 369 on
the western slope of Mt. Ithome, where stood a temple of Zeus Ithomatas,
whose figure appears on the coinage, and in whose honour an annual
festival ('I^w/xata) was held (Paus., iv. ■^'^). The coins of Messene fall
into the following periods : —
B.C. 369-330.
Fig. 238.
Head of Demeter crowned with corn ;
of the finest style of art (Fig. 238).
MEl^ANinN
ing to right,
holding eagle
Zeus Ithomatas Btrid-
wielding fulmen and
. M, Aeginetic Stater.
The temple of Demeter on Mt. Ithome is mentioned by Pausanias (iv. 31)
as a place of peculiar sanctity, A?//xr]rpo? Upov M^a-ar-qvtois karlv ayiov. The
figure of Zeus on the reverse was probably suggested by the statue
executed by Ageladas for the Messenians while they were settled at
Naupactus, to he ayaXixa rod Atos 'AyeAaSa ixev icmv epyov, €7T0Lrjdr] 6e e^
dpx% 'rois olKrja-acnv kv NauiraKrw M.€(j<jrivi(av (Paus., iv. '3^'^). On the restora-
tion of the Messenians to their native land the statue appears to have
been transported to Messene. It was not, however, placed in the temple
of Zeus on Mt. Ithome, but kept in the Priest's house in the lower city.
After circ. b. c. 3-30.
The Messenians about the time of Alexander adopted the Attic standard
in place of the Aeginetic previously in use. Tetradrachms were now
issued with the old types modified : —
Fig. 239.
362
MESSENIA.
Head of Demeter of poor style
(Fig. 239).
MESZANinN Zeus Ithomatas as
before, but of more slim projaortions ;
behind, sometimes lOflM. In front,
tripod and magistrate's name .
M Attic Tetradr.
After circ. B.C. 280.-
The next series of Messenian silver money resembles in style the
contemporary coinage of the Achaean League.
Head of Zeus.
MES Tripod, sometimes with magis-
tiate's name. All in wreath . . ;
A\ Attic Tetrobol = Aeginetic Triobol.
There are bronze coins of all the above periods, of which the types for
the most part resemble the silver.
For Federal coins of the Achaean League, see p. '^^%.
MeCCHNlUUN Female bust veiled
and turreted.
I'lnjperial Times. Severus to Caracalla.
Asklepios standing
^•75
The obverse of this coin represents Messene, the daughter of Triopas,
of whom there was a temple at Messeno and a statue of gold and Parian
marble (Pans., iv. 31).
Asine. A town of Messenia built by the Dryopes when they were
expelled from Asine in Argolis, at a very early date.
For Federal bronze coins, see Achaean League, p. 352.
Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., AClNAinN. Types — Apollo
Pythaeus leaning on pillar (Paus., ii. '^6, 5), Asklepios, Hermes.
Coloue. Imperial of Severus, Domna, and Geta. Liscr., KOAflNienN
and KOAujN€ITUjN. Ti/pes — Asklepios, Poseidon, Aphrodite facing,
resting on sceptre and holding apple.
The autonomous coins formerly attributed to this city belong to
Colone in the Troad.
Corone derived its name from Coroneia in Boeotia, whence it was
founded. In the Acropolis was a bronze statue of Athena holding a
crow in her hand. It is the head of this goddess which appears on the
coins.
Be.fore circ. B.C. 184.
Head of Athena. I K 0 P Grapes in ivy-wreath ^ITetrobol.
Id. I KOPXlNAIHN Grapes .^-8
For Federal coins after B.C. 184, see Achaean League, p. '^^2.
Cyparissia, the port of Messene. Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr.,
KYnAPICCI€nN. '/>/;('.s-— Asklepios, Dionysos, Pallas, etc.
LACONLL 363
Mothoue :
Autonomous Bronze. Circ. B.C. 146-27.
Hej^haestos running with torch. | MO in plain field
! (Imhoof, Moyi. Gr., PI. E. 2) yE -7
This coin type would lead us to suppose that Lampadephoria were
celebrated at Mothone in honour of Hephaestos. Imhoof {oj). cit.), p. 171.
See also liei\ Num. 1864, p. 187.
Imperial — Severus to Geta. Tnscr. , MOGHNAinN. T^pes — Asklepios,
Poseidon, Pallas, Isis, etc., and the Port of Mothone in the form of an
amphitheatre with a galley about to enter it.
Pylus. Bronze of late autonomous times. /;w«-., TTYAinN.
Head of Hera (?). [ Trident, in field, grapes . . . JE -"j
Imperial — Severus to Geta. Tj/pes — Asklepios, Dionysos, Pallas, and
Earn on a basis.
Thuria. Bronze of late autonomous times.
Head of Denieter
Head of Zeus.
Head of Pallas.
GOY Zeus Ithomatas . . . ^E -9
00 Y Pallas standing . . . ^ -85
OOY In wreath . . . . . ^ -5
Imperial — Severus to Geta. Liscr., OOYPIATjQN. T^pes — Zeus, Pallas,
Asklepios, etc., all with letters A A in the field, indicating that Thuria,
although geographically situated in Messenia, belonged at this time
politically to Laconia (cf. Paus., iv. 31, i).
L A C O N I A.
Asopus. Bronze of late autonomous times.
Head of Dionysos. | AZnninN Poseidon . . . ^-85
Imperial — Severus to Geta. /«*<?a, ACuuFTeiTuuN. T^pes — Artemis,
Poseidon, Dionysos, Nemesis, etc.
Boeae. Imperial — Domna to Geta, /«^c;-., BOI ATIlN. Types — Poseidon,
Asklepios, Artemis, Isis, Eros, etc.
Gythium, the port of Sparta. Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr.,
TYGEATHN. Types — Apollo, Herakles, Dionysos, Zeus, Asklepios,
Hermes, the Dioskuri, etc.
Lacedaemon. Of the traditional iron money of Sparta no specimens
have come down to us, nor indeed is there any money of any metal
known to have been struck at Sparta until the third century b. c, the
earliest coin being a tetradrachm copied from those of Alexander the
364
LACONIA.
Great, but reading BAZI AEOZ APEOS [Zeit.f. Num., ii. PI. IX. i). Areus,
king of Sparta, who struck this coin, reigned B.C. 310-266. The next
silver coins are usually thought to have been struck after the battle of
Sellasia, B.C. 221. They bear the diademed portrait of a king, believed
by M. Bompois to be Antigonus Doson, but it may be questioned whether
the style and fabric of the coin are not too early for Antigonus Doson.
Professor Gardner suggests that it may be a coin of Areus.
Fig. 240.
Head of kiug diademed (Fig. 240). A A Archaic agalma of the Apollo of
Amyclae helmeted, holding spear and
bow, and adorned on the side with a
cock standing ou an aplustre. Beside
the statue a goat. In field wreath .
iR Tetradrachm.
The reverse type corresponds with the description given by Pausanias
(iii. 1 9) of the Apollo of Amyclae, but he makes no mention of the goat,
t\€i 8e k-nl Ti] Ke(pa\fi Kpdvos, X6yxTf]v 8e kv rals x^P'^^'- '*^"' ro^ov.
The following coin was formerly attributed to Lacedaemon, but it is
now usually, and doubtless correctly, attributed to Allaria in Crete.
Head of Athena
(Fig.
244, p. 386 infra.).
A-A Herakles seated on rocks, resting
on his club . JR Tetradr. 235 grs.
To the latter part of the third century also belongs a series of Tetrobols.
Bearded head of Herakles diademate,
laureate, or crowned with ivy.
A A Amphora between the pilei of the
Dioskuri. Serpent sometimes twisted
round amphora . . . JR. Tetrob.
When, in B.C. 192, Sparta joined the Achaean League after the defeat
of the tyrant Nabis, these types were exchanged for those of the League
(seep. 352).
The autonomous bronze money of Lacedaemon is plentiful. The series
commences in the third century b. c, and extends into Roman times.
The principal obverse types are Heads of Apollo, of the Dioskui'i, of
Pallas, of Herakles, of Lykurgos, etc., while those of the reverse are
Club, Owl, Eagle, Two amphorae, Head of Artemis, the Dioskuri, Pan
seated on rock, Artemis huntress, Artemis with torch. Club and caduceus
united, etc.
Tlie following coin must also be ascribed to Lacedaemon : —
pnMA Head oflloma bare. KOI M AAKC [SmMo^iWJ Tl KYHA-
PICCI A Artemis Kyparisyia standing
/E -8
LACEBAEMON—C FTHERA.
365
(See Zeit. f. Num., vii. p. 17.) The magistrate Tl may be Timaristus
the Ephor whose name occurs in full on other coins.
Among other magistrates' names is also that of EYPYKAHZ, who was
governor of Laconia under Augustus (Strab., p. 366) and of Atratinus
(Imhoof, IJon. Gr., p. 172).
The following may be also mentioned : —
CTTAPTH Diademed bust of Sparta,
daughter of Eurotas and wife of
Lacedaemon, fourth king of Laconia.
Head of Zeus (?).
A A en I eVPYKAeOC The Dioscuri
galloping ^ i-o
AA eni AAKuuNOC Heads of the
Dioskuri ^ -8
C. Julius Lacon succeeded his father Eurycles in the government of
Lacedaemon. His name also occurs on a coin of Claudius.
AYKOYPrOC Head of Lycurgus. I AA e<t)0PuuN TIMAPICTOC Club
I and caduceus combined . uSl 9
This coin is remarkable for the mention of the Ephors, which does not
occur, so far as I am aware, on any other numismatic monument. For
the history of the family of C. Julius Eurycles, see E,. Weil {MiWieihingen
des ArcJicio/ogischeu Institufs in Athen, Band vi.).
Dr. Imhoof (3Io7i. Gr., p. 171) also cites Lacedaemonian bronze coins,
with the following remarkable inscriptions : —
TEPONinN Head of Apollo.
NOMO<t)YAAKeC Bust of Pallas.
A- A Artemis huntress . . . JE -S
A-A The Dioskuri, Mag. APICTAN-
APOC JE-h
Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr., Ak, AAKCAAIMONinN. Friu-
eipal Types — The Dioskuri, Apollo Amyklaeos, Apollo in the attitude of
Apollo Lykios with his hand upon his head, Aphrodite Morpho veiled,
seated on square cippus, and apparently with bonds about her feet as
described by Pausanias (iii. 15), Asklepios, Hygieia, Hermes Agoraios
carrying infant Dionysos (Paus., iii. 11, 14), etc., sometimes with marks
of value AC [o-apia] A, S", H (=4, 6, 8) in field (Imhoof, op. cit., p. 173).
Las. This ancient Homeric city was situated a few miles south of
Gythium, near the western coast of the Laconic Gulf.
Imjierial — Severus to Geta. J user., AAHN. Tyj^es — Pallas, Artemis,
Herakles, Asklepios, Hygieia, etc.
ISLANDS OFF LACONIA.
Cranae. The small island near Gythium to which Paris carried off
Helen from Sparta.
/;«;;mfl(?— Maximinus, Philip I., and Otacilia. Liser., KPANAIHN.
Type — Head of Athena with A OH.
Cythera. This island had in early times received from the Phoe-
nicians the worship of Aphrodite, and throughout historical times it
366
ARGOLIS.
continued to be a special seat of that cultus. Its coins are all of bronze,
and for the most part belong apparently to the second century B.C.
Inscr., KY, KYO, KYOHPinN, etc.
Head of Aphrodite^ sometimes crowned
by flying Eros {Zeit. f. Num., xiii.
PI. IV. 6).
Dove standing or flying
M 6
ARGOLIS.
Argos. In the earliest historical times Argos was the centre of an
amphictyony comprising the towns of Cleonae, Phlius, Sicyon, Epidaurus,
Troezen, Hermione, and Aegina, and it was in Aegina that Pheidon, king
of Argos, set up the first Peloponnesian mint (see p. 331). Whether
Argos herself issued coin in these early days is doubtful, but it is by no
means improbable that the following coins were struck there in the
course of the sixth century B.C., unless indeed we prefer to assign them
to Delos.
Two dolphins in opposite directions. | Incuse square divided as on the earliest
{Ntim. Chron., 1884, PI. XII. 12.) coins of Aegina .......
I M, Aeginetic Stater and Drachm.
A few years before the Persian wars Argos met with a crushing
defeat at the hands of the Spartans, which crippled her power and put
an end to her prosperity for the space of an entire generation. It was
not until about b.c. 468 that, by the destruction of several neighbouring
cities, including Mycenae, and the removal of their population to Argos,
that she regained her ancient importance.
Circ. B.C. 468-400.
The coins which I would attribute to this period are the following
Wolf.
Half-Wolf.
Wolfs head.
B.
Lax'ge A , above which, two deep square
indentations : all in incuse square .
M Dr.
Id A\\V)Y.
Id M Obol.
Id M h Obol.
The wolf is the well known symbol of Apollo Lykios, whose worship
at Argos dates from very remote times. The idea embodied in the wolf
is that of Winter slain by the God of Light and Warmth. Hence
Sophocles [Tj/trfr. 6) calls the agora of Argos tov \vkokt6vov ©eoO ayopa
AvKCLos, for heie stood the temple of the god (Pans., ii. 19). The object
B on the Hemiobol can hardly in this instance stand for the letter H, as
a mark of value for }//jiico/3o'Aior, for it frequently recurs on bronze coins
ARGOS.
367
of Argos, where such an interpretation is highly improbable (see Imhoof-
Bluraer, Num. Zeif., i^Jj). It is perhaps a Temple-key.
C//-C. B.C. 400-322.
The coins of Argos in this period are among the most beautiful in
Greece, as might be expected from the high standing of Argos as a school
of art.
Fig. 241.
Head of Hera wearing Stephanos on
which floral ornament (Fig. 241).
Id. (Gardner, Types, PI. VIII., 35, 40).
Id.
Id.
ARAEION,ARrEinN andAPPEinN
Two dolphins in opposite directions ;
between them wolf, helmet, grapes,
ivy-branch, crab, quiver, tripod, bu-
cranium, swan, human head, lyre, or
pomegranate, etc. . . . JR Stater.
APTEinN Diomedes, naked but for
chlamys, grasping sword, stejiping
stealthily along and carrying the
palladium on his extended hand, be-
low sometimes a swan . JR Drachm.
A P Archaic Athena wielding spear and
armed with shield JR Trihemiobol.
TTT Sacred key of the temple of Hera
JR Tritetartemorion.
Concerning the beautiful head of Hera on these coins, see the remarks
of Professor Gardner {Types of Greek Coins, p. 138). The statue of the
Argive Hera by Polycleitus wore a Stephanos adorned with figures of
the Horae and Charites (Paus., ii. 17, 4). As such complicated ornaments
could not well be reproduced on a small scale, a coin engraver might
naturally substitute a more simple form of decoration. As the Argive
hero Diomedes was believed to have brought to Argos the Palladium
which he carried off from Troy, the exploit is appropriately represented
on Argive coins. The swan seems to indicate that the hero was assisted
by Apollo, whose symbol it is. The dolphins are also Apolline symbols.
With regard to the Temple-key, see Zeitschriftflir Nv^nismalik (iii. 113-
122).
Circ. B.C. 322-229.
During the century which followed the Lamian war it is probable that
if large coins were struck at Argos they were tetradi-achms of the
Alexandrine types, resembling those of Sicyon of the same time. The
368 ARGOLIS.
smaller coins consisted of Attic tetrobols (or Aeginetic triobols) as
follows : —
Fore-part of wolf.
Wolfs head.
Large A in incuse square with adjunct
symbol and letters or magistrates'
names at full length
M Attic Tetrob.
Id M Aeginetic f Ob.
It is to this period that the autonomous bronze money of Argos for the
most part belongs^ though some of it may be earlier.
Wolf ^.65
Head of Apollo.
Head of Hera Argeia.
Head of wolf.
Id,, or head of Hera,
Head of Apollo,
Fore-part of wolf.
Athena in fighting attitude . ^ -65
A (various symbols) . . . . M -45
Quiver, {symbols) B, wolfs head, hel-
met, trident, prow, etc. . . M -65
Tripod (symbol) B .... ^ -65
HPAKAEITOY Fore-part of bull . .
This last type refers to the battle of the wolf and the bull, which took
place while Danaos and Gelanor were contending for the sovereignty of
Argolis. The omen was interpreted as deciding the contest in favour
of Danaos, who, in consequence, erected a temple in honour of Apollo
Lykios.
Circ. B.C. 229-146,
For coins of this period, see Achaean League, p, 352.
Ivi2)erial Times.
Trajan to Salonina, Tnscr., APreinN or NCMei A, NCMCIA HPAIA, or
HP A I A, without the ethnic, in allusion to the Nemean and Heraean
games. The types are numerous and of considerable interest. The
following are some of the more important : — Herakles strangling the
Nemean lion, Opheltes, Hypsipyle, and the serpent, Herakles resting
at the foot of Mount Apesas, The three Charites. Hera seated with
Hebe before her and a peacock between them. Perseus with Gorgon's
head, sometimes resting his shield upon a cippus. Apollo variously
represented. Zeus seated or standing. Tyche standing. Hermes
standing. Kleobis and Biton drawing their mother in a chariot (Pans.,
ii. 20, 3). Asklepios, Leto with small figure, Chloris, beside her (Paus,,
ii, 21, 9). Demeter standing. Eileithuia holding in each hand a torch,
one raised and one lowered. Hekate triformis. Palladium, sometimes
in temple on Acropolis. Diomedes carrying off" the Palladium. Dionysos.
Danae receiving the golden shower. Ares. Aphrodite (?) standing.
Poseidon pursuing Amymone. Leto (?) carrying the infant Meliboea (?).
Nemesis. Isis, etc. Nearly all these types are figured in Imhoof and
Gardner's Numismatic Commentary on Fausanias, from which the above list
is taken.
Cleonae, a small town on the road from Corinth to Argos, about
twenty miles north of the latter. The Nemean games were celebrated
in its territory. At Cleonae was a temple of Herakles on the spot
where he slew Eurytos (Diod., iv. '^'J>)'
C LEONAE—EPIJDA UR US.
369
Fifth Century B.C.
Head of bearded Herakles in lion's I Large K behind which two square in-
skin. dentations, all in incuse square . .
I M Obol.
The coins reading KAH, formerly attributed to Cleonae, have been
restored by Prokesch-Osten (Arck. ZeiL, 1849, and Itied., 1854) to Cleitor
in Arcadia (p. 374).
For Federal money of the Achaean League, see p. 352.
Imperial— Commodus to Geta. Lisa:, K ACHN Al nN . A coin of Severua
has for type Asklepios seated, as on silver coins of Epidaurus of the
fourth century B. c. Among other Imperial types may be mentioned an
archaic statue of Athena, perhaps copied from the one mentioned by
Pausanias (ii. 15, 1), by Dipoenus and Scyllis ; Isis Pharia, Tyche, etc.
Epidaurus. This city was in historical times chiefly celebrated for
its great sanctuary of Asklepios, to whose cultus its coins bear ample
testimony.
Circ. B.C. 350-330.
Head of Asklepios laureate.
Head of Apollo.
EP in wreath
E in wreath
n
M Aeginetic \ Dr,
M Obol.
M I Obol.
Circ. B.C. 330-280 or later.
Head of Apollo.
(Gardner, Tt/pes, PL XII. 21).
EP Asklepios seated on throne holding
sceptre, his other hand extended over
the head of a serpent. Beside him a
dog lying . , . JR Attic Drachm.
This remarkable coin, which probably belongs to the age of Alexander,
since it follows the Attic standard^, is of considerable archaeological
interest, corresponding as it does most minutely with the description
given by Pausanias (ii. 27) of the chryselephantine statue of Asklepios
at Epidaurus, the work of Thrasymedes of Paros, a pupil of Pheidias.
The dog beside the god is the animal which watched over him when as
an infant he was exposed on Mount Tittheion and suckled by a goat.
Head of Asklepios laureate
Head of Asklepios.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Bronze after B.C. 350.
E P Epione wife of Asklepios carrying
patera, symbol sometimes cupping
vessel KTiKva (of. Paus., ii. 27, 5; ii.
_29, i) ^ -65
EP She-goat recumbent . M -65
EP Coiled serpent . . . . ^ -5
E P Thymiaterion between two cupping
vessels -^ '5
E in wreath JEi -45
* The specimen at Munich weighs as much as 71 grs.
are Aeg\ni?tic drachms of light weight.
Bb
It is tlierefore possible that these coins
370
ARGOLIS.
In B. c. 243 Epidaurus became a member of the Achaean League (see
P- 352).
Imj-jerial—Kni. Pius to Sev. Alexander. Inscr., I€PAC eniAAYPOY,
ACKAHfTieiA, etc., in reference to the Asklepian games celebrated at
Epidaurus every five years. T^jyes — Shepherd finding Asklepios suckled
by goat. Asklepios seated with dog and serpent. Asklepios standing.
Hygieia standing in round temple. Poseidon standing, etc.
Hermione. An ancient Dryopian city on the south coast of Ai'golis,
distinguished for its sanctuary of Demeter Chthonia, in whose honour
an annual festival called X^oVta was celebrated.
Circ. B.C. 350-322.
Head of Demeter crowned with corn.
Id.
EP in corn- wreath .
E — P Torch in corn- wreath
M Triob.
M Obol.
The bronze coins for the most part resemble the silver, but the
following variety may be noted : —
Head of Demeter facing. [ EP in wreath M -6^
For Federal money of the Achaean League, see p. 352.
Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., ePMIUUNEuuN. Ti/pes — Hermes,
Poseidon (Paus., ii. '^^, 1), Zeus, Kybele, a victimarius leading a cow to
the sacrifice (Paus., ii. '^^, 6), Tyche standing (Paus., ii. ^^, 3), Aphrodite
with Eros (Paus., ii. 34, 11), Dionysos, etc.
Methana. An obscure town a few miles north of Troezen. Pausanias
(ii. 34) mentions hot springs which burst forth near this city in the time
of Antigonus Gonatas. The whole region still bears evidences of violent
volcanic action. Hence the worship of Hephaestos and his head on the
coins.
Circ. B.C. 350-322.
Head of Hephaestos in conical pilos. | M E O in corn-wreath
JE-65
Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., M€6ANAIUUN. Tj/pcs — Zeus,
Poseidon, Pallas, Artemis huntress. Aphrodite standing facing, naked to
waist, and holding her hair with both hands as if after the bath.
Mideia, near Tiryns. Small bronze coins of the end of the fourth
century [Arch. Zeit., 1843, 150, and Bev. Arch., 1845, I. 108).
Head of Hera Argeia.
I M I Bird on branch .
^.4.
Tiryns. Although this ancient city was destroyed by the Argives
about the same time as Mycenae (b. c. 468), and notwithstanding the fact
that it is said never to have been again inhabited, the following bronze
coins clearly prove the contrary, for they belong undoubtedly to the
fourth century B.C. Inscr., TIPY, TIPYN (sometimes R) and TIPYNOinN.
Female head {Rev. Num., 1864, PI. Palm-tree M -^
Vn., and 1865, p. 153).
HERMIONE—TROEZEN. 371
Troezen occupied a fertile maritime plain in the south-east corner of
Argolis. Poseidon and Athena are said to have contended for the land
of the Troezenians, and these two divinities jointly received worship in
the city. Hence, as Pausanias remarks (ii, 30), the Trident and the
head of Athena were placed upon the coinage koX hi] koX vofxirrixa avrols to
ap\aiov kiTia-rjixa e;(et Tpiaivav koL ^Adr^vas Ttpoa-oiirov. Troezen was from of
old intimately connected with Athens, which accounts for the fact that
it is the only Peloponnesian city which made use of the Attic standard
of weight.
Circ. B. c. 430-400, or earlier.
Head of Artemis facing.
Id.
Id.
TRO Trident in incuse square . . .
M 61 grs.
„ Id M 10 grs.
,, Id M 46 grs.
Circ. B.C. 400-322.
Head of Apollo (Thearios 1). i TPO Trident . . ^ Attic Drachm.
Id. „ Id. M Attic Triobol and Obol.
Id. I „ Double Trident . M Attic Diob.
Head of Athena.
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Apollo (Thearios ?).
TPO Trident M -65
„ Id iE.65
„ Id iE.55
For other varieties, see Imhoof, 3Iou. Gr., p. 181.
The oracular temple of Apollo Thearios stood in the agora of Troezen
(Pans., ii. 31, 5)-
Imperial — Commodus to Philip Jun. Inscr., TPOIZHNlUUN. Ti/pes —
Temple of Athena Sthenias on the acropolis (Paus., ii. 33, 5). Archaic
statue of Athena Sthenias. Artemis with dog hunting stag, probably
Artemis Lykia, whose temple stood near the theatre and was said to
have been founded by Hippoyltos (Paus., ii. 31, 4). Artemis Lykia (?)
holding the head of a wolf (?). Apollo with arrow, leaning on tripod. The
Dioskuri standing (Paus., ii. 31, 6). Zeus standing. Hippolytos as
hunter with dog beside him and leaning on trunk of tree (Paus., ii. 32, i).
Hippolytos with horse and dog. Hippolytos armed before Phaedra.
Aphrodite Nymphia (?) standing (Paus., ii. 32, 7). Asklepios standing.
Fountain in the form of a pillar with a lion seated on it and a basin in
front into which water flows (cf. Paus., ii. 33, 4). Theseus lifting the
rock or slaying the Minotaur (Paus., ii. 32, 7). Tyche standing before
altar, etc.
Nearly all these Imperial types are fully discussed and figured in
Imhoof and Gardner's Numismatic Commentary on Pausatiias, p. 47. The
coin with the type of Artemis Lykia holding a wolf's head is given on
the authority of Sestini [Num. Vet., p. 215), but it is highly probable that
he was mistaken with regard to the object held by Artemis.
B b 2
372
ARCADIA.
ARCADIA.
[A. V. Sallet, Zeifschrift fur Numismatifc, ii. 139. J. Friedlaender, Ihid., ii. 246. Imhoof-
Blumer, Ihid., iii. 289. R. Weil, Ibid., ix. 18.]
Concerning the political condition of Arcadia, from the time of the
dissolution of the ancient monarchy in the early part of the seventh
centur}^ b. c, down to the age of Epaminondas, our historical data would
lead us to infer that the country was split up into a number of inde-
pendent cantons without any political bond of union.
Such an assumption is not, however, borne out by the evidence of the
early Arcadian coinage.
The extensive series of the archaic federal money of Arcadia, Inser.,
AR, ARKA, ARKAAI90N, ARKAAIKON, etc., ranging from about the
middle of the sixth to the latter part of the fifth century B. C, proves
most satisfactorily that the Arcadians, in spite of their continual dis-
sensions, maintained from first to last something more than a mere
tradition of political unity, for a federal coinage implies other federal
institutions of which history has left us no records.
Circ. ■B.C. 550-420.
Zeus (Lykaeos f) enthroned (or rarely,
standing) resting on sceptre. Above
his out- stretched r. hand his eagle
takes flight. (Gardner, TyjKS,
PI. III. 15, 16, 43, 50.)
Head of Artemis or Despoina (?), var-
iously represented, in profile or three-
quarter-face. Style archaic to trans-
itional. All in incuse square
M Triobols and Obols.
The place of mintage of this series of coins is generally thought to
have been the ancient sanctuary of Zeus Lykaeos on Mount Lycaeum
in the territory of Lycosura. Here at stated intervals festivals called
Lykaea were solemnized, and the money struck on such occasions would
bear the name of the whole body of the assembled Ai'cadians. Cf. the
analogous early federal coinage of the Phocians (p. 287). The goddess
called Despoina was a daughter of Poseidon and Demeter. Pausanias,
in his description of her sanctuary near Lycosura (viii. 37), refrains from
disclosing her true name to the uninitiated.
The above attribution of the Arcadian federal money to the common
sanctuary of the Arcadians is, however, not accepted by Dr. Imhoof-
Blumer, who has advanced some weighty arguments in favour of his
opinion that the whole class of coins with the legend 'ApxaStKoV was
issued in the fifth century at the town of Ilcraca [Mon. Gr., p. 196).
Concurrently with this federal money many of the Arcadian towns
issued coins with their own local types for circulation within their
respective territories.
From about B.C. 420-370 no coins were struck in the name of the
Arcadians as a community, but after the victory of Epaminondas at
Leuctra B.C. 371, the party in Arcadia opposed to Sparta re-established
the Pan-Arcadian Confederation. The new centre and capital of the
revived League was Megalopolis, which was founded, under the immediate
auspices of Epaminondas, on the river Helisson, near the frontiers of
Laconia.
FEDERAL COINAGE.
373
The money of the Arcadian koivov derived its types from the cultus of
Zeus Lykaeos, and of Pan, whose sanctuary was also situated on Mount
Lycaeum.
Circ. B. c. 370-300.
Fig. 242.
Head of Zeus Lykaeos (Fig. 242).
Head of young Pan with short horns
(^./.i\^.,ix. Pl.II. 5).
Id. {Ibid., PI. II. 6).
Head of Zeus Lykaeos {Ibid., PL II. 1 3).
Pan seated on rock, his pedum in liis r.
hand which rests on the rock, at his
feet the syrinx, and in the field APK
(in nion.). On the rock the artist's
name OAYM or XAPI . JR Stater.
Arcadian mon. APK, beneath, syrinx .
M Obol.
Id. with magistrate's PO and OE . .
M.6S
Id. Syrinx and fulmen . . . JE •'j
The two names on these bronze coins are perhaps Possikrates and
Theoxenus, two of the ten Oekists of Megalopolis (Paus., viii. 27, 2).
Head of Zeus Lykaeos.
{Z.f. N., ix. PL II. II, 12).
Pan seated on rock, in field Arcadian
mon. APK M Triob.
The later specimens have an eagle in the field as well as the monogram.
Although Megalopolis claimed the right of coining money for the
whole of Arcadia, it was only for a very short time that this claim was
generally admitted by the other Arcadian towns, as is abundantly
proved by the local staters of Pheneus, Stymphalus, etc., which began
to be issued after the fatal battle of Mantineia (b. c. 362). The series of
the federal triobols continued, however, to be issued at Megalopolis down
to about B.C. 300, when the Arcadian monogram disappears and is
replaced by the letters MET (see Megalopolis).
Imperial Coinage.
In the reign of Hadrian the cultus of Antinoiis was established on
a grand scale at Mantineia, which was the mother city of Bithynium,
the birth-place of Antinoiis. It was probably at one of the great festivals
in honour of this new god that a certain Veturius dedicated the fol-
lowing medal ' to the Arcadians.'
B€TOYPIOC Bust of Antinous.
(Mion. II. 245.)
T 0 1 C A P K A C I Horse stepping to right
374 ARCADIA.
Alea, a small place between Orchomenus and Stymphalus, where "Was
a temple of Artemis Ephesia (Paus., viii. 23, i).
AA Bow. (Inihoof, C/io/a;, Pl.III. 82.)
M Obol.
AAEA in wreath . . . . M -6
Circ. B.C. 430-370
Head of Artemis.
Head of Pallas.
See also under Achaean League (p. 352).
Alipheira. See Achaean League (p. 352).
Antigoneia. See Mantineia (p. '^'](>).
Asea. See Achaean League (p. 352).
Callista. See Achaean League (p. 352).
Caphya. Autonomous bronze coins of late times.
Young male head. 1 KA0Y Artemis with two torches . .
I ^-65
Artemis KvaKaXr](Tia (Paus., viii. 23, 3). See also Achaean League
(P- 352). ^ . ^
Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., KA<t)YIATnN. Types — Poseidon
(Paus., /. c), Tyche, Artemis, etc.
Cleitor, between Pheneus and Psophis [Zeit.f. Num., ii. 168, iii. 280,
ix. 19).
Circ. B.C. 450, and later.
KAETO Naked horseman. Incuse square of mill- sail pattern
M Triobol.
Fore-part of bridled horse.
Horse's head.
Free horse.
Id M Triobol.
^ in incuse square . . iR Hemiobol.
E in incuse square . . ^ Hemiobol.
Circ. B. c. 400-322, and earlier.
Head of Pallas.
Id.
Head of Helios facing.
Id.
Id. in profile.
KAH Horse M Obol.
KAH Id M.6
KAH Butting bull; above, sometimes a
small centaur . . . . M. Triob.
KAH (in mon.) .... ^ .5
KAH in laurel- wreath , . ^ -4
These coins were formerly attributed, but wrongly, to Cleonae. Imhoof,
Mon. Gr., p. 189.
See also Achaean League (p. 352).
Imperial, Domna, Inscr., KACITOPinN. 3^;;(?, Asklepios,
Dipaea. See Achaean League (p. 352).
Elisphasii. See Achaean League (p. 352).
Gortys. See Achaean League (p. 352).
ALEA—HERAEA.
375
Heraea, on the lower Alpheius, was the most important town in
western Ai'cadia. Down to the fourth century B. c. the Heraeans appear
to have dwelt in villages, Kara Kojixds (Hicks, Manual of Gk. Inner., p. 7),
but the early Heraean coins prove that these villages formed a single
community. Cf. also the Treaty between the Heraeans and Eleians
(Hicks, I. c).
Circ. B.C. 550-500.
Head of Hera, veiled, of rude archaic
style.
^I^A, ^1^, ^, etc. (often retrogr.) some-
times between two zigzag lines in
incuse square M Triobols and Obols.
Between the beginning and the latter part of the fifth century no coins
appear to have been struck in the name of the Heraeans, but, as Imhoof-
Blumer has shown, it is by no means improbable that the rich series of
triobols reading 'ApKahiKov was issued at Heraea throughout this period,
so that in point of fact the Heraean mint may have continued active
from the earliest times down to the age of Epaminondas.
Circ. B.C. 420-370.
Eagle with serpent in his claws, type
borrowed from coins of Elis.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
Head of Artemis (1) in front, bow.
Male figure apparently horned stand-
ing at rest on spear with foot on
rock.
Head of Artemis, or of Pallas.
Head of Pallas.
EPAI Young hunter (Heraeos the
oekist) seated, resting on spear and
holding bow . . . . M Obol.
EPA (retrogr.) Three large E sin incuse
square . . . . M, Trihemiobol.
HPA (retrogr.) Large E in incuse square
M Obol.
H — P Female head, hair rolled . . .
M Obol.
H Across the bar of which, a boAV .
M Obol.
H In plain field, symbol sometimes, bow
M -7-6
Circ. B.C. 322-280, a7id later.
Head of Pallas as on staters of
Alexander (^Zeit. f. Num., vii. PI.
VIII. 7).
Head of Artemis.
Head of Pallas.
H Across the bar of which a bow, inscr.
HPAEHN and OE or GEO . . .
M Triob.
Id. HPA and OE . . . M Obol.
H Artemis on one knee holding bow .
M -7
For many other varieties, see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 189 sqq.
See also Achaean League (p. 352).
Tmjierial — Severus and Caracalla. Inscr., HPAICHN. T)/pes — Archaic
upright statue of Helios naked, facing. River-god Alpheius with an ox
in front and fishes beneath, etc.
Lusi. See Achaean League (p. 352).
376
ARCADIA.
Mantineia. The silver coinage of Mantineia, the most ancient and
powerful town in eastern Arcadia, begins shortly after b. c. 500, and falls
into two classes.
Circ. B.C. 500-400.
Bear. (Fox, Gr. C, i. PI. IX.
Id.
Id.
102.)
MA In incuse square . . Al Triob.
,, Dolphin in incuse square ^ Triob.
,, Three acorns in incuse triangle .
M Triob.
„ Trident in incuse square M Triob.
„ Acorn Ai Obol.
MAN Large M . . . . ^ Obol.
Three Ts . . JR Tritetartemorion.
MAN Large E . . . iR Hemiobol.
Id.
Head of bear.
Acorn.
MAN Three acorns.
Acorn.
The bear refers to the myth of Kallisto, the mother of Arkas, who
was transformed into a bear by Hera. The acorns remind us of the oak
forest, Pelagos, which encompassed the temple of Poseidon Hippios, near
Mantineia (Pans., viii. 9, i). The Arcadians are called by Herodotus
(i. 66) ^a\avri(f)dyoL avbpes, because they lived upon the edible acorn of the
beech oak {Zeit.f. Nnm., 1873, p. 125).
Circ. B.C. 400-385.
MA NT I Bearded figure wearing con-
ical pileus and tunic gathered up at
waist, standing with bent knees
holding fish sj^ear, point down-
wards, in his hand, and another
over his shoulder.
Altar surmounted by two busts of the
Dioskuri wearing conical hats and
holding spears over their shoulders .
M Drachm.
MANTI Head of Apollo (?) ^ Dr.
Female head with flowing hair JR Triob.
M M Obol.
Bearded helmeted head of Ares (?).
MANTI Head of Athena.
Id. (Fox, Gr. C, i. 104.)
The first of these t}^es refers to the worship of Poseidon and to that of
the Dioskuri, whose sanctuary at Mantineia is mentioned by Pausanias
(viii. 9, 2).
In B. c. 385 Mantineia was razed to the ground by the Spartans and
its inhabitants dispersed among the surrounding villages. After the
city was rebuilt B. c. 370, it does not appear to have struck any silver
coins, but bronze pieces are known which are certainly subsequent to
B. c. 370.
After B.C. 370.
Head of Pallas. (See also Imhoof, MAN Fisherman as above, or Trident
Mon. Gr., p. 198 sqq.) JE -65
In B.C. 222 Mantineia was captured by Antigonus Doson, and its
name changed to Antigoneia, under which designation it struck federal
coins as a member of the Achaean League (see p. 352).
Imperial — Severus to Caracalla. Inser., MANTINEHN,
Pausanias informs us that in the reign of Hadrian the old name of the
city was restored to it.
Megalopolis, founded in b. c. 370, under the auspices of Epaminondas,
struck federal money in the name of the entire body of the Arcadians
down to about b. c. 300 (see p. 373). The subsequent issues are as follows.
3IANTINFJA—0RCH0MENUS.
Z77
C^Vc. B.C. 300-251, and 244-234.
Head of Zeus Lykaeos.
Id.
Id.
MET Pan seated on rocks. Beside
him eagle. Magistrates' monograms
M Triob.
MET Id. in oak-wreath . iE -8
„ Eagle or fuhnen in oak-wreath .
The above coins belong apparently to the age of the tyranny of
Aristodemus at Megalopolis. After his assassination b. c. 251, by De-
mophanes and Ecdemus, the disciples of the philosopher Arcesilaus,
the federal constitution was for a time restored, and bronze coins issued
at Megalopolis with the Arcadian monogram.
Head of Zeus Lykaeos.
Head of Athena.
APK Syrinx in oak-wreath . . tE -8
,, in olive-wreath . . . . ^ -7
But in B. c. 244 Megalopolis again fell into the hands of a tyrant by
name Lydiadas, and the issue of coins reading M E f as above was resumed.
For coins of Megalopolis as a member of the Achaean League, b. c.
234-146, see p. 352.
Imperial — Severus to Elagabalus. hiscr., MerAAOTTOAeiTnN.
Methydrium, a town in central Arcadia founded from Orchomenus.
Its inhabitants were transplanted to Megalopolis in B.C. 370, but sub-
sequently the place became once more independent, when it struck
bronze coins. Inscr., MEGYAPIEHN. T^pe — Kallisto pierced by the
arrow of Artemis, her child Arkas on the ground beside her (Imhoof,
Mon. Gr., p, 200). See also Achaean League (p. 352).
Orchomenus. The ancient capital of a royal dynasty which in early
times ruled over the greater part of Arcadia. The town stood aloof
from the confederacy of the Ai'cadians on the foundation of Megalopolis
B.C. 370. Xen., Hell., vi. 5, 11. Its coins belong to the period imme-
diately foUovdng that event.
Artemis clad in short chiton with
petasos slung behind her back,
shooting arrow from bow. Behind
her a dog seated. [Cf, Imhoof,
Mon. Gr., PI. E. 10.]
Head of bearded or beardless hero
helmeted.
Female head, hair in sphendone.
EPXOMENinN Kalhsto falling back
pierced in the breast by arrow of
Artemis. On the ground beside her
the infant Arkas stretching out his
arms towards his mother . ^ -75
E P Artemis standing shooting with
bow M -65
E P Armed figure standing at rest with
spear held obliquely . . . M -"j
The story of the death of Kallisto as represented on these coins differs
from the common version of the tale, according to which Kallisto was
first transformed by Hera into a she-bear and then slain by Artemis
(Dion. Halic, Aid. Rom., i. 49).
378
ARCADIA.
Imperial — Severus to Caracalla.
klepios, Apollo, Herakles, etc.
Itiscr., OPXOMeNiriN. Types— ks.-
Fallautium. An ancient town in the district of Maenalia founded by
Pallas, son of Lykaon.
Circ. B.C. 450-400.
Young male head {Z. f. IS . ii., 169). | PAA (retrogr.) Large E M Hemiobol.
See also Achaean League (p. 352).
Faroreia (?). A small place in the district of Eutresia.
Circ. B. c. 450-400.
Bearded male head.
Male figure standing at rest with one
foot on rock.
PAP (retrogr.) Large P . M Obol.
„ Id M Obol.
These coins may belong to the Parrhasians rather than to Paroreia
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 205).
Fheneus, in the north-east of Arcadia, would appear, from the number
of its coins still extant, to have been a place of considerable importance
in the fourth century B.C. Pausanias (viii. 14, 10) tells us that Hermes
was the god especially worshipped there. At Pheneus there was also
a temple of Demeter Eleusinia (Paus., viii. 15, i). The heads of both these
divinities and the ram, the emblem of Hermes, occur on the coins.
Circ. B.C. 400-362.
Head of Demeter crowned with corn-
leaves and wearing earring with five
pendants.
Id.
Head of Hermes with petasos slung at
back of neck.
Id.
0ENEnN Hermes with chlamys round
his shoulders and petasos hanging
behind neck, seated on rocks
M Drachm.
<1)ENIK0N Bull . . . M Triob.
,, Bull feeding M. Triob.
<|)E Ram, benenth A P . ^ Obol.
After circ. b. c. 362.
Head of Demeter crowned with corn-
leaves and wearing earring with
five pendants {Z.f. N., ix. PI. II. 8).
Head of Demeter as above.
Head of Hennes as above.
Head of Artemis Eurippe (cf. Paus.,
viii. 14, 4).
Id.
Half ram.
<t>ENEnN Hermes naked, running to
left, and carrying on his arm the
infant Arkas, in his r. caduceus.
Behind the child, sometimes, APK A?
M Stater.
<t) E Caduceus JE --j
Ram iE -5
OENEHN Horse feeding . . ^-65
{Z./.N.,ix. PI. IL 10).
<t> E Caduceus in wreath . . ^E -5
<t) E Id ^ -5
For other varieties, see Imhoof, 3Ioti. Gr., p. 205.
The reverse-type of the stater refers to the myth of the rescue of
PALLANTIUM—STYMPHALUS. 379
the child of Kallisto by Hermes, who took him to the nymph Maia on
Mount Cyllene to be brought up (Apollod., iii. 8, 2). The style of this
coin shows that the artist was strongly influenced by the school of
Praxiteles.
The feeding horse on the bronze coins may be an emblem of Poseidon
Hippios, whose statue at Pheneus was said to have been dedicated by
Odysseus, airokiadai yap I'ttttous tw 'OSuccreT, koX avrbv yfjv ri/i' 'EAAdSa Kara
(riTr](TLV (TTiovra tS>v Xttttoov, ibpvcracrdat fjikv Upov kvravOa ^Aprefxibos, koL
F,vpLTTTrav ovopdcraL ti]v Oeov, €v6a ttjs <I>eyeartK7/s' X*^P"^ ^^P^ '^"^ tiTTTovs'
avaddvai 8e koI tov noaeLbwvos to ayaXp.a tov 'Ittttiou. Pausanias (viii.
14, 6) further relates that when Odysseus had found his mares he allowed
them to pasture in the land of the Pheneatae.
For federal money, see Achaean League (p. 352).
hnperial — Domna to Geta. Inscr., <t>eN€ATriN.
Fhigaleia or Fhialia. See Achaean League (p. 352).
Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., 01 AA€nN. T)/j)e — Severus and
Plautilla. River Neda, naked figure, sometimes seated on rock holding
sceptre (reed?) and emptying vase.
Fsophis, on the right bank of the river Erymanthus, a tributary of
the Alpheius, was the scene of the contest of Herakles with the Ery-
manthian boar.
Of this city there are archaic silver coins of the fifth century.
Stag, fore-part of stag or stag's head. 1 X, XO, 5kO,orXO(DI (archaic forms of
yn, i'ntt)!) Fish in incuse square .
M Tetrob. (62 grs.) Trihemiob.
Obol. and \ Obol.
Head of Pallas. t04>IAI0N Club. . ^R Hemiobol.
(See Imhoof, Zeif.f. Num., i, p. 117, 123.) The stag is symbolical of the
worship of Artemis at Psophis, to which Imperial coins of the town also
bear testimony. Fish too were sacred to Artemis (E. Gerhard, Griech.
Myth., §§ '>,'^^'> 34O5 341)5 but the type of a fish may also be referred to
Aphrodite or the river-god Erymanthus, who had temples at Psophis
(Pans., viii. 24).
Fourth Century, b. c.
Head of Pallas. j tn<t>, tn<t>l, tr^DI A. Stag 7^-65
Young male head. tfl^l Fish ^ -55
Bust of Herakles. | „ Boar running . . . M -6^
Imperial — Severus to Geta. /?2.w;-,, yn<t)IAinN or iTi^eiAinN. On
a coin of Geta (Mion., SuppL, 107) the reverse-type is Aegipan (?) holding
a human head.
Stymphalus. The ancient city of Stymphalus was situated in the
immediate vicinity of a lake, a river, and a mountain all bearing the
same name, and a few miles south-east of Pheneus. It derived its name
from Stymphalos, a grandson of Arkas. It is chiefly celebrated as the
scene of the destruction by Herakles of the Stymphalian birds, which
are described by Pausanias (viii. 23) as being as large as cranes and in
380
ARCADIA.
form resembling the ibis, but with stronger beaks and not crooked like
those of the ibis. They were said to have fed upon human flesh. In
Stymphalus there was an ancient temple of Artemis Stymphalia, under
the roof of which the Stymphalian birds were represented. At the back
of this temple stood stone statues of virgins with the legs of birds (Paus.,
viii. 22, 7).
Circ. B.C. 400-362.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
Id.
Id.
tTYM<l>AAION Head and neck of
Stymphalian bird springing from the
calyx of a flower . . . JR Triob.
?TYM<t)AAION Id.no flower T— Y ,
M Obol.
?T Id. . . . .E.55
Fig. 243.
Head of Artemis Stpnphalia laureate
and wearing earring with five pen-
dants (Fig. 243).
Similar head.
See also Achaean League (p. 352).
CTYM(l)AAinN Herakles with lion's
skin wrapi^ed round left arm, strid-
ing to left and striking with uplifted
club. Beneath, ZO . . JR Stater.
?TYM<t>A Bow and quiver . M .7
Tegea occupied the large valley in the south-east corner of Arcadia.
The local mythology of the town is abundantly illustrated on its coins.
Circ. B.C. 400-370.
T Gorgon-head with snake on either
side.
Laureate female head 1., hair clubbed.
Helmet.
Owl.
Thx-ee large E s back to back ....
M Trihemiobol.
T M Obol.
T ^Obol.
E M, Hemiobol.
After circ. B.C. 370.
Head of Athena Alea.
Head of Athena Alea.
Id.
Id. (Zeit.f. Num., ix. PI. II. 9.)
TETEATAN "Warrior, Kepheus, charg-
ing, armed with helmet, shield, and
sword, on the ground between his
legs, a spear and letter K M Triobol,
TE — PE Owl on olive-branch
M Triobol.
Id . M .65
TEPEA Kepheus charging as above,
between legs APK . . . M •'j
TEGEA—THELP USA.
381
Same head facing.
Id. to r. in Corinthian helmet.
AGANAS AAEA^ Head of Athena.
Head of Demeter with torch at her
shoulder.
Head of Athena.
See also Achaean League (p. S5'^)'
TErEATAN Infant Telephos suckled
by hind JE 'j
TETEA Similar ^ .7
Owl ^ -8
TETEA Athena presenting the hair of
Medusa to her young priestess Ster-
ope, who receives it in an amphora.
TEfE Cock M-6
Head of Demeter
shoulder.
with
After circ. B. c. 146
torch
at
AAEOZ Head of Aleos bearded and
diademed.
TEFEATAN Athena presenting hair
of Medusa to Sterope as above, but
the coin is of later fabric. In field
magistrates' monograms , . -^ '"JS
TETEATAN Athena and Kepheus
both armed, between them Sterope
receiving the hair of Medusa in an
amphora M -g
Imperial — Severus, Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. Tnscr., TCTCATAN.
The myths referred to on the above interesting coins are the following.
Aleos, one of the grandsons of Arkas, was the founder of the city of
Tegea, and of the famous temple of Athena Alea, a full description of
which is given by Pausanias (viii. 45). His daughter Auge became the
mother by Herakles of Telephos, who by command of Aleos was exposed
on Mount Parthenium. Here he was suckled by a hind. The refxevos of
Telephos was still shown on the mountain in the time of Pausanias.
The son of Aleos was Kepheus, who on the silver coins is represented
precisely as is Ajax, the son of O'ileus, on the coins of Opus (p. 285). The
incident recorded on the bronze coins is related by Pausanias (viii. 47),
Teyearats 8e eort koL aXko lepbv 'AOrjvas rioAtdrtSos* kKacrTov be aira^ erovs
lepevs es avTo ecreicn. to tov 'Epvp,aTos Upov ovoixa^ovcn, Xeyovres w? Kjjc^ei t<2
'AAeou yivoLTo bcopea Trapa 'AOrjvas avaXoiTov ks rbv iravTa \p6vov elvai Teyeav*
KoX avT<^ (fmalv e? (f)v\aKi]v rrjs iroXecos aTiorep-ovaav ti]v Oebv hovvat rpt^wy
Ttiiv MeSouo-ij?. Apollodorus (ii. 7) tells the story in greater detail, and
says that Sterope, the daughter of Kepheus, received the hair in a brazen
hydria.
Teuthis. See Achaean League (p. '^S'^).
Theisoa. See Achaean League (p. 352).
Thelpnsa took its name from the nymph Thelpusa, daughter of the
river Ladon, an affluent of the Alpheius in western Arcadia. Demeter
was worshipped at Thelpusa under the name of Erinys (Paus., viii. 25),
and on the banks of the Ladon arose the myth of the pursuit of Demeter
by Poseidon, when, to escape him, she assumed the form of a mare. But
the god was not to be so deceived, and transformed himself into a horse.
382 CRETE.
The offspring of this union was the wondrous horse Arion, in the
Arcadian dialect 'Epicoy. (See Zeif.f. Num., i. p. 125.)
Circ. B.C. 400-370, and later
Head of Demeter Erinys.
OEA Id.
O Prancing horse (Arion) above E P I HN
M Obol.
EPinN Prancing horse (Arion)
JE .7
See also Achaean League (p. 352).
After circ. B.C. 146.
Head of Helios radiate, right. ( OEA in laurel-wreath . . . JE •'j
Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., OeATTOYCinN. Ti/pe — Young Pan
resting on pedum and placing his hand on the top of a reed. This type
has been explained by Imhoof-Blumer {Zeit.f. Num., i. 134). It represents
Pan in the act of seizing the nymph Syrinx, who in the same instant
was transformed into a reed, 'O XVav ovv kh'uoK^v avrrjv bpoixov epcortKo'y, tijv
8' vkr] Tis bixerai, baa-ela (f)€vyov(rav. *0 8e Ylav Kara irobas elcrdopcov, ipeye
TTjv x^^P^ ^^ ^^^ avTrjv. Kal 6 fxev (^€to reOripaKevaL kol execrOaL Toiv TpiyG>v.i
KoKainav 8e Ko^x-qv ilx'ev r) xdp. (Achilles Tatius, viii. 6.)
CRETE.
[Hoeck, Kreta, Gottingen, 1828. R. Pashley, Travels in Crete, London, 1837. Wroth, W.,
Cretan Coins. Num. Chron. 1884, i. Wroth, W., British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins,
Crete, 1886.]
Mythology. The island of Crete was one of the chief seats of the
worship of Zeus, who was believed to have been born of Rhea, the
daughter of Mother Earth, on Mount Ida or Mount Dicte. He is hence
called KpriTayevrjs '18aTo? or AtKraios on coins and inscriptions.
Hesiod (484) says that the infant god was concealed Aiyatw ev opci., in
the mountain that took its name from the Cretan wild goat, which
appears so frequently on the coins of the island as a religious emblem.
There the babe was nourished on the milk of the divine goat Amaltheia,
and on the honey of the bees of the Idaean caves. The bee as well as
the goat is therefore symbolical i?i Crete of Zeus-worship.
The Cretan Zeus took various forms. First he appears at Phaestus as
a youth under the name of Velchanos, with a cock, the bird of dawn,
upon his knees, clearly indicating him as the god of day. Elsewhere he
is seen in the ordinary Hellenic form with eagle and sceptre or fulmen.
Hera, as the consort of Zeus, was worshipped chiefly at Cnossus, where
a festival called the lepo? yap-os was celebrated.
The worship of Europa in Crete was of Phoenician origin, for in
Phoenicia Astarte was also conceived of as riding on a bull. Europa,
like the other Cretan goddess Diktynna, was originally a Moon-goddess,
cf. her epithet 'EAXcoris. At Gortyna she takes the place of Hera as the
wife of Zeus, who is there the god of the starry sky, 'Aorepios. He it was
CRETE. 383
who carried off Europa from the shores of Phoenicia, and swam with her
across the sea in the form of a splendid white bull, and finally, again
changing his shape, obtained her love beneath the shade of the ancient
Gortynian Plane-tree which never shed its leaves.
From the union of Zeus with Europa sprang Minos, the mighty
monarch and lawgiver of Crete. Minos and his queen Pasiphae (shining
on all) are again solar and lunar in their natures, and mere variations of
the same old myth. The fearful Minotaur too, offspring of Pasiphae and
the Cretan Bull (i.e. of the Moon by the Sun), must also be explained in
a similar manner. His home is the labyrinth of the starry night-sky,
in the midst of. which, on Cnossian coins, a star or the crescent moon
are explicatory symbols. In either hand he holds a globe, which some-
times also on vase representations is adorned with a star.
Yet another aspect of the cultus of Minos is that of a hunter in the
guise of Apollo, the noon-day sun, shooting his swift arrows of light or
chasing the nymph Diktynna along the mountains ; cf. the coin of
Eleutherna with a hunter on one side and a huntress on the other in
eager chase amid the pine-clad summits of Ida [Num. Chron., 1884, p. 28).
Here Minos, as on many other Cretan coins, slides off into the Dorian
Apollo, as elsewhere he becomes indistinguishable from Zeus. Little by
little the Greek conceptions of the gods tend to supersede the native
Cretan forms, and Apollo is seen no longer holding the characteristic
globe of the sun, but seated with his lyi-e in pure Hellenic guise.
Diktynna, the Moon-goddess, the protectress of hunters and fishers
(h'lKTvov, a fishing or hunting net), was also assimilated to the Hellenic
Artemis, although her Cretan names Diktynna and Britomartis (sweet
maid) continued to be applied to her down to the latest times.
Coinage. No region of the Greek world afibrds a more suggestive
series of silver coins than this rich and beautiful island of Crete.
' Creta Jovis magni medio jacet insula ponto ;
Mons Idaeus ubi, et gentis cunabula nostrae.
Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna.'
(ViRG., Aen., iii. 104.)
Although there are no Cretan coins which can be safely ascribed to an
earlier date than the first half of the fifth century, yet the number of
mints and the magnitude of the issues during the entire course of the
fourth century is astonishing and unexampled in any other region of
Greece. Unfortunately we know so little of the internal history of the
island that we are at a loss to assign the coins to precise chronological
periods. Except in a few cases style is our only guide. But it seems
tolerably certain that about the end of the fourth or the beginning of the
third century the plentiful silver coinage above alluded to comes very
generally to an end, and there are comparatively few Cretan coins which
can be positively assigned to the third century.
Down to this time the weight-standard employed throughout the
island had been the Aeginetic, or more properly a debased form of the
Aeginetic approaching in weight to the Persic standard which prevailed
along the south coasts of Asia Minor and in Cyprus. After the age of
Alexander, whose coinage has left but slight traces in Crete (although
the absence of Cretan coins in the third century suggests the inference
384 CBETE,
that the cuiTency of the island was at this time Alexandrine), the Attic
standard creeps in and replaces the older Aeginetic In the second
century a general revival of the coinage takes placed at first on the
pattern of the new Athenian tetradrachms, which afterwards give place
to local Cretan types. This coinage continues sporadically until the con-
quest of Crete hy Q. Caecilius Metellus in b.c. 6'], when autonomous
ivssues for the most part appear to have been put an end to, until, in the
time of the Empire (Augustus to Trajan), a new Romano-Cretan silver
coinage makes its appearance.
The inscriptions on these late coins are sometimes in Greek and some-
times in Latin. The name of the Roman governor and that of the place
of mintage are often added ; see under Cydonia, Eleutherna, Gortyna,
Hierapytna, Itanus, and Polyrhenium. Among these latest coin-types
the following may be mentioned.
A cistophorns probably struck at Gortyna between b.c. 66 and the
battle of Actium b.c. 31. Uev. type — Zeus Kretagenes hurling fulmen,
between the usual serpents. Inscr., KYAAZ KPHTAPXAS KPHTAIEnN.
See Imhoof (J/ow. Gr., p. 210).
AIKTYNNA KPHinN. Diktynna seated on rock holding javelin and
infant Zeus on her arm and guarded on either side by the Curetes. The
bronze coins usually bear the inscr., KOINON KPHTHN, or simply
K. K. Selected types— Tifus. ZEYC KPHTArENHC. Zeus standing naked
hurling fulmen and surrounded by seven stars Mi- 2. Trajan. Europa
on bull ; Goddess Rhea (1) holding infant Zeus between cornucopiae and
eagle ; infant Zeus seated on globe, seven stars above his head ; Zeus
enthroned ; recumbent River-god ; Dionysos standing holding kantharos
and thyrsos, at his feet panther ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Artemis
Diktynna as huntress, inscr. sometimes AIKTYNNA ZEBAZTH. llaclnan.
Gortys, the eponym of Gortyna, inscr. rOPTYC. Smaller M, K. K.
Altar; Tripod; Stag, inscr. AIKTYNNA. Some of the silver coins of
the Emperor Claudius, attributed conjecturally to Crete from their
resemblance in style to others on which the name occurs, have a mark
of value on the obverse, the drachm (circ. 84 grs.) reads AC. IT. KA
(Assaria Italica 24?), and the J-drachm AC. IT. IB (Assaria Italica 12 ?).
If this explanation is correct, these coins must have been tariffed above
their value, for had they been intrinsically worth 24 and 12 asses they
should have weighed at least 90 and 45 grs. They are interesting as
showing how persistent was the custom in the island of making use
of the old Aeginetic weights. There are also silver pieces of Caius
and Claudius reading TAIOZ or KAAYAIOS KAIIAP ZEBfAZTOZ]
rEPM[ANlKOZ] APXLIEPEYZJ METflZTOZJ AHM[APXIKHZJ EZOY-
[ZIAZJ YnA[TOZ] (i.e. PONT. MAX. TR. POT. COS.), with, on the reverse,
a seated figure of the Emperor in a curule chair, perhaps in the character of
Zeus Kretagenes, surrounded by seven stars, or enthroned on a triumphal
car di-awn by four elephants with seven stars around. The weights arc
42 grs. {\ Dr.), 120 grs. [v\ Dr.), and 160 grs. (Didr.).
The interesting series of decrees relating to the rights of asylum of the temple of Dionysos
at Tecs in Ionia on the one part, and twenty Cretan cities on the other, drawn up in the first
half of the second century B.C., will be found collected in Le B;is-Waddington, Inner. Or., iii.
]>. 28 sq. Taken in conjunction with the coins tlicy afford conclusive proof of tiie autonomy of
the town."! of Crete during this period.
CBETE.
385
Chronological Table of the Coinage of Crete.
480-400
400-300
300-200
200-67
Imperial.
Alassa ?
Ml
Allaria
jr"
Aptera
m" M
Al JE
Arcadia
M
Arsinoe
JE
Axus
m"
JRl JE
JR
Bianus
iE
Ceraea
m"
JE
Chersonesus
M
M
Cnossus
M
JlX Jtj
JE
M JE
colon. JE
Cydonia*
yxt Jtj
Jii Jhj
JR JE
Eleutherna
M
M M
'" JE
JR
Elyrus
M M
jr"
Gortyna
M
Ji\ Jhj
JRl" JE^.
N ? Ai JE
Jt\j Jtj
Hierapytna
JR
JR JE
JR JE
Hyrtacina
M
Itanus
M
JR JE
m
JE
Lappa
JR
JR JE
Jt\> Jhj
Latus
JE
Lissus
JE
Lyttus
M
jr"je
JR JE
Matalia ?
JR
Naxus
JR
Olus
JR JE
Phaestus
M ■
JR M
JE
Phalasaina
JR, JE
Polyrhenium
JR JE
...
JR
JR JE
Praesus
M
JR JE
Priansus
JR. JE
JR
JE
Pyranthus
'" JE ■
Rhaucus
M
JP^" ^
Rhithymna
JR M
Sybrita
M JE
Tanus
JR
Tylissus
JR.
Art. The art of the coins of Crete, as Mr. Poole has already pointed
out, is essentially realistic. ' Its want of force is relieved by its love of
nature. It excels in the portrayal of animal and vegetable subjects and
delights in perspective and foreshortening,' Num. CAron., 1864, p. 240.
Professor Gardner, Tt/pes of Greek Coins, p. 161, also remarks, with O. Jahn,
that the Cretan coins are affected by a somewhat crude local nature
worship, and that there is always present a substratum of barbarism.
It would almost appear as if it were usual in Crete to employ a well-
known and skilful engraver, such as NEYANT02 or PYOOAjQPOC, to
engrave the dies in the first instance, and as if these dies were sub-
sequently copied and recopied by unskilled hands. How else are we
to account for the occurrence of the most beautiful and the most
barbarous coins of the same types at the same towns and within the
same half century ?
c c
386
CBETE.
CITIES OF C RETE.
Alassa, Thalassa, or Lasaea, a town near the southernmost promontory
of Crete, mentioned in Acts xxvii. 8. The Vulgate reads Thalassa. It is
perhaps identical with the Lasus of Pliny (iv. 1 2). Imperial bronze coins ;
/^^^^r., BAAACHUUN (?). Magistrates, a}\ ArAOuuNOC, €ni NCOKYAOY
OA PC?). 7^7;^,^, Hexastyle temple, and Zeus enthroned, holding sceptre
and ears of corn. This attribution is not quite satisfactory. {Num. Chron.,
1884, p. 56.)
Allaria. Site uncertain, known only from coins and inscriptions.
This coin was formerly attributed to Lacedaemon, q. v.
Circ. B.C. 200.
Fig. 244.
Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian
helmet (Fig. 244).
Id. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. II. 2.)
A A Herakles seated on rock resting
on clnb . M, Attic tetradr., 235 grs.
AAAAPiriTAN (sometimes retrogr.).
Herakles standing I'esting on club .
M. Aeginetic Dr., 73 grs.
Apollonia. The uninscribed coins formerly attributed to a town called
Apollonia on the north coast of Crete, seem to belong to the town
of Naxus (p. 400).
Aptera. The 'wingless town' between Cydonia and Polyrhenium,
is said by Steph. Byz. to have derived its name from the myth of the
contest between the Muses and Sirens, in which the latter lost their
wings and cast themselves into the sea.
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
APTEPAinN or APTAPAinN Fe-
male head wearing stephane and
earring ; on some specimens, artist's
name PYO0An[P0Y.
Female head.
Id.
PTOAIOlKOt or PTOAIOITOS Arm-
ed warrior standing before a sacred
tree, to the branches of which he
raises his hand in adoration. (Num.
Chron., 1884, PI. I. 4) . M Slater.
APTAPA Bow .^ i Dr.
Id. ........ ^ -5
ALASSA—AXUS.
387
The head on the above coins is probably that of the Artemis of Aptera
(Le Bas-Waddington, iii. p. 37, No. "j^). The hero called UtoXIolkos is
perhaps the oekist (Tro'Aeo)? olKLo-rris) Apteras or Pteras (Paus., x. 5). The
artist's name, Pythodorus, occurs also on contemporary coins of Poly-
rhenium.
Circ. B.C. 300-250.
Alexandrine coins. Symbol, armed man. (Miiller, 3Ion. cTAlex., Nos.
904-907.)
Circ. B.C. 200-67.
Head of Artemis of Aptera.
Id.
Head of Zeus.
(B. M. Cat., Cre^e, PI. 11. 11.)
APTAPAinN "W arrior advancing .
M \ Dr.
,, Apollo seated, lyre be-
hind him . iR ^ Dr.
,, Hermes standing with
caduceus . iR \ Dr.
The bronze coins have on the ohv. Head of Artemis, and on the rev.
Warrior, Race-torch, Bee, Lyre, or Flying Dove.
Arcadia. An inland town midway between Rhaucus, Gortyna, Cnossus,
and Lyttus.
Circ, B.C. 300.
Head of Zeus Ammon.
(B. M. Cat., Cr^te, PI. III. 7, 8.)
APK AAnN Pallas standing, resting on
spear and shield . . M. Drachm.
Arsinoe (?). This town is entirely unknown, and perhaps owes its
existence to a misreading of Stephanus, s. v. '' kp(Tiv6r\.
The following coins may not be Cretan at all.
Circ. B.C. 300-250.
Female head (Artemis X)
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. I. 5.)
Helmeted head. (lb., PI. I. 9.)
AP — SI Naked warrior standing, rest-
ing on shield and spear, up which a
serpent twines . . . . M •75—6
APSI Two dolphins. . . iE -4
Axus. This town, called "Oa^o? by Herod, (iv. 154), fav^os, Corp. Inser.
Gr., 3050, and Fa^o^ or "A^os on coins, lay slightly to the north of
Mount Ida on the river Oaxus. (Virg., Eel., i. 66.) On the coinage, see
Kenner, Num. Zeit., viii. 15.
Circ. B. c. 300 and 200-67 (?).
Head of Apollo.
Head of Zeus.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. III. 12.)
Head of Apollo.
Head of Zeus.
Id.
AZIjQN Tripod ; in field, fulmen .
M Stater.
F — A Tripod, fulmen, and KPA . . .
M 30 grs.
FASinN Tripod ... ^ 10 grs.
EAZinN Tripod . . uE .75
AZ Winged fulmen , . ^-75
c 0 2
388 CRETE.
Imperial. Tiberius.
Tl. KAI. ZEBASTOZ. E. KO. AY. i ZYNKAHTjQ KPHTEZ. AZI. Head
Head of Tiberius. of the Senate veiled . M i r 9 grs.
{Rev. iVwwt., 1885, PI. VIII.. 3.) I
The letters E. KO. AY. stand for EHI KOPNHAIOY AYHOY. Cornelius
Lupus was Proconsul of Crete under Augustus and Tiberius (of. Cy-
donia, p. 393).
Bianus or Biennus, on the south coast, midway between Hierapytna
and Lebena, (Bursian, Geog., ii. 579), the scene of the contest of Otos
and Ephialtes with Ares.
Circ. B. c
300-67.
Female head r.
BIANI Rose(?) . , ,
. . ^-55
Id.
B) in dotted circle .
. . ^-55
(P. Lambros, Z.f, Num., vii. 357.)
Ceraea. (Polyb., iv. $^ ; Eckhel, D. N. V., ii. 306.) This town is
placed by some near Polyrhenium, by others near Bianus,
Circ. B. c. 300.
Head of Artemis radiate, quiver at
shoulder.
KEPAITAN Arrow and s]>ear-head .
JR Drachro.
Circ. B.C. 200.
Head of Artemis or Head of Apollo. | K or K — € Spear and arrow-head JE 4
Chersonesus, on the north coast of the island, is said to have been the
port of Lyttus. Its coins prove that from about the middle of the
fourth century it was in the enjoyment of complete independence. In
its vicinity was a temple of Britomartis, whose head appears on the
coins (Strab., p. 479).
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
Head of Britomartis laureate, hair XEP^ONA^ION Apollo naked, seated
gathered up and tied in a bunch i on omjihalos, covered with net {aypt]-
behind, the ends %ing loose. {Num. 1 v6p) and holding lyre on his knee
Chron., 1884, PL III. 12.) ! M Stater.
Head of Britomartis (rude work). ; XEPCON ASinN, XEP^O, etc., Hera-
(B, M, Cat., Crete, PI. IV. 2, 3.) kles with lion's skin wrapped round
j 1. arm, striding 1., and striking with
I uplifted club . . . . M Stater.
This last type is slavishly copied from the coins of Stymphalus (p. 380).
Circ B.C. 300-220.
Head of Pallas.
XEP in monogram.
XEP Prow M -7-45
Eagle ^ -65
Cnossns, the centre of Cretan Zeus-worship, the reputed royal seat of
Minos, and famous also for the mythical labyi-inth constructed by Dacdalos
for the abode of the Minotaur, was in historical times the most powerful
city in Crete. The town stood in a plain between the rivers Triton and
Caeratus, near the centre of the northern coast of Crete.
BIANU8—CN0SSUS.
389
Circ. B.C. 480-400.
The Minotaur in human form, with
bull's head, running or kneeling on
one knee and holding a large globe in
each hand. (B. M. Guide, PI. VI. 32.)
Id.
Id. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. I. 11.)
Labyrinth in the form of the swastika
(solar symbol), a star or sun in the
centre, and four. deep square depres-
sions at the corners . . M Stater.
Labyrinth of square form in incuse
square JR Stater.
Head of Theseus in centre of labyrinth,
all in incuse square . . M Stater.
Circ. B. c. 400-350.
MlNn^ King Minos seated on throne KKfl^lOM Head of Demeter, crowned
and resting on sceptre.
with corn-leaves enclosed in labyrin-
thine frame M Stater.
Cf. J. Friedlaender, Ze'it.f. Num., vi. p. 232
Head of Demeter crowned with corn-
(B. il. Cat., Crete, PI. IV. 10-13.)
Id. (76.,P1. V. I.)
Labyrinth formed like the swastika,
or else square . . . . iR Stater.
KNOCION Bull's head (Minotaur) in
I the midst of labpinth . M Stater.
Some of these coins bear magistrates' names — BIP, BPinN, etc.; bronze
coins also occur with a head of rude work on either side.
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
Fig. 245.
Head of Hera, wearing Stephanos
adorned with flowers (Pig. 245).
Head of Apollo (?) laureate.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. I. 16.)
Id.
Head of Pallas.
Star or Sun.
K HClt. I nN Square labyrinth, on either
side A — P, spear head, and fulmen .
M Stater and Drachm.
KNn^inN Young male figure (The-
seus V) naked to the waist, seated on
square labyrinth resting on sceptre
and holding Nike . . iR Drachm.
KNnSinN Square labyrinth ... .
M\T>v.
Id. . . . M\ Dr.
I Square labyrinth iE -4
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
After the close of the fourth century there is a break in the series of
Cnossian coins, during which perhaps money of Alexander's types circu-
lated in the island. About b. c. 220 the Cnossians allied themselve.s with
390
CRETE.
the Gortynians with the object of obtaining the mastery of the whole
island, in which however they were for some time unsuccessful (Polyb.,
iv. ^2,)' The following coins, with combined Gortynian and Cnossian
types, record this alliance :—
Europa, with inflated veil, riding on
bull ; beneath, dolphins.
KNn^inN Square labyrinth ; above.
Star or Sun ^ -7
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. I. 13.)
Circ. B.C. 200.
About B.C. 200 the Athenian Cephisodorus concluded a treaty of
alliance between Athens on the one part and Attains I, king of
Pergamus, Ptolemy V, the Aetolians, the Rhodians and the Cretans, on
the other (Paus., i. 0^6), against Philip V of Macedon. It is noteworthy
that apparently about this very time the towns of Cnossus, Cydonia,
Gortyna, Hierapytna, Polyrhenium, and Priansus, all adopt the types of
the Athenian tetradrachms of the ' new style.' Those of Cnossus may be
thus described.
^ -V^^Nxiiil'^i^
Fig. 246.
Head of Athena as on coins of Athens.
(Fig. 246.)
KNnZinN Owl on amphora, on which
A. In field, square labyrinth, all in
olive-wreath . . M Attic tetradr.
Circ. B.C. 116-67.
The next and latest class of Cnossian tetradrachms (Attic wt.) cannot
be ascribed to an earlier date than about B.C. 116, for several of the
extant specimens are found to be superstruck on coins of Antiochus IX,
Philopator, B.C. 116-96 [Zeit. f. Num., v. p. 148), nor can the series
extend beyond B. c. 67, when Crete was conquered by the Romans.
CNOSSUS—CYDONIA.
391
Head of Zeus r,, diademed ; in field,
sometimes NIKA.
KNnZinN Square labyrinth. (Fig.
247.) . . . . M Spread tetradr.
H-fX
Fig. 248.
K N n Z I nN Labyrinth of circular for m .
(Fig. 248.) . . M Spread tetradr.
Head of Apollo, with flowing hair;
laureate, across field, FTOAXOZ
(magistrate's name, or possibly epi-
thet of Apollo = noXto{;xos).
It is to this last period of Cretan autonomy that all the large bronze
coins of Cnossus, inscr. KNnSinN, belong.
Head of Zeus. I Labyrinth J£, -85- .55
Id. in front, fulmen. I Eagle, wings open . . M 1-05
Magistrates' names, KYAAZ, MNHSIOEOS, APIZTinN, OAPSYAIKAZ,
etc.
Head of Artemis, quiver at shoulder. Quiver with strap ; magistrates
• [T]AYPIAAA[Z], OAPZYAIKAZ',
etc iE .85
Id. Caduceus winged JE -6
Cnossus a Roman Colony.
Of Cnossus as a Roman Colony (Strab., x. 477) coins are known of
M. Antonius and Augustus with names of Duumviri. Inscr., C. I. N. C
EX. D. D. = Colonia Julia Nobilis Cnossus (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 213).
There are also imperial coins of Augustus and Tiberius with the legend
rNriZiriN or rNnzzinN.
Cydonia, an important town on the northern coast of Crete, near the
western end of the island, owed its foundation to Kydon, the son of
Akakallis, daughter of Minos (Paus., viii. ^'^).
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
Dionysiac female head, crowned with 1 KYAHN Kydon as a naked archer
vine-leaves and grapes; behind, artist's stringing his bow ; before him, some-
signature, NEYANTO? EPOEI, or times a dog . vR Stater and Drachm,
mon. (^./. A^., ii. PI. L 8.) |
Fig. 249.
393
CRETE.
Dionysiac ivy-crowned head.
Head of Athena Kydonia.
(Pans., vi. 21. 6.)
Ivy- crowned head.
Female head.
KYAHN Infant suckled by bitch. (Fig.
249.) M. Stater.
KYAnN Similar, above Star or Sun .
JK Drachm.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PL VII. 7.)
K or Bucranium, three crescents .
M Trihemiob.
KYAn Amphora . . M Obol.
Young male head (Kydon).
KYAn Bitch seated
JEi -n
Miletos, the brother of Kydon, the founder of the city of that name in
Ionia, was said to have been suckled in Crete by a wolf. Of his brother
Kydon no such story is told ; but, unless we accept the coin-type as
referring to Miletos, we must infer that a similar myth was related of
Kydon also. The animal, however, on the coins seems to be clearly a
bitch and not a wolf.
Girc. B.C. 300-200.
At Cydonia, as at Cnossus, there appears to be a break of about a
century, during which no coins (except perhaps of Alexander's types)
were issued.
Circ. B.C. 200-67.
About B. c. 200 Cydonia struck tetradrachms of the Athenian type
(see Cnossus, p. 390). luscr., KYAjQNIATAN ; Symbols in field, Kydon
suckled by bitch (or wolf ?) or Zeus hurling fulmen ; on the obverse is
the magistrate's name, AlOIiN {Num. Chrou., 1884, PI. II. 2. 4). The
following tetradrachms belong to the last period of autonomy before the
Roman Conquest.
Head of Artemis Diktynna, with bow
and quiver at shoulder ; across field,
magistrate's name TIAZinN.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. VII. 16.)
KYAHNIATAM Artemis Diktynna
standing, holding long torch. Dog
seated beside her, all in olive-wreath.
M Spread Tetradr.
Cydonia was the centre from which the worship of Diktynna, known
in some parts of Crete as Britomartis, 'sweet maid' (Solinus, Polyh., c. 11),
spread throughout the island (see p. 383). Her temple stood on Mount
Tityrus near Cydonia (Strab., p. 479).
The types of the remaining bronze coins of the last century and a
half of Cretan independence refer for the most part to the lunar worship
of Diktynna.
Owl.
Head of Diktynna, or Apollo.
Head of Dionysos, ivy-crowned.
Female head in .stephane.
KYAfl, K Y^etc. Crescent moonand star
Id M -85
Id M -65
„ Grapes ■'^'^ -5
ELEUTHEBNA—ELYR US.
393
Imjyerial Times.
Augustus to Domna. Inscr., KYAHNIATAN. T^pes, Kydon suckled by-
bitch. Under the Proconsul Cornelius Lupus, and under Laches in the
reign of Tiberius, silver coins were issued; o6v. TIBEPIfl KAIZAPI
ZEBAZTH Eni KOP AYHH and EHI AAXHTI ; rev. ZYNKAHTH KPHTEZ
KY or KYAflNEATnN. J}/pc, a veiled and bearded bust of the Senate,
Crete being a Senatorial Province. There are also silver coins reading
^oivov) KPHTHN E(7rt) KOP. A. See also Imhoof, 3Io)i. Gr., p. 215.
Note the very unusual use of eiri followed by a dative case.
Eleutherna, an important town on the northern slopes of Mount Ida.
The place was also called Apollonia, and the coins show that Apollo was
the great god of the city.
Circ. B.C. 480-400.
Apollo or Minos as hunter, carrying
globe or stone and bow ; on either
side a fir tree, beside him a dog.
Ey^EYeEP (retrogr.) Artemis Dik-
tynna as huntress, shooting with bow,
beside her a small animal : all in
beaded square . . . . JR Stater.
The apparent archaism of this coin may be partly due to its rude
execution. It is figured in Num. Chron., 1884, PI. II. 5.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Ifead of Apollo, laureate.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. n. 6.)
Head of Zeus (style of the end of the
century).
3-A Bunch of grapes.
EAEY,EAEYGEPNAION,etc. Apollo
or Minos standing, holding globe and
bow . . M, Stater, Dr. and Obol.
EAEY Id M Stater.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. VIII. 7.)
Similar type M -"j
{N.C., 1884, PI. IL I.)
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
Head of Apollo.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. VIII. 13.)
EAEYGEPNAinN Apollo seated on
netted omphalos, beside which is his
lyre. He holds globe, beside him a bow.
M .7
There are no silver coins of this century.
Im2)enal.
Tiberius. M, Drachm struck under the Proconsul Cornelius Lupus.
Inscr., Tl. KAIZ. ZEBAZTOZ E(7n)K0P. A. Rev., OEOZ ZEBAZTOZ
EAEYO.
Eljrrus. The most important town of south-western Crete.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
EAYPION Head of Cretan wild
goat ; beneath, spear-head.
Bee.
Bee M Drachm.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. VIII. 15.)
EAYPION Goat standing before tree,
and raising his fore-foot against it .
M Drachm.
394
CRETE.
Head of Poseidon.
Circ. B.C. 200-67.
I EAYPinN Trident . M Attic Tetradr.
Gortyna or Gortys occupied a central position near the river Lethaeus.
It rivalled Cnossus in wealth and importance.
Circ. B.C. 480-400.
Europa, riding on bull.
(Fox, PI. X. 109.)
l^VTSOA Bull recumbent.
Id.
A^M3 OT MOl^VTSOA {T6pTvvoi
TO TToifia) on the four sides of a square,
within which, lion's head facing, all
in incuse square . . JR Stater.
Id. (iV. C, 1884, PI. II. 7) M Drachm.
Lion's head, facing, incuse square
Others of similar types without inscription.
The inscription on the remarkable stater above described is of the
highest epigraphic and numismatic interest. Lenormant supposes
TToiiJia to be derived from TraUiv, to strike, as KOfxixa from kotttclv. Cf.
ZEYOA KOMMA on a coin of Seuthes, king of the Thracian Odrysae
(p. 240). The signification of both these words appears to be ' soraething
struck,' and so ' a coin! The reading o-at/xa for (Ty]\ia is inadmissible, as
the sigma is nowhere rounded in archaic times.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Fig. 250.
rOPTYN I ON (retrogr.) Bull in various
attitudes, often skilfully foreshort-
ened . . . M Stater and Drachm.
(Fig. 250, and Gardner, Types, PI. IX.
18-20, 24).
Europa, in sorrowful attitude, seated
amid the branches of an ancient
tree on the trunk of which on one
specimen 80SVM8T (=TtVvpoi 1).
On one of the branches sometimes an
eagle, on dther coins a large eagle's
head, in front of the trunk.
Europa sometimes holds a sceptre surmounted by a bird and wears
upon her head a polos, showing that she was regarded at Gortyna in the
light of a powerful goddess and as the consort of Zeus.
Europa seated in tree, in commercio
cum aquila expansis alis. On some
specimens, bull's head beneath.
Female head, crowned with corn leaves.
Bull iR Stater.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. X. 8.)
rOPTYN inN Bull's head and neck, or
bull irritated by ily . . . M Dr.
GOBTYNA.
395
The above types are illustrated by a passage in Pliny (xii. 1.5): ' Est
Gortynae in insula Creta juxta fontem platanus una insignis ntriusque
linguae ni07mnetitis, numquam folia dimittens, statimque ei Graeciae fabu-
lositas superfuit Jovem sub ea cum Europa concubuisse.' Von Sallet
[Z. f. N., vi. 264) has suggested that the inscription on the tree may refer
to Mount Tityrus in the north of Crete, but such an explanation seems
improbable. Poole prefers to regard it as one of the names carved on the
bark of the old tree apparently alluded to by Pliny (/. c).
It would seem, according to the Gortynian version of the myth, that
Zeus, after carrying off Europa, in the form of a Bull, approached her
again in the shape of an Eagle. In honour of Europa a festival called
Hellotia was celebrated at Gortyna, in which the lunar origin of her
worship is conspicuous. As works of art some of the above described
staters, with the goddess seated in the tree, deserve the highest praise,
the majority of the extant specimens are however extraordinarily careless
in design and execution.
To this period may be also ascribed the following stater, usually
attributed to Euboea (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 223).
Bull lying 1., with head turned back.
E V R C?) Head of Europa, hair rolled, the
whole in incuse square yK.i84grs.
The inscription on this coin has hitherto been read EVB, and the coin
consequently assigned to Euboea. The emendation here suggested is
due to Prof. Gardner ; but as I have not had an opportunity of examining
the legend on the original, I cannot unhesitatingly accept the new
reading.
Bkonze. B.C. 400-300.
Europa seated on trunk of tree, eagle
beside her.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XI. 5.)
rOPTY Europa, with inflated veil,
riding on bull, the whole in wreath .
^.65
Silver.
Head of Zeus r., laureate.
Circ. B. c. 300-200 (1).
I rOPTYN I nN Europa on bull, as above
I M. Drachm.
Circ. B. c. 200. ■
Tetradrachms of Athenian types. Inscr., POPTYNinN.
Butting bull (B. M. Guide, PI. LVI. 32).
Symbol,
Circ. B.C. 200-67.
Fio. 251.
396
CRETE.
Head of Zeus, laureate.
(Mionnet, II. 278.)
Id., diademed. (Fig. 251.)
Id. (Cf. i\^. (7., i884,PLII. 9)
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. Xl 9.)
rOPTYNinN Bull standing . . .
SL Stater (1) 133 grs.
„ Pallas standing hold-
ing Nike, resting on shield, beside
hei', serpent. Mag. OIBOZ, all in
olive-wreath . . . . iR Tetradr.
rOPTYN inN Naked hunter with bow
and arrows in hand, seated on rocks,
quiver at his shoulder ; in field, B.
Magistrate's name G ISO Z . . . .
M, Attic Drachm.
rOPTYNinN Naked male figure
(Gortys 1) striding r. holding spear,
shield before him . iR Attic Drachm.
r — 0 Eagle with spread wings de-
vouring serpent ; all in border of
rays . . . . M, Attic \ Drachm.
The gold stater described above may be only a cast in gold from a
silver coin. It is catalogued by Mionnet' (II. 278), and there is a
sulphur cast of it in the British Museum.
Bronze. Heads of Zeus, Artemis Britomartis, and Hermes, called Hedas
at Gortyna [Etym. Mag., 315, 28). Bev., Pallas standing holding serpent ;
Naked warrior with shield before him ; Bull ; Europa on bull ; Bull and
caduceus, etc.
Circ. B. c. 66.
Head of Medusa facing.
(i6., PI. XL 10.)
PnMAS Head of Roma wearing
winged helmet, adorned on side with
elephant's head ; in front mon. K A
(^./.iV^.,x. 119.)
rOPTYN Ephesian Artemis, as on gold
staters of Ephesus ; in field. Bee and
elephant's head, all in wreath
M. Attic Tetradr.
The Elephant's head is the family emblem of the Caecilii Metelli.
There can be no doubt therefore that these tetradrachms were struck at
Gortyna after the conquest of Crete by Q. Caecilius Metellus, b. c. 67,
and while he was organizing the government of the island, which was
constituted a Roman Province in B.C. 66. Livy [Ejnt., 100): ' Q. Me-
tellus perdomitis Cretensibus liberae in id tempus insulae leges dedit.'
It is not clear why the Ephesian Artemis appears on the reverse.
(Friedlaender, Zelt.f. Num., x. 119.)
Between B.C. 66 and 31 Cistophori appear to have been struck at
Gortyna by KYAAZ (Cicero, P////., v. 5, and viii. 9) who was KPHTAPXAZ
or President of the Koivhv tGw Kpjjratecoi^ (see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 210).
Imperial. Tiberius. A\ struck under the Proconsul Cornelius Lupus.
TIBEPin KAIZAPI ZEBAZTH rOPTYNin[N ; m'., KAISAPI ZEBASTH
KPHTEI. E(7ri)K0P. AY.
Caligula and Germanicus, under Augurinus EIII AYTOYPEINn fOPT.
Here again we have l-ni with a dative ; see p. 393. The name Augurinus
occurs also on coins of Hierapytna and Pqlyrhenium.
Claudius M. liev., Augustus seated, or in quadriga of elephants
surrounded by seven stars (Mion., vi. 676, 433 and 434), and M with
Augustus seated holding aplustre and sceptre {Zelt.f. N-nrii., xiii. PI. IV.
7). Trajan M. liev., rOPTYC, naked warrior.
HIERAPYTNA—HYRTACINA.
397
Hierap3rkua, about five miles west of Cape Erythraeum, was, after its
annexation of Praesus (Strab., x. p. 479), in the second century b. c. one
of the lai'gest cities of Crete.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
IP— AP— V between the limbs of a
triskelis, the whole in wreath.
Fore-part of a boar r. in wreath {Zeit. f.
Num., xiii. PI. IV. 8.)
M Stater 174-5 grs.
Before circ. B. c. 300.
Fig. 252.
Head of Zeus laiu'eate, closely resem-
bling in style the coins of the
Aenianians (b. c. 302-286), p. 248.
I EPA Palm-tree with eagle at its foot.
(Fig. 252.) . . . . . M Stater.
Circ. B.C. 200.
Tetradrachm of Athenian types. Liscr., lEPAflY.. Sj/mbol, Eagle.
Magistrates, IHNO<t)l or KYPANNIS. Cf. remarks under Cnossus (p. 390).
Circ. B.C. 200-67.
Female head turreted.
(B. M. Guide, PI. LVI. 33.)
Id.
Id.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XII. 2.)
lEPAnYTNinN Palm-tree and eagle.
Magistrate'sname, innora.orgen.case,
and mon. JR Spread Tetradr. 232 grs.
lEPAnVTNinN Id. ^Didr. ii6grs.
Id. M Dr. 57 grs.
Among the names on these coins are — APIZTAfOPAZ, ASBANTOZ,
IMEPAIOZ, KAOYMENIAAZ, KYAANTOZ, MENEZOENHZ, SAMA-
rOPAZ, and ct)AYOZ.
Imperial. M Divus Augustus, OEOZ ZEBAZTOZ KPHTnN EHI
KOPNHA AY i?€v. TAN KPHTATENHZ lEPA. Head of Zeus. Caligula,
M. Eni 0AAOYIOYandEni AYrOYPlNOY. %;^^, Eagle and Palm-tree.
TAN is apparently a Cretan form of ZAN = Z?/i; (Eckhel, D. N. V., ii.
p. 301).
H3rrtacina, a little to the west of Elyrus, seems to have been in close
political and religious connection with it, for the coinage of the two
cities is identical in type.
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
YPTAKlNinN (sometimes retrogr.)
Head of Cretan wild goat ; behind,
spear-head.
Bee.
Symbol : sometimes in field . .
2R Drachm.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XII. 5.)
Itanus, at the eastern extremity of Crete, was an ancient Phoenician
station, probably a factory for the purple trade (Herod., iv. 151). It
398
CRETE.
afterwards rose to be a city of some standing. In the vicinity was a
sanctuary of Athena Salmonia, a sea-goddess (cf. a\s). From the coins
it is also evident that a marine god, allied perhaps to the Phoenician
Dagon, was worshipped at Itanus.
Zeus, called AtKratoj, was also revered on the neighbouring Mount Dicte
on the confines of the territories of Itanus and Praesus (Strab., x. 478,
and Inscr., Pashley, i. 290).
Circ. B.C. 480-430.
Sea-god (Glaukos or Triton ?) upper
part human, and ending below in
fish's tail.
Conventional Star or Sun in incuse
square M Stater.
{N.C., 1884, PL II. 10, II.)
Circ> B.C. 430-400, or later.
Fig. 253.
Sea-god as above, striking downwards,
with trident. (Fig. 253.)
ITANION Id.
Same Fish-divinity.
ITA or ITANION Two sea-monsters
face to face ; magistrate sometimes
EY<t)AMO (Mion. under Corcyra).
M, Stater, Drachm., and \ Dr.
Same type M, Stater.
Star ........ iRObol.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Head of Athena Salmonia in crested
Athenian helmet.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XIII. 5.)
Id.
ITANinN Eagle looking back; in
field usually, fish-god, all in incuse
square . JR Stater, Dr. and \ Dr.
Star M Obol.
Young head laureate.
Star
^•5
Circ. B.C. 300-250.
Into .this period fall the tetradrachms of the types of Alexander the
Great's coins with a triton as accessory symbol (Muller, M071. d'Jiex.,
N08. 901-903).
Circ. B.C. 200-67.
Head of Athena, as on late coins of
Athens.
Sea-god or triton carrying trident and
blowing conch-shell . JR i Drachm.
Imperial. Faustina Junior, iE. i?gt'. ITA[NinN] The three charities.
ITANUS—LYTTLS. 399
Lappa, an inland town in western Crete, has not left many numis-
matic monuments.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Female head r.
Bull's head facing, one horn turned
downwards M, Dr.
Circ. B.C. 200-67
Head of Apollo (?).
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XIII. ii.)
Head of Bull.
Id.
Head of Apollo (?).
Id.
A A P P A I Apollo standing, playing lyre.
Mag. SYAHKOS . . . M\T>y.
A .ill Dr.
Tripod -^ -55
AAPPAinN Lyre ... M •%
A A Bull's head, tripod, or lyre M -6
hnjieriaL Augustus; Tiberius {Rev. Num., 1885, P- 160); Domitian.
^^7;^, Archaic Pallas ; Domitia; and Commodus. //wcr., AAnTTAinN.
Lasaea. See Alassa.
Latus, near the northern coast, looking east across the great gulf near
the eastern end of the island (Bursian, Geoff., ii. 573). Its harbour was
called Kamara (Aartcof t5>v -npbs Kaixdpa ; Le Bas-Waddington ; Inscr. Gr.,
V. 74).
Second Cent. B. c.
Head of Artemis or Eleuthuia (Eilei-
thyia), who had a temple at Latus.
Cor]). Inscr. Gr., 3058.
Head of Artemis in stephane.
A ATI nN Hermes carrying caduceus
^ -55
(iV\C., 1884, PI. IL 13.)
A A Bust of Hermes . JE -4
Lissus, on the south coast, near the western end of the island.
Second Cent. b. c.
Female head (Diktynna ?). |AlSinN Dolphin .... ^ .7
AISI Pilei of the Dioskuri. " j AlZI Bow and quiver crossed M -6
Lyttus, one of the largest cities of Crete, stood at the foot of Mount
Aegaeum, about 100 stadia south-east of Cnossus. The silver coins of
Lyttus are plentiful ; but, like those of most other inland towns of
Crete, they are of rude fabric and style. It is therefore somewhat
difficult to classify them chronologically. They probably, however,
belong to the last half of the fifth and to the fourth century b. c.
Circ. B. c. 450-330, or later.
Eagle flying. , /VTTSON later AVTTION Boar's
{N. C, 1884, PI. III. 1.) 1 head in incuse square
I ' M Stater, Dr., A Dr., and ^ -55
Circ. B.C. 300-250.
Tetradrachms with types of Alexander (Miiller, 900). Symbol, Boar's
head.
From B. c. 300 to 220, when the city was destroyed by its powerful
neighbour Cnossus, the coins of Lyttus are rare.
400
CRETE.
Circ. B.C.
Boar's head.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PL XIV. 6.)
AYTTI nN Eagle, with spread wings.
Head of Zeus.
300-220.
AYTTinN
Eagle
standing, wings
open . . . . JR Attic Drachm.
Boar's head JE •>]
AYTTI nN Eagle, with open wings;
in field, boai''s head . . . JE •'j
The Eagle refers to the cultus of Zeus AtKraToy, the Boar's head may
symbolize the worship of Artemis, rfpiroixevr] KaTTpoiai [11. , vi. 204).
Matalia (?) (Ptol., iii. 17, § 4), a Cretan town a few miles south of
Phaestus. Von Sallet [Ze'it. f. Num., 1885, "p. 359) suggests that certain
silver staters reading MHAAinN or MHAAAnN, apparently of Cretan
style, may belong to this town.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Rude head of Zeus. | MHAAinN Bucrauium . ^Stater
Naxus. This town is mentioned by Suidas and by the scholiast of
Pindar [Ist/ini., vi. 108) ; its coins are of rude work, and seem to belong
to the early part of the fourth century B. c.
Head of Apollo, r., laur.
{Zeit.f. Num., 1885, p.
NAKM^ON, NAKCION (sometimes
!5.) retrogr.) or no inscription. Tripod
of rude work
M. Stater, Drachm., and ^ Drachm.
Olus, on the north-east coast between Chersonesus and Minoa. It
was celebrated for a temple of Britomartis, which contained a wooden
statue of the goddess by Daedalos (Pans., ix. 40. 3).
Circ.
B. c.
Head of Britomartis, bound with fillet
and wreath of bay, at her shoulder
quiver. {N. C, 1884, PL III. 2.)
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
330-300.
OAONTinN Zeus aetophoros, en-
throned as on coins of Alexander, in
field monogram . . . JR Stater.
OA (in mon.) in wreath , .51 34 grs.
Star \ . M Obol.
OAONTI Similar tE -5
OAON Dolphin in incuse square JE -4
Phaestus, one of the most ancient and illustrious of the Cretan towns,
stood on the river Lethaeus, west of Gortyna. The coinage begins in the
fifth century, and during the whole of the fourth it is plentiful ; but it
ceases suddenly early in the third, about which time apparently the town
was destroyed by the Gortynians. The Eponym of Phaestus was a son
of Herakles, and the exploits of that divinity form the usual subjects of
its coin-types.
Circ. B.C. 450-400.
Europa riding on bull.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PL III. 6.)
A'^M^OTIAO^TMMC^] {^aitrrlcou
TO TTalfjLu) on the four sides of a square,
within which lion's head facing ; all
in incuse square ... Ax Stater.
This coin (the ethnic excepted) resembles the earliest money of
Gortyna, and shows that in the fifth century the two towns were
intimately connected.
L YTTUS—PHAESTUS,
401
8TM8AD (= ^ai(TTt. . . .) Europa
seated on rocks, raising her hand to
a bull, which advances towards her.
Hei'mes C?) seated on rocks holding ca-
ducous (f) in 1., his r, slightly raised .
M, Stater.
{N.C., 1884, PI. III. 9.)
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Herakles, naked, with bow and club,
standing ; his lion's skin hanging
behind him.
Id.
Herakles, naked, facing, with club,
bow, and lion's skin, between an
enormous serpent and a tree.
Herakles, wielding club, attacking
coiled serpent,
l/]0)|ITM|AD Bull feeding, his fore-
legs tied with a rope or chain, the
whole sometimes in wreath . . .
M Stater.
Bull's head, filleted . . . M Stater.
Bull tethered, all in wreath M Stater.
Bull . , M Stater.
Fig. 254.
Herakles, contending with Hydra ; the
latter is assisted by a crab.
(DAICTION or(nN) Bull (Fig. 254).
M Stater.
When Herakles with the help of lolaos destroyed the Lernaean hydra,
a gigantic crab came to the assistance of the hydra and wounded Herakles
in the foot. (ApoUod., ii. 5, 2.)
The tethered bull on the above coins is the famous Cretan bull,
bound by Herakles.
Fig. 255.
50 H AX A3 3 Youthful god naked,
seated on stump of ancient tree, and
holding a cock on his 1. knee.
Herakles, naked, seated at rest on the
ground, his bow and quiver hanging
on a column, or sometimes on a tree
beside him. Behind him, on some
specimens, a large amphora.
<t)AI^T (retrogr.) Bull
(Fig. 255) or rushing .
walking
M Stater.
<1>AI? Similar .... ^Stater.
(Gardner, Types, PI. IX. 8.)
402
CRETE.
Fig. 256.
TAAXlN Naked winged male figure,
Talos, striding along, and about to
hurl a stone.
Young male head, Phaestos or Hera-
kles. (i7. C, 1884, PI. III. 7, 8.)
<l)AI^TinN Eushingbull. (Fig. 256.)
M Stater.
<1)AIS (retrogr.) Bull's head facing
M Drachm, ^ Drachm, and Obol.
Circ. B.C. 300-250.
Talos, rushing to right, hurling stones. | 4>AICTinN Dog on the scent . M •*]
{N.C., 1884, PI. III. II.) I
Zeus was worshipped at Phaestus in youthful form and under the
Semitic name of Velchanos, FeAxaro? 6 Zev? iiapa Kprja-tv (Hesych. s. v.). The
coins show that the correct form of the name is not FeAxaz^os but Fekxavos.
The cock, the bird of dawn, indicates that the worship of Velchanos par-
took of a solar character. Another Cretan conception originally solar was
Talos (cf. Hesych. TaAw? 6 ijXtos), the wondrous man of brass, the work of
Hephaestos, who guarded the island of Crete, running swiftly round it
thrice every day and hurling stones at all strange vessels which ap-
proached its shores (cf. ApoUonius, iv. 1638 ; ApoUod., i. 9, 26). The
Cretan form of the name (if in the nominative) would appear from the
coins to have been Talon and not Talos.
The dog, which is the reverse type of the bronze coins, was, like Talos,
the work of Hephaestos and the guardian of the Cretan Zeus (De Witte,
JRev. Num., 1840, p. 188).
On a silver stater in the Greau Collection (No. 1567) the dog appears
between the legs of Talos.
Fhalasarna, at the north-west extremity of the island, possessed a
temple of Diktynna and a strong port (Bursian, Geog., ii. ^^'^. Its coin-
types refer to the worship of Diktynna and Poseidon.
Giro. B.C. 400-300.
Head of Diktynna^ her hair bound
with cord passing twice round it.
Id, hair rolled.
Id.
OA Trident . . . . M, Stater.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PL XVI. 7.)
„ Id. {lUd., XVI. 8). M Drachm.
,, Id yH^ Drachm.
Id.
0.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVI. 10.)
c|>A Helmet M-d
Dolphin ^ -45
Polyrhenium. The territory of this important town occupied the
greater part of the western end of the island. The temple of Diktynna
PHALASARNA—P OL ¥ RHENIUM.
403
is the only public building mentioned by Strabo. Towards the close of
the third century (before cire. B.C. 220) we hear of Polyrhenium allying
itself with Lyttus against Cnossus, to which city it had previously been
subject.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
Head and neck of bull.
Head of Demeter crowned with corn.
Head of Diktynna, hair rolled, signed
rYO0A[nP0Y]. See also Aptera,
p. 386.
rOA Female head, hair in sphendone,
or rolled M Drachm.
Head and neck of bull . M Drachm.
Bull's head facing, horns filleted . .
{N. C, 1884, PI. I. 7.) M \ Dr.
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
Head of Zeus, laureate.
(Gardner, Ty2yes, PI. IX. 21.)
rOAYPHNlON Bull's head facing,
horns filleted.
Head of Pallas.
Bull's head facing.
Bound shield, on which bull's head.
So-called ' Boeotian ' shield.
nOAYPHNlOM Bull's head facing,
horns filleted. Magistrate, XAPIZ-
OENHZ, beneath, spear-head . .
M, Stater.
POAYPHNI Spear-head ^Drachm.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVI. 15.)
rOAYPHNi Bull's head filleted ^-65
no AY Spear-head . . .
nOAYPH Spear-head. . .
„ Goat's head r., and
head
65
5
spear-
^•5
Circ. B.C. 200.
Tetradrachms of Athenian weight and types. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI.
XVII. 2.) Inscr., POAYPHNinN. Spnhol — Artemis shooting with bow
and arrow. See remarks under Cnossus (p. 390).
Circ. B.C. 200-67.
Female figure seated,
In ex. fulmen .
M Attic tetradr.
POAYPHNinN Apollo (?)uaked,can7-
ing palm-branch. M \ Attic Drachm.
Young male head, probably a portrait POAYPHNIflN
of Philip V of Macedon as Apollo, holding Nike,
with bow and quiver at shoulder.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXXII. 26.)
Bust of Diktynna facing, bow and
quiver at shoulder.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVII. 3.)
The Polyrhenian types point to the worship of Artemis Diktynna,
Zeus, and Apollo (1). The artist Pythodoros was employed also at the
mint of Aptera.
Im2)erial.
Silver of Diyus Augustus with legend, OEOS ZEBAZTOZ EHI
KOPNHAIOY AYnOY,R.TAN KPHTAPENHZ HOAYP, in combination with
the head of Zeus Kretagenes. Wt., 147 grs. Respecting TAN, see above
under Hierapytna (p. 397).
Fraesus. The territory of this city occupied the greater part of the
eastern end of Crete bordering upon that of Itanus. Its coins point
chiefly to the worship of Zeus AiKraio?, whose temple stood on Mount
D d 2
404
CRETE.
Dicte, east of the town. The god is represented enthroned and holding
an eagle on his hand. Other divinities also appear. The city was
destroyed by the Hierapytnians probably in the second century b. c,
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Head of Medusa, with snakes in her
hair. {N. C, 1884, PI. III. 13.)
Herakles as on reverse of preceding.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVII. 6.)
Zeus Diktaeos enthroned, holding eagle
and sceptre.
{Ihid., PI. XVII. 8, 9.)
Head of Apollo (?).
(Ibid., PI. XVII. 10.)
Id.
Bull with head lowered, beneath, infant
Zeus (?).
Head of Apollo (?).
Head of Demeter crowned with corn-
leaves, copied from Syracusan deka-
drachms.
Id. {Ibid., PI. XVIII. 3.)
Naked Herakles kneeling and shooting
with bow, his lion's skin flying over
1. arm. All in linear square . . .
M Stater.
r P A I $ Flying bird, in linear square .
M Stater.
PPAIMION (retrogr.) Bull, or fore-
part of Cretan goat
M Stater and Drachm.
P P A 1 5 1 Fore-part of goat, and spear-
head M Stater.
Goat's head in wreath . . M, ^ Dr.
5 1 A Pn Herakles kneeling and drawing
bow, in incuse square . M Stater.
{Rev. Num., 1885, PL VIII. 8.)
PPAI^inN Herakles naked, standing
wielding club and holding bow . .
iR Drachm.
PPAISI Rushing bull. Symbol, Pose
M. Stater and Drachm.
Bee
M i Drachm.
M -7
Headof Apollo. (/6td, PI.XVIII.5.) | PPAI^IXlN Fulmen . . .
Priansus. This inland city stood on the left bank of the largest of
the northern affluents of the river Catarrhaktes (Bursian, Geog., ii. p. ^6'^)
near Mount Dicte. By Kiepert it is wrongly placed on the coast. In
Strabo, p. 478, for ETpaio-w and Upaia-ioi read Ylpiavaij^ and IlpiavaLoi
(Leake, Num. Hell., p. 32).
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
Persephone (?) enthroned beneath palm-
tree, caressing serpent which rises
to her hand.
(Gardner, Types, PI. IX. 2, 5.)
Female head.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PL XVIII. 8.)
Female head.
PPIAN^IEHN Poseidon standing with
himation around him, holding trident
and doljDhin . . . . Ai Stater.
PPIANSIEHN Palm-tree between dol-
phin and rudder . . . T M Dr.
PPIAN^IEHN Trident . . ^ Dr.
Female head.
{Ihid., PL XVIII. 10.)
PPIANSIEnN Palm-tree, or Poseidon,
in attitude of attack with his trident
M.6S
The goddess fondhng the serpent may be Persephone approached by
Zeus in the likeness of a serpent, a subject also represented on a coin of
Selinus in Sicily (p. 148): or possibly Hygieia, for there was a temple
of Asklepios at Leben near Priansus.
PRAESUS—RHITHYMNA.
405
Circ. B.C. 200.
Tetradrachms with Athenian tjrpes. Inscr., PPIANZI
PYPriAZ-KA (B. M. Guide, PL LVI ; XXXIV).
Magistrates,
Imperial.
Hadrian. Inscr., FFPIANSIEnN. Tyj^es — Dolphin and Rudder.
Pyranthus, near Gortyna (Steph. Byz., s. v.) and Priansus, with which
latter its coin-tj'pes prove that it was closely connected.
After circ. B.C. 300.
Head of Zeus.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVIII. 13.)
HYP AN (in mon.) and aplustre on either
side of palm-tree . . . . M .55
See also De Witte, Uev. Num., 1845, and Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 320.
Rhaticus was an inland town midway between Gortyna and Cnossus.
Although its coin-types refer to the worship of Poseidon it does not
appear to have possessed a port until it took possession of Tylissus,
which cannot have been before the early part of the fourth century (see
Tylissus). It is, however, by no means unusual to meet with the cultus
of Poseidon at inland towns (cf. the various Thessalian towns, Mantineia,
etc.). In the year B.C. 166 Cnossus and Gortyna made a combined attack
upon Rhaucus and divided its territory between them (Polyb., xxxi. i).
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Poseidon Hippios, naked, holding tri-
dent, and standing beside his horse.
Head of Poseidon.
Head of Poseidon, trident at shoulder.
Youthful head facing.
Female head.
PAYKION Trident (on earlier speci-
mens in incuse square) JR Stater.
(Gardner, Tyjyes, PI. IX. 3.)
PAYKinN Trident and two dolphins .
JR Drachm.
PAYKinN Two dolphins M \ Drachm.
Trident in incuse square M, ^ Drachm.
PAYKION Trident. . ^ Obol.
Head of Poseidon.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, PL XIX. 7.)
PAYKinN Horse's head.
PAYK Two dolphins.
PAY Dolphin.
PAYKinN Trident between two dol-
phins M •%
Dolj)hin and trident . . . . M -6^
Trident ^ -5
Id iE-s
Rhithymua, on the northern coast west of Eleutherna.
Cvrc. B.C. 400-300.
Head of Apollo.
(B. M. Cat., Crete, XIX. 8.)
Head of Pallas (I'ude work).
Id.
Id.
PI Apollo, or Minos, as hunter, holding
bow and globe . . . ifl Stater.
PI Trident . . . . M Drachm.
„ Two dolphins . . . . .^ -55
I P Trident ^ -4
406
CRETE.
Sybrita, an inland town on the western slopes of Mount Ida, south of
Eleutherna, seems to have been a city of some importance in the fourth
century B.C. The coins show that Dionysos and Hermes were chiefly
worshipped there.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
Head of Dionj-sos, bearded and crowned I Head of Hermes, wearing broad peta-
with ivy, in very high rehef ' sos, in very high rehef . M Stater.
This remarkable coin is in the Hunter Collection. Another specimen
in the cabinet of M. L. de Hirsch reads ^YBPITION on the reverse.
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
Dionysos, bearded, seated on chair,
holding thyrsos and kantharos.
(Gardner, Tyi^es, PI. IX. 4, 14.)
Dionysos, cariying thyrsos, riding on
galloping panther.
(Gardner, Types, PL IX. 4, 14.)
Head of panther.
Head of Hermes wearing petasos,
caduceus at his shoulder.
^ Y B P I T 1 0 N Hermes, wearing chlamys,
standing with patera and caduceus,
his petasos hanging behind his neck .
M Stater.
^YBPITinN Hermes, with chlamys
behind him, stooping forward and
placing his 1. foot on a rock, wliile he
ties his sandal; in front caduceus
A\ Stater.
Grapes M Obol.
t YBPI Tl nN Jawbone of Boar, or Wine-
skin (?) iE .5
Tanus, mentioned only by Steph. Byz., appears from the following
coins to have been distinct from Itanus, with which it has been generally
identified (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 220).
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Head of young Dionysos.
Young male head r.
Thalassa (see Alassa).
TAN Globule between three crescents
M Obol.
TAN[I]T Head of Hermes . M Obol.
Tylissus, on the north coast of Crete between Rhaucus and the sea, is
usually thought to have been annexed by the latter city at an early date ;
but as the coins of Tylissus belong unquestionably to the fourth century,
the town must have retained its autonomy at any rate down to that time.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Head of Hera wearing Stephanos
adorned with floral devices.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. II. 8.)
TYAI^I ON (or flN) sometimes retrogr.
Naked male figure standing holding
the head of a Cretan goat in his riglit
hand, and a bow in his left. In field,
a tree or speardicad . . M, Stater.
THE CYCLABE8. 407
THE ISLANDS OF THE AEGAEAN SEA.
(CYCLADES AND SPORADES.)
[Borrell, H, P., in Num. Chron., v. 173 sqq. Brondsted, Reisen und Untersuchungen in
Griechenland, Paris, i826.and 1830. British Museum, Catalogue, Greek Coins, Crete and the
Aegaean Islands, London, 1886, by W. W. Wroth.]
The coinage of the islands called the Cyclades and the Sporades consists
of several well-marked and easily distinguished classes. First, there
are the globular and massive staters of the archaic period, struck on the
Aeginetic standard in Ceos, Naxos, Paros, Siphnos, and Melos, at which
last the weight of the stater rises to 222 grs.
The coins of this period present an incuse square on the reverse,
usually, but not in all cases, divided, as on the earliest coins of Aegina,
into triangular compartments, some of which are deeply indented. It
is remarkable that all these earliest insular coinages belong to an age
before the commencement of a coinage in Crete. Aegina, and not Crete,
must therefore be regarded as the cradle of the archaic silver money of
all the central portion of the Aegean Sea with its numerous islands and
once teeming maritime population.
The majority of the coins of this early period come from two im-
portant hoards, one of which was discovered in the island of Thera in
the year 1821, and the other in the island of Melos. There can be little
doubt that these two finds represent in the main the principal currencies
of the island states during the seventh and sixth centuries b. c. Borrell
{Num. Chron., vi. 134) has fortunately preserved a record of the contents
of the Thera find, which is of the highest numismatic interest; and
more recently Mr. W. Wroth [Num. Chron., 1884, p. 269) has given fuller
descriptions and photographs of all the specimens indicated in Mr. Borrell 's
memorandum. Of the Melos find an exact account has not been kept.
The coins found at Thera were briefly as follows : —
Aeginetic Standard.
541 staters of the early Tortoise type.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PL XII. 15.)
Ohv. Two clolphius. Rev. Incuse square.
{Op.cit.,V\. XII. 12.)
Ohv. Amphora. Rev. Incuse square.
{Ojy. cit., PI. XII. 14.)
Ohv. Kantharos. Rev. Incuse square.
{O}). cit., PI. XII. 7.)
Ohv. Goat above dolphin. Rev. Incuse square.
{Of. cit., PI. XII. 13.)
Ohv. Flying eagle. Rev. Incuse square.
{Op. cit, PI. XII. 8.)
Ohv. Half horse. Rev. Two incuse squares, large and
small, each containing a star. (0;;. cit., PI. XII. i.)
Ohv. Forepart of lion, head reverted, some inscribed
VAO or OVA = Ulo . . ., Oly , Ogu . . .,
or possibly Gyth . . . (Gythium X)
Rev. Rough incuse square, on one specimen con-
taining a star. (0/;. cit., PI. XII. 3, 4, 5.)
Aegina .
. . 541
Argos (?) or
Deles (?) 23
Ceos . .
I
Naxos
. . 14
Paros
. . 2
Siphnos .
• • 3
Uncertain . . 41
(Cyme in AeoHs V)
Uncertain . . 48
408 THE CYCLABES.
Phoenician Standard.
Uncertain . . i stater Obv. Head of Satyr, with pointed ear of extremely
(Naxos 1) archaic style. JRev. Rough incuse square.
{N. a, 1884, PL XII. 17.) Wt. 21 1 grs. (corroded).
Uncertain . . i ), 06u. Boar's head. Ti'ev. Rough incuse square, 223 grs.
{Op. cit., PI. XII. 9.)
Uncertain . . 2 „ Obi\ Large fish's head, with fish's tail above. Hev.
Rough incuse square, 227 grs. (Op. cit., PI. XII. 6.)
Euhoic Standard,
Carystus Euboeae (?) i Didrachm Ohv. Cock. Eev. Incuse square.
Uncertain . . 82 Drachms Ohv. Boar's head. Rev. Rough incuse square.
_ {O2). cit., PI. XII. 10, II.)
Total 760 coins.
The four staters of Phoenician weight (circ. 230 grs. max.) are of
extremely archaic work, examples possibly of the original Aeginetic stater
before its reduction or degradation to circ. 1 96 grs. They are considerably
heavier than any of the coins of Aegina itself, but they may serve to
indicate the source of the Aeginetic standard.
From the age of the Persian wars, down to the middle of the fourth
century, while the Aegaean islands were tributary to Athens, Siphnos
alone appears to have enjoyed the right of coinage, striking Aeginetic
staters and Attic drachms with types on both sides, that on the reverse
enclosed in a well-marked incuse square. The other islands do not again
begin to coin money much, if at all, before circ. b. c. 350, nor indeed can
we point to many silver coins which are anterior to the year b. c. 308,
when Ptolemy liberated Andros from the Macedonian garrison ; soon
after which the Cyclades passed under the mild rule of the Ptolemies,
who appear to have allowed them to retain a modified autonomy and
the right of coining their own money.
It now becomes somewhat difficult to distinguish what monetary
standards were employed in the various islands in the third century B. c.
The tetradi*achm at Tenos attains 254 grs., at Paros 240 grs., and at
Syros 246 grs. The heaviest didrachms, those of Paros, reach 118 grs.,
and the drachms 58 grs.
At Melos, on the other hand, the heaviest tetradrachms do not exceed
227 grs., while at Andros, Delos, los, and Naxos, the didrachms weigh
about no grs. (max.), and the drachms ^^ grs. (max.). Some of the
islands would seem therefore to have made use of a light form of the
Attic standard, while others struck their money on the Rhodian stan-
dard, which in this period was identical with the Ptolemaic. The time
to which these issues belong coincides with that of the greatest Rhodian
influence and commerce in these waters. At Ceos, Paros, Syros, and
Tenos, the coins are certainly too heavj' to bo classed as Ptolemaic, and
clearly show that, although the islands, from the time of Ptolemy II.,
down to about b. c. 200, formed part of the dominions of the kings of
-^gyP^' ^^° Ptolemaic rule can have been little more than nominal.
There are no silver coins of the Cyclades which can be safely assigned
to a later date than about b. c. 200. It is to be inferred therefore that
AMORGOS.
409
the new Athenian silver money and the plentiful issues of the Cretan
towns superseded about this time all other local coinages in the Aegaean
sea.
Amorgos
700-480
480-400
400-300
300-200
After 200
Imperial
M
Aegiale
JR Jtj
^(?)
Arcesine
JE
Minoa
JE
JE
Anaphk
M
Andros
.51 JE
M
Ceos
M
'" M
JE
Carthaea
M
JP. JE
Coresia
M
M
JE
lulis
M
M
Poeeessa
M
CiMOLOS
M
Ctthnos
M
M
Delos
'jki
M
jr"'^
'"m
Gtaros
JE
los
.ZTi. Jtj
M
Melos
M
jiXl* Jta
JR, M
M
Mtconos
M M
M
'"m
JE
Naxos
M
M M
M ^
JE
JE
Pabos
M
M
M JE
JE
Pholegandros
M
Seriphos
IE
M
SiCINOS
m
SiPHNOS
jk
M
M
JE
Syros
M JE
'"jE
JE
Tenos
M M
M
JE
Thera
'"m
m
...
M
Amorgos. The island of Amorgos, east of Naxos and the Cyclades,
contained on its western coast three cities, Aegiale in the north, Minoa
in the middle, and Arcesine in the south. Down perhaps to the latter
part of the foui-th century these towns, as is evident from the following
bronze coins, as well as from inscriptions, formed a single political
community, but afterwards the three towns appear each as an independent
state.
Before circ.
Star and crescent.
Head of Asklepios.
Cupping vessel, aiKva.
Aegiale, in Amorgos :
B.C. 300.
A MO Two thrysi crossed
Bee
Id.
^.65
JE .4
^•5
After circ. B.C. 300.
Airi Aegipan seated cross-legged, play-
ing the syrinx . . . JR 33grs,
A I r I , A I , etc. Cupping vessel, a-iKva (a
conical vase, inverted ; with narrow
mouth) ; in field sometimes, coiled
serpent JE -65
Ain Owl JE-65
„ Lion's head and neck . ^ -5
For Imperial coins, possibly of Aegiale, see under Aegialus in Paphla-
gonia, p. 432,
Head of Zeus or Asklepios.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XX. I.)
Aegipan standing or seated as above,
or Head of Asklepios laureate.
{Ibid., PI. XX. 2, 3.)
Head of Pallas.
Turreted female head.
410 THE CYCLADES.
Arcesiue, in Amorgos :
After circ. B.C. 300.
Head of young Dionysos. | APKE Kantharos and thyrsos . -^'75
Miuoa, in Amorgos :
After circ. B.C. 300.
Head of bearded Dionysos, | MINH Kantharos . . . M -6^
/w^jma^, J. Paula and J. Maesa. Inscr., N\\HO\MD.U, eni. Tl. <t)AA.
ePriNOY. k?X{ovTos) Apollo Kitharoedos.
On the coins of Amorgos see P. Lambros, Noixia-ixaTa ttjs vi](rov 'Afxopyov,
Athens, 1870, and JVum. ZeiL, ii. p. 349.
Anaphe, a small island east of Thera and south of Amorgos (ApoUonius,
Arffoti., iv. 1709 sq. ; Strab., x. 484). Special worship of Apollo as
AiyXr/TTj? and 'Ava(f)alos.
After circ. B.C. 300.
Head of Apollo Aegletes, facing.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 8.)
A — N or ANA<t> Krater; above, bee .
M .6
Andros, the largest and most northerly of the Cyclades. The chief
god of the island was Dionysos, within whose sanctuary was a fountain
which ran wine every year during the feast of the 0eo8ato-ta (Plin.,
ii. 103; xxxi. 3, 16; Paus., vi. 26: Aiyovcn be Kal "AvbpLot irapa eros
(TcpLcnv €s Tov Aiovvaov ti]v kopr-qv pelv oXvov avroixarov e/c tov tepoC.) In
B. c. 308 Ptolemy freed Andros from its Macedonian garrison. This
seems to be the date at which its coinage begins : —
After circ. b, c. 308, Ptolemaic or Rhodian Standard.
Head of young Dionysos, ivy-crowned,
(B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 10.)
Id. Behind *. {Ibid., PI. XX. 9.)
AN API nN Artemis (?) standing, wear-
ing short chiton, leaving one breast
bare, resting on lance and sacrificing
M, IOO-6 grs.
AN API Panther . . iR 52 grs.
The bronze coins have usually heads of Dionysos, young, or bearded,
on the obverse, and on the reverse filleted thyrsos, amphora, or kantharos,
and on the latest coins Apollo Kitharoedos.
Imperial, Hadrian to Geta. Tnscr., ANAPIUJN, Isis facing. Cf. the
Hymn to Isis discovered by Ross in Andros {Class. Mus., p. 34 sq.).
Ceos. In addition to the coins of the four cities of Ceos, Carthaea,
lulis, Coresia, and Poeecssa, there are numerous bronze coins belonging
to the end of the fourth and to the third century B. c, struck in the name
of the island.
Head of Aristaeos, bearded. I KEI, KEIHN, etc. Fore-part of dog
(15. !M. Cat., PI. XXI. 1-5.) | (star Sirios)sinTOundedby rays^E -65
ANAPHE, ANDROS, CEOS.
411
In this island Aristaeos was worshipped as a pastoral divinity and
especially as a protector against the scorching heat of the sun during the
dog-days. Clem. Alex., Stromatt.^ vi. p. 630 : WoXiv laropova-Lv "EXK-qves,
eKXeLTTovTOiv TTore tG>v errjcri'coi' avifJLOiV ^ Apiaraiov kv Kew Ovaai ^iKfxaico Aii.
The head on the coins may, however, be taken for that of Zeus 'iK/xaios, the
sender of cool breezes and refreshing dew and rain, whose worship was
combined with that of Aristaeos. The bearded head may therefore be
called either Zeus or Aristaeos, but when, as on coins of Carthaea, a
youthful beardless head is represented, it is also probably intended for
Aristaeos, who, according to Pindar (P^f//., ix. 64), was regarded by some
as Zeus, by others as Apollo : —
Ne/<rap ev x^^^^^^^'''- '^ott ajx^poa-iav ara^oio-t, dr]<TOVTai
re 1^12; aQavarov
Zrjva Koi ayvov 'AttoAAco^', avhpa(Ti \app.a ^lAotj L <-'A"y
ay\icrTov, oTTUOva ixrjXcov, VnvC<?
'Aypea koL No'/xior, Tols 8' 'Aptcrratoi' KaXelv.
'f'ORs}
1^
Carthaea, on the south-east coast of Ceos, would seem, from the
plentiful issue of silver coins there in early times, to have been once a
city of considerable commercial activity. Here, as elsewhere in the
Aegean islands, the standard employed in the sixth century is the
Aeginetic.
Circ. B. c. 600-480. Aeginetic Standard.
Amphora, beside which, sometimes, a
dolj)hin.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. 6.)
Bunch of grapes, dolphin often beside
it. (B.M.Cat.,Pl. XXI. 19.)
Incuse square, divided into eight trian-
gular parts, some deeply indented, or
of the later ' mill-sail ' pattern, with
the letters A)l or OS A )l in the
spaces . . M Stater and divisions.
Incuse square quadripartite or of ' mill-
sail' pattern -51 Dr., \ Dr., Obol. etc.
After circ. b. c. 300. Attic Standard reduced^.
Bearded Head of Aristaeos or Zeus
'iKfiolos, r.
(Leake, Num. Hell., Ins. Gr. p. 6.)
Beardless head of Apollo or Aristaeos,
laureate.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. 22.)
Head of young Dionysos, r.
{Ibid., PI. XXI. 23.)
Bearded head r. laureate.
{Ibid., PI. XXI. 25.)
KAPOAI Dog (star Sirios), encircled
by rays; in field 1., AN ...
M 117-8 grs.
KAPOA Dog (star Sirios), encircled
by rays. Beneath, bee, symbol of
Aristaeos -^ '8
KAPOA Grapes and star . . ^E -75
KAPOAI between rays of a star
^•55
' K the following remarkable coins, which are said to have been lately found in the island of
Ceos, are genuine, they would prove that the Attic standard of full tceight was in use in Ceos in
the third century B.C. I confess, however, that I have very grave suspicions that all these coins
are very clever modern forgeries. The style of the work is far from satisfactory.
Carthaea :
Bearded head r., with long hair concealing
KAPOA Aristaeos bearded, wearing short
chiton, kneeling with one knee on back of
Bull, holding up its head with his left hand,
and raising his r, arm as if about to slaughter
it: infield P JR 130-2 grs.
412 THE CFCLADES. '
Coresia, an independent city of Ceos, once of great commercial im-
portance, but in Strabo's time only the harbour of lulis.
Circ. B.C. 600-480. Aeginetic Standard.
I
Fig. 257.
9—0 (often obliterated), Sepia, beside
which, doliDhin.
Q — 0 Dolphin.
(B. M. Cat, PI. SXII. 6.)
Incuse square, usually of ' mill-sail
pattern. (Fig. 257.)
M Stater, Dr., i Dr., and Obol
Incuse square, in which sometimes K
M 5-4 and 4-3 grs
Before circ. b. c. 300.
Sepia. (/&?(?., PI XXII. 10.) [ K— 0 Bunch of grapes . . ^-45
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
KOPH Grapes and bee . . . ^-75
Star M -6
Youthful or bearded head (see Car-
thaea). {Ihid., PL XXII. 11.)
Id.
lulls stood on a height in the interior of the island of Ceos. In early
times it must have been less important than its neighbours on the coast,
for it does not appear to have struck silver in any quantities. At a
later period it rose to be the chief city of the island.
Before circ. B.C. 480. Aeginetic Standard.
I OV ('J)AI (retrogr.) one-handled vase. I Incuse square, diagonally divided into
I four parts M Stater.
Before circ. B.C. 300.
OYAI Bee or dog-star . M -65- -4
,, Grapes , , . M -65- -4
Poeeessa, on the south-west side of Ceos.
Before circ. b. c. 300.
Head of Aristaeos (?). ] PO, POE^, etc. Star or grapes . .M -6
Female head r., her hair bound with cord I KAPOA Male figure, naked to waist, seated
twisted twice round it. 1. on chair without back and holding sceptre
1 before him : in field £ . . .51 64-7 grs.
Ixilis :
Bearded head r. , laureate. 1 0 Y Bee ; in field 1., head of dog (star Sirios) ;
I beneath, Kl : border of dots. M 13T.3 grs.
Youthful or bearded head (see Car-
thaea). (B. M. Cat., PI. XXII. 1 8.)
Head of Dionysos. {Ibid., PI. XXII. 1 6.)
CIMOLOS, CYTHNOS, BEL OS.
413
Cimolos, a small island contiguous to Melos, also called Echinusa from
the number of fossil specimens of the Echinus or sea-urchin found on its
shores.
Before circ. b. c. 300.
Kl Echinus (sea-urchin), or no type .
M -45
KiMn Dolphin M ■>j
KIMHAI Trident .... ^ .7
Cythnos, between Ceos and Seriphos.
Before circ. b. c. 300.
Bee or star.
Head of Hermes
Head of Pallas.
Head of Apollo or of Pallas.
(B. M. Cat., PL XXII. 20-24.)
Dog. {Ibid., PI. XXII. 25.)
KY, KYON, KYONiriN Lyre, grapes,
rose, bee, or dog-star, etc. . JE -65
KY Rose -^ -45
Imperial, Augustus, Inscr., KYONlUUN.
Delos. During the early period of Delian independence, before the
Persian wars, if coins were struck at Delos none have been identified as
Delian. It may be questioned, however, whether the series of archaic
silver staters having for type two dolphins described above under Argos
(p. ^66) should not rather be attributed to the island of Delos. From
B.C. 478 down to the close of the fourth century no Delian money is to
be looked for, as, throughout that time, it was almost always subject
to Athens. Shortly before b.'c. 300 the island became independent
and remained autonomous until it was handed over to the Athenians by
the Romans in B.C. 166.
Circ. B.C. 300 or rather earlier — B.C. 166,
Rhodian or Ptolemaic Standard.
Lyre. (Borrell, N. C, v. 175.)
Head of Apollo, of good style.
Id.
Head of Apollo.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. I,
Id. (Ibid., PI. XXIIL 3,
Head of Artemis.
AHAI Between the bars of a wheel
JR Drachm
A — H Lyre
JR Dr. 51 grs. and JR ^ Dr. 25 grs,
AHAinN Id. . . ^i Dr. 12 grs
A— H Palm-tree JE -65
„ Lyre M -65- -45
„ Palm-tree, above, swan . ^ .45
The tree is of course the sacred palm TrpcoToyovos (jioivi^, d)blvos ayaXfxa
bias (Eur., Hec. 458 sq.), beneath which Leto gave birth to Apollo and
Artemis. The swan in the tree marks it out as especially sacred to
Apollo.
After circ. B.C. 166.
Head of Apollo, beneath TP I A. | AOE Owl on amphora . . . M •
Respecting this attribution see the Mittheilungen d. deuisch. arch. Inst.,
vi. 238. It appears that these coins are found in Delos. It is therefore
supposed that they were struck there under Athenian rule.
414
THE CYCLADBS.
Gyaros, a mere barren rock, and poorly inhabited even in ancient
times.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
Turreted female head.
Head of Artemis.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. 7.)
Id.
Stag.
r Y A P I n N Perseuswith patera (?) and
harpa . . . M -65
,, Quiver with strap M -5
,, Harpa of Perseus M -^
„ Ear of corn . . ^ -5
los, south of the Cyclades and north of Thera, derived its chief fame
from its ancient traditions respecting the birth of Homer of an letan
mother and of his burial in the island. Hence the poet's head upon its
coins.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
OMHPOY Head of Homer, diad.
(^./.i\^.,v.Pl.I. 3.)
Id.
Id.
Id.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. II.)
Ptolemaic or Rhodian Standard.
IHTHN In laurel-wreath M 104 grs.
Id. . . . . JR 54 grs.
„ Athena Polias, in front, palm-
tree yE .85
(Ross, Inscr. Gr. ined., Fasc, II. n. 93.)
IHTHN Palm-tree . . . ^E -65- 4
The Palm-tree alludes to the more ancient name of the island, Phoenice
(Steph. Byz., s.v.).
Lnperial — Trajan to Faustina Jun. and Lucilla. Inscr. ^^ I HTHN . Similar
types.
SHelos. This important island, first colonized from Phoenicia, and at
a later period Hellenized by Dorians, is one of the seven or eight Aegaean
islands of which silver coins of the archaic period are still extant. Two
such are preserved in the Hunter Collection (T. '^6, Nos. 26 and 27), and
a third is at Berhn. The weight-standard in this island is the Phoe-
nician, which must have survived in Melos from remote times.
Circ. B. c. 500. Phoenician Standard.
Fruit, ^r{Kov (pomegranate f)
(Bei'lin, Miinz-Kah., PI. I. 3.)
No inscr. Id.
MA Id.
Incuse square, halved and adorned with
three rings . . M, Stater 213 grs.
M Incuse circle, quartered by broad
bands . . . . M, Stater 221 grs.
No letter. Id. M, Stater 222 grs.
The type of these early Melian coins, ixtjXov Dorice fxaXov, may possibly
have a religious meaning, but it must be confessed that it seems to be a
good example of what the French call a ' f^j)e j)arlaut,' or of what is
known in heraldry as a ' canting device.'
In li. c. 416 the city of Melos was taken by the Athenians and its male
inhabitants put to the sword. A remnant of the unfortunate population
GYAROS, lOS, MEL08, 3IYC0N0S.
415
was restored by Lysander after the fall of Athens, and in the following
century silver money was again struck in the island in small quantities.
The weight-standard in this period is the Rhodian in its earlier form.
Circ. B.C. 400-300. Rhodian Standard {full weight).
MAAI Kantharos . . iR 123 grs.
Fruit, ^l^\ov.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXm. 16.)
Id. {Ibid., PI. XXIII. 17.
Id.
Id.
Naked archer . . iR 32 grs.
Id M.6
Helmet M -4
Circ. B. c. 300-200. Rhodian Standard {reduced weight).
Head of Athena in crested Corinthian
helmet.
Id.
Fruit, fj.rj\ov.
MAAinN Apollo in long chiton, en-
throned, playing lyi'e. Magistrates,
NEANOHZ, ZriZAPXO(Z) . . .
JR 227-220 grs.
MAAinN Fruit, fiijXov. Magistrate,
AYZANIAZ .... iR 57 grs.
MHAinN Pallas hurling fulraen.
Mag. OAYMHIXOZ . M loi grs.
The bronze coins of this period are of no great interest, the usual types
being the Melian fruit, Head of Pallas, Pallas fighting, Kantharos, Cor-
nucopiae, etc.
After circ. B. c. 200 and Imiierial Times.
Among the later autonomous bronze coins the following only need be
"noted: —
BOYAH Youthful head of the local
Senate.
AHMOC Head of the Demos,
APAXMH Bust of Pallas.
MHAinN Id.
Eni.Tl.nANKAEOC TO T. Melian
fruit.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 13.)
TYXH Tyche standing resting r. arm
on column, and holding a child in 1.
MHAinN Owl in wreath .
M
„ Similar . . . . JE -g
„ in wreath . . -lE i-o
em APXO. (DA. enA<DPOAITOY in
wreath >E i-o
MHAinN Archaic agalma of Pallas,
armed with helmet, spear (?) and shield ;
in field, mark of value Mil. JE -95
MHAinN In wreath . . . ^E 10
The name Epaphroditus occurs in a Melian inscription (Boeckh, C. I. G.,
3427), and on coins of Commodus, to whose time the above described
coin therefore belongs.
The marks of value hpaxiJ-n and 1 1 1 1 (obols ?) refer not to silver but to
bronze (cf. the Ptolemaic bronze drachm).
Myconos, a bare and rocky little island adjacent on the east to Delos.
It was not altogether unfruitful, and its wine is praised by Pliny, xiv. 7,
75. Its coinage is chiefly of bronze.
416
TEE CYCLABES.
Circ. B.C. 350-150. Rhodian or Ptolemaic Standard.
Head of Zeus (1).
Head of bearded Dionysos, ivy-bound.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXV. I.)
Head of young Dionysos, facing.
{Ibid., PI. XXV. 2-4.)
Id. {Ibid., PI. XXV. 5.)
MYKO Grapes . . . . M Size .3
,, Grapes, and grain of corn .
M -65-4
„ Grapes, corn-grain, and thyrsos
iE.65
MYKONIUUN Btalk of barley, with
two ears M '65
Imperial, Augustus. Inscr., MYKONlUUN. Dionysos standing.
Naxos. One of the largest, richest, and most fertile of all the Cyelades
The god chiefly worshipped in this island was Dionysos. From the
middle of the sixth century, especially under the tyrant Lygdamis, a
contemporary of Pisistratus, down to the devastation of the island by
the Persians in B.C. 490, Naxos was in the enjoyment of its greatest
prosperity, and most of the neighbouring islands were dependent upon it.
It is to this period that its massive archaic silver money belongs.
Naxos {?) before b. c. 600. Phoenician Standard,
Head of Satyr, with pointed horse's ear,
of extremely archaic style.
Rough incuse square
M, 211 grs. (corroded.)
FoundatThera(iV^.C., i884,Pl.XII. 17.)
Circ. B, c. 600-490. Aeginetic Standard.
Fig. 258.
Kan tharos, bound with ivy- wreath, and
with a bunch of grapes hanging
from each handle ; above an ivy leaf.
Id.
Rough incuse square, quartered . , .
(Fig. 258.) M Stater.
Id ^Diobol.(?)
From B. c. 490, at first under the Persians and then under the Athenians,
who settled five hundred Kleruchs in the island, Naxos struck no coins.
The second series of Naxian coins begins after the fall of Athens b. c. 404.
Circ. B. c. 400-350. Rhodian Standard {full weight).
Head of bearded Dionysos, of fine style,
crowned with ivy.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXV. 10.)
Id. {Ibid., Vl.XXN. 11.)
NAZinN Kantharos, above, ivy-leaf .
M Dr. 57 grs.
NA Kantharos J^ -45
NAXOS—PAUOS.
417
Circ. B. c. 350 — Roman times, Rhodian standard, reduced.
Head of bearded Dionysos, crowned
with ivy.
{Zeit.f. Num., I. 135, 136.)
Id.
Head of youug Dionysos.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXV. 12, 13.)
Id.
NA^I Tall Kanthai'os and thyrsos.
Magistrates, AEHKP, A\ 103 grs.;
KPHOE,^iii2grs.; KAAAlN(Mus.
Nap.) SKHOHZ(]) . . ^E 43 grs.
NAZI Kantharos ; above, grapes^ -65
,. Tall kantharos and thyrsos .
^.75
„ Grapes M -65
At Naxos the Priest of Dionysos was the eponymous magistrate, and
it is probably his name which appears on the coinage.
Imperial. — Sept. Severus, Domna, and Geta. NAZIflN. The Three
Charites, etc.
Faros, a large and important island west of Naxos, famous for its
fine marble quarries, which were the chief source of its wealth, offers a
long series of silver and bronze coins of various periods.
Circ. B. c. 600-480. Aeginefic standard.
Fig. 259.
Goat kneeling on one knee, with head | Incuse square, divided into six triangular
reverted; beneath, dolphin. | parts,somedeeplvindeiited. (Fig. 259.)
M Stater.
Paros was subject to Athens down to the end of the fifth century, and
in B.C. 378 she joined the second Athenian alliance ; but, apparently in
B.C. 357, again separated herself from the Confederation in conjunction
with the Chians, with whom then and afterwards the Parians were in
close relations (Bursian, Geot/., II. 486).
Circ. B. c. 357-300. Rhodian standard {full weight).
Goat.
PAP Goat. (B. M.Cat., PI. XXVI. 3.)
PA Ear of Corn.
Goat. (/6id,Pl.XXVI.4.)
P A Ear of corn . . iR 2 9 grs.
Corn-wreath ^29 grs.
Rudder between dolphin and spear-head ' .
M, 40 grs.
P A Ear of corn . . . iE -45
Circ. B. c. 200. Attic standard, reditced.
The next series of Parian coins belongs, to all appearance, to quite the
end of the third century B. c. (Zeit. f. Nmn., vii. 1 8).
' This coin should be transferred to Pale in Cephallenia (p. 358).
E e
418
THE CYCLADE8.
Head of young Dionysos, ivy-crowned.
(B. M. Guide, PI. LVI. 35.)
r AP I nN Demeter seated on corn-
measure, holding corn and sceptre.
Magistrates, APIZTOAHM[OZ],
SIAHNOZ . 7RTetradr.240grs.
Fig. 260.
Head of Artemis (?), her hair bound
thrice round with a ribbon,
(Fig. 260.)
Veiled head of Demeter, crowned with
corn. (B. M. Guide, PI. LVI. 36.)
Same head, without veil.
Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVI. 8.)
PARI Goat. Magistrates, AMAZIK . . .,
AKOY, APIZTH, KTHZI, HEIZHN,
nPAZOZ, (DIAAN
M Didr. n8 grs. and ^ -75
PARI In ivy- wreath . . . ^ Didr.
„ Id. ...... M Didr.
„ Id. Magistrates, EY—KTH, E—
• AKOY, AMTIA, ©OYPI, XAIPI .
iH Dr. 58 grs.
The temple of Demeter at Paros is mentioned in a Treaty of Isopoliteia
between Paros and Allaria in Crete (Boeckh, C. I. G., No. 2557).
Imperial. — M. Aurelius and Faustina. Bust of Pallas ; Three Charites.]
Fholegandros, between Melos and Sicinos, said to have been founded
by Pholegandros, a son of Minos,
Circ.-B.C. 300-200.
Young male head (Pholegandros ?) I <t)OAE, <t)OAir, <t>OAirA Rushing
(B.M. Cat., PI. XXVII. I.) I bull . . . . M ^^
Seriphos, between Cythnos and Siphnos, the home of Perseus and his
mother Danae. Its coin-types all refer tq the legend of that hero (of.
Paus., ii. 18}.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
Head of Perseus in winged helmet.
(B.M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 2.)
^EP, ?EPI Gorgon-head; Harpa; or
Perseus holding harpa . ^ -65- -5
After circ. b. c. 200.
Head of Perseus.
Gorgon head ; beneath, harpa.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 7.)
CePeiOIUJN Harpa . . ^E .55
„ Perseus naked, holding
harpa .^ '6
Sicinos, between Pholegandros and Jos, Bronze coins of the third
century or later. Inscr., Zl or ZIKI. T^jpes — Bee; rev. Grapes M. -65.
PHOLEGANLR OS—SYR OS.
419
Head of Apollo, rev. Bee, Ram, or Grapes, M -6^. Head of Hermes, rev.
Lyre ^ -6. Head of Dionysos, rev. Grapes M -6.
Siphuos, south-east of Seriphos, famous in ancient times for its gold
and silver mines, a tenth of the produce of which the Siphnians dedicated
in their own treasury at Delphi. (Pans., x. ii, 2.)
The following are archaic coins of the period during which the mines
continued to be a source of immense wealth to the island.
Circ. B.C. 600-500. Aeginetic standard.
Eagle flying. (Fig. 261,)
Fig. 261.
Incuse square, divided into eight trian-
gular compartments, of which some
are deeply indented
M Stater and \ Drachm.
Circ. B.C. 500-400. Aeginetic and Attic standards.
01^ Eagle flying; infield, leaf; all in
incuse square . M, Aeginetic Stater.
Head of Apollo of archaic style, hair
rolled, and bound with plain cord.
(B.M. Cat.,Pl.XXVILii.)
Id. (/6i(;.,Pl.XXVII. 12.)
Id. (/6td, PI. XXVII. 13.)
4)1^ Id.
„ Id.
M Attic Drachm.
M 8 grs.
The gods chiefly worshipped at Siphnos were Zeus 'ETri^rjjuioj, Apollo
"Evaypos, and Artemis 'EKftar-qpia (Hesych. s. v.).
The next series of Siphnian coins belongs to the middle of the fourth
century.
Circ. B. c. 350-330 (?).
Female head (Artemis 1), hair rol led
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 14.)
Id., hair flowing.
2 1 <i> Flying eagle, with serpent in beak
JE ..65
€l<t> Id ^.45
Imperial — Sept. Severus and Gordian. Inscr., CI <t)NIUJN. Pallas standing.
37^08. This island was situate nearly in the centre of the circle
formed by the Cyclades. Of its history we know very little. Its
coinage begins about B.C. 300. (See Num. Chron., v. 179.)
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
SYP Goat standing, r.
M. i2'9 grs.
Head of Hermes in petasos.
{Nnm. Zeit., 1876, PI. I. 3:)
Head of Pan, bearded with goat's I 2YPI, SYPinN Goat and ear of corn
horns. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIl. 17.) I M -65
E e 2
420
THE- CYCLABES.
Circ. B.C. 200. Attic standard, reduced weight.
Head of Demeter, of late style, crowned
with corn.
(Mion., Suppl, IV. PI. XII. 2.)
Similar head, rude style.
Hats of the Kabeiri (or Dioskuri), each
surmounted by star.
Head of Hermes.
Bee.
Head of Apollo.
OEnN KABEiPnN ZYPinN The
two Kabeiri, standing, naked, facing,
each resting on spear, and surmounted
by star ; all in olive-wreath
Al Tetradr. 246 grs.
ZYP Two Kabeiri naked, facing^ -7
ZYRI Panther running . . JE -45
ZYP I Caduceus iE -55
ZY Hat of one of the Kabeiri, sur-
mounted by star . . . . JE -45
ZYP I Goat lying, r M -4
Imperial, Domitmn to Yevna. Inscr., CYPI KABIPnN, CICIC CYPinN,
ePMHC CYPinN. Tj/2)es — Heads of the Kabeiri with an ear of corn
between them, and a Bee and a Star beneath. Bust or full-length figure
of Isis. Hermes holding caduceus and purse.
The above coins furnish us with the only evidence we possess con-
cerning the worship of the Kabeiri at Syros. [Num. Chron., v. 180 sq.)
Tenos, separated from the southern point of Andros by a channel one
mile in breadth, was famous chiefly for its magnificent temple of Poseidon,
much frequented by the people of the surrounding islands (Strab., x.
747)-
Circ. B.C. 300-200. Attic standard.
Fig. 262.
Head of Zeus Ammon, bearded and
laureate. (I'ig. 262.)
Same head, beardless.
T — H Poseidon enthroned, holding dol-
phin and sceptre M Tetradr. 254 grs.
THNinN Id. . . . ^Tetradr.
Rhodian standard.
Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. XXXII. 28.)
Same head, bearded.
Id.
Same head, beardless.
(B.M. Cat., PI. XXVIII. 16.)
THNinN Poseidon standing, holding
dolphin and sceptre, grapes in field . .
Al 109 grs.
T — H Grajies . . . . ^t 53 grs.
,, Palm-tree M, 2g grs.
THNI Grapes . . . . Ai 35 grs.
On the bronze coins, which range in date from about b. c. 300 to the
middle of the second century, the following are the most frequent types :
SYROS, TENOS, THEBA. ' 421
Head of Zeus Ammon, bearded or yoting.- Head of Poseidon, laureate. Bioiiysos,
standing with tin/rsos before altar. Rev., TH . THNinN. Graj)es. Poseidon
standing with trident, around which a dolphin ttoines, or holding dolphin and
trident, Bose i?i the f eld. Trident and dolphins, Rose in the Ji eld. (See B. M.
Cat., Pis. XXVIII., XXIX.)
The Rose, as an accessory symbol, may indicate an alliance with Rhodes,
which at this time exercised a predominant influence in the Aegean Sea.
From Boeckh, C. I. G., 2334, it appears that the Tenian silver money
did not usually exchange at par with the Rhodian, although it was struck
on the same standard, the ordinary rate of exchange being 105 Tenian
drachms against 100 Rhodian. This agio was due, it can hardly be
doubted, to the prestige which attached to Rhodes as a great commercial
state. In actual weight the Tenian drachms are fully equivalent, if not
superior, to the contemporary Rhodian issues. See Mommsen, Mon.
Rom., i. p. 51.
/?;2^(?rm/, Tiberius to Maximus. Inscr.,JWH\Cl^. Types: Poseidon and
Dionysos in Temple, etc.
Thera, the modern Santorin, west of Anaphe and south of los, is an
island formed by a submarine volcano, the edge of the crater of which
rises above the sea-level. It is said to have been first inhabited by
Phoenicians, and to have been afterwards colonized from Sparta. It was
the metropolis of Cyrene in Africa.
Circ. B.C. 350-200.
Head of Apollo facing, or in profile. , GH Rushing bull, or fore-part of bull
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. 13-16.) M .63
Id.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Hermes.
Veiled female head.
Female head.
Three dolphins . . . M
Lyre ^ "55
Fulmen M -^
Caduceus ^ '^
In wreath -^ -5
OHP Rushing bull .... ^ .5
Imperial, M. Aurelius to Commodus. Tnscr., GHPAinN or OHPCnN.
^7;^*; Apollo seated on Swan; Apollo Kitharoedos; Naked archaic
statue of Apollo radiate facing ; Simulacrum or Term facing (B. M. Cat.,
Ph XXIX. 17, 18).
ASIA.
BOSPORUS.
The autonomous coinage of Gorgippia and Phanagoria, the chief cities (on the Asiatic side) of
the district known as the Cimmerian Bosporus, bear a close resemblance, both in style and fabric,
to the more recent issues of Panticapaeum on the European side of the Straits. The geographical
arrangement adopted in the present work, and by all numismatists, unfortunately necessitates the
separation of the coins of the Asiatic from those of the Eurojjean portion of the Bosporus. (See
Tauric Chersonesus, p. 237.)
Agrippia Caesareia. Known only from inscriptions and coins (Ste-
phani, A^it. die Bosp. Cimm.^ Inscr., 28, and Compte rendu de la Commissmi
Imp. Arch., i860, pp. 104-106.) Friedlander {Num. Ze'it., ii. 280) thinks
that Agrippias and Caesareia were names temporarily borne by Phanagoria.
Time of Augustus.
Veiled head of Livia (?). | ATPinriEnN Prow . . . ^E 85
Id. I KAIZAPEHN Sceptre . . -^-85
Gorgippia. Probably situate near the entrance of the Cimmerian
Bosporus, in the district called Sindica (Strab., p. 495).
After B.C. 63.
Head of Apollo.
Id. {Num. ZeiL, ii. PI. XI. i.)
Id.
Head of Apollo,
Id.
rOPrinnenN Galloping stag and
thyrsos iR 62 grs.
rOPri Bow in case and club ^Ji 34 grs.
„ Fore-part of rushing bull .51 Dr.C?)
ropnnnEnN . Prow . . . m-%
„ Tripod and thyrsos .
JE -8
Phanagoria. The chief city of Asiatic Bosporus, situate nearly
opposite Panticapaeum, the European capital. See above, under Agrippia
Caesareia.
First century, b. c.
Head of one of the Dioskuri.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Artemis (1).
(t)ANA, <l>ANArOPITnN, etc. Bull.
M 69 grs.
„ Thyrsos . . . A\ Size -65
„ Pose . . . . ^fl 24 grs.
Also bronze ; obv. Head of Apollo, Head of Artemis, Head of Pan, etc. ;
rn\ Thyrsos, Tripod and Thyrsos, Prow, Bow and Arrow, etc.
BOSPORUS, COLCHIS, PONTUS. 423
Sinde. The Sindi were a Scythian people who dwelt to the east of
the Palus Maeotis. The town of Sinde was situate about fifty miles
south of the Cimmerian Bosporus. [Berl. Bldit., i. i, and ii. 260, Bev. Num.,
i860, zyS')
Fourth century, b. c.
Griffin, and corn grain.
Head of Herakles.
Uncertain.
Head of young Dionysos, crowned with
ivy.
I^lNAHN Horse's head, in incuse
square ^27 grs.
Similar ....... iR 1 9 grs.
Bow-case and quiver . . . . ^ i-o
COLCHIS.
The earliest coins of this region are small pieces of base silver weighing
about '^6 grs. Their attribution to Colchis rests upon the fact that they
are frequently found in the modern province of Mingrelia on the eastern
coast of the Black Sea.
Girc. B. c. 400, or later.
Head of archaistic {Egyjytian ?) style. | • Bull's head, r ^36 grs.
Dioscurias, near the northern boundary of Colchis^ was a Greek
trading station, of which the Dioskuri were the traditional founders.
After circ. B.C. 100.
. Pilei of the Dioskuri. | AlOSKOYPI AAOS Thyrsos . JE -6
Dsrnast of Colchis.
Aristarchus. Circ. B. c. 63-47 (?). Jnscr., APISTAPXO(Y) TOY EHI
KOAXIAO(^), obv. Head of Helios (?); rei). Female figure seated facing,
M 70 grs. (Appian, Mithrid., 114, and Num. Ckron., 1877, i.) .
PONTUS*
Amasia, the birth-place of the great Mithradates and of Strabo, was a
strongly fortified town on the river Iris. It struck autonomous bronze
money between b. c. 60^, the date of the dismemberment of the kingdom
of Mithradates, and the time of Domitian, when the Imperial coinage
begins.
The inscr. on the autonomous money is AMASEl AZ. Types: Head of
Zeus, rev. Eagle ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword ; Young male head winged,
rev. Cornucopiae between the pilei of the Dioskuri ; Radiate head, rev.
Lion.
Imperial — Domitian to Severus Alexander. Inscr., A MAC I AC, AMA-
CenN, etc., usuallv with addition of various surnames, honorific titles,
424 PONT US.
dates, etc., e.g. AAP (Hadriana), CeV (Severiana), ANT (Antoniniana),
AACZ (Alcxandriana), MHTPOnOAEnC nONTOY, nPHTHC TOY HON,
TOY, N€nKOPnN, mostly abbreviated. On a coin of Sept. Severus
occurs the legend CPMHC KTICAC THN TTOAIN, showing that Hermes
was revered as oekist.
The Imperial coins are dated according to the Amasian era (b. c. 7),
when Augustus united into a single province Bithynia, Paphlagonia. and
part of Pontus. This era was used also at Germanicopolis and Neo-
claudiopolis in Paphlagonia.
Among the more noteworthy Imperial types are the following : —
(i) A large altar, often burning, with a tree beside it, and surmounted
by an eagle, a temple, or the quadriga of Helios. This has been ex-
plained by Cavedoni [Bull. Corr.Arch., 1840, p. 70) as the great sacrificial
altar which it was customary in Pontus to erect to Zeus Stratios (cf.
Appian, MifJirid., p. 215, ed. Steph.)
(2) One or two river gods, the Iris and the Scylax.
(3) Serapis enthroned with Kerberos at his feet.
(4) A fortified city on a rocky height enclosing two temples, one at
the foot, the other on the summit of the rock.
Alliance coins. — Amasia and Nicomedia.
AmisTis or Samisns [Zeit. f Num., ii. 30), next after Sinope the most
flourishing Greek port on the south coast of the Euxine, a few miles west
of the mouth of the river Lycastus, was recolonized from Athens, probably
early in the fourth century, and its name changed to Peiraeeus. Its
earliest coins date from this time, and follow the Persic standard.
Stater 164 grs., Drachm 88 grs., Tetrobol 59 grs., Triobol 44 grs.,
Diobol 29 grs.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
mx or nix (in Aramaic characters),
Ibex to 1.
{Taylor Combe, Tl XIII. 14.)
Owl, with spread wings, in incuse square
.51 164 grs.
The Aramaic legend probably contains the initial letters of the name
of some satrap or dynast (Num. Chron., 1885, p. 31).
Female head, wearing Stephanos, orna-
mented with turrets.
Female head, in turreted crown.
PEIPA, PEIPAE.or PEIPAinN Owl,
with spread wings, standing on a
shield. Across field, magistrate's
name . . . yR Dr. and Tetrobol.
Owl on shield, magistrate's name
M Diobol.
Circ. B. r. 300 to Roman timen. .
Under the kings of Pontus the old name of the city was restored, but
it ceased to strike silver money. The bronze coins of this time refer for
the most part to the worship of Perseus, which was introduced by the
kings of Pontus. The greater part of this money belongs to the age of
Mithradates VI., n. c. 121-63, who frequently made Amisus his place of
residence.
AMASIA—CHABACTA.
425
Circ. B.C. 300--200.
Headof Perseus, wearing Persian head- 1 AMIZOY Svvoi'd in case
dress.
M I.
Head of Perseus, wearing lielmet, end-
ing above in bird's head.
Aegis, with Medusa head in Centre.
Head of Amazon (Lykasto?), in wolf's
skin.
Helmeted head (Ares ?).
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of Athena, as on late tetra-
drachms of Athens.
Young winged head.
Head of Zeus.
Ch'c. B.C. 200-63, or later.
AMIZOY Pegasos drinking M g
(or ZAMIZOHZ) Nike
carrying palm -^^E -85
Id M .85
,, Sword in case ; in field,
sometimes sun and moon . ^ -8.5
AMIZOY Id. or thyrsos; or thyi'sos
and cista . . M -^
„ Perseus standing, holding
harpa and head of Medusa, whose
naked body lies at his feet . JE 1-2
AMIZOY Cornucopiae between pilei
of the Dioskuri . JE -"j
„ Eagle on fulmen . JE -S
After B.C. 63.
Under the Romans the Proquaestors C. Papirius Carbo and C. Caeci-
lius Cornutus, B.C. ^6, place their names upon the coins, which bear in
addition the word PHMH, with the type of Roma seated on shields.
After the defeat of Pharnaces, the son of Mithradates, at the battle of
Zela, B.C. 47, Caesar gave Amisus its freedom. The word CACYGePAC
is now frequently added to the name of the city.
Imperial — Tiberius to Saloninus. L/scr., AMICOY or AAAICOY
€AeY0€PAC, with or without date, reckoning from the era of Amisus,
B. c. ^;^, when the city was liberated from a tyrant by Augustus.
Silver coins were struck at Amisus between the reigns of Hadrian and
Antoninus. Wt. 144, 96, and 48 grs. (cf. Imperial JR, of Crete.) T^pes :
various and ordinary. Alliance Coins. — Amisus and Amastris ; Amisus
and Miletus.
Cabeira. In the valley of the Lycus was the chief seat of the worship
of the god Men Pharnakes. Autonomous bronze coins of the Mithradatic
period. Inscr., KABHPnN. Types: Head of Athena, rev. Perseus stand-
ing over dead body of Medusa ; Aegis, rev. Nike ; Head of Ares, rev.
Eagle ; Id., rev. Sword.
Cerasus, on the coast west of Trapezus. Imperial coins only. Hadrian
to Severus Alexander. Inscr., KePACOYNTIHN, usually with date
reckoning from A. D. 6'3^, when Pontus Polemoniacus was constituted a
Roman Province, Types: Herakles standing; Paniskos standing with
torch and pedum.
Chabacta. A maritime town situate lietween the mouths of the
Halj's and the Iris. Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period.
426 PONTUS.
Inscr., X ABAKTnN. Tyjies : Aegis, rev. Nike ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword ;
Head of Perseus, rev. Pegasos.
Comana, on the Iris, called Pontica to distinguish it from the Cappa-
docian Comana, was famed for its cultus of the goddess Enyo (Millingen,
A?ic. Gr. C, 67), the high priest of whose temple ranked next in dignity
to the king of Pontus. Under the Romans the place bore the name of
Hierocaesareia.
Autonomous bronze of the regal period. /«*ca, KOMANjQN. Types:
Head of Perseus, rev. Star ; Head of Athena, rev. Perseus standing over
body of Medusa ; Aegis, rev. Nike ; Bust of Enyo radiate, rev. Club ;
Imperial — Nerva, Severus, Gallienus. Inscr., iCPOKAICAP. KOMAN€nN.
Types : Nike in temple ; Goddess Enyo, etc. The era of Comana dates
from A.D. 40.
Gaziura, on the Iris, between Comana and Amasia, one of the resi-
dences of the kings of Pontus, but deserted in the time of Strabo (xii. 13.)
For the silver coins of the dynast Ariarathes, with the Aramaic inscr. ^
nnj^yn and niTJ^yn {N^tm. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 13), struck between about
B.C. 350 and 322, see Kings of Cappadocia.
Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. Inscr., TAZIOYPHN.
Types : Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle on f ulmen ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword.
Laodiceia. (Waddington, 3Iel. de Num., ii. 131), probably the modern
Ladik, about twenty miles north of Amasia, known only from its coins.
Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. Inscr., AAOAIKEHN.
Types : Aegis, rev. Nike ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword, etc.
Neocaesareia, on the Lycus, sixty-three miles east of Amasia, is identified
by some authorities with Cabeira. Imperial — Tiberius to Gallienus. Inscr.,
NeOKAICAPIAC, NeOKAICAPenN, or AAPIANnN NeOK€CAPenN.
The town also bore the title of MHTPOflOAIC HONTOY, and Games
were held there called KOlNA PION TOY, variously abbreviated on the
coins as K. HO., KOIN. HO., KOIN. CN HO., AKTI A, etc. Other legends,
AlC N€n[KOPnN], etc.
The era of Neocaesareia dates from A.D. 63.
Tyjies : Personifications of five cities standing with Neocaesareia in
their midst, the river-god Lycus swimming at her feet : Tetrastyle
temple ; Agonistic Table and Urn, etc.
Feiraeeus. See Aiuisus.
Fharnacia, some 300 stadia west of Cerasus, with which place it has
been often confounded, and of which it now bears the name.
Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. Inscr., <|)APNAKEnN
or 0APNAKEI AZ. Head of Zeus, rev. Gibbous Bull ; Head of Zeus, rev.
Eagle on fulmen.
Pimolisa, on the Halys, the capital of the district Pimolisene. Auto-
nomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. Inscr .,r\\ fAD.\\I.£lH . Types:
Head of Ares, rev. Sword ; Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle.
COMANA—ZELA. 427
Sarbanissa> in the district Polemoniacus, founded probably from
Sinope. Regal Bronze of Polemon IL, a. D. 37-63. Liscr., BAZIAEHZ
nOAEMnNOS, Head of Polemon; rev. ZAPBANIZZEHN TnN ZINn,
Tyche. The era dates from the battle of Zela, b. c. 47.
Sebastopolis, on the Iris, south-east of Amasia. Imperial — Severus
and family, with dates 205 and 208 of the Amasian era=A. D. 198 and
201. The coins usually attributed to this city belong to Sebastopolis in
Caria. Those, on the other hand, which really belong to the Pontic city,
have generally been confused with the coins of Heracleia in Bithynia.
Inscr., C€BACTn(1) HPAKA€I. RO, CCBACT. HPAKACn., CeBACTOHO.
[HPAK]A€OnO. n., HPAKAenT. THC CeBACT. etc.; from which it would
appear that the city was called Sebastopolis Heracleiopolis Ponti or
Heracleia Sebaste. The types all refer to the worship of Herakles. {Rev.
Beige, ser, 3, vol. iv. 11. Fox, ii. PL I. 6. Mion., ii. 441, 168 ; and Siippl.^
V. 60, 305 and 65, 333.)
Taulara. {Zeit.f. Num., ii. 115.) Autonomous bronze of the Mithra-
datic age. Liscr., TAYAAPriN. Types: Head of Ares, rev. Sword.
Trapezas (Trebizond), on the south coast of the Euxine, near the
frontier of Colchis. Silver. Persic standard.
Circ. B.C. 350(?).
Male head, with close beard. ! TPA Table, on which bunch of grapes
{Num. Chron., 1871, PL VI. 3, 4.) | M Dr. 88 grs., Diob. 22 grs.
Imperial — Trajan to Philippus Jun.' /^^*cr., TPAfieZOYNTinN. Era
dates from A. D. 6'^. Types relating to the worship of Men, Serapis, and
Tyche.
• Zela, some forty miles south of Amasia ; one of the chief seats of the
cultus of the goddess Ahai'tis, the high priest of whose temple was the
ruler of Zela and its territory.
Imperial of Severus and his family. Inscr., ZHAITUN TOY flONTOY.
Era commencing A. D. 63. Ty2Jes : Temple of Anaitis ; male figure seated,
holding ears of corn and hasta {Num. Chron., v. 184).
KINGS OF PONTUS, AND OF PONTUS WITH BOSPORUS.
[Koehne, Mus. Kotschouhey , II. St. Petersburg, 1857. Von Sallet, Num. der Konige des
Bosporus und Pontus. Berlin, 1866. Oreschnikow, Zur Miinzkunde des cimmerischen
Bosporus. Moscow, 1883.]
Mithradates IV., B.C. circ. 250-190, king of Pontus.
Fig. 263.
428
KINGS OF PONTUS AND BOSPORUS.
Head of King. (Fig. 263.)
BAZIAEnZ MIOPAAATOY Zeus
aetophoros euthi'oned. In field, sun
and crescent moon. M. Attic tetradr.
Fharnaces I., B.C. circ. 190-157, king of Pontus, grandfather of
Mithradates the Great.
Fig. 264.
Head of king. (Fig. 264.)
BASlAEnS (t)APNAKOY Male pan-
theistic divinity, holding cornucopiae,
caduceus, and vine-hranch,from which
a doe feeds. In field, sun and moon.
M, Attic tetradr. and Drachm.
Mithradates V., B.C. 157-121 (Philopator, Euergetes), king of Pontus.
Head of king.
(Z./.A\,IV.p. 232.)
BASIAEnS MiePAAATOY <J)IAO-
nATOPOZ KAI 0IAAAEA<DOY
Perseus, the ancestor of the Persian
kings, holding !Medusa - head and
harpa; ahove, the Achaemenidan
symhol, the crescent and sun ....
M Attic tetradr.
Although this king is called only Euergetes by the writers, it seems
nevertheless certain that the above-described coin belongs to him.
Mithradates VI., the Great (Eupator. Dionysos), b. c. 121-63, king of
Pontus and Bosporus.
Fio. 265.
KINGS OF P0NTU8 ANU BOSPORUS. 429
Headofkiug. BAZIAEHZ MIGPAAATOY EYHA-
TOPOZ Stag drinking; in front,
sun and crescent moon. The whole
in ivy-wreath . . . N. Stater.
(Fig. 265.) .... ^Tetradr.
The gold staters of Mithradates bear the mint-mark of the city of
Pergamum, which, with all Asia Minor as far as the Maeander, fell into
the hands of the king of Pontus in b. c. 88, The ivy-wreath, adopted
from the cistophori, may also allude to the title of the ' new Dionysos/
by which the cities of Asia hailed Mithradates as their deliverer from
the tyranny of Roman rule.
Head of king. j Same inscr. Pegasos drinking ; all in
! ivy-wreath . . . . M Tetradr.
Some of the coins of this king are without his name, and read
BAZIAEnS EYHATOPOZ.
Pharnaces II., king of Bosporus, and later of Pontus and Colchis,
B.C. 63-47, was a son of Mithradates. He was killed at the battle of
Zela.
Head of king.
(Munich Cabinet).
f BAZIAEHZBAZIAEnN METAAOY
OAPNAKOY Apollo, seated before
tripod, holding branch and resting
arm on lyre A Stater.
Asander, brother-in-law and successor of Pharnaces 11., circ. b. c.
47-16. K, M, and M. APXONTOZ AZANAPOY BOZHOPOY struck
during his regency, and BAZIAEHZ AZANAPOY after his accession.
Ti/j)€s : Head of Asander ; rev. Nike on Prow.
Hygiaenon. First century B.C. This ruler is only known from a
single ^ coin, reading APXONTOZ YriAlNONTOZ. {Muret, Bnll. Con:
HeU.,y\. 2ii.)
Dyuamis. Wife (i.) of Asander and (ii.) of Polemon I. R. BAZI-
AIZZHZ AYNAMEnZ. {Annal'i cli Corr., 1841, p. 320.)
Folemon I., B. c. 39-8, ruler of Cilicia, Pontus, Bosporus, and
Armenia Minor [Bed. Blcift., ii. 265). M and M. BAZIAEHZ TTOAE-
MnNOZ EYZEBOYZ. With M. Antonius and Augustus.
Fjrfcliodoris, B. c, 8 — A. D. 21, widow of Polemon I. and queen of Pontus.
M. Inscr., BAZIAIZZA HYOOAnPIZ. With Augustus and Tiberius.
Trsrpliaeua, A. D. 21-27, daughter of Polemon I. and Pythodoris, and
mother of Polemon H. ^, with her son. BAZIAIZZA TPY<|)AINA or
BAZIAIZZHZ TPY0AINHZ, BAZIAEHZ nOAEMHNOZ.
430 KINGS OF THE CIMMEBIAN BOSPORUS.
Folemou II., king of Pontus, A. D. 37-63. M and M, with Caligula,
Claudius, Agrippina, and Nero. BACIAEuuC TTOACMluNOC.
In the year a. d. 6'^ Pontus was constituted a Roman province.
KINGS OF THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS.
Aces. Second century B. c. Gold stater resembling those of the
Lysimachus type struck at Byzantium with the trident in the exergue.
Inscr., BAZIAEnZ AKOY. Chabouillet {Sfatere (for chi roi Aces, Paris,
1866) attributes the coin to a Thracian or Scythian dynast, but Imhoof
has assigned it to the Bosporus.
Faerisades. Time of Mithradates. Gold staters resembling that of
Aces, but generally of ruder work. Inscr., BASIAEHZ FTAIPIZAAOY.
Imhoof {Portrdtkopfe, PI. IV. 22).
Leucon. Second centmy B.C. {Vj. Bronze BAZIAEnS AEYKflMOZ
{Z.f. N., iv. 229, 230).
Spartocus. Second century B. c. (?). Silver BAZIAEHZ ZnAPTOKOY
{Z.f. N., iv. 231).
The remaining coins of the Kings of Bosporus, with the head of the
king on one side and that of the Roinan Emperor on the other, with
dates according to the Pontic era, b. c. 297, ranging from the time of
Augustus to that of Constantine, will be found fully described by De
Koehne in the Mus. Kotschouhey, vol. ii.
It will be sufficient to append a list of the names and dates of the
kings, which I take from Imhoof {Fortrdtkopfe, p. '^6).
Uncertain. A. n. 8-11. K and M, with monograms.
Ehescuporis I (?). A. d. 11-39. ^y ■^•
Mithradates III. A. d. 42-49. M.
Gepaepyris, alone or with Mithradates III. M.
Cotys I. A. D. 49-69, 80. R, M.
Rhescuporis II. A. n. 69, 80-87, 92. N, M.
Sauromates II. A. d. 92, 93-124. SI, M.
Cotys II. A. D. 124-132. R, M.
Rhoemetalces. A. d. 132-154, 5. K, M.
Eupator. A.D. 154, 5-171, 74. SL, M.
Sauromates III. A. d. 172,74-211. El., M.
Rhescuporis III. A. n. 211-229. E., M.
Cotys III. A. D. 229-235. El. M, M.
Sauromates IV. A. D. 229-233. JR, M.
Rhescuporis IV. A. D. 234, 235. M, M.
Ininthemeus. A. D. 235-239. M, M.
Rhescuporis V. A. D. 239-268(?). El., PoT, ^.
Sauromates V. A. d. circ. 276. Pot.
Rhescuporis VII. A. d. 304-342 M.
PAPHLAGONIA.
431
Foreign Dynasty.
Pharsanzes. A. d. 254 and 255. M.
SyjQges. A.D. 258-276. M.
Teiranes. A.D. 276-279. M.
Thothorses. A. d. 279-308. M. . '
Rhadamsades. a. d. 309-323. JR, M.
All the above coins bear Greek inscriptions, usually in the genitive, as
BACIACuuC PHCKOYFFOPIAOC, but occasionally in the nominative, as
BACIACYC CAYPOMATHC.
Chkonological Table of the (
Coinage of
Bosporus, Colchis, and Pontus.
Bosporus.
400-250
250-63
After B.C. 63
Imperial Times
Agrippia Caesareia
M
Gorgippia
M M
Phanagoria
jH .^
Sinde
Colchis.
M
Colchis
M
Dioscurias
PONTUS.
M
Amasia
M
JE
Amisus
jk
"'" M
M
Jix .3^
Cabeira
M
Cerasus
M
Chabacta
'" ^
Comana
M
M
Gaziura
M
Laodiceia
M
M
Neocaesareia
...
M
Pharnacia
'" M
Pimolisa
M
Sarbanissa
M
Sebastopolis-
M
Taulara
'" M
Trapezus
M
M
Zela
M
Kings of Pontus
K M M
Kings of the Cimmerian
Bosporus
M, EL M, JE
PAPHLAGONIA.
Paphlagonia, between the Halys on the east and the Parthenius on the
west, and bounded by Galatia on the south, formed, from the time of
Cyrus, part of the third Satrapy of the Persian Empire. Silver money
was struck in the name of the Persian Satraps Datames (ob. b. c. 362)
at Sinope, Abdemon at Sinope, and Ariarathes at Sinope and at
Gaziura in Pontus (Wadd., 31e7., p. 82 sqq.). With the exception of the
coins of Datames, which are Greek, all these coins bear Aramaic inscrip-
432
PAPHLAGONLL
tions, and belong to the age of Alexander the Great, before whose time,
except at Sinope, no coins were struck in Paphlagonia. The towns of
Paphlagonia of which coins are known are the following : —
Aboniteichos, later lonopolis, on the Euxine, about midway between
the Halys and the Parthenius. The coins of this city illustrate the story
of the false prophet Alexander the Paphlagonian, related by Lucian
[Alex., 6). This- impostor exercised for many years an extraordinary .
influence on the people, and the new god Glykon, an oracular serpent
with a human head, introduced by him, is the usual reverse type of the
coins. Autonomous M. ABflNOY TEIXOY. Imperial — Antoninus,
Aurelius, and Faustina Junior, ABflNOTEIXEITflN, usually with the
addition of TAYKriN. At the request of the Prophet the name of the
town appears to have been changed to lonopolis. Imjierial — M of Verus,
Lucilla, and Geta. laser., \D.^QT\0\^n^H.
Aegiaius (?), between Amastris and Aboniteichos. Imperial^ — iE Domna
and Caracalla. //myv., EflAACnN. Magistrate Archon, Prytanis. €ni
APX. nPYTANei. eniKPATOY. B. (^. / A"., iv. 369). %;t^*— Hera
Parthenia, Apollo Didymeus.
Amastris, twelve miles east of the mouth of the Parthenius, founded
by Amastris, niece of Darius Codomannus, wife, first of Dionysius, tyrant
of Heracleia in Bithynia, second, of Lysimachus.
After arc. B.r. 302.
Fig. 266.
Head of Mithras iu Persian headdress,
laureate.
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 227, and B, M.
Guide, PI XXIX. 23.)
AMAZTPIEnN or AMAZTPIOZ
BAZIAIZZHZ Seated female figure
(Anaitis 1), wearing modius, and hold-
ing Nike, or Ei-os and sceptre. Symbol:
Rose. (Fig. 266.)
JR Pei'sic Stater 145 grs.
The head on the obverse of these coins is thought by M. Six to
represent the Amazon Amastris, or the queen herself in the character of
the Amazon. The seated figure on the reverse of the coins, which read
AMAZTPIOZ BAZIAIZZHZ, he describes as Amastris, and that on the
specimens reading AMAZTPIEXlN as a personification of the city (see
Num. Chron., 1885, p. 64).
* According to M. Wuddington's canon, that all Imperial coins bearing the names of local
magistrates belong to the lloman Province of Asia, witliin which he would consequently include
the islands of Cos, Naxos, Amorgos, and Lesbos {Fastes des Provinces Asiatiqius, pp. 24, 28),
this coin should be attributed to Aegiale in Amorgos. Fried laender's attribution to Aegiaius in
Paphlagonia rests chiefly on grounds of style, and I am inclined to think it must be abandoned.
ABONITEICHOS—POMPFJOPOLIS. 433
Time of Alithrndates.
Bronze %vith Pontic types : — Head of Athena, rev. Perseus ; Head of
Zeus, rev. Eagle ; Aegis, rev. Nike.
Roman 2)eriod.
Imperial — Domitian to Maximinus. Liscr., AMAZTPEHZ or AMA-
CTPIANnN. Ti/pes:—ie\C CTPATHTOC, Head of Zeus ; OMHPOC, Head
of Homer ; M€AHC, River Meles, recumbent, holding Ija-e ; nAPO€NI0C,
River Parthenius ; Zeus Strategos and Hera, standing within circle of the
Zodiac ; Eros standing ; Poseidon ; Herakles seated ; Nemesis ; Head of
Isis ; Ares; Agaue with the head of Pentheus {Z.f.JSf., vi. 17), etc. Title
on some coins, MHTPOnOAeiTHN.
Alliance coins with Amisus and Sebaste.
Cromna, an ancient city, incorporated circ. B. c. 300 with Sesamus and
Cytorus, the three together forming Amastris. [Num. Chroiu, ii. 166 ; v. 188.)
Circ. B.C. 330-300, and later.
Bearded head, laureate, (Zeus ?).
Head of Cromna, as on silver.
K PHM N A Head of Amazon, founder
of Cromna, wearing turreted ste-
jihanos, resembling the head on coins
of Amisus JR Persic tetrob. 55 grs.
KPHM Amphora and grapes ; on
latest specimens the amphora stands
on a dolphin M -6
Gaugra, an old fortress, which in B. c. 7 was incorporated with Ger-
manicopolis. There is an Imperial coin of Caracalla with a representa-
tion of this fortress, and the inscr. TANrPHN and APX[OYCHC] TTA-
<J)[AArONlAC] (?). The names of Gangra and Germanicopolis must there-
fore have both been used at the same time (see Kenner, Stift SI. Florian,
P-I57)-
Germanicopolis (Gangi'a). Imjjerial — Hadrian to Caracalla. Inscr., TCP-
MANeiKOnOACnC, etc. Honorific titles eCTI A 0€nN and APX7TTA<D.
Ti/2:)es numerous and mostly common, except the following, ZANOOC,
River Xanthus recumbent, holding Palladium. Era commences b. c. 7,
when Paphlagonia and Pontus were joined to Bithynia by Augustus.
(Sestini, Hedervar., ii. 32.)
lonopolis. See Aboniteichos.
Neoclaudiopolis. /w^jfrm/— Antoninus to Caracalla. Inscr., N60KAAY-
AlOnOAeiTHN. r^/)g5 referring to the worship of Asklepios, etc. Two
eras in use, the Caesarian dating from b. c. 48, and the Amasian from
B.C. 7.
Pompeiopolis, founded by Pompey on the site of his victory over
Mithradates. Imjjerial oi KviVolmB and Faustina. Inscr., nOMnHIOnO-
AIC, usually with title MHT. TTA0A. The coins of the Cilician town of
the same name read TTOMnHIOnOAeiinN.
F f
434
PAPHLAGONIA.
Sebaste. Site unknown, but possibly identical with the modern
Siwas on the Halys. Imperial of Trajan, M. Aurelius, and Caracalla.
hiscr., C€BACTH MHTPO. HAO.
Sesamus. This city was incorporated, circ b. c. 300, with Amastris.
Like Cromna, it struck silver and bronze coins shortly before that event.
CHCAM Head of Demeter M. 55 grs.
?H^A Female head in sphendone -^ -65
„ Kaiitharos over dolphin M -5
Head of Zeus.
(Imhoof, Hon. Gr., PI. E. 17.)
Head of Zeus.
Head of Apollo. (Imhoof, 1. c, p. 229.)
Sinope, the wealthiest emporium on the south coast of the Euxine, was
an ancient Milesian colony. Its dominion in the fifth century embraced,
a large portion of the northern part of Asia Minor, and its fleet was
supreme on the sea. Its earliest coins are silver staters, ranging in weight
from 100 to 80 grs. (possibly Phoenician reduced). The following classi-
fication of the coins is taken in the main from M. Six's article JY. C,
1885, pp. 15-50.
Circ. B.C. 480-430 (?), or later.
Eagle's head, often of very rude vrork,
beneath it a dolphin.
{Num. Chron., 1885, Ph II. 1-4.)
Quadripartite incuse square, the alter-
nate quarters deej)ly sunk ; some-
times containing pellets or letter .
JR 100-80 grs.
Circ. B.C. 415-364.
Head of Sinope, the daughter of Aso-
pus, wearing sphendone.
(B. M. Guide, PL X. 20.)
SiNn, Sea-eagle on a dolpliin, on the
earliest specimens, in an incuse square.
Magistrates' names frequent . . .
JR 93-80 grs.
Circ. B.C. 364-333.
The coins of this period are similar to the preceding, but the name of
the city is now replaced by that of a Persian Satrap, written at first in
Greek and afterwards in Aramaic characters. Among the names which
occur are those of Datames, AATAMA, AATAM, etc., who was slain
about B. c. ^62,, of Abdemon (1), iJDiny (?), and of Ariarathes, niviN*, who
retired from Cappadocia before Alexander, on the advance of the latter
in B. c. ^^^.
Circ. B.C. 333-306.
Head of Sinope, wearing sphendone ;
in front, usually, aplustre.
Id.
Head of Sinope, facing.
Head of Sinope, turreted.
ClNn Sea-eagle on dolphin. Magis-
trates' names Dr. 95-78 grs.
^iNn Eagle, conventionally repre-
sented, facing, with spread wings.
Magistrates' letters ^ Dr. M 45 grs.
^iNn Id. . . . J Dr. ^i 22 grs.
Circ. B.C. 306-290.
I ZiNn Prow, in front, aplustre yR 39 grs.
SEBASTE—TIMOLAEUM.
435
Attic Standard. Circ.B.c. 290-250 (?).
About the beginning of the third century coins of Attic weight were
struck at Sinope, of which the following are some of the varieties.
Turreted head of Sinope.
(Z./.iV^., ix.p. 139.)
Turreted head of Sinope.
{Num. Chron., 1885, PI. II. 17.)
Archaic statue of Apollo standing before
tripod, holding branch and lekythos .
JR Tetradr. (?)
SI Nn Poseidon, seated, holding dolphin
and trident . . Al Didr. 126 grs.
There are also didrachms of this type weighing no more than 97 grs.
This looks like a return to the old Sinopian standard.
Turreted head of Sinoj^e.
Head of Hermes, wearing petasos.
Head of Apollo, 1., laur.
ZiNn Eagle, conventionally repre-
sented, facing, with spread wings.
Various symbols and letters . .
M Tetrob. and Triob.
Id M Diob. 17 grs.
ZiNn Tripod. . . . iRi3grs.
Circ. B.C. 189-183.
Head of Sinope, r., turreted.
{mem. Chron., 1885, PL 11. 18.)
ZlNnriEnN Apollo naked, seated on
omphalos, holding lyre and plectrum
JR Spread tetradrachm.
The type of this tetradrachm is copied, with some modifications, from
the tetradrachms of Antiochus III. of Syria.
Aftei^ B.C. 183.
In the year b.'c. 183, Sinope, which had been already besieged by
Mithradates IV., king of Pontus, was taken by his son Pharnaces I.^ who
made it the capital of his dominions. From this time only bronze coins
were struck at Sinope, the types of which, like those of the other Pontic
cities, relate to the worship of Perseus.
Under the Romans.
In B. c. 70 Sinope was taken by Lucullus, and some of its coins, from
Severus to Galhenus, are dated from this era. It was colonized by Caesar,
and from this time the inscriptions of its coins are usually in Latin,
C. I.F. S. C. I. F. A V. S. or C. R. I. F. S. C(olonia) R(omana) i(ulia) F(elix)
Au(gusta) S(inope). From Augustus to Macrinus the coins are dated
with the prefix ANNO from an era commencing b. c. 45, some of those,
from Augustus to Claudius, having in addition EX. DD. (Ex decreto
decurionum.) Tt/pes — The Dioskuri, Serapis, Tunny fish, etc.
Timolaeum. Autonomous bronze. Age of Mithradates.
Head of Pallas.
TIMOA Eagle flying above fulmen
between stars ^ -95
F f 2
436
BJTJIYNIA.
King of Paphlagonia.
Fylaemenes. This name appears to have been the hereditary appella-
tion of the Kings of Paphlagonia. The coins reading BAZIAEHZ flYAAI-
MENOY EYEPrETOY belong apparently to the son of Nieomedes II. of
Bithynia, or to one of his sons.
Head of Herakles, bare.
Bull's head, facing.
Nike, with Avreath and palm . ^E -8
Winged caduceus M -65
Chronological Table of the Coinage of Paphlagonia.
Aboniteichos
Before 400
400-300
After 300
Imperial
M
M
Aegialus (?)
M
Amastris
M JE
M
Cromna
Jix Jt^
M
Gangra
M
Germanicopolis
M
Neoclaudiopolis
...
M
Pompeiopolis
M
Sebaste
M
Sesamus
M M
Sinope
M
M
M M
M
Timolaeum
M
King Pylaemenes
M
BITHYNIA.
On the death of Nicomedes III., b. c. 74, Bithynia was constituted a
Koman Province, and after the fall of Mithradates, b. c. G^,, Paphlagonia
and part of Pontus were incorporated with it. Again, in B. c. 7, it was
further enlarged by the addition of that portion of the kingdom of Pontus
which Pompey had bestowed upon the descendants of Pylaemenes. There
are Imperial coins of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, with the name of
the Roman Procurator ('E7riVpo77o?) or Proconsul (^ XvOinraTos), and usually
with that of the Province, BI0YN I A, in the nominative case across the field.
The right of coining in its own name was bestowed upon the Kou-oV of
Bithynia by Hadrian, probably in honour of Antinoiis, who was born in
Bithynia.
The coins of this Emperor, having on the reverse the front of a temple,
and reading KOINON BeiGYNIAC, are very common, and must have
been issued in enormous quantities.
Under Hadrian also Bithynia took part in the issue of silver Imperial
cistophori, on the reverse of which is the temple of Augustus at Nicomedia,
inscribed ROM(anorum) S(enatus) P(opulnsque) AVG(usto)\ while across
the field are the words COM. BIT. (Commune Bithyniae).
Read by some ROM(ae) SP(ei) AVG(usto).
APAMEIA—BITEYNIVM.
437
Apameia, originally Myrleia, was renamed by Prusias I., king of
Bithynia (b. c. 228-180), after his wife, Apama.
Autonomous bronze (i) with inscr. MYPAEA Or MYPAEANHN, of
various types : Head of Helios, rev. Horseman ; Head of Pallas, rev.
Lyre, etc. ; circ. B. c. 200 and later.
"(ii) With AHAMEnN THN MYPAEANnN or AHAMEnN only. Head
of Apollo, rev. Lyre; names of Roman governors, Efll PAIOY IIAniPlOY
KAPBaNOZ, Em TAIOY OYIBIOY HANZA, and dates according to the
Pontic era (297 b. c), corresponding with the years b. c. 66-60.
(iii) Colonial, with inscr., COL. IVL. CONCORD. AVC. APAM, etc., or
C. I. C. A. D. D. (decreto Decurionum). htiperial — Caligula to Gallienus.
Types numerous: among them may be mentioned APOLLINI CLARI.
and DIANA LVCIF., Apollo Clarius, Diana Lucifera, etc. [Nmn. Chron.,
V. 188 ; viii. 40 ; Z.f. N., vii. 21.)
Astacus. This city, which stood at the head of a gulf of the same
name, was from early times, down to its destruction by Lysimachus, a
place of considerable maritime importance. Its coinage, however, is
limited in extent, and belongs altogether to the fifth century B. c. About
b. c. 439 the Athenians founded a colony at Astacus. The type of its
coins, the aa-raKo^, Crayfish or Lobster, contains a play upon the name of
the town, and refers at the same time to the great numbers of these
creatures which were found in the shallow waters of the gulf. (J. Six,
De Gorgoue, p. 40.)
Circ. B. c. 500-439. Persic Standard.
Lobster or crayfish.
(Millingen, Pecueil, PI. III. 15.)
Incuse square,
archaic style.
A^ Female head of
Symbol : Swastika .
iR 77 grs.
Circ. B. c. 439.
A^ Lobster or crayfish.
Lobster, holding shell in claws.
Incuse square. Female head of transi-
tional style . . . . iff. 77 grs.
Id ^33 grs.
When, in B.C. 264, Nicomedia was founded by Niconiedes L, he settled
there the inhabitants of the old city of Astacus.
Bithynium or Claudiopolis struck no money before Roman times.
Autonomous JE under C. Papirius Carbo, BIGYNIEHN, Head of Dionysos,
rev. EHI TAIOY HAHIPIOY KAPBHNOS, Pr^MH. Roma seated. Date
AKZ, 224 of the Pontic era=B. c. 74.
Imperial — Claudius to Gallienus. luscr., KAAYAIOnOAEITHN,
AAPIANnN KAAYAIOTTOAeiTnN, etc. This town was the birth-place
of Antinolls, and medallions were struck there in his honour, reading
ANTINOON GEON H HATPIE, rev. AAPIANnN BIOYNIE^N. From
the time of Antoninus to that of Gallienus the usual inscription is
AAPIANnN BlGYNienN. T^/jjes \a,i-ious. Among the more interesting
are : — Aphrodite seated on a seahorse ; Antinoiis-Hermes, holding pedum
and with a bull beside him, a tall plant in front, and a star over his head ;
Aphrodite and Eros ; Hygieia ; Hermes ; Tyche ; etc.
438 BITHYNIA.
Caesareia-Germanica, a port in Bithynia, site unknown, founded or
renamed by Germanicus. hnperial — Germanicus to Valerian, of which
the following are the most remarkable: — Germanicus, PEPMANlKOZ
KAIZAP KlTZTHZ, rev. KAIZAPEIA TERM AN I KH, C% wall with gate-
way ; {Ann. de Num., 1882, Y'- lo*^); Titus, rev. KAIZA, City wall with
gateway, around, EHI M. ZAAOYIAHNOY AZFIPHNA ANOY., wrongly
attributed by Borrell to Clitae {Num. Chron., v. 192) ; with regard to
Asprenas, the cognomen of M. Salvidienus, see Annali, 1861, 140 ; Sept.
Severus, rev. KAICAPeiAC rePMANlKHC, Distyle temple seen in front
from above, beside it, a circular port within which is a galley ; beneath, a
recumbent bull, Otlier ti/pes — Serpent coiled ; Asklepios ; Artemis ;
Zeus ; Serapis ; Aphrodite ; Apollo ; galley under sail, etc. The coins of
this town have been hitherto confounded with those of Caesareia-
Germanicia in Commagene, which read KAICAPGuuN r€PMANIKeuuN
KOM., but never KAICAPEIAC rePMANlKHC.
Calchedon, a Megarian colony on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus
opposite Byzantium, was always intimately connected with that city.
The coins of the two places (the earliest of Galchedon excepted) differ
only in one respect, viz. that the Bull on the money of Byzantium stands
upon a dolphin, while at Galchedon he stands upon an ear of corn.
The silver coinage of Galchedon begins in the latter part of the fifth
century, b. c.
Attic Standard.
Bearded male head, hair short.
Young male head, laureate.
KAAX in the four quarters of a radiate
wheel JR Drachm.
Id. or K-A-A and ivy leaf in the
four quarters of awheel M, \ Drachm.
These coins may be compared with the contemporaneous silver coin-
age of Mesembria (another Megarian colony) on the west coast of the
Euxine, p. 237.
Persic Standard. Circ. b. c. 400-350. •
KAAX Bull on ear of corn. Incuse square, quartered; 'mill-sail'
pattern . . . , M, Dr. 80 grs.
Phoenician Standard. Circ. B.C. 350-280.
Similar types, usually with adjunct symbols, letters, etc. Tetradr.
230 grs. Drachm ^^ grs. Tetrobol 38 grs. Diobol 16 grs.
Phoenician and Attic Denominations. Circ. B.C. 280-270 (?).
Head of Demeter, veiled, as on con-
temporary coins of Byzantium .
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXXVI. 6.)
Id.
Head of Alexander, with Ammon's
hom, as on coins of Lysimachus.
{Num. Chron., v. 190.)
KAAX Apollo naked, seated on om-
phalos . . . M Tetradr. 2 1 5 grs.
Id. . . . .11 Attic octohol {%) 82 grs.
KAAXAAONinN Pallas Nikephoros
seated A\ Attic tetradr. and drachm.
Heads of Apollo and Artemis, jugate. I KAAXAAONinN Lyre . . A\ 11
Head of Apollo. ' „ Triiiod . ^E -8
CAESAREIA-GERMANICA— CIUS.
439
Calchedon was absorbed, circ. b. c. 270, into the kingdom of Nico-
medes I. of Bithynia. At a later period tetradrachms of the Lysima-
chian type were issued there (Miiller, Lt/sim., 376-380). The remaining
coins are all of Imperial times, Plotina to Tranquillina. The following
are the most noteworthy fi/joes: ANTINOOC HPnC, Bust of AntinoUs, r^y.
KAAXAAONIOIC I TTTm N, Antinous riding on a flying griffin {M medallion).
The word avi6r]K€. is to be understood before the dative in this inscription.
The type of this coin seems to have been suggested by another
Calchedonian type very frequent on Imperial coins, that of Apollo riding
on a flying swan.
Cius, at the head of the gulf of the Propontis, which took its name
from the city, was, according to Mela, the most convenient emporium for
Phrygia. It was said to have been founded by Kios or by Hylas, Argonauts
and companions of Herakles. On some of the coins Herakles is himself
called KTICTHC.
There are no early coins of this town, its first issues dating from the
age of Alexander the Great. All the gold staters known come from the
Sidon hoard, which appears to have been buried either about b. c. 308,
Rev. Num., 1865, 8, or about B. c. 388, if the dates upon the gold coins of
Ace in the same hoard are to be reckoned from the Seleucid era.
Circ. B.C. 330-300.
Fig. 267.
Head of Apollo. (Fig. 267.)
Id. Beneath, KIA.
Prow and magistrate's name AFA^I-
KAHZ, ArNHNl AHZ, lEPOKAHZ,
nPOZENOZ, etc. . . K Stater.
Id. Magistrates AGHNOAnPOZ,
BAKXEYZ,AAZKYAEnN,AHMH-
TPIOZ, EYMENHZ, HFEZTPA-
TOZ, KAPINOZ, KTHZnN, Ml-
AHTOZ, NIKAZ, NIKITOZ, HO-
ZEIAHNIOZ, nOZIZ, HPOZE-
NOZ, ZnZANAPOZ, ZHZITE-
NHZ, TEIZANAPOZ, etc. . . .
JPi, Persic drachm 81 grs.
M. \ Drachm 40 grs.
Ai X Drachm 20 grs.
Young male head, in Persian headdress,
as on coins of Amastris.
Id.
KIANflN Club and bow in case ^ -75
KIA Kantharos, grapes, and ear of
corn ^ -65
440 BITHYNIA.
After circ. b. c. 200.
Under the rule of the earlier kings of Bithynia the silver coinage
ceases, but when Philip V. of Macedon took the town and presented it to
Prusias I., it received from him the name of Prusias ad Mare, and struck
bronze coins, reading HPOYSilEnN TnN HPOZ OAAAZZHI. T^pes
various. At a still later period, about the time of Mithradates, coins
were struck there in the names of two Queens : Musa, daughter of
Orsobaris, BAZIAIZZHZ MOYZHZ OPZOBAPIOZ and Oradaltis, daughter
of an equally unknown king, L3^comedes, HPAAAATIAOZ BAZIAEHZ
AYKOMHAOY OYfATPOZ ; r^t;. HPOYZIEnN HPOZ OAAAZZHI.
Under Jioman rvie.
Under the Komans Cius recovered its original name, and Imperial
coins are known from Claudius to Gallienus, among which the following
may be mentioned: AN TIN Oni HPni, rey. KIANIOIC AN€OHKeN JE
medallion: HPAKAeOYC KTICTOY KIANnN. On a coin of Severus is
the remarkable /«.wr., CCYHPOY BACIAEYONTOC 0 KOCMOC €YTYXei
MAKAPIOI KIANOI. Ot//er fj/pes— Youth Hylas, holding bucket from
which water flows (cf. Strab., 564). Youth Kios, seated on rock adjusting
his sandal.
Claudiopolis. See Bithynium.
Creteia - riaviopolis. Liscr., KPHTIEHN <t)AAOYIOnOAITnN or
KPHTeiA (DAAOYIOnOAIC, or <t)AABIOnOAIC. Imperial— Antoninus to
Gallienus. T_^pes various. Among them the most important is the River-
god BIAAeOC, clearly identical with the river BIAAAIOC, which occurs
on the coins of Tium. [Berl. BldtL, v. 16.) Of this town there is a dedi-
catory coin reading APXiePEYC ANeOHK€ (Mion., Sup., v. 32).
Dia, on the Euxine, west of Heracleia Pontica, in Bithynia.
Autonomous bronze of the first century b. c.
Head of Zeus. | AIAZ Eagle on fvxlmeu , . . yE -8
Imperial — Augustus only. Imcr., AIANHN. Magistrate's name in
wreath (Brit. Mus.).
Gordium. See luliopolis.
Hadriaui and Hadrianothera. See under Mysia.
Hadrianopolis (?). Imperial — Hadrian, Antinoiis, and Sev. Alex., etc.
Inner., AAPI ANOnOACITHN. Magistrates' names sometimes with title
Strategos.
Across the field of the coins sometimes — C€B.
This is not altogether a satisfactory attribution, as it transgresses the
rule laid down by M. Waddington, with regard to the non-occurrence of
local magistrates' names outside the limits of the Roman Province of
Asia. (See p. 432, note.)
Heracleia Pontica. This city, at one time the capital of eastern
Bithynia, attained to its greatest prosperity in the latter part o^ the
fourth century, under its tyrants Clearchus (i). C. 364-353), Timotheus,
CRETEIA-FLAVIOPOLIS—HERACLEIA.
441
and Dionysius. It is possible that in early times Heracleia may have
been one of the mints which issued hectae of electrum, for the head
of Herakles on some of these closely resembles that which occurs on the
earliest silver money of the town. The standard in use at Heracleia is
the same as that of Sinope, and is identical with the Aeginetic in weight,
though perhaps not of the same origin. For lists of the coins, see Six, in
Num. Chron., 1885, p. 51; Bompois, Rev. Arch., N. S. xxxvii. p. 116; and
Imhoof, Z.f. i\\, vii. 21.
Circ. B.C. 415-394.
Head of bearded Herakles in
skin.
lion's ; HPAKAEIA in flat incuse square, con-
I tainiug a small quadripartite square,
j within which sometimes A AS or
A AM, magistrate's name ....
M. Triobol 44 grs., Diobol 28 grs.,
Obol 14 grs., and \ Obol 6 grs.
Circ. B.C. 394-353.
Head of bearded Herakles in lion's
skin ; beneath, club.
Id.
Id.
HPAK Head of city - nymph, in
turreted steplianos.
HPAKAEIA Butting bull; in field, some-
times symbols or letters ....
M Dr. 76 grs.
HPAKAEIA Club . M \\ Ob. 18 grs.
HPAK Forepart of rushing bull .
.H liOb. 18 grs.
K (for Clearchus ?) Bow in case, and
club . . . . M Diob. and Obol.
Time of the tyrant Satyrus. b. c. 353-347.
Head of young Herakles, 1., in lion's
skin ; club sometimes beneath.
Id.
Jd.
Id.
Id., facing.
HPAKAEIA Head of city - nymph, of
finest style, in turreted Stephanos
M Stater 181 grs.
(B. M. Guide,-7\. XVIII. 22.)
HPAKAEIA Id. vR Drachm 84 grs,
Id. ... M Tetrob.
HPAK Id M Diob.
Head of city M Obol.
There is also a diobol attributed to Satyrus, similar to that of
Clearchus, but with S in place of K on the reverse. (Zeit.f. Num.,yi\.
PI. I. 12.)
Timotheus and Dionysius. B. c. 347-338.
Head of young Dionysos, ivy-crowned,
with thyrsos at shoulder.
Id.
TIMOOEOY AI0NY2I0Y Herakles
erecting trophy . M, Stater 150 grs.
TIMOOEOY aIoNYSIOY Id. .
Ai Triob. 38 grs.
442
BITHYNIA.
Dionysius alone, b. c. 338-306.
Fig. 268.
Coins similar to the above, but without the name of Timotheus.
Staters, Drachms, and Triobols. (Fig. 268.)
Clearchus II. and Oxathres. B.C. 306-302.
Dionysius was succeeded in the tyranny by his two sons Clearchus and
Oxathres, who reigned under the guardianship of their mother Amastris.
To their time may perhaps be attributed the following.
Head of young Dionysos, as above.
{Nu7n. Chron., 1885, p. 59.)
HPAKAEHTAN Herakles standing
facing, leaning on club, and crowned
by Nike . . . M Stater 149 grs.
Titne of Lysimachus. B.C. 302-281.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. XXIX. 26.)
HPAKAEHTAN Dionysos seated, hold-
ing kantharos and thyrsos ....
M, Stater 152 grs.
HPAKAEHTAN Dionysos seated, hold-
ing kantharos and thyrsos, bound with
ivy . . M> Attic tetradr. 254 grs.
These two coins are conjecturally attributed by Imhoof [Akaniania^
p. 103) to the town of Heracleia in Acarnania, as are also the bronze
coins with the running Lion on the reverse, and some silver pieces of
Corcyra, bearing the monogram bP. See B. M. Cat., Thessaly to AetoUa,
Head of young Herakles, facing.
{Zeit.f. Num., vii. PI. I. 13.)
Nike, naked to waist, kneeling on a
club, and tracing the last letter of the
wordHPAKAEIA
.M Phoenician didr. 104 grs.
From this time until the Roman conquest no silver coins are known.
The autonomous bronze coins with HPAKAEHTAN, o/ir. Head of young
Herakles, rev. Running Lion, Club and Bow in case. Table with Hera-
kleian symbols, Herakles and Lion, belong for the most part to the time
of Lysimachus and later.
Imperial titnes — Nero to Saloninus. ]\le(1aU>oni^, inscr., TON KTICTAN,
Bust of Herakles, rev. HPAKACHTAN CN nONTH or MATPOC AHOI-
GORBIUM-IULIOPOLIS—NICOMEDIA. 443
KflN nOAEriN, Herakles leading chained Kerberos ; Zeus enthroned
between two recumbent figures ; statue of Herakles enthroned in a
theatre, etc. Large, middle and small M inscr., HPAKA€nTAN or HPA-
KAHAC GN nONTn, etc. T^p&s various, and usually referring to the
labours of Herakles. Magistrates' names, with title of Proconsul added.
Concerning the title N€nKOPOC on coins, possibly of this town, see
Eckhel, ii. 420.
luliopolis, the ancient Gordium, an inland city, properly speaking, in
Galatia, but usually included by geographical writers in Bithynia.
Ai Obol inscr., rOPAIANUN (Borrell. Num. Chron., viii. 27).
M Imperial times — Caracalla and Geta, lOYAIOnOAeiTHN. Types
various. Head of Men ; Head of Serapis, etc.
Nicaea was built by Antigonus, circ. B.C. 31 6, on the site of the ancient
Ancore, at the eastern end of Lake Ascania ; it was renamed Nicaea by
Lysimachus, after which it soon rose to be one of the chief cities of the
kingdom of Bithynia. There are no coins before the period of the
Eoman dominion.
Autonomous bronze of the Proconsuls C. Papirius Carbo, dated BKZ and
AKZ of the era of Bosporus and Pontus = B.c 76 and 74, and C. Vibius
Pansa QAZ = b.c. 62, the latter with the head of Julius Caesar,
Imperial — Augustus to Quietus, Inscr., NlKAIEHN or NIKAEIZ, etc.
Honorific titles— nPHT 01 nONT. KAI BIO.; nPHTOI THZ EHAPXEIAZ;
APIZTOI METIZTOI, EYCeeeiC eVreNeiC, etc. Magistrate— an OY-
FTATOZ TTATPriN. Bemarkahle types or inscriptions — ZEYZMHAIOZ;
AIOZ ArOPAlOY; AIOZ AITAIOY; OMHPOC;nYOArOPHC ; innAPXOC ;
AIONYCON KTICTHN; OHC€A ; AAeZANAPON ; ACKAHniH CUTHPI ;
YreiA KAI ACKAHnin; oeA YreiA; oen leAec^opn; oeA ahmht;
ArAOH TYXH ; Rivers CAfAPIC and TEYAOZ, (Imhoof, Mon. G^r., p. 240) ;
innON BPOTOTTOAA NIKAienN, Divinity riding on a horse whose
right foreleg is formed like a human arm, which grasps the serpent- staff",
and whose left foreleg ends in a human foot, the tail of the monster is a
serpent; this curious type has never been explained; KOMOAOY BACI-
AeYONTOC 0 KOCMOC GYTYXei; PHMAinN NIKHN NiKAieiC, etc.
The following are among the games mentioned on Nicaean coins : —
ACKAHneiA, AlONYCIA HYOIA, ICOM[IA] HYOIA, {% ICOnYGIA) Am-
NeC lePOl, AYrOY[CTeiAj, CeOYHPeiA (DIAAAeAOeiA, KOMOAeiA,
KeNApeceiA, etc.
Alliance coins between Nicaea and Byzantium, Cyzicus, and Hadriani.
Nicomedia, on the northern side of the gulf of Astacus near its head,
received its name from its founder Nicomedes I. of Bithynia. It was the
chief city of the Bithynian kingdom and the residence of the king.
Under the Bomans autonomous bronze coins were struck at Nicomedia
in the names of the Proconsuls, C. Vibius Panaa and Thorius Flaccus,
with Pontic dates AKZ, BAZ and EAZ = B.c. 74, (i6, and 60^.
Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr., NlKOMHACnN AlC or
TPIC NeaKOPnN ; NIK0MHA€IAC, etc.; usually with name of the
Proconsul, often with addition of title, TTATPHN, as at Nicaea.
Bemarhahle types and inscriptions— fAW^?OT\ON.\<i K AI HPnTH B€IOY-
NIAC KAI nONTOY; TTPnTH BIO. KAI n. PHAAHN MHTPOnOAlN;
444 KINGS OF BITHYNIA.
GeOC OAYMFFIOC ; CTOAOC, a naked male figure with a prow at his
feet and holding a rudder. Games— ^HN\W1?^\K, AKTIA nYGIA,ANTn-
NINIANA, CCBHPeiA MerAAA, etc.
Alliance coins with Amasia Ponti, Laodiceia Phryg., Pergamum Mys.,
and Smyrna Ion.
Olbia. This name appears to have once been borne by the town of
Astacus, but the coins reading OAE\OT\OA\T^D.N, oiv. Head of Zeus,
rev. Sceptre (first cent, B.C.), belong to some other city of the same name.
Prusias ad mare. See Cius.
Frusa ad Olympum, on the northern slope of Mount Olympus. Auto-
nomous of Roman times and Imperial — Nero to Gallienus. Liscr.,
nPOYCAenN, nPOYCAenN rr. OAYMnn or nPOYCAeiC. Bemarkalle
tyj^es — Zeus seated, nPOYCACnN AIA OAYMTTION ; Andromeda chained
to rock ; Ajax falling on his sword ; The god Men seated sideways
on feeding horse; Aphrodite between two sea-horses; Asklepios ; Hy-
gieia ; Telesphoros ; River god ; etc., etc.
Coins sometimes dated according to the Pontic era, B.C. 297.
Frusias ad Hypium, on the Euxine, at the mouth of the river Hypius.
Autonomous of Roman times and Imperial — Vespasian to Gallienus.
Inscr., nPOYCienN nPOC Ynin,nPOYCieiC, etc. Types— ^TWOQ, River
Hypius recumbent; Herakles contending with the Hydra, etc. Title
sometimes MHTP(o7!-oXts).
TimaeaC?). Autonomous bronze of Imperial times, Obv. Altar between
two vases ; rev. Tl MAI CnN, forepart of ass (cf. Mion,, Sup., v. p. 256).
Tium stood on a promontory on the coast of the Euxine, at the mouth
of the river Billaeus, between Amastris and Heracleia. Autonomous of
Imperial times and Imperial — Vespasian to Gallienus. Inscr., TIANHN.
Bemarkahle types or inscriptions — ley C CYPTAZTHZ; ANTINOHI HPni
TIANOI ; TeiOC, Bust of the Oekist; BIAAAIOC — CAPAH, River-gods
Billaeus and Sardo with Dionysos between them ; ACKAHTTIOC or TON
CaTHPA, Asklepian types; AIONYCOC KTICTHC, Dionysos; N€M€CIC
{Zeit.f. Num., i. 137), Aphrodite and Eros ; Poseidon, etc.
KINGS OF BITHYNIA.
The kings of Bithynia of whom coins are known are the following — •
Nicomedes I. B. C. 278-250. ^l Tetradr. (Eckhel, ii. p. 439 ; cf.
Imhouf, jllon. Gr., p. 146) BAZIAEni NIKOMHAOY, Bithynia seated,
holding two spears and parazouium, before her a shield, behind her a
tree; in field, Nike (Vienna Cabinet). Al Drachm (Brit. Mu6.,i\«wi, C/irou.,
vi. p. 126).
KINGS OF BmiYNIA.
445
Ziaelas, son of Nicomedes, B.C. 250-22H. M BAZIAEHZ II AHA A,
rev. Trophy {Zeit.f. Num., iii. 220).
Prusias I., son of Ziaelas, B.C. 228-180. Silver and bronze coins.
Head of king, diademed. 1 BAZIAEHZ HPOYZIOY Zeus stand-
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXXVI. 7.) ing, resting on sceptre, and holding
I wreath. In field, fulmen . M. Tetradr.
Prusias II. B.C. 180-149. Tetradrachms, distinguishable from those of
Prusias I. by the king's portrait, the diadem being winged on the coins of
Prusias II. The reverse type is the same, but an eagle stands on the
fulmen in the field. There are also bronze coins.
Head of Pi'usias IJ.
BAZIAEnZ nPOYZlOY Herakles
standing M -^
The following types cannot be attributed with certainty, but may be
preferably assigned to the second Prusias.
Head of Pallas. {Z.f. N., i. 138.)
Head of Apollo, laureate.
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of AjdoIIo.
Head of Hermes.
Id.
BAZIAEnZ nPOYZlOY Nike hold-
ing aplustre and trophy-stand JE 1-05
BAZIAEnsnPOYZlOYWingedPallas
(Num. Zeit., iii. PI. V. 4.) JE 1-05
BAZIAEnZ nPOYZlOY Centaur
Cheiron playing lyre . . . JE -85
BAZIAEnZ nPOVziOY Lyre, or
quiver and boAv JE -J
BAZlAEnZ nPOYZlOY Hermes
standing JE i-^
., „ Caduceus . .
^•55
Nicomedes II. (Epiphanes). B.C. 149-91. Gold staters and silver
tetradrachms dated according to the Pontic era, commencing B.C. 297,
introduced into Bithynia by Nicomedes II. soon after his accession.
Head of Kiner diademed.
BAZIAEHZ EnitDANOYZ NlKO-
MHAOY Zeus standing as before .
JR Tetradr.
Also bronze coins (Imhoof, Clioix., PI. III. 97).
\x
Fig. 269.
446
MYSIA.
Nicomedes III. (Philopator). B.C. 91-74. Tetradrachms similar to
those of Nicomedes 11., but easily distinguishable by their dates and ruder
execution (Fig. 269). Inscr., BAZIAEni Em^ANOYZ NIKOMHAOY.
The head on these coins is probably that of Nicomedes II.
Chronological Table of the CorNAOE of Bithtnia.
Koiv6v of Bithynia
Before B.C. 400
B.C. 400-278
B.C. 278-74
After B.C. 74
and Imperial
JE
A pameia-M yrleia
'" JE
M
AstacuB
jk
Bithynium = Claudiopolis
JE
Caesareia-Germanica
JE
Calchedon
'm
jk M
M
Cius = Prusias ad mare
N JR JE
'" M
JE
Creteia = Flaviopolis
JE
Dia
'" M
JE
Gordium = luliopolis
MO)
JE
Hadrianopolis (?)
JE
Heracleia
EL(?)'iii
JR ^
'" JE
JE
Nicaea
JE
Nicomedia
JE
Prusa ad Olympum
JE
Prusias ad Hypium
JE
Timaea (?)
...
JE
Tiutn
JE
Kings of Bithynia
...
M '" M
MYSIA.
Abbaeti. This people occupied the parts about Ancyra and Synaus
(Waddington, JRev. Num., 1851, p. 230, also Boeckh C.I. G., 3849). Auto-
nomous bronze only.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Herakles.
Female head.
Second century, b. c. (?).
MYZaN ABBAITHN
Fulmen in
wreath yE -75
,, ,, Club and
lion's skin, in wreath . . . M -6^
MYZnN ABBAITriN Bipennis, in
wreath -^ -55
Adramyteum. A flourishing seaport at the head of the bay of Adra-
myteum, said to have been founded by Adramys, brother of Croesus.
Cistophori with AAPA in monogram and autonomous drachms (45 grs.)
of the cistophoric standard.
ABBAETI—APOLLONIA AD RHYNJDACUM. 447
Bronze. Fourth century, B.C.
HeadofZeus.(Imhoof,i/ow.G'r.,p.246.) I AAPA Forepart of Hippocamp ^-65
Cf. also coins of this type with the legends lOAAEflN or 10 AAA,
OPONTA, and GHBA, Imhoof, I.e.
After B.C. 300.
Head of Apollo. I Cornucopiae between pilei of Dioskuri .
I M
Silver. Second century, e.g.
Head of Zeus. AAPAMYTHMnM Eagle on fulmen .
M Dr. 45 grs.
Imperial — Hadrian to Gallienus. Magistrates, Strategos and Gramma-
teus. T^]3es various, among whieh may be mentioned OHBH AAPAMY-
THNnN, Head of the city Thebe Hypoplaeia, whieh belonged to Adramy-
teum; also dedicatory medallion of Antinous, ANTIKOOC lAKXOC.
ereCIOC ANeOH[/c6] AAPAMYTHNHK (Eckhel, vi. 530). AUianee corns
with Ephesus, Laodiceia ad Lycum, Mytilene, and Pergamum.
Autandras, on the north coast of the Adramytian gulf, at the foot of
Mount Aspaneus, an offset of Mount Ida.
Circ. B. c. 350-300.
Female head, bound with crossed cord
Forepart of lion.
Head of Apollo.
Incuse square. A NT AN Goat before
pine tree . iR 57, 41, and 18 grs.
Lion's head . . , . . M zg grs.
A NT AN Lion's head . M size -75
Imperial — Titus to Elagabalus. Inscr., ANTANAPID.N. Ti/pes —
Asklepios ; Apollo ; and Artemis of Astyra, a small place between Antan-
drus and Adramyteum, where was a celebrated temple of Artemis (Strab.,
613). The figure on the coins resembles Artemis Ephesia, Inscr., APTG-
MIC ACTYPHN. or ACTYPHNH ANTANAPI {Z.f. N., vii. PI. L 14).
ApoUouia ad Rhyndaetim. This city stood on a small island or pro-
montory on the north side of the lake Apolloniatis, through which the
Rhyndacus flows before emptying itself into the Propontis. The town is
rarely mentioned by ancient authors. J. Six {De Gorgone, 1885, p. 39)
has advanced some excellent reasons for attributing to this Apollonia
the following series of silver coins which, on account of the adjunct
symbol which they bear, had been assigned by Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. 232)
to the not far distant city of Astacus in Bithynia.
Circ. B.C. 450.
Anchor and lobster, or crayfish. 1 Swastika, in incuse of the same form .
I M 64-58 grs.
448
MYSIA.
Circ. B.C. 400-330.
Anclior and lobster, usually with letter
A.
APOAA.nN [tarwi^] Similar.
Gorgoncion, in concave field . . . .
-^ 58-50 grs.
Id. (Imhoof., Mon. Gr., p. 234.) . .
yR no grs. (?).
Fig. 270
Head of Apollo, hair rolled. (Fig. 270.)
Gorgoneion.
Head of Apollo, facing.
Head of Apollo, r,, laureate.
Head of Apollo, r., laui-eate.
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 236.)
A Anchor and lobster. Various magis-
trates' names . . JR 260-225 gJ's.
A Anchor and lobster. Magistrates'
names .^44 grs.
A Id ^20 grs.
A Id ^19 grs.
A Anchor and lobster, and legend
XAAK 1 1 1 ^;y"^'^°*' <^/^°^'''' ''■p^'f
JE Size, -5 Wt. 30 grs.
Circ. B.C. 330-283, or later.
Apollo, seated on omphalos.
Apollo, standing facing, holding long
branch.
A Anchor and lobster. Magistrates'
names JE Size -65
A Anchor JE Size -55
Imperial, with or without names of Emperors — Domitian to Gallienus.
Inscr., AnOAAnNlATnN TTPOC PYNAAKH, often abbreviated. Magis-
trate, Strategos. Princijml types — Apollo standing before tree round
which the dying Python is coiled; River-god Rhyndacus, with inscr..,
PYNAAKOC ; Statue of Apollo with arm extended over column.
Assus. On the north coast of the Adramytian gulf. Autonomous
silver and bronze.
Circ. B.C. 400-300, and later.
Head of Pallas, helmet adorned with
flying griffin.
(Formerly in the Whittall collection,
cast in B. M.)
Female head.
Head of Pallas, in laureate helmet.
Head of Pallas.
ACdO[N Incuse square. Archaic
simulacrum of standing divinity to r.,
with fore-arras extended and fillets
hanging from her hands
JR Tetradr. Wt. (?)
Bull's head, facing . . . iR 78 grs.
ACTION Bull's head, facing tR 45 gr.s.
Al?l Griffin . . M Size -85-45
ASSUS—CYZICUS. 449
Also tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, Nos. 928-31. SmnboL
Griffin).
Im])erial — ^Augustus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., A ZZ I H N . Sometimes
with names of Strategi. Ti/jjes — Zeus, Asklepios, Altar of Asklepios, etc.
Alliance coin with Pionia.
Atarneus, on the Mysian coast, nearly opposite Mytilene. Autonomous
bronze coins of the second century b. c. and later.
Head of Apollo. (iVwrn. CArow., iii. 97.) I ATAP Forepart of horse; above,
j coiled serpent M -65
Also tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, No. 932).
Roman times — Proconsul Cn. Asinius, b. c. 79-76. (Waddington, /''fl^/tf.y,
p. 45-)
Forepart of horse; above,coiled serpent.
AZINIOY ANGYHATOY PUMAinN
Caduceus M -6
Attaea placed by Strabo (607) between Heracleia and Atarneus.
Autonomous of Imperial times and Imperial — Augustus to Geta. Inscr.,
ATTAITHN or ATTA€ITnM. T^/je*— ICPOC AHMOC; lePA CYNKAH-
TOC; TYXH TTOAenC ; River-god; Eagle holding wreath; Asklepios;
Aphrodite. Magistrates, Anthypatos, P. Metilius Secundus and C. Antius
Quadratus, temp. Trajan. Local Magistrates, Archon, Strategos. Alli-
ance coins with Ephesus, temp. Caracalla.
Cisthene. North of Atarneus. Autonomous bronze, second century
B.C. Inscr., KIZ, KIZOH or KIZQA. Veiled head of Demeter, rei\
Horseman. [Num. Chron., vi. 149-)
Cyzicus. The coinage of this city, which occupied a peninsula on the
southern shore of the Propontis, begins early in the fifth century, if not
before, and consists principally of staters and hectae composed of electrum
or pale gold. These coins of Cyzicus, together with the Persian darics,
constituted the staple of the gold currency of the whole ancient world
until such time as they were both superseded by the gold staters of Philip
and Alexander the Great.
The Cyzicene mint appears to have possessed something like a mono-
poly of coining these staters, which were doubtless a source of no small
profit to the city. They are frequently mentioned in Attic inscriptions
between B.C. 445 and 404, as well as by writers, as a-Tarripe^ Ku^tKTji/oi,
\pv<JOV (TTarrjpes Ku^tKTjyoi, xpvaLov Kv^iKr]vov orarTypes, etc. (Head, Num*
CAron., 1876, pp. 277 sqq.). From Xenophon, Anah., v. 6. 23; vii. 3. 10,
we learn that a Cyzicene a month was promised to the soldiers as an
advance upon their ordinary pay, which seems to have been a daric a
month (cf. Anab., i. 3. 21).
G g
450 3IYSIA.
The value of the Cyzicene electrum stater in silver money cannot be
exactly determined ; the probability is that it varied from time to time, and
that it was differently estimated in different localities. All that we can
be sure of is that it was of greater value than the gold daric of 130 grs.
The weight of the Cyzicene stater is 252-247 grs., and that of the
corresponding hecto 41 grs., but it was largely alloyed with silver, while
the daric, on the other hand, was of pure gold.
As Kirchhoff (Corj). Inscr. Attic.,-^. 160) has pointed out, a didrachm of
pure gold weighing 130 grs. was valued at Athens in B. c. 434, at 28
silver drachms. Now this happens to be the exact value which Demos-
thenes just a century later [c. Phorm., 34, 23) assigns to the Cyzicene
staters, which continued to circulate for some long time after the Cyzicene
mint had ceased to issue them. It may be assumed therefore that so
long as Cyzicus retained her quasi-monopoly of coining x.pv(Tovs the value
of the Cyzicene was considerably higher, and that it afterwards fell, in
the age of Philip of Macedon, to the level of the gold stater of Philip.
The iiTia-r^ixov, or badge, of the city of Cyzicus was the tunny-fish,
TTTjXaiJLvs, shoals of which were continually passing through the Propontis
on their way from the Euxine to the Aegean sea (see Marquardt, Cyzicus^
p. '>^^. This fish appears invariably on the electrum coinage of the
town as an adjunct or lesser type in addition to the principal device,
which latter, contrary to the usual practice, is at Cyzicus merely an
exaggerated magisterial symbol, usurping the place of the main type,
while the tunny, the real ^Trta-r^ixov, is relegated to a subordinate position.
M. J. P. Six (Num. C/iron., 1877, p. 171) has advanced the theory that
the type of the Cyzicene stater was changed annually on the accession to
office of each new annual eponymous magistrate. But of the 150 or
more known varieties of these staters by far the larger number belong
to a very limited space of time, viz. to the latter part of the fifth century,
the specimens of archaic style being extremely scarce. It is hardly
likely therefore that the changing type can be the signet of the epony-
mous magistrate of the city as siic/i, and it is more than probable that of
the council or board of magistrates (Prytaneis ?) several, or perhaps all,
were authorized to place their signets on the coinage, or to make choice
of a monetary type, either in rotation or simultaneously, at different
offici7iae of the mint. In this case the number of types would furnish no
exact indication of the space of time during which the Cyzicenes con-
tinued to be issued.
We are therefore driven to fall back upon style (which is, after all, the
safest of guides), and basing our judgment upon it, we may confidently
affirm that the Cyzicene staters fall into the period between b. c. 500 and
the age of Philip of Macedon. Further, we may accept the statement of
Demosthenes above referred to as good authority for the opinion that
they continued to circulate on the markets for many years after their
regular issue had ceased at Cyzicus.
Among the types of these staters and hectae the following may be
mentioned. The pelamys occurs on all of them, sometimes in combina-
tion with the type, but more often as a sort of basis on which the head
or figure rests. The reverse is uniformly an incuse square divided into
four quarters.
CYZICUS. 451
Electrum Coinage.
Early style. Circ. B.C. 500-480.
Heads.
FtG. 271.
Archaic heads of Pallas facing or in profile (Fig. 271). Archaic head of
Perseus in winged helmet. Young male head on a circular disk. Bearded
head of Silenos facing. Bearded head in profile, etc.
Aniraal Forms.
Chimaera. Sphinx or Forepart of Sphinx. Forepart of Lion. Fore-
part of Griffin. Forepart of winged Boar. Harpy. Ass, etc.
Human Figures.
Winged Gorgon. Herakles kneeling, etc.
Transitional and Fine Style. Circ. b. c. 480-350.
Bearded Heads.
Zeus laureate. Zeus Ammon. Dionysos. Herakles. Poseidon or
Kabeiros in conical laureate pilos. Uncertain head, bald and laureate,
(Silenos ?), Pan.
Young Male Heads.
Apollo. Dionysos. Hermes. Atys(?) in Phrygian cap. Aktaeon(?)
with stag's horn. Uncertain.
Female Heads.
Fig. 272.
Pallas in profile or facing. Demeter in profile or facing (Fig. 372).
Uncertain, wearing stephane (Heral). Uncertain, with hair in saccos^
copied from coin of Syracuse (Fig. 96, p. 152).
Gg3
453 MYSIA.
Animal Forms.
Fig. 2 7.3
Sphinx. Skylla. Chimaera. Griffin. Pegasos. Centaur. Flying
Eagle on circular disk. Kerberos or Orthros. Lion (Fig. 273). Bull.
Horse. Ram. Boar. Wolf. And Foreparts of Winged lion; of Lion
devouring prey ; of Cock ; of Bull, as on coins of Gela (cf. Fig. 75,
p. 121), etc. Also Lion's scalp, as on coins of Samos. Bull's head.
Goat's head, etc.
Male Pigures.
Fig. 274. Fig. 275. Fig. 276.
Male naked figures in various attitudes, holding the pelamys by the
tail. Zeus kneeling, holding eagle. Apollo kneeling, or seated on om-
phalos and holding lyre. Perseus kneeling. Silenos pouring wine into
kantharos (Fig. 274). Silenos kneeling, holding pelamys (Fig. 275).
Poseidon kneeling, holding dolphin. Poseidon riding on hippocamp.
Herakles kneeling. Dionysos seated. Dionysos riding on panther. Satyr
seated. Kekrops holding tree. Triton. Dolphin-rider, as on coins of
Tarentum, but holding pelamys. Youth on horseback. Triptolemos
riding on winged serpents. Naked figures, armed with helmet, shield,
sword, or bow and arrow, in various attitudes. Harmodios and Aristo-
geiton charging. Orestes naked kneeling, clasping omphalos and holding
sword. Phobos, a winged human figure with the head of a lion, kneeling,
and holding pelamys (Fig. 276). Infants Herakles and Iphikles strangling
serpents. Herakles and lion. Helios holding two horses.
Female Figures.
Fig. 277.
Liberty seated on cippus, inscribed EAEYGEPIA. Dem^ter kneeling,
holding two torches. Aphrodite standing beside Eros. Thetis (?) riding
on dolphin and carrying shield and wreath. Kybolc seated on lion.
CYZICUS.
453
Nike kneeling, holding aplustre. Aphrodite riding on a swan,
rising from the soil and holding infant Erichthonios (Fig. 277).
Gaia
Various.
Prow of galley, ending in the forepart of a winged wolf. Lyre.
Delphian omphalos, on which two eagles rest. Helmet. Head of large
fish. Crab holding head of fish, etc.^
Silver Coinage.
The silver money of Cyzicus, which is contemporary with the electrum,
consists for the most part of small denominations.
Circ. B. c.
Head of Atys in Phrygian cap ; be-
neath, tunny.
Forepart of boar ; behind, tunny.
430-412.
K Lion's head, in incuse square
iR32grs.
Lion's head, in incuse square ; sometimes
with K iR 18 grs.
Circ. B.C. 412-330.
The larger silver coins are chiefly later in date than the electrum
staters, which they appear to have gradually superseded.
Prow between dolphins ; beneath,pelamys.
AH in incuse circle iR Stater 212 grs.
<DAP[N]ABA Bearded head of Pharna-
bazus in Persian tiara.
(De Luynes, Satr., PI. I. 5.)
The following gold daric was probably also struck at Cyzicus in the
time of Pharnabazus, who succeeded to the Satrapy of the Hellespont
about B.C. 4 1 3.
King of Persia kneeling, holding bow 1 Prow of galley .... i^ 132 grs.
and spear. I (B.Y.Head,Z2/(?iaaw(/i'ersia,Pl.III.28.)
Silver of the Rhodian Standard. Circ. B.C. 400-330.
^HTEIPA Head of Persephone, veiled
and crowned with corn.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 8.)
Circ.
ZnTE I P A Similar head of later style ;
beneath, sometimes, pelamys.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXIX. 2^)
Attic Standard.
Female head, bound with oak-wreath,
and wearing earring and royal
diadem.
Id. or head of Apollo (?).
KYII or KYIlKHNnN Lion's head ;
beneath, pelamys and varying symbol,
jjl Rhodian stater, 235 grs.
M ^ Stater, wt. 73 grs.
M \ Stater, wt. 47 grs.
B.C. 330-280.
KYII or K Apollo, seated on netted
omphalos, and resting on lyre.
Symbols or monograms in field
M Stater, 227 grs.
iR 86 grs.
After B.C. 280.
KYIlKHNnN Long torch, in oak-
wreath . . . . M, Attic tetradr.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XL VEIL 6.)
KYII Fulmen in oak- wreath . . .
M Attic didr.
^ For illustrations of most of the above described coins, see Num.Chron., 1876, PI. VIII; 1877,
PI. VI. B. M. Guide, PI. I. 12; X. 6-15; XVIII. 4-8. Sestini, Stateri Antichi. Revue
454
MYSIA.
The head on the tetradrachm is perhaps a portrait of Apollonis, a
Cyzicene lady married to Attains I. king of Pergamum. After her death
her sons, Eumenes II. and Attalus II., erected a splendid temple at
Cyzicus in her honour.
The tetradi-achms of Lysimachus (Miiller, 381-386) and of Alexander
the Great (Miiller, 910, 911), symbol, long torch, belong to this period if
they are rightly attributed to Cyzicus (B. M. Guule, PI. XXXVI. i).
Bronze Coinage.
As the silver money of Cyzicus is, as a rule, later than the electrum,
so the bronze coinage is for the most part later than the silver. Among
the types which are certainly previous to the Imperial period are the
following : —
Head of Persephone.
Id. (later style).
Bull's head.
Head of Apollo.
KYII Tripod on pelamys ^ -75- -45
KYI I In oak-wreath . ^ -75
„ Id ^-5
KYIlKHNnN Tripod on torch ^ i • i
Of Imperifil times, Augustus to Claudius Gothicus, a large number of
types have been handed down to us, both with and without the Emperors'
heads. Inscr., KYIlKHNnN NEnKOPnN (B. All or T), also KOPH,
KOPH ZnieiPA (Fig. 278), KIYIKOC, ANTHNeiNIA, and OAYMHIA
(games), ANTINOOC HPnC, ZeYC CHTHP, AlCHnOC (River Aesepus),
TON KTICTHN (Herakles as Founder), etc., etc.
Fre(p(ent tyjyes — Two long torches, with serpents coiled round them ;
Galley ; Recumbent youthful figure, in star-spangled garment, near a tree,
in front is an armed man, and behind a man playing the lyre ; Demeter,
in serpent-car or in biga of galloping horses, carrying two long torches ;
City of Cyzicus, seated on a rock, with swimming figure at her feet ;
Group of men, apparently erecting two baskets mounted on poles and
containing palms ; Woman milking goat ; Asklepios ; Aphrodite dpeta
naked, with shield and sword of Ares beside her ; etc.
Magistrates, Anthypatos (Fuscus, A. D. 98-102). Local Magistrates,
Strategos, Archon, Asiarch.
Fig. 2\
Numismatiqtie, 1856 and 1864, etc., and for references to the various cabinets in which they are
preserved, see Brandis, pp. 403 sqq. My list of types would have been far less complete than it
is, had it not been for the privilege I have had of frequently discussing the subject with Canon
Greenwell, who is preparing an exhaustive treatise on the electrum of Cyzicus.
GARGABA—IOLLA. 455
Alliance cohis with Ephesus (figures of Cc^eCOC and KYZIKOC or
Ephesian Artemis and Deraeter of Cyzicus), Nicaea, Smyrna (Fig. 278)
(Demeter in car drawn by two Centaurs), etc.
Gargara, on the northern shore of the gulf of Adramyteum.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
Young male head, laureate, or bare.
Similar head.
Head of Apollo, laureate.
FAPr Bull grazing,^in incuse square .
(Gen. Fox, Gr. C, II. 5, 29.) M 47 grs.
PAP Free horse, in incuse square . .
iR 22 grs.
rAP Free horse . . . ^ 7- 3
Imperial times, with or without Emperors' heads — Augustus to Sept.
Severus. Inscr., rAPTAPenN. Magistrate, Strategos. T^2^es — Bull
butting ; Asklepios ; Telesphoros ; Kybele ; Demeter and Tyche standing.
(Mion., Sup., V. 358. Fox, II. 31.)
Germe. There were two cities called Germe in Mysia, one on the
Rhyndacus, the other on the Caicus. It is to the former, called by
Ptolemy Hiera Germe, that the following coins are attributed.
Imperial times, with or without names of Emperors — Trajan to Gallienus.
Inscr., reP/VVHNnN, ICPA rePMHNnN, etc. Principal ti/pes — Apollo
playing lyre, and Marsyas bound to a tree or standing before Apollo
with a flute in each hand, while the river Marsyas reclines at his feet.
Herakles and Lion, Asklepios, Pallas, Telesphoros, etc. {Num. Chron.,
vi. 154.)
Magistrates, Archon and Strategos.
Hadriani, on the left bank of the Rhyndacus (Waddington, Rev. Num.,
1853, p. 90), on a spur of Mount Oljrmpus.
Autonomous of Imperial times and Imperial — Hadrian to Gallienus.
Inscr., AAPIANEHN or AAPIANnN TTPOC OAYM. Magistrates, without
or with titles, APX[nN], or ZTP[ATHrOE]. Types various — River Rhyn-
dacus recumbent, Hermes standing before him, etc.
Hadrianothera (Waddington, Rev. Num., 1852, p. 90), founded by
Hadrian in commemoration of a successful hunting excursion. Imperial
—Hadrian to Philip. Inscr., AAPI ANOeHPITHN. Magistrates (titled)
CTP[ATHrOC] or APX[nN]. Medallion of Antinous, with legend
ArA0OC HPnC ANTINOOC. Types various. {Num. Chron., Vi. 11^.)
lolla, a town probably in the immediate vicinity of Adramyteum
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 245). Bronze coins of the fourth century b. c.
Inscr., lOAAA or lOAAEHN. Types — Head of Pallas or of Zeus, rev.
Forepart of Hippocamp or winged horse. The silver and bronze coins of
the Satrap Orontas {Rev. Num., 1863, PL XI. 4), identical with the above
except in their legend 0 PONT A, are by some numismatists thought to
have been struck at lolla, and by others at Lampsacus. For the silver
coins of Orontas, with a kneeling hoplite on the obv. and the forepart of
a winged boar on the rev., see under Tarsus and Clazomenae.
456
MYSIA.
Lampsacus. The coinage of this celebrated city on the Hellespont
consists of the following classes :— •
Electrum and Silver. Sixth century, b. c.
Forepart of winged horse ; above, floral
ornament.
Incuse square quartered
El. Stater, 216 grs.
{Num. Chron., 1875, PI. YII. 8.)
( M Didr. 105 grs.
Id Id. Im Tetrob. 36 grs.
! ( M Triob. 2 1 grs.
About the close of the sixth century the Phoenician standard is aban-
doned for the Persic, and silver coins of the weight of the Persian siglos
and its divisions are met with. The weight of the electrum stater
appears about the same time to have been raised.
Electrum. Circ. B. c. 500.
Forepart of winged horse ; above, I Quadripartite incuse square ....
amphora. | El. Stater, 232 grs.
Silver of Persic weight. Circ. B. c. 500-480.
Head of Pallas, of archaic style, in in-
cuse square
M 80 grs. and subdivisions.
Janiform female head of archaic style.
(B. M. Guide. PI. II. 1 8.)
Circ. B.C. 450-412.
About the middle of the fifth century there appears to have been
another issue of electrum staters.
Forepart of winged horse, in vine-
wreath ; beneath, Z
Quadripartite incuse square ....
El. 237 grs.
(B. M. (?mVZe,Pl. X. 23.)
These appear to be the coins mentioned in Attic inscriptions (circ. b. c.
434), as xP'^'^ov ararrjpcs Aafx\l/aKr]voi (Nitm. Chron.., 1 876, p. 290). The
types of the silver coins remain unchanged, but their style indicates a
later date.
Circ. B.C. 412-350.
Fig. 279.
Fig. 2S0.
Fig. 281.
Fig. 2S2.
In this period the use of an electrum currency seems to have been
finally abandoned at Lampsacus, and its place supplied by staters of
pure gold struck on the standard of the gold darics. Among them are
some of the most beautiful examples of Greek art on coins. The reverse
LAMPSACUS.
457
type is uniformly the forepart of a winged horse in an incuse square
(Fig. 285 a). The following types of the obverse are known : —
Head of Poseidon, with flowing hair, in conical laureate pilos. (Fig. 2 So.)
Fig. 283.
Fig. 2S4.
Fig. 2S5.
Fig. 2S5 a.
Bearded head of Persian Satrap, Pharnahazus {1), wearing Persian tiara.
(Hunter, PI. XXXI. 22.)
Nike, sacrificing ram, as on gold stater of Abydus, (Dr. Weber.) (Fig. 284.)
Nike kneeling, a hammer in one hand and a nail in the other, with which she
is attaching a helmet to a trophy. (Brit. Mus.) (Fig. 285.)
Helle, riding through the air on the ram with the golden fleece.
(Prokesch., Ined., 1854, 282.)
Infant Herakles strangling serpents. (Sestini, Slat. Ant., VI. 10.)
Demeter, rising from the ground, holding ears of corn. (Fig. 283.)
Head of Ariadne or Maenad. (B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 15.)
Head of Hera. (De Luynes Collection.)
Head of Zeus. (Fig. 279.)
Head of youthful Dionysos, or of Bacchante, with goat's ear, ivy-crowned.
(Fig. 282.)
Young heroic head. (Mion., PI. LXXV. 3.)
Female figure on dolphin, with shield on 1. arm, and holding shell.
(Mion., II. 559.)
Head of Demeter, veiled. (Sestini, Stat. Ant., PI. VI. 7.)
Head of Zeus Ammon, facing. (Millingen, Anc. Gk. Coins, PI. V. 8.)
Head of Nike. (De Luynes Collection.)
Head of Helios to left, on circular disk, surrounded by rays.
("Waddington Coll.) (Fig. 281.)
The silver money contemporary with the above consists chiefly of
pieces of Persic weight (76, 59, 38, and 19 grs.).
Janiform female head.
Heads of Pallas, Zeus, or Apollo.
Winded horse.
AA, AAM or AAMt Head of Pallas.
,, Forepart of winged horse.
,, Infant Herakles strangling ser-
pents.
Of the bronze coins there are many varieties, but, with few exceptions,
they all bear the forepart of the winged horse either on the reverse or
obverse.
Circ. B.C. 330-190.
Tetradrachms and drachms of Alexander the Great's types, but of later
style, have been attributed by Miiller (Nos. 912-17) to Lampsacus. The
symbol is the winged horse.
458
MYSIA.
Head of Priapos^ ivy-crowned.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XLIX. 8.)
Id.
After circ. B.C. 190.
After the battle of Magnesia, Lampsacus was one of the towns upon
which the Romans conferred autonomy. The following Attic tetra-
drachms and bronze coins are subsequent to that event : —
AAMtAKHNHN Apollo Kitharoedos,
and magistrates' names with patro-
nymic . . . . M, Attic tetradr.
AAMtAKHNXlN Forepart of winged
horse ^ -85
Lampsacus was one of the chief seats of the worship of Priapos. (Virg.,
Georg., iv. 1 1 1 .)
Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Magistrate, Strategos. T^2^es, as a
rule referring to the cultus of Priapos, whose statue is represented leaning
on a thyrsos and offering a libation before a flaming altar. Also Phrixos
and Helle, {Z.f. N., vii. PI. I. 15.) On a coin of Caracalla Lampsacus
has the title Metropolis. Alliance coins with Phocaea. (Fox, PI. II. 34.)
Miletopolis, a town said to have been of Athenian origin, situated at
the confluence of the rivers Macestus and Rhyndacus, in the northern
part of Mysia. Autonomous bronze of late times, and Imperial from
Vespasian to Philip Junior. Inscr., MIAHTOFFOAITnN or MCIAHTO-
nOA€ITnN, sometimes with addition of eN nO[NTn]. ^'j^*— Bust of
Pallas, rev. Owl or double-bodied Owl ; Pallas seated ; Hermes seated on
rocks ; Caduceus ; Artemis huntress ; etc. Magistrates' names, sometimes
with title Strategos. {Num. Cliron., vi. 157.)
Farium, on the Propontis between Lampsacus and Priapus, may have
coined uninscribed silver pieces during the Archaic period, and later.
Circ. B. c. 500-400.
Gorgoneion. 1 Incuse square, containing a cruciform
] pattern . . M, 60, 50, and 36 grs.
These early coins are attributed by M. J. Six {JDe Gorgone, p. 6^ to
Selge in Pisidia, and it must be confessed that the attribution to Parium
is not by any means certain.
Circ. B.C. 350-300, or laJter.
Gorgoneion, entwined with serpents. PA PI Bull looking back. Symbols:
various -'R 38 grs.
The next class of Parian silver money is of a late date, and probably
belongs to the beginning of the second century. Two types of the tetra-
drachm are known.
Veiled head of Demeter.
(Bompois, Sale Cat., PI. V. 1399.)
AnOAAHNOZ AKTAIOY HAPI-
ANnN Apollo Aktaeos standing
between a flaming altar and the
omphalos. In exergue, magistrate
nOAYKAHS . . ^ Attic tetradr.
MILETOPOLIS—PERGAMUM.
459
The Apollo of the Parians was called Aktaeos, probably because his
temple stood upon a headland, aKT-q, in the vicinity of the town. (Sti:aK,
588.)
Gorgoneion, entwined with serpents.
(Hunter, PI. XLI. 16.)
riAPIANnN. Nike holding wreath and
palm . . . iH Tetradr. 209 grs.
Still later Parium struck cistophori of the usual type, but distinguished
by the letters flA in monogram. The autonomous bronze coins, reading
n, riAPI, or riAPIANnN, are of various types: — Gorgoneion, rev. Owl or
Eagle ; Head of Apollo, rev. Butting bull ; Young head crowned with
corn, rev. large square altar mounted on steps and garlanded. This type
represents the great altar of Parium, the work of Hermocreon, mentioned
by Strabo (588) as very remarkable on account of its size and beauty.
In the time of Augustus Parium received a Roman colony, and colonial
coins were struck there with Latin legends, C. G. P. I., C. G. I. P., COL. GEM.
IVL. HAD. pa;, Colonia Gemella (?), Julia Pariana. The name Hadriana
was afterwards added (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 254).
HemarJcahle types — DEO CVPIDlNl, Eros standing, a copy of the
famous statue of Eros at Parium by Praxiteles, which is said by Pliny to
have equalled his Aphrodite of Cnidus ; HAMMON, in allusion to the
worship of Zeus Ammon, and DEO AESC. SVB. or SYBVEN., Deo Aes-
culapio Subventori or Subvenienti.
Pergamum. According to one tradition Pergamum was colonized
from Epidaurus under the leadership of the god Asklepios. In the time
of Xenophon Pergamum was a mere fortress, and it was not until a
hundi'ed years later that the place rose to any importance. Nevertheless
there are small coins which certainly belong to the early part of the
fourth century.
PEPTA Bearded head in Persian tiara,
in incuse square . . . vR 24 grs.
Head of Apollo, laureate.
Circ. B.C. 300-283.
Lysimachus chose Pergamum, on account of its strength, as the place
wherein to deposit his treasure, which amounted to 9000 talents or
;^2, 700,000, and he appointed Philetaerus of Tium as his treasurer. It
is to this period that I would attribute the following gold coins and
diobols of Attic weight, as well as certain small bronze coins.
Gold.
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin.
{Rev. Num., 1865, 13.)
Head of Pallas.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XLIX. 9.)
Palladium ; in field, helmet ....
A Stater, 131 grs.
Palladium . . . K Tetroh. 44 grs.
As the first of these coins comes from the Sidon Find, which consisted
mostly of coins of the closing years of the fourth century, it is probable
that they belong to about the end of the fourth or the beginning of
the third century ; but see below, p. 463.
460
MYSIA. KINGS OF PEBGAMU3L
Head of Herakles in lion's skin.
Id.
Head of Pallas.
Id.
Id.
Silver.
HEPrA or HEPrAMH Palladium .
JR 22 grs.
HEP Head of Pallas ... ^ .35
riEPfA Two bulls' heads facing each
other M -65
Bull's head .... ^ -65
,, Two stars .... ^ -4
Tetradrachms in the name of Lysimachus appear also to have been
struck at Pergamum (Muller, Nos. 405-7), as well as tetradrachms with
Alexander's types, and the inscription ZEAEYKOY BASIAEHS or
AAEZANAPOY. Imhooi {Di/nastie von Pergamoji, PI. III. 19-22).
Kings of Fergamum. Philetaerus, B. c. 284-263, Treasurer of Lysi-
machus, made himself independent in b. c. 283. His tetradrachms bear
the portrait of Seleucus Nicator, who appears to have been recognised by
Philetaerus as his suzerain.
Head of Seleucus r., wearing plain
diadem.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXXVII. 8.)
<t)IAETAIPOY Pallas enthroned, with
shield before her . M, Attic tetradr.
Eumenes I., B. c. 363-241, nephew of Philetaerus.
Attains I., B.C. 241-197, another nephew of Philetaerus.
Eumenes II., B. c. 197-159, eldest son of Attalus I.
Attains II. (Philadelphus), younger brother of Eumenes II., B. c. 159-
138.
Attains III. (Philometor), son of Eumenes II., B.C. 138-133, when he
bequeathed the kingdom of Pergamum to the Roman people. It is not
probable that he struck any tetradrachms. The silver coins of the
above kings can only be arranged by style, as they bear, with a single
exception, only the name and portrait of Philetaerus, the founder of the
dynasty.
\)
Fig. 286.
Head of Philetaerus r., wearing plain
diadem, laurel wreath, or wreath
and diadem entwined. (Fig. 286.)
01 AET Al POY Pallas enthroned, on the
earlier series holding a shield before
her (attributed to Eumenes I.) ; on
the later with shield behind her
(Attalus I., etc.), and crowning the
name of Philetaerus . /Il Tetradr.
THE CISTOPHORL
461
They fall into numerous
classes, among which the
following are those
more
frequently met with '
—
(«)
Shield in front ;
in field
, I. ivy-leaf j r. bow, on throne A "\ Eumenes I.
(V)
Shield behind.
•)
,, and A ;
r. bow
( Attalus I.
(y)
)5 >>
>)
grapes
and A
>) ))
( and
J Eumenes II,
(5)
jj
1. bee, various monograms ;
r. bow'
(0
)) )J
))
„ palm „
ji
(C)
"
5)
51
,, cornucopiae
,, star
)!
55
- Eumenes II.
(^)
>'
„ club
)>
(')
,, ,,
5?
,, owl
>>
»> ,,
('^)
,, ,,
?)
„ thyrsos
)'
:, „ )
(X)
)» ?>
)!
,, trophy-stand
5)
„ „ )■ Attalus 11 (?).
(m)
!> >>
„
„ torch
,,
)
It was during the reign of Eumenes II. that the kingdom of Pergamum
attained its highest point of power and splendour, and this king alone, of
all his race, has left us tetradrachms bearing his own name and portrait.
Head of Eumenes diademed.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XLVIII. 7.)
BASIAEHZ EYMENOY The Dios-
kuri or Kabeiri standing facing, the
whole in oak-wreath
M Tetradr. 235 grs.
The reverse type of this coin is almost identical with that of a coin of
the island of Syros, inscribed GEjQN KABEIPHN SYPinN, and it is not
improbable that it was struck in that island (see supra, p. 420).
The bronze coins of the Pergamene kings, like the silver, bear only
the inscription cl)lAETAIPOY. On the obverses are heads of Pallas,
Asklepios, Apollo, and Demeter. Among the reverse types are Asklepios
seated feeding serpent ; coiled serpent ; thyrsos ; ivy-leaf ; bow ; one or
two stars ; serpent and temple-key ; tripod ; bee ; etc.
THE CISTOPHORL
Under the kings of the Pergamene dynasty the so-called Cistophori
made their first appearance as the chief medium of circulation for
Western Asia Minor. The Cistophorus was so named from its type, the
Sacred Bacchic Chest or Cista. According to Dr. Imhoof {Die Miinzen
der Di/nastie von Pergamon, p. 2>3) this coinage originated in Ephesus
shortly before B. c. 200, and its use rapidly extended throughout the
dominions of Attalus I. of Pergamum. Henceforth the Cistophorus
became a sort of Pan- Asiatic coin, its general acceptance being secured
by the uniformity of its types, the local mint-letters and magistrates'
symbols being merely subordinate adjuncts. The institution of this
^ Since the above was written Dr. Imhoof has published a monograph, Die Munzen der Bynastie
von Pergamon, in which he has given minute descriptions of all the known varieties. His attribu-
tions, which agree in the main with those here given, will be generally accepted by numismatists.
462
MYSIA.
quasi-federal coinage in Asia Minor may have been suggested by the
popularity of the Federal money of the Achaean League in Peloponnesus,
as well as by the eager adoption by*o many Asiatic cities of Alexandrine
tetradrachms. The manifold advantages of a uniform currency were
evidently beginning to be understood and widely appreciated in the
ancient world about this time, and the cistophorus, whether intention-
ally coined for the purpose or not, met the popular demand, and was
issued in vast quantities from numerous Asiatic mints (cf. Livy, xxxvii.
4^> 58, 59, and xxxix. 7).
The types of the cistophori may be thus described.
Fig. 287.
Cista mystica, with half-open lid, from
which a serpent issues ; the whole
in wreath of ivy. (Fig, 287.)
Club and lion's skin of Herakles, the
whole in wreath of ivy, vine, or laurel.
{Mum. Chron., i88o, PI. VIII. 12.)
Two coiled serpents, with heads erect ;
between them a bow-case ....
M Tetradr. 195 grs.
Bunch of grapes placed on a vine-leaf .
M Didr. 92 grs.
JR Drachm. 46 grs.
Cistophori are known to have been issued at about eleven mints in
Asia Minor, viz. Parium, Adramyteum, and Pergamum in Mysia ; Smyrna
and Ephesus in Ionia ; Thyatira, Sardes, and Tralles in Lydia ; Apameia
and Laodiceia in Phrygia ; Nysa in Caria ; (see Pinder, Uber die Cisto-
phoren, 1856); and in Crete (Imhoof, 31o7i. Gr., p. 310, i).
The cistophori of Pergamum may be divided into three principal
classes. With very few exceptions all the specimens bear the letters
HEP in monogram.
Class I. B.C. 197-133.
In the field of the reverse, to the right of the serpents, a changing symbol
placed sideways, torch, caduceus, thj^rsos, grapes, kantharos, ivy-leaf,
owl, eagle, star, club, ear of corn, cornucopiae, palm, Nike, gorgoneion,
fulmen, club and lion's skin, club and caduceus joined, etc.
Class II. B.C. 133-67.
In field, as a constmit symbol the snake-entwined Asklepian start', often
with the addition of the letters PIPY in monogram, standing for rTpvVarts,
together with abbreviated magistrates' names.
Class III. B.C. 57-54.
Series of Proconsular cistophori^ bearing the names of the Proconsuls C.
Fabius, B.C. 57-56, with local magistrates' names MHNOOIAO^ and
PERGAMUM UNDER ROMAN RULE.
463
AHM€AC; C. Claudius Pulcher, B.C. 55-54 (?), with local magistrates'
names BluuN, MHNOAUUPOC, MHNO<t>ANTOC.
Glass IV. B.C. 49-48.
Cistophorus struck by Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio ; Legionary-
Eagle in place of Bow-case, between serpents on reverse (B. M. Guide,
PI.LX.5).
Pergamum under Roman ride. After B.C. 133.
Returning to the autonomous series of Pergamum as the capital of the
Roman Province of Asia, after b. c. 133, our attention is at once drawn
to the two remarkable gold coins, described above p. 459, which, although
uninscribed, are certainly correctly attributed to Pergamum. It is just
possible, though hardly probable, that these two coins may belong to the
short interval during which Mithradates was master of the Roman
Province of Asia, B. c. 88-85. In this case they would be contemporary
with the gold staters of Mithradates which bear the Pergamene mint-mark
riEP, and with the Ephesian gold coins showing Artemis Ephesia on the
reverse (Head, Coinage of Ep/iesus, p. 69), one of which, weighing 84-3 grs.,
is likewise uninscribed. The coinage of gold money being everywhere
at this time held to be a symbol and prerogative of supreme power would
certainly never have been permitted under Roman rule. If therefore the
gold coins of Pergamum were not struck in the time of Mithradates, they
must belong to a much earlier period, probably to circ. b. c. 300, to which
I have preferred to attribute them.
The chief types of the bronze money of Pergamum, from B.C. 133 to
the time of the Empire, are the following : —
Bust of Pallas.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Zeus.
Id.
Head of Asklepios.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Hygieia.
Head of Pallas.
J) J)
)) >>
Head of Asklepios.
HEPrAMHNnN Asklei^ios standing
M i-o
„ Nike standing . .
M .7
„ Eagle on fulmen .
.E.85
AZKAHHIOY SHTHPOZ Serpent
staff M -g
AZKAHniOY ZnTHPOZ Serpent
coiled round netted omphalos -^^ -75
AZKAHniOY ZHTHPOZ Tripod .
M -7
AZKAHHIOY KAI YPIEIAZ Tripod
J& -6
AOHNAZ APEIAZ Owl . . M .6
AOHNAZ NIKH0OPOY Owl on ful-
men or palm M -6
AGHNAZNlKH(t)OPOYTrophy^.85
No inscr. Serpent coiled I'ound crooked
staff M 6
Concerning these types, see W. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1883, pp. 20 sq.
/w/jem/^— Augustus to Saloninus. Magistrates — AN0YT7ATOZ, (viz.
M.Plautius Silvanus,A.D.4-5 ; Q.Poppaeus Secundus, A.D. 19 ; P.Petronius,
A.D. 29-35; and C. Antius Quadratus, circ. A. d. 106). Local Magistrates,
464
3IYSIA.
without title or with those of— CTPATHrOC, TPAMMATeYC, AGIAPXHC,
rVMNACIAPXHC, OEOAOrOC, inniKOC, and nPYTANiC, the latter, a
Lady, by name Nymphidia Beronice. (Imhoof, 31ofi. Gr., p. 257.) llono-
rary municipal titles— H HPnTH THC ACI AC, MHTPOTTOAIC, NEnKOPOC,
CeBACTOC, etc. Games— OK^ tAU\K T\^Q\K. ])ivi7iities—ZCiC, ZeYC
<t)IAIOC, 0€A PHMH, KOPnNIC, mother of Asklepios, etc., and the Rivers
KAIKOC, CCAeiNOC and KHTeiOC.
Alliance coins with the following cities : Adramyteum, Cilbiani,
Colophon, Cyme, Ephesus, Ephesus and Mytilene, Ephesus and Sardes,
Ephesus and Smyrna, Smyrna, Smyrna and Tralles, Tralles, Laodiceia
ad Lycum, Mytilene, Nicomedia, Sardes, Hierapolis, etc.
Among the more remarkable types of the coins of the Imperial age,
with or without the head of the Emperor, are the following : n€Pr AMOC
KTICTHC, Head of Pergamos the Founder; Asklepios and kindred sub-
jects, such as Telesphoros, the god of Convalescence, represented as a
small figure wrapped in a cloak and hood ; Hygieia ; Koronis standing,
veiled ; statue of Asklepios standing on a column between two recumbent
river gods, the Seleinus and the Ceteius.
The large bronze coins of Pergamum form a series of considerable
archaeological interest, both on account of the numerous types they ofier,
as well as for the various titles which the magistrates bear. The epony-
mous magistrate of the city of Pergamum was, as M. Lenormant has
pointed out, the Strategos or Praetor, and it is probable that all the
various titles recorded on the money, e.g. Gymnasiarch, Theologus,
Hippicus, etc., were borne by Praetors, the word CTPATHTOC being-
understood as a matter of course, and consequently often omitted.
Ferperene, south-east of Adramyteum. [Num. Ckron., vi. 187.) Small
autonomous bronze of late times and Imperial — Caligula to Philippus Jun.
//25C?-., TT€PnePHNnN or FFePnePHNinN. Magistrates, Strategos, Ago-
nothetes, and Hiereus 6ta ^iov t5>v Se/Sao-rwi'. The prevailing types refer
to the worship of Dionysos, Demeter, and Asklepios. On coins of
Caligula and Nero the word HfCMONlA, accompanying a laureate
female head, represents the Hegemony of the Emperor {Z.f. N., vi. 15).
. Alliance coinage with Lebedus.
Fiouia, near Mount Ida and the frontier of Troas. (JVn)n. C//ron., vi. 1 88.)
Bronze of Imperial times, Hadrian to Severus, etc., with or without
Emperor's name. Inscr., FIlONlTnN. Magistrate, Strategos. Types
chiefly referring to the worship of Herakles, Dionysos, Pallas, and
Asklepios, but of no special interest. Alliance coin with Assus.
Fitane, on the Elaean gulf near the mouth of the Euenus. Autono-
mous bronze of late date and Imperial — Caius and Lucius to Gordian.
Magistrate, Anthypatos (viz. P. Scipio, B.C. 16). Local Magistrate,
Strategos. Inscr., n, HI, HITAN, niTANEHN, niTANHnN, and
niTANAinN. [Z.f. N., i. 138 ; ix. 4.)
Head of Zeus Aniinou in profile, or
fiiciuy-, rarely with the name
AMMHN.
Pentagon ; on others, omphalos, with
serpent twined round it
JE various sizes.
PERPERENE—PROCONNESUS.
465
The figure of the Pentagon or Pentalpha possessed for the Pythagoreans
a mystic meaning, and is said by Lucian to have been called by them
Hygieia. On the coins of Pitane it is doubtless a symbol of the worship
of Asklepios.
The types of the Imperial coins call for no remark.
Flacia, on the Propontis, between Cyzicus and the mouth of the
Rhyndacus. Autonomous small bronze only (iV^. C. vi. i88), circ. B. c.
300. Liscr., PAAKIA or PAA. T//2)es — Head of Kybele, sometimes
turreted, rev. Lion r., on ear of corn ; Lion's head ; or Bull walking.
Size .5
Concerning the worship of Kybele at Placia and Cyzicus, under the
name of 7/ IVb^rr/p WkaKiavi], see Mittheilungen d. deutsch. arch. Inst. vii. 151 •
Poemauinum, a dependency of Cyzicus. Autonomous of late date.
Ti/j^e — Head of Zeus, rev. Fulmen. Head of flOIMHC, the traditional
founder; rev. Hermes {Z.f.N., iii. 123). Imperial — Trajan to Phihp Jun.
/«^«-. nOIMANHNnN. %>;(?, Asklepios.
Priapus, a colony of Cyzicus near Parium. Autonomous bronze of
the second century b. c. or later. Liscr., flPI AflHNnN
Head of Apollo.
Head of Artemis in turreted Ste-
phanos.
Bearded head filleted r.
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 258.
Shrimp ^'75- '35
DPI ARHNnN Stag recumbent . ■
nP I A Amphora ^-45
Roman Times.
Head of Demeter veiled.
TTPIAriHNflN Stag and cista mystica
^.85
Also Tmjjerial, of Gordian only. Tyjoe, — Priapos and Dionysos
standing.
Proconnesus. An island in the Propontis, between Priapus and
Cyzicus. Autonomous silver and bronze of the age of Alexander the
Great and Lysimachus {Num. CJiron., vi. 189 ; Rev. Num., i860, 275).
Circ. B.C. 330-283.
Head of Aphrodite, hair in saccos.
Magistrate, [AN AJZITENHE.
Similar.
Head of Aphrodite in sphendone.
nPOKON Stag recumbent . .51 55 grs.
(B. M.(?uitZe,Pl.XXIX. 28.)
„ Forepart of stag and oeno-
choe . . . iR 17 grs.
Oenochoe . . iH 36 grs.
H h
466 3nSIA.
Head of Aphrodite. Magistrates'
names, ANAZITENHZ and AIA-
ropAZ.
Head of Aphrodite.
nPOKON Oenochoe . . M -7-35
Dove and oenochoe -^ -55
The deer, Trpo'f, on the reverse of the drachm is a ' type parlant ' (Eckhel,
ii. p. 477).
Stratoniceia ad Caicum, a town in the Caicus valley, not far from
Germe.
Im2)erial Times.
CTPATONeiKIA Bust of the City CTPATONlKenN. KAIKOC The
turreted. 1 River Caicus recumbent . . JE i-
I (Brit. Mus.)
The existence of a Stratoniceia in these parts is proved not only by the
coin reading KAIKOC, but by an inscription in a house at Kirk-aghatch
(Le Bas and Waddington, 1043), ^^^^ ^^^ ancient Germe, commencing,
*H l3ovX.7] Kol 6 hriilos 'AbpiavoiroX^LTcav ^TpaToveLKeoov. Stratoniceia ad
Caicum probably received the name of Hadrianopolis when Hadrian
passed through it in a. d. 123. All Imperial coins which read AAPI ANO-
nOACIinN CTPATONeiKenN must therefore be distinguished from the
coins of Stratoniceia in Caria, with which they have hitherto been con-
founded, and must be attributed to the northern Stratoniceia on the river
Caicus. Specimens are published in Mionnet of Caracalla, J. Mamaea,
Valerian, and Gallienus. T_^j)es — Dionysos standing with Pan and
Maenad ; Nike ; Tyche ; and Asklepios. Magistrates without title, or
with those of Strategos and Archon (?).
Teuthrania. (Imhoof, lion. Gr., p. 258.) Autonomous bronze coins
of the fourth century.
Head of Apollo. I TEY Young head in Persian tiara
I JE-4
Thebe, called Hypoplacia, from its situation at the foot of Mount Placius.
Autonomous bronze. After circ. b. c. 400.
Head of Persephone.
Female head in sphendone.
GEBA Forepart of winged horse M -4
„ Three crescents . . . -^ -4
(Millingen, Sijll, 68.)
See also Imperial coins struck at Adramyteum with inscription
OHBH AAPAMYTHNnN,p. 447.
From the following table it will be seen that down to the end of the
fifth century r. c. the only places of mintage in the district known as
Mysia were the great seaports on the shores of the Propontis and the
Hellespont ; Cyzicus, Parium, and Lampsacus. All the other silver-
coining towns, except Pergamum and Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, were
TROAS.
467
situated on the coasts of the Adramytean gulf and the Lesbian straits.
None of these struck money until the fourth century, nor even then in
any great abundance.
Chkoxological Table of the Coinage of Mysia.
Circ. B.C.
Circ. B.C.
Circ. B.C.
Circ. B.C.
Circ. B.C.
133—
Imperial
Abbaeti
600-500
500-400
400-283
283-133
Imp. times
times
JE
Adramyteum
M
i ^ cist.
1 M aut.
JE
^
Antandrus
JR wiE
JE
Apollonia
M
J^ Jta
JE
Assus
.51 JSi
JE
Atarneus
JE
Attaea
JE
Cisthene
,
JE
Cyzicus
El'"
El i^'l M
El M
JRMO)
JE
JE
Gargara
Ji\ Jtj
JE
Gerine
JE
Hadriani
JE
Hadrianotliera
M
lolla
M
Lampsacus
'Eh M
El ^
K M M
JjX .^Xj
M
Miletopolis
...
JE
M
Parium
"m
M
M
M cist.
JE
JE
Pergamum
M M j
^.^ (Kings)
M cist.
JB, cist.
JE
^
Perperene
JE
M
Pionia
<...
M
Pitane
JE
M
Placia
JE
Poemaninum
JE
M
Priapus
JE
m
Proconnesus
JR -^
Stratoniceia
*< .
M
Teuthrania
JE
Thebe
JE
TROAS*
Abydus, on the Hellespont, a colony of Miletus, was in the sixth
century one of the places of mintage of the early electrum staters of the
Milesian standard (circ. 220 grs.). This coinage, which perhaps began
at Miletus, rapidly extended itself over a great part of the western coast
of Asia Minor, from Lampsacus in the north to Halicarnassus in the
south. The cities, judging by type alone, for we have no inscriptions to
guide us, which took part in this currency were Lampsacus, Abydus,
H h 2
468 TROAS.
Dardanus, Cyme, Clazomenae, Chios, Samos, Miletus, Ephesus, and
Halicarnassus (?) in Asia ; and Aegina on the European side of the sea.
Electrum. Circ. b. c. 600-500.
Eagle, with closed wings, looking back ;
in field, dolphin.
Similar eagle, standing on a hare.
Rough incuse square . . El. 217 grs.
{Num. CJiron., 1875, PL VII. 7.)
Quadripartite incuse square El. 217 grs.
Silver. Circ. b. c. 500-400. Persic Standard.
ABYAHNON Eagle with closed I Gorgoneion, in incuse square ....
wings. I JR 80 grs, and smaller divisions.
Gold, After circ. B.C. 412. Euhoic Standard,
Xenophon {Hell., iv. 8, 37) states that Abydus possessed gold mines,
and it is to about Xenophon's time that we may ascribe the following
fine gold-staters, which may be compared for style with the contemporary
pure gold money of Lampsacus. In both towns the gold money super-
seded the more ancient electrum coins.
Nike sacrificing ram. 1 Eagle, wings closed ; in field, aplustre ;
(B, M. Guide, PI, XVIII. 14.) I all in incuse square , . A 129 grs.
Silver. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Phoenician Standard.
Head of Apollo, laureate. 1 ABY Eagle, wings closed ; magistrate's
(Cf. Hunter, PI. I. 10.) | name . . iE 227, 51, and 38 grs.
Dr. Imhoof Blumer has noted more than twenty different magistrates'
names on the coins of this series, which extends down to the middle of
the fourth century.
Bronze. Circ. b.c. 400-200, and later.
The bronze money of Abydus throughout the above period resembles,
for the most part, the silver above described.
Head of Apollo, laureate. | ABY Eagle . ^ various sizes.
Silver. After circ. b. c. 1 96. A ttic Standard.
On the conclusion of the war with Philip V. of Macedon, the Romans
conferred freedom upon Abydus, and other Asiatic towns (Livy, xxxiii.
30). Then, or perhaps somewhat later, it began, like most of the other
seaports of Western Asia Minor, to strike large spread tetradrachms of
Attic weight.
Bust of Artemis, with bow and quiver
at her shoulder.
(Leake, As. Gr., i.)
ABYAHNnN Eagle, with spread
wings ; beneath, magistrate's name
in the genitive case ; in field, changing
symbol : the whole in a wreath .
JB, Attic tetradrachm.
ABYBUS— ALEXANDRIA TROAS.
469
Dr. Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 261, notes twenty-eight different magistrates'
names on the coins of this class.
Imperial Times.
Augustus to Maximus. Magistrates — Archon and Asiarch. The most
remarkable fyj)e represents Hero in a tower holding out a lamp over the
sea in which Leander is seen swimming; above, flying Eros carrying
a torch. (Fig. 288.) Inscr. on some specimens ABYAHNHN HPH
A€ANAPOC.
Alexandria Troas, built by Antigonus and named by Lysimachus in
memory of Alexander the Great, in b. c. 300, was peopled with settlers
from Scepsis and other neighbouring towns which had fallen into decay.
The earliest coins are regal tetradrachms of Antiochus II., of Syria (b. C.
261-246) ; spnhol, in exergue, a Feeding horse (B. M. Cat., Selene, PI. V. 2).
It was not until a later period that Alexandria obtained its freedom and
began to strike tetradrachms, both with Alexander the Great's types
{symbol, Feeding horse) and in its own name. Of these a large number
have come down to us. They are of considerable interest, as they are all
dated presumably from the year B. c. 300. The earliest of the series
bears the date 137, and the latest 236. They therefore range from b. c.
164 to B. c. 65.
Fig, 289
Head of Apollo, laureate. (Fig. 289.)
AFlOAAnNOZ IMieEnZ Apollo
Smintheus, with bow and arrow,
walking; beneath, AAEEANAPE-
ilN and a magistrate's name in the
genitive case
M Attic tetradr and Dr.
470 TROAS.
The Sminthion, or temple of Apollo Smintheus, stood on a rocky
height on the sea-shore at Chryse, south of the city. The statue of the
god was the -work of Scopas, and Strabo (604) states that he was repre-
sented with a mouse at his feet. This symbol is omitted on the tetra-
drachms, but it is present on small bronze coins which resemble the
silver in their type. The larger bronze coins of prae-Roman times bear
the inscr. AAEZANAPEHN, usually abbreviated, and the head of Apollo
in profile or facing, rev. Feeding horse or Lyre. The proximity of the
town to the river Scamander is mentioned on certain coins reading flPOZ
ZKAMANAPON. In the time of Augustus, Alexandria received a Roman
colony, and thenceforth the coins bear a Latin inscription COL. TROAD,
COL. ALEX. TRO, COL. AVG. TRO, etc., and on coins of Caracalla the
titles Aurelia Antoniniana are added. From Domitian to Saloninus the
coins belong mostly to the class of Imperial Colonial. The ti/joes are
numerous, but the following may be selected as the most characteristic —
Horse feeding ; Eagle flying with bull's head in his claws, in allusion to a
tradition regarding the foundation of the town (Eckhel, ii. p. 482) ;
Statue or temple of Apollo Smintheus ; Silenos ; Wolf and Twins ;
Turreted female bust with vexilluni at her shoulder ; Satyr dragging a
naked nymph before Pan, etc.
Birytus or Birytis, site unknown. Of this place the only coins are
electrum hectae of the Phocaean standard and bronze.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Head of one of the Dioskuri between
two stars.
Id. (Millingen, Syll, PL II. 41.)
Bearded head in conical piles.
(Millingen, Syll, PI. II. 42)
Female head, r., in linear square . .
(Hunter, PL LXVL 8.) . El. 39 grs.
BIPY Club in wreath . ^ -7 and .4
BIPY Three crescents in the form of a
triskelis -^ "3
Cebrenia. Strabo (p. 596) says that the territory of Cebrenia was sepa-
rated from that of Scepsis by the river Scamander. The people of both
these towns were removed by Antigonus to the new city founded by him,
which was afterwards called Alexandi-ia Troas. The coinage of Cebrenia
consists of electrum hectae and small silver coins of the sixth and fifth
centuries B. c, and of bronze coins of the fourth. The episemon of the
town is a Ram's head, but on some specimens the type is doubled, and
between the two rams' heads is a branch. Inscr., usually KEBR or KEBP,
etc. The reverse type of the silver coins is an incuse square, either
quartered or containing a Gorgoneion, a Calf's head, or an Amphora. The
bronze coins of the fourth century bear as a rule a ram's head or two
rams' heads on the obverse, and a head of Apollo on the reverse. Inscr.^
KE, often in monogram.
Third century, B. c.
After the death of Lysimachus, B.C. 281, when Antiochus ruled Asia
Minor as far as the Hellespont, under his father Seleucus, Cebrenia seems
to have, been renamed in his honour, and to have been called Antiochia,
under which name it struck bronze coins. {Zeit.f. Num., iii. 305.)
Head of Apollo. | ANTIOXEHN Ram's head . M -6
BIRYTUS—BARDANUS. 471
Coloue, on the coast of Troas, opposite Tenedos, and 140 stadia from
Ilium (Strab., 589). [Num. Chron^, vi. 193.)
Oirc. B.C. 400-300.
Head of Pallas. KOAHNAnN Between the rays of a
star ^ -7
These coins were formerly attributed erroneously to Colone in
Messenia.
Dardanus, on the Hellespont, about seventy stadia south of Abydus, was
one of the electrum mints as early perhaps as the seventh century b. c.
Julius Pollux (ix. 84) says that the type of the coins of Dardanus was a
cock-fight. The usual type however is a fighting-cock, although a cock-
fight both on electrum and silver coins also occurs.
Asiatic or Milesian electrum. Seventh century, b. c.
Two cocks fighting. I Rough incuse square El. Trite. 73 grs.
{Num. Chron., 1875, PI. VIII. 8.) I
Fhocaic Standard, electrum. Sixth and fifth centuries.
Two cocks fighting. I Quadripartite incuse square ....
(iVww. C/^row., 1875, PI. X. 14.) 1 El. hecte, 40-4 grs.
Asiatic or Milesian electrum.
Fig. 290.
Cock; above, floral ornament. I Quadripartite incuse square. (Fig. 290.)
I El. Stater, 215 grs.
Persic Standard, silver. Fifth century, b. c.
A A P Cock in incuse square .51 7 2 • 7 grs.
AAP Two cocks fighting . M 16 grs.
Figure on horseback.
(B. M. (^mt/e, PI. X. 25.)
Horseman. (Brandis, p. 428.)
The reverse of the silver drachm bears a monogram composed of the
letters IH, on which account it has been attributed to Zenis, Satrap of
Aeolis under Artaxerxes Mnemon.
Beonze. Fourth century, B. c.
Prancing horseman; beneath, some-
times <t>IAOKPA or a symbol.
AAP A AN, etc. Cock ; in front, some-
times, Palladium . . . /E •7-'5
472 ^ TROAS.
Imperial — Augustus, and Trajan to Geta. Inscr., AAPAANinN.
Magistrate, sometimes with title Archon. Select iypes — Ganymedes
carried off by the Eagle of Zeus (cf. Strab., 587). River god POAIOC
(Strab,, 595, 603). Aeneas carrying Anchises and leading Ascanius.
Gentinus. Autonomous bronze of the fourth century b' c.
Head of Apollo. | TENT Bee in wreath . . . JE -65
{Num. Chron., vi. 196.)
Gergis, or Gergithus {Arch. Zeii., 1844, 337 ; 1845, 116), a town situate
in the northern part of the Troad, in the neighbourhood of which the
Gergithian Sibyl was said to have been born (Varro, iv. p. 216), Steph.
Byz. distinctly states that the types of the coins of Gergis were the Sibyl
and the Sphinx, TepyiOia rj y^prjcrixokoyos 2i/3i;AAa, ?/ ns koX t^tvttcoto iv rc5
voiJ.ia-p.aTi rutv r^pydCoiv, avri^ re /cat 17 acpiy^.
Head of the Gergithian Sibyl, laureate
facing.
Id.
Circ. B. c. 350-300.
PEP Sphinx seated, r. . M 62 grs.
,, Id JE Size -3
After circ. b. c. 300.
Head of the Gergithian Sibyl, laureate, I PEP Sphinx seated, r.; in exergue, ear
facing, wearing necklace and ear- of corn JR -6
rings. I
Hamaxitus, on the south coast of Troas, probably ceased to exist as an
independent town after the foundation of Alexandria Troas, whither its
inhabitants were removed.
Beonze. Fourth century, b. c
Head of Apollo.
Id.
AMAEI Lyre JE -6
{Num. Chron., vi. 197.)
Athena Ilias . . , M -6
Ilium. The new town of Ilium was a place of no importance until the
time of Alexander the Great, who, after his victory at the Granicus,
declared it free and exempt from taxation (Strab., 593). Lysimachus
also, after the death of Alexander, took the city under his special
protection, built a temple for the goddess Athena Ilias, and surrounded
the town with a wall.
It does not however appear that coins were struck at Ilium before B. c.
189, when its freedom and autonomy were confirmed by the Romans.
GENTINUS—NEANDRIA.
473
-. -.cX
After circ. b, c. 189.
Head of Pallas.
(B. :\I. Guide, PI. XLIX. 1 2 .)
AGHNAS lAIAAOZ Athena Ilias,
walking, holding spear and spindle ;
various symbols, magistrates' names .
M, Attic tetradr. Dr. and \ Dr.
The smaller silver and the contemporary bronze coins of similar types
are usually inscribed lAI or lAIEHN.
In Imperial times, Julius Caesar to Gallienus, the types and inscriptions
are numerous and interesting, among them the following may be men-
tioned: AIA lAAION IAIEnN,Zeus Idaeos enthroned, holding a statuette
of Athena Ilias ; ANXeiCHC ; AOPOAeiTH; CKTHP; eKTHP nATPO-
KAOC, Hektor standing over the dead body of Patroklos ; TIPIAMOC;
AAPAANOC; eiAOC, son of Dardanos ; CKAMANAPOC, etc., all with
appropriate types; lAION PflMH, IHum and Roma standing with hands
joined.
There are also representations of various sacrifices to Athena Ilias.
Lamponeia (1). An Aeolian town in the Troad in the neighbourhood of
Assus (see Imhoof, Mon. Or., p. 263).
Head of bearded Dionysos.
Id.
Before B.C. 400.
I A AM Bull's head facing
Id.
M 59 grs.
JR 29 grs.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
Head of bearded Dionysos.
AAM Id.; above, kantharos . -^'5.
Larissa, on the coast between Alexandria and Hamaxitus. To this
town bronze coins of the third century b. c. have been attributed, reading
AAP (see Larissa Aeolidis).
Nea (?) on the SimoVs, near the promontory of Sigeium. Small bronze
coins of the third century b. c, usually with the head of Pallas on the
obverse and the letters NE on the reverse. The attribution is however
doubtful, see Neonteichos Aeolidis and Nim. Chron., vii. 49.
Neandria, an Aeolic foundation, 130 stadia distant from Ilium, was
probably one of the towns whose inhabitants were transplanted to
Alexandi'ia Troas.
Circ. B. c.
400-300.
Head of Apollo.
MEAN
{Num. Chron., vi. 198.)
Id. (Fox, II. 48.)
Id.
Id.
Id.
Head of Pan, horned.
Horse feeding, incuse square .
iH 28 grs.
Ram, incuse square iH 7-5 gi's.
Forepart of bull . JR Size -4
Horse feeding . . . iE -8
Corn-grain and gi'apes M -6
Goat M-6
474 TROAS.
Ophrynium, a small town between Dardanus and Rhoeteium, with a
grove sacred to Hektor.
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
Head of Hektor, in crested helmet, , 0(l)PYNEnN Naked boy on horse,
facing. (Brandis, p. 446.) copied from coins of Philip of Mace
Id. (Bi-andis, p. 556.)
0<t)PYNEnN Head of Apollo.
don . M, 44 and 21 grs., and M -6
O0PY Infant Dionysos holding grapes
M .7 and -5
Two cocks fighting . . . . M -"j
(Mion., Sujj., 500.)
Bhoeteitim (Waddington, Bev. Num., 1852, p. 96) stood at the entrance
of the Hellespont, north of Ilium.
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
Head of Apollo. PO — IT — El in the spaces between
three crescents, arranged in the form
of a triquetra . . . . .51 48 grs.
Scamandria, a smaU place on the Scamander (Imhoof, Zeit.f. Num., i.
141).
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
Head of Apollo (?). I SKA Palm-tree. Syrtibol, Boar's head
Head of mountain nymph, ' Ida,' -^ -8
sometimes with I AH. ' ,, Bunch of grapes . . . -^ -4
Scepsis, an inland city in the mountainous country to the north-east
of Mount Ida. In the neighbourhood were silver mines. The silver
coinage, commencing in the fifth century, does not extend beyond the
beginning of the fourth.
SKAH'ION, later SlKHtlON and Palm or fir-tree, with various symbols
SKHtinN Forepart of winged [ infield
horse. M, 99, 59, 49 and 33 grs. and M
I (B.M. (?t«V/e,Pl. X. 26.)
On the bronze coins the figure of the winged horse ends behind in a
drinking horn or rhyton (Imhoof, 3Io7i. Gr., p. 264).
Imperial — Aurelius to Maximinus CKHtinN or CKHtinN AAPAA-
HnN. Select tt/pes, ZCYC CIAAIOC, Zeus Idaeos, standing; Dionysos,
naked, with kantharos and thyrsos ; Bust of Dionysos, surmounted by
kalathos, and holding kantharos and pomegranate ; the Judgment of
Paris {ZeU.f. Nm.,^. 155), with I AH CKHtinN AAPAA, Pallas, Aphro-
dite, and Hera before a tree, above which, on Mount Ida, Paris is seated ;
beneath the tree is Eros offering the apple.
OPHRYNIUM—ZELEIA. 475
Sigeium, at the entrance of the Hellespont, belonged in early times to
Athens. The Athenian types of its coins testify to the continuance of
the cultus of Athena at Sigeium down to the latter part of the fourth
century.
Circ. B. c. 350-300.
Head of Pallas, facing.
(Brandis, p. 411.)
Head of Pallas, facing.
Id. (Brandis, p. 557.)
Id.
Id.
Id.
Head of Hermes ; petasos behind neck .
El. hecte.
^irE Owl; behind, crescent {Num.
Chron., vi. 199.) M Attic tetrob.
„ Id JE -7 and -5
„ Double-bodied owl and crescent
„ Cock ^ -5
„ Crescent JE -^
Tetradrachms in the name of Alexander appear to have been struck
at Sigeium after his death. Symbol, Crescent, and SI in monogram.
Thebe. See Thebe Hypoplacia Mysiae. (Millingen, S^IL, 68 ; Sestini,
Zetf. di. cont., ii. 69, ix. 114.)
Thymbra, near Ilium, so called by its founder Dardanos in honour of
his friend Thymbraeos, was famous for its temple of Apollo Thymbraeos.
Circ. B.C. 350-300.
Head of Zeus Amnion. OY between rays of a star . . /E -7
[Num. Chron., vi. 199.)
Zeleia, on the river Aesepus, about eighty stadia from its mouth.
Bronze. Circ. b.c. 350-300.
Head of Artemis, wearing Stephanos. lEAE Stag -^ -5
{Zeit.f. N., vii. 223.)
See also an electrum stater described under Phoeaea {infra).
ISLAND OFF TROAS.
Tenedos. The island of Tenedos appears to have been from very
early times a mint of considerable importance. The series of its silver
coinage begins probably before the Persian wars, and follows, apparently
at first, the ancient Babylonic standard, which tends to assimilate itself
here, as in Thasos and Lycia, to the Euboic.
476
TROAS.
Circ. B. c. 500.
Janiform head of archaic style, male
and female. (DionysosDimorphus(?),
or perhaps rather Dionysos and
Ariadne.)
Id.
Id.
T — E — N — E (retrogr.) Double-axe,
in deep incuse square
JR Stater, 138 grs. and M 28 grs.
{B.M. Guide, Vl 11. 19.)
TENAE Bearded helmeted head, in incuse
square . . . Ai Stater, 125 grs.
Eough incuse square, quartered .
M 28-7 grs.
Circ. B.C. 400-350.
After an interval of perhaps half a century a new issue of silver money
took place at Tenedos, this time on the Phoenician standard.
Janiform head as above, but of fine
stvle.
\B. M. Guide, PL XVIII. 20, 21.)
TENEAION Double-axe, in incuse
square or concave field ; in field,
grapes and a varying symbol .
JR Stater, 217-200 grs.
JR Drachm, 55 grs.
Of this period there are also small bronze coins with TE on the reverse ;
fi/j)e, Double-axe.
After circ. B. c. 200.
The third and last series of Tenedian money belongs to the second or
the fu'st century B.C., and follows the Attic standard. In style these late
coins resemble the contemporary flat spread pieces of Maroneia and Thasos,
and of many towns of Asia Minor. Specimens are known which are
restruck on coins of Alexandria Troas, and of Thasos,
201.
Janiform head, as above (base style.)
TENEAION Double-axe; in field,
grapes and a varying symbol ; all in
wreath. (Fig. 291.)
M Attic tetradr. and Draclini.
With regard to the types of the coins of this island, Aristotle (ap.
Steph. Byz. s.v. Tenedos) refers them to a decree of a king of Tenedos
which enacted that all persons convicted of adultery should be beheaded.
He is, however, certainly wrong in this interpretation, for, as Leake justly
TENEJDOS.
477
remarks, ' such subjects were never presented on the money of the
Greeks. Their types, like their names of men and women, were almost
always euphemistic, relating generally to the local mythology and
fortunes of the place, with symbols referring to the principal productions
or to the protecting numina.' Cf. the myth of Tennes and the Tenedian
axes dedicated at Delphi (Paus., x. 14).
It may, therefore, be considered as beyond all doubt that the Tevibios
TreAcKus was a religious emblem, like the double-axe held by Zeus La-
braundeus on the coins of Caria.
From the following table it will be seen that the coinage of the Troad
falls chiefly into the latter half of the fourth century, when many small
places attained to a short-lived importance owing to the special favours
conferred upon them by Alexander after his victory of the Granicus.
Chkonological Table of the Coinage of Teoas.
Before
B.C.
B.C.
B.C.
After
Imperial
Abydus
B.C. 500
El.
500-400
M
400-300
300-200
B.C. 200
.¥ ^ ^
M
M M
JE
Alexandria Troas
JR M
JE
Birytus
Cebrenia )
Antiochia )
El.^
El. '" JE
JE
JE
Colone
JE
Dardanus
El.'
El.^^
JE
JE
Gentinus
JE
Gergis
JR M
JE
Hamaxitus
JE
Ilium
M JE
JE
Lamponeia
Larissa
M
JE
JE
Nea (?)
Neandria
JR JE
^(?)
Ophrynium
Rhoeteiuni
M
Scamandria
JE
Scepsis
Sigeium
Thymbra
Zeleia
M
^(?)^
JE
JE
JE
Tenedos (insula)
'm
M JE
JR
478 AEOLIS.
AEOLIS.
Federal Coinage (?). Silver and bronze of the third century B. C.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Hera (1).
AIOAE Fulmen and grapes ^41 grs.
,, Id. with grapes or caduceus .
JE-65
Dr. Imhoof [Zeit. f. Num,, iii. 312) supposes these coins to have been
struck at Methymna in Lesbos. Others attribute them to Aeohum in
the Thracian Chersonesus.
Aegae, between Temnus and Cyme. No early coins.
Circ. B.C. 300-200. Attic Standard.
Head of Pallas. | AIFAE Goat's head . . ^fl 32 grs.
After -B.C. 190.
Head of Apollo; in field, bow and I AlfAIEnN Zeus naked, standing,
quiver. (Brandis, p. 448.)
holding eagle, and resting on sceptre ;
all in oak- wreath JR Spread tetradr.
Also bronze of various types.
Imperial — Augustus to Trajan Decius (Zeit. f. Num., vi. 12). Tnscr.,
AirACUuN. Magistrate, Strategos. Among the /^y^;^^ worth mentioning
are a female figure seated on a wolf (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 270), and a
recumbent river-god, with the name TITNAIOC.
Autocane (see the Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo, v. '^^),
between Pitane and Atarneus (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 271, and Zeit.f. Nutn.,
xi. p. 50).
After circ. b. c. 300 (?).
Head of Aj)ollo. l AYTOKANA Female head in stephane
(^./. i\^.,xi.Pl. I. 3.) ^-3
Head of Zeus, laureate, facing. I AYTOKA Wreath -^ -^
(Z./. i\^., xi.Pl. I. 4.)
Head of Zeus.
AYTOK or AYTOKA Head of Pallas .
M -6 and -4
Boeone, probably near Larissa Phriconis (Imhoof, I. c. 272).
After circ. b. c. 300.
Female head, hair in sphendone. | BOIflNlTIKON Bull standing .^ -45
Came, probably situated in Aeolis. (See von Sallet, Zeit, f. JVian.,
xiii. p. 70.) Imperial livies — Hadrian, Commodus, and Severus, with or
AEGAE—CTME.
479
without emperor's head. Inscr., KAMHNjQN. Types — Bearded head,
rev. Terminal figure of Asiatic goddess, resembling Artemis Ephesia.
Head of Hadrian, r^j;. KAMHNuuN Cm TPYOuuNOC, Hygieia standing
{Zeit.f. Num., 1. c).
Cyme, at the head of the gulf which bore its name, was founded,
according to tradition, by an Amazon named Kyme. This city appears
to have struck electrum on the Phoenician standard before the Persian
Wars.
Before circ. B.C. 500.
Forepart of prancing horse ; beneath,
flower (]). (Ivanoff, 153.)
Prancing horse ; beneath, flower (?).
(B. M. Guide, PI. X. 3.)
Horse's head.
Eagle's head. (Brandis, p. 391.)
Three deep incuse depressions, that in
the centre oblong, the others square
El. Stater, 220 grs.
Quadripartite incuse square ....
El. Stat. 215 grs.
Incuse square . . EL 21 and 10 grs.
KV Incuse square . . El. 9-7 grs.
JR 21 grs.
It is probable also that the very archaic silver staters of Aeginetic
weight from the Thera Find ; type, Forepart of horse, described above
(p. 407), should be attributed to Cyme.
Between these early coins and the large flat tetradrachms of the
second century B.C., Cyme does not seem to have struck any money
whatever.
After circ. b. c. 190.
Tetradrachms in the name of Alexander. Symbol, a one-handled vase.
The magistrate's name, AIOPENHZ, on one of these coins, occurs also on
the contemporary tetradrachms of Cyme struck in her own name.
Head of Kyme, the traditional founder.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XLIX. 14.)
Eagle.
KYMAinN Horse. Symbol: one-
handled vase ; various magistrates'
names in nominative case ; the whole
in a wreath . . . . M Tetradr.
K Y Forepart of horse . . JR \ Dr.
Also bronze, with similar types — Horse ; Eagle ; One-handled vase ;
Head of Cyme ; Two figures in quadriga, rev. Artemis and armed figure, etc.
Imperial — Tiberius to Gallienus, with or without head of Emperor.
Magistrate, without title, or with those of Anthypatos, (viz. T. Clodius
Epirius Marcellus, a.d. 70-73), and Prytanis, Strategos, Archon, or Gram-
mateus. Hemarkahle types or inscriptions — OMHPOC, Homer seated, rev.
KPHOHIC, the mother of Homer, holding sceptre; Kritheis was said
to have been a native of Cyme; EPMOC, Biver Hermus ; ZANOOC,
River Xanthus (a local stream V) ; Artemis Ephesia ; Athlete, with prize
vase upon his head, entering the precincts of a temple; AlOAeujN
KYMAIUUN, indicating the origin of Cyme, on a coin of Hadrian,
the reverse type of which shows the Biver Hermus recumbent; Isis
Pharia, with dedicatory hiscr., ICPHNYMOC AN€OHKe KYMAIOIC, on
a coin of Antoninus Pius. Also I EPA CYNKAHTOC or OeON CYN-
KAHTON. Honorific title K AICAP€nN, on coins of Nero.
480 AEOLIS.
Elaea. An ancient city founded, according to tradition, by Menes-
theus the Athenian. Strabo (615) places it twelve stadia from the river
Caicus, and 120 from Pergamum, of which it was the port. Its coins
are all of late style : —
After circ. B. c. 300.
Head of Pallas in close helmet.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
Prow.
Head of Demeter.
E— A— A— I Wreath. . M 49 grs.
^20 grs.
E — A Corn-grain in AvreathyE -75 and -4
EAAI in wreath . . . ^-75 and -4
EAAITHN Torch in wreath . ^-7
Other fi/2:)es of later date are — Pallas holding owl and sceptre ; Poppy
in wreath ; Basket containing poppy and corn; Telesphoros, etc. M€-
NeCOeYC KTICTHC, head of Menestheus, rev. Asklepios.
Imperial — Augustus to Hostilian, EAAITHN or CAACITriN. Magis-
trate, Strategos, and perhaps Archon, the former with title N€[nKOPOC].
'Remarkable types — Rape of Persephone; Four fishermen opening the
chest in which Auge and her infant son Telephos had been shut up and
thrown into the sea, and which they had caught in their net ; one of
them is helping Auge out of the chest [Mittheilungen d. deutschen arch. Inst.,
1885, p. 21).
Grynium or Gryneia, forty stadia from Myrina, and seventy from Elaea,
famous for its temple of Apollo of white marble (Strab., 622). See Ntcm.
Chro7i., ix. 159, and 'E^rj/xepts apxaioXoyiKT], Ser. ii. 1861, 313.
Bronze of the Tlm'd century, b. c.
Head of Apollo, facing. | TYP N HH N (sic) Muscle-shell . . .
I tE -7 and -4
Larissa Phriconis (Strab., 621 ; Rev. Num., 1844, 28; and Arch. Zeit.,
1849, 28), seventy stadia from Cyme.
Bronze of the Third century, b. c
Male head with close beard.
Female head in sphendone.
AAPIZAI Diota and corn-grain .
^.85
A A Diota between club and cadu-
ceus ^ -7
These coins may belong to Larissa in the Troad.
M3rrina, a seaport of some strength between Grynium and Cyme. Of
this town there are no early coins. Myrina was one of the cities upon
which the Romans conferred freedom after the defeat of Philip V., B.C.
J 97 (Livy, xxxiii. 30). It was probably then that it began to stiike flat
Attic tetradrachms both in the name of Alexander (Mulier, 933-42) and
with its own types.
ELAEA—TEMNUS.
481
i'im^
>J^
Head of Apollo, laureate.
Fig. 292.
After circ. B.C. 197.
Head of Pallas, r.
(Z./. iV., iii. PI. VIII. 17, 18.)
Head of Apollo or of Pallas.
MYPlNAinN Statue of Apollo Gry-
neus, standing with lustral branch
and patera ; at his feet omphalos and
amphora. (Fig, 292.) M Tetradr.
M — Y Head of Artemis, facing . . .
^29 grs.
MYPI Amphora iE .65
The latest bronze coins have a lyre on the reverse. The ApoUine
types refer to the cultus of Apollo at the neighbouring Grynium in the
territory of Mp'ina.
i;«;;^;7a/— Domitian to Gordian. MYPlNAinN or MYPClNAinN,
Magistrate — Strategos, on a coin of Imperial times, cited by Eckhel, ii.
496. Select types — Front of temple of Apollo Gryneus (Strab., 622)
showing the statue of the god as on the tetradrachms ; Helmeted
horseman with inscr., AAMN6YC, probably a local hero.
Neouteichos. [Num. Chron., vii. 49.) The small bronze coins described
under Nea in the Troad (p. 473) may with equal probability be assigned
to this place, as may also the following coin : —
After circ. b. c. 300.
Head of Pallas.
NE (in mon.) Owl
(Brit. Mus.)
. ^.65
Temuus, on an eminence overlooking the valley of the Hermus and
the territories of Cyme, Phocaea, and Smyrna (Strab., 621). Its earliest
coins are tetradrachms of the second century B. c, struck in the name of
Alexander, the symbol" on which is a tall one-handled vase within a vine-
wreath (Mliller, 952-66). These are accompanied by small silver and
bronze with the name of the city.
After circ. B. c. 200.
Head of Apollo. {N. C, vii. 50.)
Head of young Dionysos.
Head of bearded Dionysos ^.
TA One-handled vase, in vine-wreath .
M ^ Dr.
„ Grapes, in vine- wreath . -3] -75
,, Grapes JE -45
' These smallest coins may be earlier than the period to which I have here assigned them.
I i
482
AEOLIS.
Later autonomous hronze and Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr,,
THMNEITHN, etc. Ti/jyes varioiis: ACINIOC TAAAOC ATNOC, with
bead probably intended for Augustus. G. Asinius Gallus was Pro-
consul in Asia b. c. 6 ; the coins, however, give him no title, but merely
the epithet ayvos, equivalent to the Latin integer. Another coin of
Augustus struck in the same year reads KAICAP CGBACTOC TTAOYCIAC
YfTATHAC =v'rTaT€tas (see Z.f.N., xii. 360). Among the more remarkable
types are CPMOC, the River Hermus ; Pallas Nikephoros ; Two Nemeses
facing one another, each with hand raised to her breast; THMNOC,
Head of city.
Tisua (?). This place is not mentioned by any ancient wi'iter, but the
reverse type of the coins, which exactly resembles that of certain coins of
Cyme, leaves no doubt that they were struck in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of that city. Dr. Imhoof {31o?i. Gr., p. 276) remarks that the
inscription TISNAIOZ maybe an older form of TITNAIOS, which occurs
as the name of a river on Imperial coins of Aegae (p. 478).
Circ. B.C. 300.
Head of young river-god.
Id.
TIZNAION
TIZNAIOZ
One-handled vase JE -6^
Sword in scabbard ^ -45
From the following table it will be seen that, with the exception of a
few early electrum coins, attributed doubtfully to Cyme (p. 479), there
were no coins whatever struck in any of the cities of Aeolis before the
age of Alexander the Great, and that all the large and flat Attic tetra-
drachms of Aegae, Cyme, Myrina, and Temnus, belong to a still later
period.
Chronological Table of the Coinage or Aeolis.
Aegae
Before 500
B.C. 500-300
B.C. 300-200
After B.C. 200
Imperial
JR JE
Jix Jtj
JE
Autocane
JE
Boeone
JE
Came
JE
Cyme
el.Jk (?)
JSi JE
JE
Elaea
Jix Jtj
JE
JE
Grynium
...
M
Larissa
JE
Myrina
,
JR JE
Neonteichos
JE
Temnus
JR JE
JE
Tisna (?)
JE
LESBOS.
483
LESBOS.
This beautiful and fertile island, the chief seat of the Asiatic branch of
the Aeolian race, contained five or six cities, each with a territory of its
own. Of these, Mytilene and Methymna were far and away the most
flourishing and powerful, and to one or other of these two, the less im-
portant towns were usually, though not always, subject.
Among the earliest Lesbian coins may perhaps be reckoned certain
archaic electrum staters of a rude style of work : —
Head of lion, with open jaws.
(B. M. Gmcle,m.l. lo)
Eough incuse square
El. 248 grs.
There are also smaller denominations of various types, among which
the human eye may be mentioned.
Later than the archaic electrum follow several series of base silver or
jiotin coins, dating, some from the beginning, others from the latter part
of the fifth century.
These coins follow two distinct standards, the Phoenician (Staters,
330-318 grs.) and the Persic (Staters, 169 grs.). They are almost always
anepigraphic, and their attribution to Lesbos rests upon the fact that they
are found in the island.
Although it is probable that this base-metal currency was issued at
several mints, the evidence afibrded by the types is hardly strong
enough to warrant us in venturing upon exact attributions.
The coins of these series are globular in fabric and have a small rough
incuse square on the reverse. The principal obverse types are the
following : —
Phoenician Standard.
Raised quadripartite square within a dotted circle .... Potin, 236 grs.
Lion's head, with open jaws (rude work) Pot. 234 grs.
Gorgon head (^ev. A'mw., 1863, 328) Pot. 219 grs.
Lion's head, facing Pox. 33 grs.
Forepart of boar Pot. 104 grs.
Two boars' heads, face to face; above, sometimes, AE^ or AN
(in mon.) Pot. 18 grs.
Id. sometimes with letter M or human eye above Pot. 10 grs.
Single boar's head ; above, human eye Pot. 13 grs.
Among many other small coins presumably Lesbian the following may
be mentioned : — Young male head, rev. Incuse square ; Female head, rev.
Lion's head in incuse square ; Negro's head, rev. Incuse square ; Two
human eyes one above the other, rev. Incuse square ; Single human eye,
rev. Incuse square, etc.
I 1 2
484
LESBOS.
Persic Standard.
Two calves' heads, face to face, with an olive tree between them Pot. 170 grs.
(B. M. Guide, Fl. XL 28.)
Calf s head Pot. 84 grs.
Id. {Rev. Lion's head, in incuse square) Pot. i i grs.
LESBIAN ELECTRUM HECTAE.
Fig. 293.
Class I. Circ. b. c. 450-400.
Contemporary with the later coins of the foregoing potin series (those,
for example, with the calves' heads), which seem to belong to the latter
part of the fifth century, are several series of electrum hectae with
various obverse types, but all with one distinctive peculiarity, viz. that
ffie reverse type is incuse instead of in relief. It is not unusual for specimens
of these hectae to be inscribed with the letters AE or M (Lesbos or
Mytilene %), and many of the types are distinctly Lesbian.
M Forepart of bull, 1.
Head of ram, r. ; beneath, cock, 1.
Forepart of winged boar.
Gorgon-head.
Forepart of bridled horse, r.
Forepart of winged lion, 1.
Head of lion with open jaws, star on
forehead.
ead of ram, r. ; beneath, cock, 1.
Head of Herakles, r., in lion's skin.
AE Head of lion, r., with open jaws.
Head of Pallas, r., of fine style.
Incuse head of lion, with open jaws
El. Hecte 39 grs.
Id. [Fig. 293; rev. indistinct^]. (Cf,
B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 10) El. Hecte.
Id El. Hecte.
Incuse head of Herakles, in lion's skin .
El. Hecte.
Id El. Hecte.
Incuse head of cock . . El. Hecte.
Id El. Hecte.
{^.M.. Guide, PI. XVIIL II.)
Incuse head of bull . . . El. Hecte.
Id El. Hecte.
Incuse head of calf . . . El. Hecte.
Incuse scalp of lion, facing El. Hecte.
It is probable that a large proportion of these remarkable little coins
were struck at Mytilene, and of this it would seem that we possess direct
documentary evidence in the interesting inscription discovered by Newton,
and first published by him in the Transactions of the Royal Society of
Literature (second ser. vol. viii. p. 549). Here we have a fragment of a
monetary convention between the towns of Phocaea on the one part, and
Mytilene on the other, for the issue of a common currency of electrum
hectae known among the Greeks as xpvalov (PcoKat/coV. This treaty is attri-
buted on epigraphic grounds to about B. c. 430 -.
' The r(«. of Fig. 293 is a lion's head, 1. with open jaws.
■' For an abstnict of the terms of the treaty, see Lenormant (iJec. Num., 1868, p. 241).
ELlLCTItVM HECTAE.
485
Class II. Circ. b. c. 400-387.
Fig. 294.
Fig. 295.
The second class of Lesbian electrum hectae shows the reverse type m
relief enclosed either in an incuse or later in a linear square.
Among the large number of types of these hectae which have come
down to us, it is easy to point out many which are certainly Lesbian ;
but it is probable that there are many others, less distinctive in character,
which may also have been issued from the mint at Mytilene. The
following are those which I have least hesitation in ascribing to Lesbos : —
Head of Pallas, in close-fitting crested
helmet.
Head of Apollo, as on silver of Myti-
lene.
Female head, nearly facing, hair bound
with taenia.
Id.
Head of bearded Dionysos.
Forepart of boar.
Young male head.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Sappho {1) in sphendone.
Head of Demeter veiled.
Two calves' heads, face to face ; between
them sometimes AE . . El. Hecte.
Calf's head ..... El. Hecte. •
Bull's head ; above, sometimes M .
(Fig. 294.) .... El. Hecte.
Two boars' heads ; between them A
El. Hecte.
Two calves' heads, face to face, between
them a flower .... El. Hecte.
Lion's head, with open jaws, in linear
square El. Hecte.
Calf s head, in linear square El. Hecte.
Lyre, in linear square . . El. Hecte.
Lyre, in linear square . . El. Hecte.
Tripod, filleted, in linear square . .
(Fig. 295.) El. Hecte.
CITIES OF LESBOS.
Aegirus, a small place between Mytilene and Methymna (Strab., 617).
Bronze, circ. b. c. 300 (Imhoof, 3Io)i. Gr., p. 276).
Head of Pallas.
AID Female head in sphendone ^E -4
Antissa, near the western extremity of the island, was destroyed by
the Romans B. c. 168.
Circ. B.c 300-168.
Female head.
Bull.
ANTIZ Grotesque head of Dionysos
with tall tiara and long pointed beard
(Gardner, Tj/pes, PI. XV. 12) JE -65
AN Apollo Kitharoedos . . M -6^
486 LESBOS.
Cithus (?) (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 277). Archaic silver coins of the Attic
standard.
Circ. B.C. 500-480
Young male head.
KIOI Two boars' heads, face to face.
Eresus, on the west coast of Lesbos. Bronze after circ. b. c. 300
K I O Human eye, in incuse squai'e . .
M 31.7 grs.
Quadi-ipartite incuse square M 26 grs.
Head of Hermes. I EPEZI Ear of corn . ^E -65 and -35
Id. {N.C.,yn. 52.) I „ Head of Apollo (?) . . ^-55
In illustration of the first of the above types, cf. Archestratus (ap. Athen.
iii. Ill), who says that the gods sent Hermes to Eresus for their corn.
Li/perial times — Caligula to Philip, usually with Emperors' heads.
Magistrate's name with title, Strategos. Chief types : CATT(t)fl CPeCI,
Head of Sappho, also Sappho seated with lyre (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 378).
Methymna, next to Mytilene the most important city in Lesbos, was
situate on the northern shore of the island.
Euhoic-Attic weight. Circ, b. c. 500.
MA©VMNAIOt Boar.
(B.M. Guide,V\.Xl.2^.)
MA©VMNAI0^ Head of Pallas of
archaic style, her helmet adorned
with Pegasos; all in incuse square
M 1246 grs.
Phoenician weight l^). Circ. B.C. 400-387.
Head of Pallas, of early fine style.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 23.)
Id.
MAOYMNAION Lyre on raised
square, within incuse square . . .
..^99 grs.
MAO Kantharos in incuse square .
ill 49 grs.
Attic Standard {1). After B.C. 300
Head of Pallas, in Corinthian helmet.
Head of Herakles.
Head of Pallas, in Corinthian helmet
M A GY Lyre in linear square ; various
symbols in the field . . -^43 grs.
Arion, with lyre, riding on dolphin
(Strab. 618) . . . . M 21 grs.
MA GY Kantharos; various symbols .
JE.65
After circ. B. c. 200.
Tctradrachms with name and types of Alexander. Symbol — a small
figure of Arion riding on dolphin (Mliller, 981-2). Imperial times —
Augustus to Severus Alexander, Magistrate Strategos. Liscr.,
CITHUS{^)—MYTILENE. 487
MHOYMNAinN. Ti/2)es — Arion on dolphin; Dionysos with panther,
or in biga drawn by panthers. {Num, Chron,, vii. 53.)
Mytilene, the chief city of Lesbos, was, as we have seen (p. 483), in
all probability the place of mintage, not only of some electrum coins,
which appear to belong to the sixth century B.C., but of one or more
series of potin coins, and of a very large number of hectae of electrum,
which may be attributed to the latter part of the fifth and to the earlier
part of the fourth centuries. These hectae, as has been already explained
(p. 484), fall into two great classes, the earlier of which bears an incuse
device on the reverse, the later and more numerous class, a reverse type
in relief within a linear square. The former class may well be the
coinage alluded to in the monetary convention between Phocaea and
Mytilene above referred to, which is supposed to date from about B.C.
430. The linear square as a mark of fabric is indicative of the Mytilenian
origin of the hectae of the more recent style, as it occurs also on the
inscribed silver coins of that city, and scarcely anywhere else on the
coast of Asia Minor.
SiLVEB.
Before circ. B.C. 400.
Female head facing, as on electrum
hecte. (Fig. 294.)
Young male head, bound with taenia.
MYTI Lion's head, in incuse square .
-51 13 grs.
,, Calf's head, in incuse square
iR 10 grs.
Fourth century, B. c. Persic Standard.
Head of Apollo, laureate.
(Mion., Suppl., vi. PI. III. I.)
Id.
Id.
MYTI Lyre, in linear square; various
symbols in the field
M Stater 176 grs
MYTI Id. . . ^ Triobol. (1) 44 grs
,, Female head, hair rolled .
iR Diob. 20 grs
For other varieties, see Brandis, p. 453, and Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 279.
The bronze coinage of Mytilene is very plentiful, and, with the ex-
ception of some very small pieces, belongs to a later period than the
silver money.
Circ. B. c. 300-200 {1).
Head of Apollo.
Female head, hair in sphendone.
MYTI Lyre ....... M ■'j
„ Id ^.5
Regal coins, with Alexander's name and types. Symbol — a Lyre,
(Mliller, Nos. 967-80,) and autonomous bronze*
After circ. b. c. 200.
Head of Zeus Ammon. i MYTI Bacchic term, standing on prow
I , ^ -7
The remarkable cultus-image on the reverse of this and many other
coins of Mytilene of Imperial times has been identified by Mr. Newton
488 LESBOS.
as copied from a figure said to have been found by fishermen in the
harbour of Mytilene. (Gardner, T^pes, p. 79.)
Imperial fiwes — Augustus to Gallienus. [Num. Chrori., vii. ^'^.)
hiscr., MYTIAHNAinN, HPnTH A€CBOY, etc. Magistrates, with title
Strategos. Bonarkable iypes or inscripiions : O€0C AMAAHN ; Z€YC
BOYAAIOC; 0601 AK PA 10 1 (Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades); HANK RATI AHZ
accompanying type of youthful Asklepios ; 0ITTAKOC {sic). Head of
the Mytilenean philosopher Pittacus, rev. AAKAIOC, Head of Alcaeus ;
O6O0ANHC or oeO(I)ANHC oeOC, Bust of Theophanes of Mytilene, the
friend of Porapey, rev. APXCAAMIC OGA, Veiled head of Archedamis,
supposed to have been the wife of Theophanes ; ACCBflNAZ HPflC NCOC,
or AecenNAZ (t)IAOCO<l)OC,m\ Seated Philosopher; CeZCTON HPHA,
rev. <1)AA. NeiKOMAXIC,Headsof SextusandNicomachis; NAYCIKAAN
HPniAA, lOY. TTPOKAAN HPniAA, Heads of a certain Nausicaa and of
a Julia Procula ; ZAO^H, ZA0OYZ (Sestini, Mus. Hederv. ii. 51) or
yATTOn, Head of Sappho or her figure seated with lyre (cf. Pollux,
ix. 84).
Concerning the above coins, Leake remarks [Ntim. Hell., s. v. Mytilene)
that Mytilene went beyond most of the other cities of Greece in record-
ing upon her coins the names of her illustrious citizens. With the
exception of Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, and Theophanes, the names are
unknown to fame.
Among the Imperial coins struck at Mytilene may also be classed the
pieces of Aurelius and Commodus reading KOI.orKOlNON AECBinN,
on one of which is the cultus-statue of Dionysos on the Prow above
referred to.
Nape. Bronze coins, circ. B. c. 300. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. aSo.)
Head of Apollo. I NjAPAIflN Owl and Astragalos
Pyrrha, situate on the coast of a deep bay on the west side of the
island. Small bronze coins of the fourth century b, c.
Female head, hair in sphendone.
(Borrell in Num. Chron., vii. 61.)
PYP or PYPP Goat, or goat before
altar ^ -45
HECATONNESI, ISLANDS NEAR LESBOS.
ITesos, the largest of this group of islands between Lesbos and the
coast of Aeolis (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 280 and Zeit.f. Num., iii. 312 sqq.).
Silver coins, wt. 42 grs., and small bronze of the fourth, and larger bronze
of the third century or later. Liscr., NASI, NA, N, and NACI. Ti/2)es —
obv. Heads of Apollo or Artemis, rev. Panther ; Lyre and Palm ; Tripod ;
Dolphin ; Horseman, etc.
Fordosilene, later Poroselene, a small island between Lesbos and the
mainland, the second largest of the group called the Hecatonnesi,"EKaro9 yap
o AttuWmv TTapa naaav yap bi] ti]v TtapaXCav TavT7]v 6 ^AttoWcov €KT^Tip.i)Tai
fj-^xpi- Tevibov, ^fiLvOexJs i) KiWaios KaXovjxevos ?*; Fpvvevs ?; riva aWijv i-noivv-
fxiav excov. (Strab., 618.) Hence the Apollo type on the coins.
IONIA.
489
Girc. B.C. 450.
Head of Apollo, bound with taenia. i POPAOSIA Lyre in incuse square
(B. M. Guide, PI. X. 24.) j M Drachm 61 grs.
Head of Silenos.
Circ. B. c. 400, or later.
I POP Dolphin iE .3
Later, with 7iame Poroseletie,
Inscr., nnPOCeAHN€ITnN. Types referring to Asklepian worship.
Imperial of Severus. {Rev. Num., 1^52, 93.)
Chkonological Table of the Coinage of Lesbos.
Aegirus
Before 500
500-400
400-300
300-200
After 200
Imperial
M
Antissa
...
M
Cithus (?)
Jr
Eresus
JE.
M
Methymna
EL(?)
JR & Pot.
M
2R Jtj
M
Mytilene
EL(?)
EL,^&Pot.
EL,^
M
M
M
Nape
M
Pyrrha
M
Nesos, ins.
M JE.
JE
Pardosilene, ins.
M
M
M
IONIA.
The earliest coins of Ionian fabric and style both of electrum and
silver are uninscribed. Of these some indeed may be conjecturally
attributed to one or other of the Ionian maritime towns by reason of the
types which they bear, while others must still remain unclassed. Among
the latter are the following : —
Lion's head, with open jaws.
Forepart of lion.
Foreparts of winged horse and of
winged Hon combined.
Forepart of lion killing serpent.
Id.
Id.
Forepart of prancing horse.
Doe C?), suckling fawn (?).
Cow, suckling calf.
Id.
Id.
Incuse square, in which forepart of
winged horse . . .51 197 grs.
Kough incuse square . . iil 167 grs.
Quadripartite incuse square ....
vR 124 grs.
Id. M, 6i-2 grs.
Id JB, i'j-2 grs.
Id M *j-$ grs.
Id ^151 grs.
Incuse square . . . . .^104 grs.
Incuse square, diagonally divided . .
^157 grs.
Quadripartite incuse square .
M 125 grs.
Large floral star of eighteen rays
.^126 grs.
490 IONIA.
It will be observed that these coins follow various standards of weight,
Phoenician, Babylonic, and Euboic ; but these indications are too un-
certain to be of much help to us in arriving at any definite classification.
The Ionian towns, though politically independent of one another, con-
stituted for religious purposes a koivov or League, the meetings of which
were held in the Panionion in the neighbourhood of Priene. Under the
Empire, games called Panionia Pythia were held at these meetings, and
coins were struck for the occasion by one or other of the cities parti-
cipating in the celebration. Among these special issues may be mentioned
Imperial medallions of Antoninus and M. Aurelius, with the inscription
KOINON ir nOA€nN,and bearing the name of CI. Fronto, Asiarch, and
Archiereus of the thirteen cities which formed the Ionian koivov. These
coins are without the name of the place of mintage.
The inscription inNllN is not always to be understood as referring to
the locality of the city to which it is added. It indicates rather that the
people of certain towns, such as Perinthus in Thrace, Isinda in Pam-
phylia, and Synnada in Phrygia, claimed an Ionian origin, hence the
coin legends nePlNeinN inNXlN, IClNA€nN eiriNHN, CYNNAACnN
AHPienN inNnN.
Arsinoe. See Ephesus.
Cadme. See Priene.
Clazomenae stood partly on the maiilland and partly on a small island
on the southern shore of the Gulf of Smyrna. The distinctive badge of
the city appears from the later inscribed coins to have been a winged
Boar ; cf. Aelian {Hist. An., xii. 38), who relates, on the authority of
Artemon, that such a monster once infested the Clazomenian territory
(Leake, Num. Hell., p. 43). Hence numerous coins bearing this type,
though anepigraphic, are presumed to be of Clazomenian origin. Clazo-
menae seems to have been one of the cities which took part in the early
electrum currency of the sixth century B. c.
Electrum. Before circ. b. c. 500. Phoenician Standard.
Forepart of winged boar. I Incuse square . El. Stater 217 gi*s.
(Brandis, p. 392.) I
Circ. B.C. 500-394.
Silver, (a) Attic Standard.
Lion devouring prey
(B.M. Guide, PI. IL 21.)
Forepart of winged boar.
Forepart of winged boar, in incuse
square M, Tetradr.
Gorgon-head in incuse square .
M \ Dr.
M Diob.
(p) Phoenician Standard.
Forepart of winged boar.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XI. 29.)
Incuse square, quartered. On some of
the J dracl)uis K in one quarter . .
M Didr. 1 06 grs.
M Dr. 53 grs.
M ?. Dr.
CLAZOMENAE.
491
Gold. Circ. b. c. 387-300.
Head of Apollo, nearly facing, of
finest style.
{"B.M.. Guide, PI. XIX. 24.)
KAA or KAAIO Swan, with open
winprs. Magistrate AEYKAIO? or
AOHNArOPAC. Symbol: Winged
boar i5? 87 grs.
These magnificent gold coins may have been struck between the Peace
of Antalcidas B.C. 387, and the fall of the Persian Empire. The coinage
of gold money prevailed at several Asiatic towns about this time, notably
at Lampsacus.
SiLVEB, Attic Standard.
Fig. 296.
Head of Apollo, as on gold coins ; on
one specimen it is accompanied by
the artist's name 0EOAOTOC
EPOEI. (Fig. 296, where, how-
ever, the signature is illegible.)
KAAIO Swan and magistrates' names
MANAPnNAZ, PYOEOS, HPAK-
AEIAHS, MHTPOAnPOS . . .
M Tetradr.
ANTIOANH^, APOAAA^, EYGY-
AAMAC, IKECIOY, AEOKAIOt
PAPMIt, PYGEO^ . M Drachms.
AIONY^A^, EAIKHNIO^, EOOY-
AAMOC, KAEAPICTO^, MAN-
APnNAZ,MHTPOAnPO^,MNH-
SIOEOC, PYOEO?,0ANOPOAIC,
XIO^ ^i Drachms.
Engravers' names on Asiatic coins are of extremely rare occurrence ;
the only other specimen on which the word EPOEI occurs is a coin of
Cydonia in Crete, inscribed NEYANTO^ EPOEI (p. 391). The swan is a
well-known symbol of Apollo. Wild swans are said to abound in the
Delta of the Hermus, and it has been suggested that the name Clazomenae
may be due to the plaintive notes of these birds.
In addition to the above-described autonomous coins of Clazomenae
there are silver pieces with the well-known Clazomenian winged boar,
which bear the name of Orontas, who was satrap of Mysia and Ionia in
the earlier half of the fourth century. These coins may, however, with
equal probability, be attributed to Tarsus on account of the obverse type
and the letter T.
Naked warrior, kneeling, defending
himself with shield and short spear ;
between his legs T.
OPONTA Forepart of winged boar.
Traces of incuse square
JR Tetrob. 43 grs.
{Num. Zeit., iii. 423.)
For other coins of Orontas, see under lolla Mysiae, p. 455.
492
IONIA.
The silver coinage of Clazomenae does not extend beyond the
close of the fourth century. There are, however, regal tetradrachms
with Alexander's types (Mliller, 995-998), and gold staters with
Philip's t^^pes (Mliller, 309), with the forepart of the winged boar as
an adjunct symbol, which, if correctly attributed, may belong to circ.
B. c. 190.
The autonomous bronze coinage of Clazomenae begins about B. c. 350,
and extends with intervals down to Imperial times. The coins are
usually inscribed KAAIO or KAAIOMENinN. Among the more fre-
quent types are the following : —
Circ. B. c. 350-300.
Head of Apollo, r.
Head of Pallas in profile.
Head of Pallas, usually in Corinthian
helmet, as on K of Alexander,
Head of Pallas, facing.
Swan M -1 and -45
Ram's head . . . . ^ -5
Eam standing tE -7 and -45
Id.
M •'J and -4:
Forepart of winged boar.
After circ. B. c. 300.
KAAIOMENinN written across in-
cuse square, quartered . . JE -6^
The incuse square is in this instance only an affectation of archaism.
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
Head of Pallas, facing.
Head of Zeus.
Ram at rest yE -7
Forepart of running ram . . . JE -8
Swan ^ .8
All the above-described bronze coins bear the name of a magistrate.
The following, of later style, are all without a magistrate's name : —
After circ. B.C. 200.
Forepart of winged hoar.
Head of Zeus.
Gorgon-head.
Various heads.
Head of Zeus.
Portrait head.
Caduceus in wreath . . . . JE -8
Swan on caduceus tE -8
Swan on rudder (1) ^.7
Philosopher Anaxagoras (]), seated on a
globe ^ -8
Club ^.65
Ram at rest ./E -9
Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Magistrates sometimes with title
Strategos. Ti/pe.^ ordinary/ — Kybele standing between lions ; OEA
KAAZOMENH, Turreted head of city or Amazon Klazomene ; Philoso-
pher Anaxagoras with globe in hand [Nnm. Chron., vii. 62).
Alliance coins with Smyrna of the reign of Valerian.
Colophon. The earliest coinage of Colophon, like that of most other
Ionian cities, is uninscribed, and consists of Euboic didrachms of the
sixth century b. c.
CLAZOMENAE—COL OP HON.
493
Incuse square
iR 126 grs.
Lyre of archaic style.
(B. M. Guide, PI. II. 22.) |
Fifth century, b. c.
During a great part of the fifth century the silver money of Colophon
follows the Persic standard, and consists of drachms of about 84 grs.
Inscr., KOAO<t)nNinN, often retrograde, or K0A04>nNI0N on one or
other side.
Head of Apollo Klarios.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XI. 30.)
Lyre, in incuse square
M 84 grs.
Fourth century, b. c.
Early in the fourth century the Rhodian standard replaced the Persic.
Head of Persian king or satrap.
Fig. 297.
j BACIA Lyre. (Fig. 297.) Wt. 236grs.
This coin, with its striking ideal head of a noble Persian, is given only
conjecturally to Colophon, for it bears no name of a town. Cf. the
tetradrachms of Pharnabazus struck at Cyzicus (p. 453)- •
Head of Apollo Klarios.
Id.
Id.
KOAO(l>n Lyre and magistrate's name
iR Dr. 54 grs.
„ Tripod. Magistrate's name
M \ Dr. 25 grs.
,, Lyre. Magistrate's name .
M Diob. 18 grs.
The bronze coins which belong to the latter half of the fourth century
are the following, all with magistrates' names : —
Head of Apollo.
Id.
Id.
Armed horseman, with spear couched .
M -8
Lyre iE -8 and -45
Forepart of horse ^-65
The excellence of the Colophonian cavalry is said by Strabo (643) to
have been so marked that they were always victorious, hence, perhaps,
the horseman as a coin-type.
At Clarus, in the territory of Colophon, stood the famous temple and
oracle of Apollo (Pans., vii. 3. i), whose head is represented on the coin.
The old town of Colophon was destroyed by Lysimachus B.C. 299, but
the name seems to have been transferred to its port Notium, and it was
upon this town that the Romans conferred freedom in B.C. 189 (Livy,
xxxviii. 39, ' Colophoniis qui in Notio habitant'). Shortly afterwards, or
perhaps on that occasion, the Colophonians struck tetradrachms with
Alexander's types ; Symbol, Lyre and KOAO. (Miiller, 1007-14.)
494
IONIA.
The later bronze issues after circ.
foregoing.
Horseman as above, but dog running
beneath horse.
Seated figure, with chin resting on
hand, and holding scroll ; possibly
Homer. Magistrate's name.
Head of Greek Artemis.
B. c. 300 are of ruder style than the
KOAO<t)nNinN Apollo Kitharoedos,
standing with lyre and patera in front
of tripod. Magistrates' names M -8
KOAO0HNinN Apollo Kitharoedos,
as above, but no tripod . . .^ -8
KOAOc^nNinN Tlie pilei of the
Dioskuri, surmounted by stars iE -6
Imperial — Nero to Gallienus. Magistrates with title Strategos. Re-
markable types and inscriptions — KAAPIOC, Apollo Klarios seated;
APTEMIC KAAPIA, Effigy of an Asiatic goddess resembling Artemis
Ephesia ; TO KOINON inNnN, The thirteen cities of the Ionian League
standing in a semicircle and offering a bull as a sacrifice before the
temple of Apollo Klarios.
Alliance coins with Pergamum.
Ephesus occupied the rich alluvial plain of the lower Cayster, but it
owed its wealth and renown less to the produce of its soil than to the
illustrious sanctuary of the old Asiatic nature-goddess, whom the Ionian
Greeks (when under Androclus the son of Codrus they effected a settle-
ment in these parts) identified with the Greek Artemis. The Ephesian
goddess is represented as a female figure, the body a mere trunk, with
the feet placed close together. She is many-breasted, and from each of
her outstretched arms hangs a long fillet with tassels at the extremities.
On either side stands a stag raising its head to the goddess for food.
The usual symbols of her worship are the Bee and the Stag, and it is
noteworthy that the high-priest of the temple of the goddess was called
'Ecro-T^y, ' the king Bee,' while the virgin priestesses bore the name of
Melissae, or Bees.
The coinage of Ephesus faUs into the following periods : —
Electrum. Sixth century, b. c.
Bee. [B. V. Head, EiMsus, PI. I. i, 2.]
Forepart of stag.
Id. [B. V. Head, I. c, PI. I. 3, 4.]
Oblong incuse divided into two squares
El. Trite 71 grs.
Rough incuse square El. Hecte 36 grs.
Id El. Hemihecton 18 grs.
The silver coinage, from the sixth century b. c. down to the collapse of
the Athenian supremacy B.C. 415, is not plentiful.
SiLVEK. Phoenician Standard.
E0ECION or E<t> Bee.
(B.V. Head,;. c.,Pl.1. 11-14.)
Incuse square, quartered
M Tetradr. 205 grs.
M Drachm 54 grs.
M \ Dr. 28 grs.
JB. Diob. 16 grs.
Circ. B. c. 415-394.
In this period Ephesus, which had revolted from Athens after the
Sicilian disasters, and had become subject first to the Persians and then
COL OPHON—EPHESUS.
495
to the Spartans, struck silver on a somewhat heavier standard, iden-
tical with the Rhodian (Didr. 117 grs.). These coins bear a magistrate's
name either on the obverse beneath the bee or on the bar which divides
the incuse square (B. V. Head, Ephesiis, PL I. 15-21).
Circ. B.C. 394-295.
In B. c. 394 the Athenian Conon expelled the Spartan oligarchies from
most of the Asiatic coast towns. Among others Ephesus and Samos are
mentioned as having then shaken off the Spartan yoke. We have,
accordingly, no difficulty in assigning, with M. Waddington [Melanges
cle Num., pt. ii. pp. 7-19), to this period the federal coinage issued by the
cities of Rhodes, Cnidus, lasus, Samos, and Ephesus, each with its own
distinctive type on the reverse of the coin, while on the obverse is
the infant Herakles strangling two serpents, and the inscr. CYN for
tYMMAXIKON.
?YN Infant Herakles, strangling two
serpents.
[B. V. Head, Ephesus, PI. II i .]
E — <l> Bee, beneath PE (magistrate's
name) yR Rhodian tridrachm 177 grs.
In addition to this alliance coinage, Ephesus began, about the year
B. c. 394, the issue of a long series of tetradrachms of Rhodian weight
(236 grs.), which lasted for no less than a century.
j>-
FiG. 298.
E — <t) Bee. (Fig. 298.)
Forepart of stag with head turned back;
behind it, a palm tree and, in front, a
magistrate's name in the nominative
case, of which about 128 are known
JR Tetradr. 236 grs.
Smaller denominations weighing 88 grs., with similar types and pieces
of 14 grs., also occur (B. V. Head, I.e., PI. II. 6-10). There are also bronze
coins, obv. Bee, rev. Stag kneeling (Head, I.e., PL II. 1 1-13 ; III. 12, 13), the
magistrates' names on some of which prove that they are contemporary
with the tetradrachms.
Circ. B.C. 295-281.
In B. C. 295 Lysimachus succeeded in making himself master of
Ephesus, the name of which he shortly afterwards changed to Arsinoe in
honour of his wife. This period is marked by the issue of regal money
at Ephesus bearing the usual types of Lysimachus — Symbol, Bee, and
496
IONIA.
inscr., E<t) or AP in monogram (Head, /, c, pp. 42 and 45). The series of
autonomous tetradrachms now comes to an end, but the pieces of 88 grs.
still continued to be struck, probably because they passed as thirds of
the Attic tetradrachms of Lysimachus.
Head of Greek Artemis.
[B. V. Head, Z. c, PI. III. 1,2.]
Head of Queen Arsinoe, veiled.
Id. [B. V. Head, Z. c, PI. III. 5-9.]
Ect>E Bow and quiver. Symbol: Bee.
Magistrate's name . . ^88 grs.
AP2I Id. . . M 88, 42, and 19 grs.
,, Stag kneeling . . . . JE -"j
Circ. B.C. 280-258.
Ephesus during this interval was probably left by the Seleucidae in
the enjoyment of a limited autonomy. Tlie coinage which may with
reasonable probability be assigned to this time consists of Attic octobols
and bronze.
Head of Greek Artemis.
[B. V. Head, Z. c, PI. III. 10, 1 1.]
Female head, laur. Magistrate's name.
[B.y.Head,Z.c..Pl.III. 14, 15.]
Female head, turreted.
[B.V. Head,Z.c., Pl.III.i6.]
E — <\> Forepart of stag and palm tree.
Magistrate's name . . ^75 grs.
Bee ^ -45
E— (|) Bee -^ -45
Circ. B.C. 258-202.
During this period Ephesus formed part of the dominions of the
Ptolemies. The coinage consists, (a) of gold octadrachms of Berenice,
wife of Ptolemy Euergetes (wt. 248 grs.) (B. M. Guide, PL XL. 31) ; (/3) of
didrachms and drachms of the reduced Rhodian standard (102 and
50 grs.)—
Bust of Greek Artemis.
[B. V. Head, Ephesus, PI. IV. 1-4.]
E — <t> Forepart of stag, without palm
tree. Magistrates' names, of which
about 44 are known . JH 102 grs.
M 50 grs.
and (y) of bronze coins of similar types, size '6 (B. V. Head, l. c, PI. IV. 5).
The adoption of the Rhodian standard in its later form at Ephesus in
this period is an indication that the city, which had for the space of about
fifty years issued only a local currency of limited extent, was now
re-established as the second great commercial city of Greece, Rhodes
being still the first.
Circ. B. c. 202-48.
In B.C. 202 the city of Aradus in Phoenicia began to strike Alexandrine
tetradrachms (Miiller, CI. v.), bearing dates in Greek characters. Similar
coins without dates struck at Ephesus probably began to be issued
about the same time. This coincidence seems to indicate that Ephesus
and Aradus, the two great commercial cities of the coasts of Asia Minor
and Phoenicia respectively, may have found it to their mutual advantage
EPHESUS.
497
about this time to conclude a monetary treaty by which each city might
secure a free circulation for her coins on the markets of the other. At
both cities the Alexandrine tetradrachms of Class V. merge into those
of Class VL (MuUer, Nos. 1018-24) about B.C. 198. The autonomous
drachms of Attic weight issued at Ephesus during the whole of the
second century and the earlier part of the first ares' also identical in type
with the drachms of Aradus dated B. c, 170-147.
E — 0 Bee, border of dots.
(Head, Ephesus, PI. IV. 6-10.)
Stag standing before a palm tree ; in
front, magistrates' names of which
as many as 92 are known . . . .
M, Attic drachms.
M -7
The Alexandrine tetradrachms of Class VI. were superseded by tetra-
drachms of Eumenes II. of Pergamum, in whose dominions Ephesus
was included after the Peace of b. c. 189. The specimens accredited to
the Ephesian mint are distinguished by the adjunct symbol of a Bee
(Head, Ephesus, p. 60). At the same time, or perhaps earlier, the series
of Ephesian c'lstopliori also begins. These are at fii'st undated, but from
the time of the constitution of the Roman Province of Asia (24th Sept.
134) they bear dates referring to that era, and are likewise distinguished
by the subordinate symbol of a long torch in the field to the right of the
serpents on the reverse. These cistophori continue in an almost unbroken
series down to b. c. 67, when, after a short interval, a change takes place,
the name of the Roman Proconsul being added from b. c. 58-48 (viz.
T. Ampius Balbus, B.C. 58-57; C. Fabius, B.C. 57-56; C. Claudius
Pulcher, b. c. 55-54 (?) ; L. Antonius (Proquaestor), b. c. 50-49 ; and
C. Fannius (Praetor), b. c. 48). The long series of Ephesian cistophori
was hardly interrupted even during the revolt of the province of Asia
from Rome, b. c. 88-84, in the time of Mithradates ; but this revolt is
undoubtedly commemorated in the numismatic history of Ephesus by
the altogether exceptional phenomenon of a small series of gold
staters by the emission of which Ephesus proclaimed to the world her
complete independence and autonomy, the coinage of gold money being
then everywhere regarded as a symbol and prerogative of supreme
power.
Ephesian gold coinage. B. c, 87-84.
Bust of Greek Artemis.
(Head, Ephesus, PL V. 2-6.)
Id.
E<l>EZinN Cultus-image of the Ephe-
sian Artemis, a fillet hanging from
each hand. Stag, bee, and other
symbols in field . K Stater 132 grs.
Id. no inscr 5^84-3 grs.
Circ. B.C. 48-27.
In B. c. 48 Caesar visited Ephesus and reformed the constitution of the
Province of Asia. From this time onwards there is no autonomous
Ephesian silver money, and such bronze coins as are known are of rude
work and slight interest. (Head, Ephesns, PI. V. 10-12.)
K k
498
IONIA.
Imperial times — from the Triumvirate B.C. 43, to Gallienus. hiscr.,
€4>eCinN, sometimes with titles nPninN or MONnN nPHinN ACIAC,
ACYAOY APTeMIAOC, NenKOPHN (B. T. A. or AlC. TPIC. TETPAKIC,
etc.). TPIC NenKOPnN KAI THC APT€MIAOC. Magistrates, Anthy-
patos (Proconsul of the Roman province of Asia), viz. M'. Acilius A viola,
A.D. 65-66 ; P. Calvisius Ruso, L. Caesennius Paetus, and . . . Rufus, under
Domitian ; and Claudius Julianus, a.d. 145-146. Local Magistrates,
Grammateus, Archiereus, Hiereus, Episkopos {Z. f. N., vi. 15); never
Archon or Strategos, except on alliance coins. After the reign of
Nero local magistrates' names scarcely ever occur on the coins of
Ephesus. Bemarkahle inscriptions and types — KAYCTPOC, KAAA6AC
and MAPNAC (rivers); nK€ANOC ; TTeinN e(t)€CinN in connection
with the type of Zeus verLos enthroned on mountain, and pouring
rain upon the city of Ephesus ; below is the river-god Cayster (Greau,
Cat., PI. VI. 4). The word TTeinN is by some thought to apply to
the mountain Prion or Pion (Pans., vii. 5. 10), but it may be only an
honorary title adopted in the reign of Antoninus Pius by the Ephesians.
This remarkable type refers to the destruction of the city by a violent
storm of rain which swelled the river Cayster (Steph. s.v. "E^erro?), B.C.
322. The following divinities, etc., occur on the coins — APT6MIC
e<D€CIA; ZeVC OAYMniOC; AOHNA AP€A ; AHOAAnN CMBACIOC ;
ANAPOKAOC, the Founder, usually slaying a wild boar, in reference to
the oracle which bade him found the city on the spot where he should
meet a boar : KOPHCOC, one of the legendary founders of the temple of
Artemis; HP A K AG I TO C, the Ephesian Philosopher. G'aw^^,etc. — OAYMTTI A
OIKOYMCNIKA, KOINON €<DeCinN, nANinNlON ; also lePA AOHNH,
the sacred car used in processions.
In Imperial times silver coins were struck at Ephesus, both with Greek
and Latin inscriptions, viz. Imperial cistophori with DIANA EPHESIA;
denarii of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. and didrachms and drachms
of Nero (112 and f^6 grs.), with i7iscr., AIAPAXMON and APAXMH.
Alliatice coitis with the following cities, Adramyteum, Alexandria
Aegypti, Apameia Cibotus Phrygiae, Aphrodisias Cariae, Attaea Mysiae,
Cibyra Phrygiae, Cotiaeum Phrygiae, Cyzicus Mysiae, Hierapolis
Phrygiae, Laodiceia Phrygiae, Magnesia loniae, Mesembria Thraciae,
Metropolis loniae, Miletus loniae, Mytilene Lesbi and Pergamum Mysiae,
Nysa Cariae, Pergamum, Pergamum and Sardes, Pergamum and Smyrna,
Perinthus Thraciae, Philadelphia Lydiae, Sardes Lydiae, Smyrna loniae,
Tralles Lydiae.
Erythrae. This city stood on a peninsula opposite the island of Chios.
It took part in the early electrum currency of the sixth century B.C.
Floral star of eight points (full-blown
rose).
Id.
Wheel-like pattern, or full-blown rose.
Full-blown rose.
Swastika, within floral pattern.
Sun-flower or full-blown rose.
Cruciform incuse
Incuse square . .
Incuse square .
Oblong incuse, halved
Incuse square .
Incuse square .
El. 109 grs.
El. 9-3 grs.
El. 40-5 grs.
El. 40 grs.
El. 46 grs.
El. 2-7 grs.
One of the above coins (wt., 40 grs.) was found on the site of the
ancient Erythrae {Nnm. Cfiron., vii. 64).
ERYTHBAE.
499
Silver. Phoenician Standard. Before circ. b. c. 480.
Naked horseman, prancing. [ Quadripartite incuse square --fl lOo grs.
(Mion., Suppl, vii. PI. VI. I.) I
Silver. Persic Standard. Circ. b. c. 450-400.
Naked man, holding a prancing horse
by the rein.
(B.M. Guide, PI. XI. 32.)
Pegasos.
Forepart of prancing horse.
E-P-Y-O in the four corners of a sunk
square, within which, a full-blown
rose . . . . tR Drachm. 72 grs.
Id M \ Dr. 22 grs.
Flower, with eight petals M ^ Obol.
Silver. Phodian Standard. Circ. B.C. 330-300.
Head of Herakles in lion's skin.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXIX. 30.)
EPY Club and bow in case; in field,
owl and magistrates' names
JR Tetradr. 231 grs.
JR Drachm. 56 grs.
Next in order of date follow certain tetradrachms of Lysimachus
(Mliller, 409-19). Spnbols, Club and Bow in case.
Gold and Silver. After circ. b. c. 200. Attic weight.
Head of Herakles in lion's skin.
(B. M. &'tti(Ze, PL L. 16.)
Id. (Brandis, p. 459.)
EPY Divinity, standing holding spear
and uncertain object, clad in short
chiton, and wearing modius
K 43-5 grs.
EPY Club and bow in case, and magis-
trate's name with patronymic ; all in
vine- wreath . . , . JR Drachms.
To this period may also be attributed tetradraclims of Class VI. of the
Alexandrine type. Symbols, Club and Bow in case (Miiller, 999-1004).
Herakles was worshipped at Erythi-ae under the name of Ipoktonos
(Strab., 613), the slayer of the Ips, an insect elsewhere very destructive
to the vine, but which did not exist in the territory of the Erythraeans.
The autonomous bronze coins of Erythrae are very numerous, and
yield a large number of magistrates' names. The usual types are a head
of Herakles, rev. Bow-case and Club. Among the more remarkable
varieties may be mentioned 0€A CIBYAAA the Erythraean Sibyl
Herophile (Paus., x. 12, 7) seated on a rock ; also AZOC, the river Axus,
not Aleos as Pliny has it (v. 29, and xxxi. 2).
Imjierial — Augustus to Valerian. Inscr., €PYOPAinN. Magistrates'
names without title or with that of Strategos. Among the interesting
types is the Temple of Herakles, showing the ancient cultus-image of
the god, of Phoenician origin, holding club and lance, described by
Pausanias (vii. 5. 5). Alliance coins with Chios consisting of so-called
autonomous bronze coins of Imperial times and Imperial of Philip Senior.
K k 2
500
IONIA.
Gambrium, in the lower valley of the Caicus, not far from Myrina.
Autonomous silver and bronze coins of the fourth and thii'd centuries
B.C.
Head of Apollo.
Id.
Id.
FAM Forepart of butting bull .
M Phoenician \ Dr. 26 grs.
TAM Gibbous bull butting; above,
star M -1
,, Star or tripod . tE -6 and -4
Heracleia ad Latmum, at the foot of Mount Latmus, the scene of the
myth of Endymion. This city, although a place of no great standing,
was yet of sufficient importance to strike its own tetradrachms imme-
diately after the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans at the battle of
Magnesia, B.C. 190.
Head of Pallas, helmet adorned with
the foreparts of horses.
(B.M.6^w/cZe,Pl.L. 17.)
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
HPAKAEninN Club, in oak-wreath :
Symbol, Nike . . . ^t 250 grs.
HPAKAEninN Club in laurel-wreath
M 38 grs.
To the same period belongs a series of Alexandrine tetradrachms
(Miiller, CI. VI., 10 58-1067), with the club as an adjunct symbol.
There are also autonomous bronze coins of the second century B.C.
and later.
The Imperial coins range from Augustus to Geta. The predominant
type is a standing figure of Herakles. On certain coins of Antoninus
Pius and M. Aurelius a Strategos of the name of Attains bears the title
APXIATPOC.
Larissa.
B.C.
Autonomous bronze coins of the third or second centuries
A A Armed horseman
JE .7
Head of Apollo.
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 289.)
Lebedus. Of this town there do not seem to be any coins of an
earlier date than the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans at the battle of
Magnesia, B.C. 190, after which it took part in the issue of the flat
tetradrachms of Attic weight which then came into use in so many
Asiatic cities.
Head of Pallas in close helmet.
(B. M. Cwu/e, PI. L. 18.)
Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.
A E B E A I n N Owl on club between two
cornuacopiae ; all in laurel wreath.
Magistrate's name JR Attic tetradr.
Owl. Symbol : Prow . . Ail ^^'^
Also bronze ; types — Pallas head, Dionysos standing, Prow, Owl, Cista
Mystica, etc.
Imjjerial — Vespasian to Geta. Alliance coins with Perperene in Mysia.
Leuce or Leucae, on the Gulf of Smyrna, opposite Clazomenae, was
founded B.C. 3^2 by the Persian admiral Tachus (Diod., xv. 18 ; Imhoof,
Mon. Gr., 289), and it fell soon afterwards into the power of the Clazo-
GAMBRIUM~MA GNESIA.
501
menians. There are small silver and bronze coins, circ. B.C. 350, reading
A or AEY. T^pes — Head of Apollo or Artemis, rev. Swan. (Imhoof, I.e.)
See also Num. C/iron., vii. 66.
Magnesia ad Maeandrum, founded originally by Magnetes from
Thessaly, was from early times a city of considerable importance. When
Themistocles was exiled from Athens he retired to Magnesia, which was
then assigned to him by the King of Persia. To the period of his rule
the following highly interesting numismatic monument undoubtedly
belongs.
Circ. B.C. 464-449.
GEMI^TOKAEOC Apollo, naked,
standing leaning on long staff, from
which a branch of laurel springs.
MA Bird with extended wings . .
M Attic didr. 132 grs.
(Waddington, Melanges, PI. I. 2.)
Two specimens only of this piece are known, of which one (that in the
British Museum) is plated ; a suggestive fact, and one which has been
cited as confirming the reputation for trickery with which the name of
Themistocles is associated. For the space of about a century after this
no coins of Magnesia are known, but about the middle of the fourth
century the silver coinage becomes plentiful.
Circ. B. c.
Thessalian (V) horseman.
(Brandis, p. 460.)
Head of Apollo.
Head of Pallas.
{N. C, vii. 67.)
350-300.
MAT, MArN, or MArNHTHN
Gibbous bull butting ; around, a zig-
zag Maeander pattern. Magistrate's
name, JR Phoenician tetradr. 226 grs.,
didr. 1 10 grs., dr. 55 grs., | dr. 26 grs.,
also Persic dr. 87 grs.
MArN Forepart of rushing bull . .
M 15 grs.
M A Trident in Maeander pattern . .
^12 grs.
After circ. B. c. 300.
Regal tetradrachms of Lysimachus. Symbol — Maeander pattern
(Miiller, Nos. 438, 439).
After circ, B. c. 190.
Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type. Sfimloh — Maeander pattern
and MA, Butting Bull, or Springing Horse (MllUer, 1068-79). Also flat
tetradrachms of Attic weight with autonomous types.
Fig. 299.
503 IONIA.
Head of Artemis, with bow and quiver j MArNHTUN Apollo, leaning on
at shoulder. (Fig. 299.) j tripod, standing on Maeander pattern;
all in laurel wreath. Magistrate's
name with patronymic
1 M Attic tetradr.
The autonomous bronze coinage extending from the middle of the
fourth century to Roman times shows the heads of Pallas or Apollo, and
on the reverse, the prancing Thessalian horseman, or the horseman, and
on the reverse the rushing bull in combination with the usual Maeander
pattern and magistrates' names.
Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Magistrates without titles or with
those of Strategos or Grammateus. Among many remarkable types or
inscriptions are the following: NenKOPnN THC APT€MITOC, w^arden
of the temple of Artemis Leukophryne ; €BAOMH THC ACIAC, seventh
city of Asia; AYAAITHC written round a figure of Apollo Kitharoedos
(Kenner, Sfift Sf. Florimi, p. 122), rev. AEYKO0PYC or AEYKOOPYNH,
cultus-statue of Artemis Leukophryne, resembling the Artemis of
Ephesus, but sometimes with two flying Victories placing a modius upon
her head ; Leto carrying her two children, copied fix)m statue by
Euphranor (Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 3rd ed., vol. ii. p. 87) ; Hephaestos
forging a helmet, or statue of Hephaestos seated and borne on the
shoulders of four men ; Two Korybantes dancing before infant Zeus
seated on cippus ; Athena standing with Titan Atlas at her feet sup-
porting sphere (polus) on his head, (Panofka, Dissert. Num., 1832, PL
XLIX. A. I) ; Man carrying an uprooted tree ; Man driving a bull into
a cavern ; The three Charites ; Demeter in car drawn by serpents ;
A0PO MHAeiA, Aphrodite Meleia holding sceptre and pomegranate,
behind her, Eros (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 292) ; Dionysos resting on thyrsos,
a Maenad beating cymbals before him; APTH, the Ship Argo ; Three
nymphs, one standing and two recumbent, with water-urns. Inscr.,
KOAnOI (valleys).
Metropolis, between Ephesus and Sm^^-na. Bronze of Lnperial iitnes,
without or with heads of Emperors — Nero to Gallienus (Imhoof, j\Io?i. Gr.,
292). Imer., MHTPOnOA€ITUUN, MHTPOnOA€ITnN TjQN eN inNiA,
or MHTPOTTOAenC. Tyj^es — River-god ACTPAIOC ; Agonistic urn
referring to Games called CCB ACT A KAICAPHA ; Ares standing ; Tyche
holding statue of Ares ; Zeus seated ; Kybele enthroned ; Artemis
Ephesia with inscr., APTCMIC ; Magistrate, Strategos. It is often difli-
cult to distinguish the coins of this city from those of Metropolis in
Phrygia.
Miletus. This once great and flourishing commercial city was, there
can be little doubt, one of the earliest places of mintage of the ancient
world. We have the authority of Herodotus (i. 94) for attributing to
the Lydians the invention of the art of coining money, but the priority
which the Lydian capital enjoyed in the issue of stamped ingots can
have been but of short duration, for we have no hesitation in assigning
to the rich coast town of Miletus a whole series of primitive electrum
coins, bearing the characteristic Milesian type of a lion with his head
turned back, or of a lion's head with a star (the sun ?) above his forehead.
The normal weight of the Milesian electrum staters appears to have been
about 220 grs.
METROPOLIS— MILETUS.
503
Electkum Coinage.
Circ. B. c. 700-494.
Fig. 300.
Two lions' heads to the front, in oppo-
site directions.
Forepart of lion, with star over fore-
head. (Fig. 300.)
Lion recumbent to r., his head re-
verted.
Similar, within oblong frame.
(Mion., Sujyiil., ix. PL X. i.)
Id.
{Num.Chron., 1875, PI. VIII. 4.)
Lion, lying 1., looking r.
(Brandis, p. 394.)
Lion's head, with open jaws ; above,
star.
{Num. Chran., 1875, PI. VIII. 9.)
Lion's head, with open jaws ; above,
star.
Three rough incuse depressions, that in
the centre oblong, the others square .
Eli. Stater 219-5 grs.
Similar . . . El. Stater 215-3 grs.
Similar, but the sinkings containing
ornaments . El. Stater 217-8 grs.
Three incuse depressions, as on coin
first described . El. Stater 218 grs.
Similar, but each sinking containing a
type ; the upper square a stag's head ;
the central oblong a fox; the lower
square a device ^
El. Stater 214-8 grs.
El. \ Stater 107 grs.
Two incuse squares, each containing a
star (both ornamented)
El. Trite 71 grs.
Oblong incuse, divided into two parts .
El. Trite 73 grs.
El. Tetarte 49 grs.
El. Hecte 37 gi-s.
Incuse square El. Hemihecton 18- 1 grs.
Of this time there are no silver coins which can be assigned to
Miletus with certainty. The earliest silver money belongs to the period
which followed the revolt of Miletus from the Athenians towards the
close of the Peloponnesian war.
Silver Coinage.
Circ. B. c. 478-390.
Lion.
Forepart of lion looking back.
Floral star, in incuse square M, 33 grs.
Id ^19 grs.
Under the Carian dynasts Hecatomnus and Mausolus.
B.C. 385-350.
EKA Forepart of lion, looking back.
(Waddington, Melanges, PI. I. 6.)
MA Id. (Wadd., Z. c, PI. L 5.)
Lion lookinsf back.
Star in incuse circle. (Attic drachm.)
^66 gra.
Id. (Samian Standard) . .^201 grs.
Star and magistrate's name -^ -55
504
IONIA.
In the Milesian territory, at a place called Didyma or Didymi, was the
world-renowned oracle of Apollo AtSu/xej;? or At8u/xato?. The symbols of
this god were the Lion and the Sun, and it is reasonable to suppose that
the earliest coins of Miletus which bore these sacred symbols may have
been issued under the auspices of the Branchidae, as the Priests of the
Didymean Apollo were called. Vestiges of this prerogative of coining
money would even seem to have been retained by the Temple authorities
at Didyma down to a late time, for the following Temple-coins belong
to the second half of the fourth century B.C.
Head of Apollo Didymeus.
(Mion., Su])])!., vi. PI. V. i.)
Er AlAYMnN lEPH Liou, standing
looking back at star . . iR 2 7 grs.
From the very remarkable inscription on these coins which are of the
weight of the ordinary Phoenician half-drachm, it may be inferred that
the sacred standard in use at Didyma was half the weight of the
ordinary Milesian standard, for with the adjective lEPH we can hardly
supply any other word than bpaxM-
Circ. B. c. 350-190, and later.
The remaining silver coins of Miletus are somewhat difficult to classify
owing to their uniformity in type and style. Guided mainly by their
weights we may arrange them in four chronological periods as follows : —
Head of Apollo, 1., laur.
(Brandis, ]3. 461.)
M I (in mon.) Lion standing, looking
back at star or sun ; beneath, magis-
trate's name.
(i) B.C. 350-334. Phoenician Drachms, 55 grs., and \ Dr. 27 grs.
B. c. 334-300. Probable interval in the coinage after Alexander's
conquest,
(ii) Circ. B.C. 300-250. Persic Staters 160 grs., Drachms, 80 grs., and
^ Drachms, 39 grs.
(iii) Circ. B.C. 250-190. Rhodian Drachms, 100 grs.
(iv) After circ. B.C. 190. Attic Spread Tetradrachms of Alexander's types
(Miiller, Nos. 1033-1057). Also of the Milesian type (see below). -
Gold and Silver Coinage.
After circ, b. c. 190.
The rare gold staters of Miletus, now in the British Museum, fall
apparently into the period of renewed freedom which followed the defeat
of Antiochus at Magnesia.
Head of ApoUoj facing.
Head of Apollo, r. ; bow and quiver at
shoulder.
Head of Apollo, hair in formal curls.
Ml (in mon.) Lion standing, looking
back at star. Magistrate BlflN ; in
field, various monograms. N. 129-8 grs.
Ml Id K i30"3 gis.
„ Id. Magistrate, EYMHX AN OZ.
A 130 grs.
IIILETUS—NA UL OCHUS.
505
It is to this period also that I would attribute a tetradrachm of
reduced Attic weight at present in the possession of M. Lambros, of Athens.
Head of Apollo, r., laureate.
MIAHSIflN Lion standing, looking
back. In exergue, magistrate's name,
MOAOSZOZ ; in field, monogram .
M, Spread tetradr. wt. 247 grs.
The latest Milesian silver coins of the Rhodian weight reduced to
seventy-five grs. belong also to this time.
Beonze Coinage.
The autonomous bronze money of Miletus, which ranges over the whole
period from about B. c. 350 to Roman times, resembles for the most part
the silver.
Period of Roman dominion.
The autonomous bronze of the Roman period is as follows:—
Naked statue of Apollo, holding in his ! Recumbent lion, looking back at star,
hands stag and bow. 1 Magistrate's name ....MS
The obverse type of this coin is a copy of the famous bronze cultus-
statue of the Didymean Apollo by Canachus (Overbeck, Gr. Plasfik, third
edition, vol. i. p. 109).
Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. Magistrate's name sometimes with
title Archon, rarely with that of Strategos.
Hemarkahle types or inscripjiions — AIAYMEYZ, Statue of Apollo by
Canachus; MCI AHTOZ, armed figure of Miletos the Oekist ; Statue of
Leto, by Euphranor, carrying her two children, as on coins of Magnesia,
etc.; Cultus-statue of Artemis in long chiton, veiled and holding bow
and patera, beside her,a stag.
Games— L\L^^^\k and HANinNlA HYOIA.
Alliance corns with Amisus Ponti, Ephesus, Smyrna, and Cos.
Myus, the smallest town of the Ionic League, stood on the left bank
of the Maeander, near the northern shore of the Latmian Gulf, opposite
Miletus (^et?. Num., 1858, 166).
Autonomous bronze. Circ. B. c. 350.
Head of Apollo.
MYH Bird in circle formed by Mae-
ander pattern JE -"j
Naulochus, between Myus and Priene.
Autonomous bronze. Circ. B. c. 350.
Helmeted head. j NAY Dolphin in circle, formed by
{Num. Chron., XL 5-8.) | Maeander pattern . . . ■. M '4
506
IONIA.
Neapolis, on the coast midway between Ej^hesus and Panionium.
Autonomous bronze of Imperial times and Imperial of Severus Alexander,
Maximinus, Gordian, and Treb. Gallus. Inscr., NCATTOAITHN with
addition sometimes of surname AYP (Aurelia). . Tyj^es — Head of Hera,
rev. Eagle ; Poseidon seated {Ntmi. Chron., vii. 68) ; Dionysos standing, etc.
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 294).
Fhocaea. This ancient city was in early times one of the chief
centres of maritime enterprise in the Mediterranean sea (Herod, i. 163),
As such it was also one of the fii-st to adopt the new invention of coining
money. The standard of the early Phocaean electrum coinage appears
to have been based upon the sixtieth part of the heavy Assyrian mina
in gold (i5,6ooh-6o = 26o grs.). The issue of the Phocaic early electrum
staters and smaller divisions seems to coincide with the period during
which the Phocaeans are said to have been supreme upon the sea
(daXaTTOKpaTelv), B.C. 602-560 {Num.. Chron., 1875, p. 282).
Electkum. Circ. b. c. 600 or earlier -560.
Seal {2)hoca) ; beneath, 0 ( = <!')•
{Nwn. Chron., 1875, PI. X. 6.)
Head of seal, 1.
(iV^O., 1875, Pl.X. 16.)
Id.
Griffin's head; above, uncertain, in-
scription (?) apparently I^GM.
Head of griffin, r.
Two shallow incuse squares of different
sizes . . . El. Stater, 254 grs.
Incuse square . El. Twelfth, 20-3 grs.
Id. . . . El. Forty-eighth, 4-7 grs.
Small incuse square. El. Stater, 256 grs.
(Sestini, Stat. Ant.,ix. Fig. 5.)
Incuse square, quartei'ed
El. Twenty-fourth, 10-2 grs.
There are other archaic staters of the Phocaic standard struck at other
mints, e.g. Mytilene (?), Head of Lion, 248 grs. (B. M. Guide, PI. 1. 1 o). Cyzicns,
Tunny-fish between two fillets, 252 gx^.{Nim. C//;-o;i.,i 875, PL X. 7). Zeleia (1),
Chimaera, 2527 grs. {Num. Chron., 1. c, PI. X. 9), and Thrace or Thasos (?),
Centaur carrying off a woman [Num. Chron., 1. c, PI. X. 11), 252 gi's.
The silver money of Phocaea, which belongs to the age of its prosperity,
before the Persian Conquest, B. c. 545, resembles the electrum.
Silver, b. c. 545.
Seal. (B. M. Guide, PI. II. 23.)
Head of griffin.
Id.
Id.
Incuse square . M Drachm. 58-5 grs.
Id JR Diohol. 21-4 grs.
Id M Obol. IO-3 grs.
Id A\\ Obol. 5 grs.
After circ. B.C. 544.
For some time after the Persian conquest and the emigration of the
greater part of the population to the West (Velia, Massilia, etc.) the
coinage of Phocaea seems to have ceased altogether.
NEAPOLIS—PHOCAEA. 507
Electrum Ilectae of Phocaea of the fifth and fourth centuries, n. c.
Fig. 301. Fig. 302. Fig. 303.
The abundant series of electrum or pale gold hectae of various types
(B. M. Ginde, PI, X. 16-19), but all distinguished by a small seal as an
adjunct symbol, range from the archaic to the finest style of art. The
earlier types are for the most part heads of animals or animal forms (Figs.
301-303), the later, heads of divinities or heroes. It is remarkable that not
a single specimen of the Phocaic stater of this age has yet been discovered,
although we know from Thucydides (iv. 52, bicrxiKiovs (rraTrjpas 4'a)Kaira?),
writing of the events of b. c. 425, and from Demosthenes (xl. ^6, rptaKo-
criovs (TTaTTJpai ^coKaei?) that large numbers of Phocaean staters must have
circulated side by side with the hectae. Staters and hectae of Phocaea are
also mentioned in Attic inscriptions dating from b. c. 429 (C. I. Atf., ed.
Kirchhoffji. 199 and 207)<I>a)Kat8e? e/crat xpvo-tou and from b. c. 397 [C.I. G.,
150, § 19) 'PcoKdiKO) aTarfjpe : 1 1 : exrat (PoaKatbes . . . (§ 22) exrrj 4>(0Kais, etc.
It was moreover precisely in the latter part of the fifth century, that
the towns Phocaea and Mytilene concluded a monetary convention,
according to the stipulations of which it was decreed that the two cities
should strike coins of identical weight and fineness, each minting in turn
for the space of one year, it being decided by lot that Mytilene should
begin ^.
There can be no doubt whatever that the gold coins, xpva-Lov, mentioned
on the stone are the hectae of which such large quantities have come
down to us, and that both staters and hectae of Phocaea, and hectae of
Mytilene and other towns formed, with the Cyzicenes, the staple of the
gold or electrum currency of the Ionian coast-towns between b. c. 480
and 350. I am not aware that there are any silver coins which can be
satisfactorily attributed to Phocaea during the above period.
Broxze. Circ. B. c. 350 — Roman Times.
The bronze coins from B. c. 350 down to Roman times are not un-
common ; the following are the usual types : —
Head of nymph or goddess.
Head of Hermes.
Head of Pallas.
Grriffin's head -^ -5
Forepart of griffin ^ • 7
Griffin M -1
In the early part of the second century Alexandrine tetradrachms and
drachms bearing the badges of Phocaea, the seal or the griffin, or the
letters 011, were issued from the Phocaean mint (Mliller, Nos. 983-990).
Impenal — Augustus to Philip, without or with Emperor's head. Inscr.,
<t>n, ctnKAenN or <t>nKAienN, with addition of magistrates' names,
■ The text of this treaty is given in facsimile by Conze {Lesbos, Taf. vi. i.) See also J^ev.
Num., 1868, 242. The inscription was discovered and first published by Newton {Trs. R. Soc.
Lit. viii. 549).
508 IONIA.
without title or with that of Strategos. Among the f^pes the more
remarkable are a dog attacking a dolphin ; the Dioskuri or their pilei
above a prow ; Isis Pharia, etc. River-god sometimes with names CM AP A.
or TEPM. (Kenner, Stiff, St. Florian, p. 128).
Alliance coins with Lampsacus.
Phygela or Pygela (Strab., 639), a small seaport between Ephesus and
Miletus, where was a temple of Artemis Munychia.
Circ. B.C. 350-300 (?).
Head of Artemis Munychia, facing,
wearing Stephanos.
i^Rev. Num., 1853, 246.)
(DYPEAEnN Rushing bull; behind,
palm-tree. In exergue, 0 1 N 0 P I AHZ
Phoenician tetradr. 217 grs.
Also contemporary small bronze coins with analogous types [Num.
Ckro7i., vii. 69).
Friene, on the southern declivity of Mount Mycale. Its coinage
begins shortly after the time of Alexander the Great. The temple of
Athena Polias at Priene was dedicated by Alexander himself, b, c. 334,
and bore the inscription, (now preserved in the British Museum,) Bao-tAevs
'AXe^avbpos avidrjKe tov vabv 'Adrjvair] FToAtaSi.
Third century, B. c.
Head of Athena Polias, 1., in round 1 flPIH Ti'ident and magistrate's name ;
crested helmet. all within a circle of Maeander
pattern . M, Persic drachm 76 grs.
M, ,, tetrobol 56 grs.
JR ,, triobol 36 grs.
JR ,, diobol 27 grs.
nPIH Hippocampi ^tetrobol 58 grs.
nPIH no type. Magistrate's name in
Maeander circle . . . ^ -65- -4
nPIHNEnN Tripod . . ^65
Id.
Id., in profile, or facing
Head of Athena, 1.
Second century, B. c, and later.
Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Mliller, CI. VI. 1026-33).
Symbol — Trident and FFPI or FTP I H. Also bronze.
Head of Athena. ' 1 flPIH or on some specimens K A AMH ;
Magistrate's name and various sj-m-
I bols ^ -85
The name Cadme was sometimes applied to Priene in memory of a
Boeotian colony which once settled there (Strab., ^"^fi).
Imperial — Tiberius to Valerian, with or without Emperor's head.
Magistrate sometimes with title Ai'chon. Select types — BIAC, Bust of
Bias the sage, a native of Priene (Fox, PI. IV. 81); Figure of Athena
standing with coiled serpent before her ; probably a copy of the statue in
the temple of Athena Polias.
* Eratosthenes, cited by Strabo (384), says that the statue of Poseidon Helikonios, who wa.s
especially revered by the Prienians, held in his hand a hippocamp (Num. CJiron., vii. 69).
PHYGELA— SMYRNA.
509
Sm3rrua. From the time of the destruction of Smyrna by the Lydian
king Alyattes (circ. B.C. 627), down to that of its restoration by Anti-
gonus and Lysimaehus, there was no mint at Smyrna. The earliest
Smyrnaean coins are tetradrachms of Lysimaehus (Miiller, 408). Syuihol —
Head of Kybele turreted. The remaining silver coins all belong to the
second century B.C., and consist (i) of Alexandrine tetradrachms (Miiller,
CI. VI. 991-994) ; (ii) of Cistophori reading IMYP. Symbol, Head of
Kybele ; and (iii) of autonomous tetradrachms and di^achms of the flat
spread fabric.
Attic Standard. Circ. B. c. 190-133.
/-
Fig. 304.
Head of Kybele, wearing turreted
crown. (Fig. 304.)
Id.
Head of Apollo, laureate.
IMYPNAinN and large magistrate's
monogram in a wreath. M. tetradr.
IMYPNAinN Lion and magistrate's
name ; all in a wreath . M^ tetradr.
IMYPNAinN Homer seated, holding
scroll. Magistrate's monogram .
m. Dr. and M
The bronze coins of the second and first centuries B.C. are numerous.
Among them may be mentioned the following : —
Circ. B.C. 88-84.
Head of Mithradates the Great, dia- I IMYPNAIHN Nike, with wreath and
demed. I palm M -95
It may be either to this period or the previous one that the unique
gold stater in the Bibliotheque at Paris should be attributed.
Head of Kybele.
(Mion., iii. 190.)
IMYPNAinN nPYTANEIS Female
figure, veiled, and wearing polos,
leaning on column, and holding Nike
i5f 130 grs.
This stater, as the inscription testifies, must have been issued under
the authority of the whole body of the Prytaneis. Cf. the gold staters of
Miletus and Ephesus.
510 , IONIA.
Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus, with or without Emperor's head.
Inscr., IMYP, iMYPNAinN, etc., often with honorarj^ titles, NenKOPnN,
npninN aciac, npninN aciac r NenKOpnN thn ceBACinN
KAAAei KAI Mer€G€l, and in one instance AAPIANH. The third
Neocorate begins towards the end of the reign of Sept. Severus. Magis-
trates— Proconsul ANOYTTATOC (viz. P. Petronius, A.D. 29-35; C, Cal-
purnius Aviola, 38-39 ; M. Suillius Nerullinus, 69-70 ; Vettius Bolanus,
79(?); Ti. Catius C, Silius Italicus after A.D. 77; L. Mestrius Florus,
83-84; Sex. Julius Frontiuus, after A.D. 83; Fuscus, between 98 and
103; L. Venuleius Apronianus, 138-139). Eques inTTIKOC, Quaestor
TAMIAC, Praetor CTPATHTOC, sometimes with addition of AIA BIOY;
also Asiarch, Stephanephoros, Sophistes, Archiereus, and Hiereia, a
Priestess, by name Myrtos, who was in office in the time of the Pro-
consul Frontinus, and who bore the title of QvydTr]p tov b/jfxov (Imhoof,
3Io?i. Gr., -p. agy). Divinities — The Nemeses ; ZeYC AKPAIOC ; GCA
PriMH; CMYPNA,a turreted bust with the Amazonian bipennis ; TYXH ;
Herakles OnAO<t)YAAE, Eckhel, ii. 543 ; Demeter Horia, with dedicatory
inscr., IMYPNAIOI THN nPIAN {Zeit. f. Num., iv. 315); CinYAHNH,
epithet of Kybele ; OMHPOC, Homer seated, a copy perhaps of some
statue in the 'O/xr/petoi; at Smyrna ^.
Down to the end of the reign of Trajan, Smyrna is spelt with a I or
Z, afterwards with a C.
Biters— ^? lAOQ and MCAHC, and Fountain KAACnN.
Games— T\?ai^ KOINA THC ACIAC CN CMYPNH, and nANinNlA.
Other remarhahle inscriptions or types — TTOAeMnN (or ICPHNYMOC)
ANeOHKE IMYPNAIOIC, on medallions of Antinoiis ; Tyche holding
patera and cornucopiae and crowned with polos ; cf. the description of
the statue by Bupalus in Paus., iv. 30. 4 ; The two Nemeses, each with
right hand raised to her breast, the one holding in her left a bridle, the
other a sceptre, and with a wheel at her feet ; A single winged Nemesis
(cf. Paus., i. 33. 6) with her right hand raised to her breast and with
bridle in her left ; The two Nemeses appearing in a vision to Alexander
asleep under a plane-tree, and exhorting him to found the city of Smyrna ;
(cf. Paus., vii. 5. 2, 3) ; The Nemeses in a chariot drawn by Griffins ;
Smyrna was the chief seat of the worship of the Nemeses. The Griffin
as a frequent Smyrnaean type symbolises the cultus of those Goddesses
(Eckhel, ii. 553), and is often represented placing his paw upon a icheel.
The Lion, on the other hand, refers to the worship of Kybele, and places
his paw upon the tpnpamim, the wheel and the tympanum being equally
emblematical of these two cults.
Alliance coins with Athens, Caesareia Cappadociae, Chios, Clazomenae,
Cyzicus, Ephesus, Ephesus and Pergamum, Hierapolis Phryg.,Lacedaemon,
Laodiceia Phryg., Magnesia ad Sipylum, Miletus, Mytilene, Nicomedia,
Pergamum and Tralles, Perinthus, Philadelphia, Sardes, Thyatira, Tralles.
Teos, a flourishing seaport some fifteen miles west of Lebedus. The
majority of the citizens left their homes in B.C. 544, unable to submit to
the Persian satraps, and migrated to Abdera in Thrace. The town was
not, however, entirely abandoned, as the continuance of its silver coinage
amply testifies.
' These coins were called 'O^-qpua (Stiab., 646).
SMYRNA— TEOS.
511
It is usual to attribute to this city a very early Phocaic gold stater,
bearing for type a Griffin's head, and the curious inscr., I^GM, described
under Phocaea ; but this attribution is far from being satisfactory. There
are also small archaic electrum coins weighing about 9 grs., with a
griffin or a griffin's head upon them which may belong to Teos. The
silver coins are as follows : —
Aeginetic Standard ij). Before circ. B.C. 544.
Griffin, seated.
(B, M. Guide, PI. II. 24.)
Id., with foreleg raised ; in field,
symbol.
Id.
Quadripartite incuse square . . . .
M Aeginetic stater 184 grs.
Id. . . iR „ „ „ ,,
Id.
M
drachm. 90 grs.
The Griffin on the money of Teos appears to be symbolical of the
worship of Dionysos, whose temple in that city was one of the finest
specimens of the Ionic style of architecture in Greece. The earliest coins
of Abdera bear a very close resemblance to those of Teos, its mother city,
and the adoption by the former of the Griffin as a coin-type is a strong
point in favour of the early date of the Teian silver coinage.
Circ. B. C. 544-400.
IHT, TH, THI, THION or no inscr.
Griffin, seated, with fore-paw laised.
Symbols, various.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XI. 33.)
Id.
Id.
Quadripartite incuse square ; surface
often granulated. M, Aeginetic stater.
Id. . . . M. Aeginetic ^ dr. 42 grs.
Id. ... ^ „ i|ob. 22gr3.
It will be observed that all the early coins of Teos are apparently
adjusted to the Aeginetic standard. It was probably not until the close
of the fifth century that Teos brought her coinage into harmony with
those of Ephesus, Samos, Chios, and the rest of the Ionian states by the
adoption of the Phoenician weight.
Phoenician Standard. Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Griffin, seated, with fore-paw raised.
(Mion., Suppl., vi. PI. VI, 2.)
Id. (Hunter, PI. LVII. 20.)
Head of Maenad, thyrsos at her
shoulder. (Fox, II. 83.)
TH I nN and magistrate's name on the
broad bands dividing the incuse
square . M, Phoenician dr. 55 grs.
THI Kantharos, and magistrate's name
-51 I dr. 27 grs.
THinN Lyre . . M\ dr. 25 grs.
After circ. B.C. 200.
From the end of the fourth century until the beginning of the second,
Teos appears to have struck no money in silver. It is to about B.C. 190
that the Alexandrine tetradrachms (Miiller, 1005-6) with THI and a
Griffin, a Kantharos, or a draped statue of Dionysos, belong.
512 IONIA. SATRAPAL COINS.
To this age I would also ascribe the latest autonomous silver coins of
o
the town : —
Griffin seated. THI Kantharos and magistrate's name
APIZTnNAZ . . iR 47 grs.
Flying griffin. „ Id. various magistrates ....
M 23-5 grs.
Bronze vaoney of Teas.
The bronze coins of Teos, from circ. b. c. 350 to Roman times, are of no
special interest. The predominant types are : —
Seated griffin.
Flying griffin.
THIflN Kantharos or ivy-wreath .
^.7- .5
Lyre . . . . ^ -7
Imperial times, bronze without or with Emperor's head — Augustus to
Salonina. Magistrate, Strategos. Inscr., THinN, sometimes with titles
NenKOPnN, THinN einNnN or einNnN only. The types refer to
the worship of Dionysos. The figure of Anacreon also occurs seated or
standing playing the lyre, hiscr., ANAKPCnN.
Alliance coins with Clazomenae and Colophon.
SATRAPAL COINAGE IN IONIA.
The Persian tjrpes of the following staters, etc., taken in connection
with the name PYOArOPH? in the Ionic dialect, indicate that they were
minted in some Greek city of the Ionic satrapy subject to Persia, but
under the immediate rule of a Greek tyrant or dynast. The date of
their issue would seem to have been shortly after the Peace of Antalcidas
B.C. 387, when the king of Persia regained most of his long-lost influence
over the western coast of Asia Minor.
Rhodian Standard. Circ. B. c. 387.
PYGArOPH^ King of Persia, kneel-
ing, with bow and spear.
No inscr. Similar.
Id.
Granulated incuse square, with curious
irregular surface M Tetradr. 229 grs.
Similar . . . .^ Tetradr. 238 grs.
Id ^-S-'SS
(B. V. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. III. 18-22.)
There are also a few other satrapal coins which should be mentioned
in this place, although it cannot be proved that they were all struck in
Ionia.
Rhodian Standard. Fourth century, B. C.
Head of satrap in Persian tiara.
Similar head.
CPIOP Forepart of winged horse . .
{Num. Zeit., iii. p. 424.) M 39 grs.
CPI Forepart of horse . . . .^ -3
These coins were undoubtedly struck by one or other of the Persian
commanders named Spithridates. The first of these revolted from
Pharnabazus in B.C. 396 (Xen., Anab., vi. 3. 7, and Hell., iii. 4. 10) ; and the
ISLANDS OF IONIA. 513
second was Satrap of Ionia and Lydia under Darius Codomannus (Arrian,
Anab., i. 12. 8). See also the coins of Orontas mentioned under lolla,
Mysiae (p. 455)-
ISLANDS OF IONIA.
Chios. This important island is separated from the mainland by a
strait about five miles in width at its narrowest part. The chief town
which gave its name to the whole island stood on the eastern coast
opposite Erythrae.
The early coinage of Chios, which may be safely attributed to the
sixth century B.C., consists of electrum staters of the Milesian standard
(217 grs.). and of silver didrachms of a weight peculiar to Chios, which
is probably the Phoenician somewhat raised, the didrachm weighing at
Chios from 123-120 grs., while elsewhere on the Ionian coast it rarely
exceeds 107 grs.
Circ. B. c. 600-490. Electeum. Milesian Standard.
Sphinx seated. ' I Quadripartite incuse square . . . .
(B. M. Guide, PI. I. 8.) | El Stater 217 grs.
SUiVEE. Chian Standard.
Sphinx seated, in front, an amjohora ;
above which, sometimes, a bunch of
grapes.
Quadripartite incuse square ....
M, Didr. 122 grs.
M Tetrob.40 grs.
(Mion., PI. XLIV. 1.2.)
It is evident that the Sphinx at Chios, like the jGriffin at Teos, is
symbolical of the cultus of Dionysos.
Circ. B.C. 478-412.
The coinage of Chios while the island was a subject ally of Athens ife
less abundant than before. The types remained unchanged, but the
weight of the electrum stater was assimilated to that of the more widely
current Cyzicene stater [Rev. Num., 1864, PI. I. 4). In silver, the tetra-
dfachm (236 grs.) and drachm (56 grs.) now make their first appearance
(B. M. Guide, PI. XI. 34). In the time of the Peloponnesian war there
was a coin of Chios called a ' Fortieth ' kajSovres irapa tS>v Xluiv rpeis Tecraa-
paKoaras eKaaros Xtas(Thuc., viii. loi). It is probable that the coins here
mentioned are the tetradrachms of 240 grs. max., forty of which would
be equivalent to an Aeginetic silver mina of 9600 grs. max., at that time
by far the most widely used standard among the Aegean islands (Brandis,
p. 122). The expression -n^vTahpayjiia as applied by Xenophon [}Je/i., i.
6. 12) to Chian money does not appear to refer to coins, but is the
equivalent sum in Chian money to five Aeginetic drachms, 96x5=480
grs. or two Chian tetradrachms of 240 grs. max.
L 1
514
ISLANDS OF IONIA.
Circ. B.C. 412-350.
During the fourth century the money of Chios consists of tetradrachms
and drachms.
Sphinx, amphora, and grapes.
{^.^l. Guide, PI. XIX. 31.)
Incuse square, divided hy two broad
bands, on one of which is a magistrate's
name . . . ifl Tetradr. 236 grs.
M. Drachm. 58 gi's.
Circ. B.C. 190-84.
From the middle of the fourth century down to the beginning of the
second there is a break in the series of the money of Chios. It recom-
mences apparently about the year B.C. 190, when the Romans rewarded
the Chians by a grant of land for their fidelity to them during the war
with Antiochus. Following the fashion of the age, the Chians now began
to strike in large quantities tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type
(Miiller, Classes V-VI. Nos. 1 080-1 125). These coins all bear the Sphinx
of Chios as an adjunct symbol, and those of Class VI. a magistrate's
name in addition. How long this coinage may have continued it is hard
to say, but a comparison of the names of the magistrates on the Alexan-
drine tetradrachms with those of the still later series of Chian drachms,
which I would assign to the time of Sulla, leads me to infer that the
former had ceased before the latter began.
Circ. B. c. 84:-l7n2)erial Times.
In B. c. 84 Chios was declared by Sulla a free ally of Rome, and as
such it seems to have retained its right of coinage down to the latest
times, for there are no Chian coins of the Imperial class.
Sphinx and gi'apes ; on the latest issues
the name of Augustus occurs.
(Hunter, PL XVII. 11, 12.)
Id. In front, grapes, ear of corn, club,
star, or other symbol.
XIOZ Amphora, in ivy -wreath, or
circle of dots ; in field, various
symbols and a magistrate's name
JR Attic drachms 60 grs.
XI 02 Amphora; various symbols and
magistrates' names . . . JE -^j--^
On the latest specimens which come down to Imperial times the
magistrate's name is accompanied by a patronymic, e.g. M. KAAY.
rOPriAZ AHPOOEOY.
Imperial tiwes — Bronze coins without the head of the Emperor, and
usually bearing designations of values in full, as TPIA ACCAPIA, AYH
ACCAPIA. ACCAPION, HMYCY ACCAPION, OBOAOC, T€TPAXAAKON,
TPIXAAKON, AIXAAKON, etc. The o/jvene type is a Sphinx with fore-
foot raised above a prow or a bunch of grapes. Among the reverse types
are two standing figures (Apollo and Dionysos) ; Amphora ; Kantharos ;
Naked male figure standing; Two thyrsi crossed. A magistrate's name
is frequently added, either without title or with that of Archon. The
CHIOS, ICARIA, SAMOS. 515
legend OMHPOC, combined with the type of Homer seated, may also
be noted.
Alliance coins with Erythrae and Smyrna struck at those cities.
Icaria. A small island west of Samos. Bronze coins subsequent to
B, c. 300.
Head of Zeus. I EKKAPEHN Female figure, leaning on
I sceptre M -45
Also /»2;jma/ of Commodus. hiscr.,\Y.k?\^0.^. (See Mionnet.)
Oenoe Icariae. Silver and bronze circ. b. c. 300. (See Prokesch, Ined.,
1854, 287, and PI. IV. 18, 19.)
Head of Artemis, facing. , OINAI Rushing bull . . ^ 50 grs.
Id. in profile. OlNAinN Id ^-65
Rushing bull.
Head of young Dionysos.
Ram . . . jE -5
Bunch of grapes JS^ -7
Samos. The numismatic history of this island has been discussed in
detail by Professor Gardner, Samos and Samian Coins, Num. Chron., 1883.
The distinctive Samian coin-types, the skin or scalp of a Lion's face,
and the forepart of a bull, are of doubtful meaning. Before the Persian
Conquest, b. c. 494, the Samian coins which have come down to us are
chiefly of electrum adjusted to the Milesian standard. The reign of the
celebrated tyrant Poly crates, during which Samos was the first maritime
power in the Aegean sea (b.c. 532-522), is the period to which most of
these electrum coins undoubtedly belong, although, as I have elsewhere
shown {Num. Chron., 1875), it is quite possible that some specimens may
be assigned to a still earlier date.
Electrtjm. Circ. b. c. 700-494.
Forepart of bull, with head reverted.
(Gardner, PI. Li.)
Lion's scalp facing.
Id. (Gardner, PI. I. 2.)
Id. {Num. Chron., 1875, PI. VIII. 15.)
Bull's head.
Quadripartite incuse square
El Stater 217 grs.
Incuse square . El Trite 72 grs.
Id. .... . El Hecte 35-9 grs.
Id El ^ Hecte 1 7- 7 grs.
Id El y\ Hecte 3 grs.
There are also small silver archaic coins with a Lion's scalp or a Bull's
head, which may also be attributed to Samos.'
Samos, a member of the Athenian Confederacy.
Silver, b.c. 494-439.
Lion's scalp facing. I ^A or CAMION Forepart of bull and
(Gardner, PI. I. 13-16.) | changing symbol M Tetradr. 202 gre.
L 1 2
516
ISLANDS OF IONIA.
As in the case of the contemporary Athenian coins, the reverse type
is frequently not placed in an incuse square. The tetradrachms of this
period are globular and roughly executed.
Circ. B.C. 439-394.
In B.C. 439 Samos, hitherto an independent ally of Athens, was
brought by Pericles into complete subjection. The tetradrachms of this
period are occasionally of the Attic standard, but more frequently of
Samian weight (202 grs.). They all bear the Olive-branch, the emblem of
Athena, behind the Bull on the reverse (Gardner, PI. II. 1-6). They
are of finer execution than the more ancient specimens, and the reverse
type is enclosed in an incuse square. The latest specimens bear in the
field the consecutive letters B — Z, possibly dates ranging from B. c. 407-
394. Among the smaller coins the following may be noted : —
Forepart of winged boar.
Forepart of bull.
Forepart of winged boar.
Lion's head.
Prow of Samian galley.
The above are figured in Gardner's Samos, PI. II. 9-21.
Lion's scalp, in incuse square .
tR Dr. 55 grs
Forepart of bull, in incuse square
M, Teti'ob. 32 grs
Lion's head, in incuse square or circle,
often with inscr. SA
M Triobols, etc
Ram's head, in incuse square ...
M. Diobols, etc
Amphora, in incuse square M, Obols.
Circ. B.C. 394-365.
Soon after the victory of Conon at Cnidus, Samos joined the anti-
Laconian alliance, of which Rhodes, Cnidus, Ephesus, and lasus were
also members. The sole record of this symmachy is the federal coinage
issued on that occasion (Waddington, Bev. Num., 1863, p. 223) by the
members of the League.
"kvii^^^
Fig. 305.
^YN Infant Herakles strangling two 1 SA Lion's scalp. (Fig. 305.) . . .
serpents. I ^R Ehodian tridrachm. 178 grs.
The word ?YN[)iaxtKoi'] indicates the federal character of the cur-
rency.
8 AMOS. 517
From this time forward the ancient Samian standard (tetradr. 202 grs.)
is replaced by the heavier Rhodian standard (tetradr. 240 grs.), a change
of weight which took place about the same time at Ephesus. A magis-
trate's name in the nominative case is also added on the reverse, some-
times together with the patronymic, as EPIKPATH^ AXEAniO. (Gardner,
PI. III. 3.)
In this period also the bronze coinage begins : —
Head of Hera, wearing stephane and I Lion's scalp -^ -55
necklace with pendants. I (Gardner, PI. III. 8-10.)
Circ. B.C. 365-322.
In B. c. "3^6^ the greater part of the population of Samos was expelled
by the Athenians, and the island occupied by Athenian Kleruchi. From
this time until B.C. 322, when the Samians were reinstated by Perdiccas,
it is hardly probable that coins were struck in the island.
Circ. B.C. 322-205.
This was for the Samians a period of autonomy with occasional
intervals of dependence upon one or other of the Diadochi. The silver
coins of Samos now consist of reduced Rhodian didrachms, weighing
about 100 grs. The old types are retained, but a very considerable
falling off is noticeable in style, execution, and epigraphy (Gardner, PI.
III. 11). The series of magistrates' names is by no means so extensive
as on the contemporary didrachms of Ephesus.
Circ. B.C. 205-129.
In B.C. 205 Samos was captured by Philip V., but after the victory of
Flamininus over the Macedonian king it regained its liberty. It was
probably, however, not until after the battle of Magnesia, B. c. 190, that
Samos, like most of the other Ionian towns, began to issue tetradrachma
bearing the name and types of Alexander with the mint-mark of Samos^
the Prow of a Samian galley, in the field (Miiller, 1 126-7). The smaller
coinage consists of pieces of 70 and 46 grs. of the ordinary Samian type,
and of the following smaller coins : —
Head of Hera, wearing stephane. 1 SAMinN Prow of Samian galley, on
(Gardner, PI. IV, 5.) j which is a peacock, the symbol of
1 Hera -^23 grs.
After B.C. 129.
From B.C. 129 down to Imperial times, Samos formed part of the
Roman Province of Asia, and does not appear to have coined money.
Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus, without or with head of Emperor
Inscr., CAMinN. Predominant types — Hera Samia whose cultus-statue
by Smilis (Pans.; vii. 4, 5) resembles that of the Ephesian Artemis. HPHC,
518
ISLANDS OF IONIA.
the Peacock of Hera. Hera and Nemesis or Nemesis alone, veiled, with
her wheel beside her. Tyche of Samos. FIYGArOPHC, the Samian Sage
Pythagoras, seated or standing, touching with his wand a globe placed on
a column (cf. also coins of Nicaea). Androklos the colonizer of Ephesus
and Samos, spearing the wild boar. ANKAIOC,the Samian hero Ankaeos.
IMBPACOC, the River Imbrasus, on the banks of which Hera was fabled
to have been born. Prow of galley, Samaena. CAMinN TTPninN
inNIAC, Serapis standing before Emperor on horseback. For other
types, see Gardner, o/j. cit., p. 86.
Alliance coins with Alexandria Aegypti and Halicarnassus.
Chronological Table of the Coinage of Ionia.
Koiv6v
Clazomenae
Colophon
Ephesus
Erythrae
Gambrium
Heracleia
ad Latmum
Larissa
Lebedus
Leuce
Magnesia
Metropolis
Miletus
Myus
Naulochua
Neapolis
Phocaea
Phygela
Priene
Smyrna
Teos
Islands.
Chios
Icaria
Oenoe
SamQS
B.C.
700-494
EL
M
EL
EL
EL
EL^
EL JR
EL M
EL
494-394
M
M
M
M
M
EL
EL^
M
B.C.
394-300
K MM
M M
M M
M
M M
M M
M
M
'"JE,
M M
M MM
M
M
M
M M
B.C.
300-190
M
M
M M
MReg.
MReg.
M
M Reg. M
M M
M
M
M
M
M
KReg.MReg.M
B.C.
190-133
M.
M. Cist.
M. Reg.
N ^M
\ Mu Reg.
M
MReg.
M,
M
M. Reg.
M."
M
M
M
N
M Reg. M
M Reg.
M
M
M
M Reg
IM
E \ M Cist. M
i M Reg.
\ M
\ M Reg.
M, Reg.
M
MReg.
B.C.
133-Imp.
Imp.
Times.
M
M
M
M
S{M M
\ M Cist.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M M
M
M
M
CARIA. 519
CARIA.
AbaC?). The Imjjerial coins of Aurelius and Sev. Alexander, said to read
AB£nN. T^/pes — Hermes and Men, see Eckhel, ii. 571 and Pellerin
{Suj}])l. iii. PL VI. 8, 9) are probably misread. It is doubtful to what
city they should be attributed.
Alabanda, called also for a time Antiochia, in honour of Antiochus,
son of Seleucus, was an inland town of Caria, situate on the river
Marsyas.
Circ. B.C. 280-260.
Silver tetradrachms and drachms of reduced Attic weight, and bronze.
Inscr., AAABANAEnN, Head of Apollo, rev. Tripod, or ANTIOXEHN,
Head of Apollo, rev. Pegasos, with magistrates' names in the nominative
case, identical on both classes of coins.
Second century, b. c.
Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Muller, Class VI. Nos. 1144-
48). Symbol, Pegasos.
Imperial — Augustus to Otacilia, usually with portrait. Inscr., AAAB-
ANACnN, Title, on one coin, AAK€AAIMONinN, also ATCAeiOC or
AT6A6IAC, immnnifas a trihiUis. Olive-branch and other ordinary types,
e.g. lePA CYNKAHTOC, etc. Hero Alabandus holding the lapis Alalandicus
(Plin., xxxvi. 8) ; beside him, horse. (Cf. Steph. Byz. *. ^?.). Apollo K ICC IOC
holding raven and bow, and with a ram at his feet {Z.f. N., viii. PI. II. 5).
Z€YC eniKOYPOC {sic), Bust of Zeus Epikurios. APTEMIC, Bust of
Artemis. {Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 267.) Magistrates' names sometimes with
title Strategos.
Alinda, a strong inland town about six miles south-west of Alabanda.
Autonomous silver and bronze of the Third century, B. c.
Head of Bacchante crowned with ivy. [AAlNAEIlN Pegasos. . . iE Dr.
The types of the bronze coins refer for the most part to the worship of
Herakles.
Imperial — Augustus to Elagabalus. Magistrate sometimes with title
APXnN. Tyj^es xQi&Tvmg to Herakles, Apollo Kitharoedos, Serapis, and
Isis.
Amyzon, a small place on a height a few miles north-west of Alinda
(Strab., 658). Autonomous bronze of Roman times. Inscr., AMYIONCnM
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 304, and Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 268.)
520
CARIA.
Antiocliia ad Maeaudrxim, founded by Antiochus I., and named after
him.
Circ. B.C. 280-200, or later.
Head of Apollo.
Head of Men, in Phrygian cap, -with
crescent behind shoulders.
ANTIOXEHN Gibbous bull, recum-
bent on Maeander pattern ; all in
wreath. Magistrate's name M, Dr.
AN TIOXEnN' Gibbous bull,r. Magis-
trate's name -^ -7
Fio. 306.
Imperial, without or with portrait — Augustus to Salonina, ANTIOX-
enN TnN nPOC Tni MAIANAPai, MAIANAPOC, River Maeander,
MOPCYNOC. River Morsynus. Personifications of AHMOC. BOYAH, ICPA
BOYAH, lEPA CYNKAHTOC, I6PA rePOYCIA, CYNAPXIA, etc. Bcif'tes,
ZeYC KAneTnAI[OC] ; Z€YC OAY/v\niOC; CnZnN,male Hgure holding
branch ; Hephaestos forging a helmet ; Atys standing ; Dionysos stand-
in o- ; Bridge over Maeander (Fig. 306). Magistrates sometimes with titles
Ap'x[nN], rP[AMMATeYC], enrM€AH[THCJ. Alliance coins with Lao-
diceia ad Lycum.
Aphrodisias, about twenty miles south-east of Antiochia ad Maeand-
rum, famous in Imperial times for its school of Philcsophy and temple of
Aphrodite. _ (Wadclington, As. Min., 43.)
Third or Second century, B.C.
Silver drachms and bronze struck in the joint names of Aphrodisias
and Plarasa (see Plarasa, p. 530).
Imperial, without or with portrait — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr.,
AOPOAeiCieXlN. Magistrates, Archon, Hicreus, Archiereus, sometimes
with dedicatory formula AN€0HKeN ; also untitled Magistrates, one of
whom, Apollonius, calls himself YIOC A0POAICI€nN ; another coin
bears the remarkable inscription €111 AP[XONTnNJ THN TTEPI MENE-
COEA ICOBOYNON ; see Waddington {As. j\Iin., p. 44), from which we
may gather that it was struck in the name of the Synarchy of which
Menestheus Isobunus was the Tr/icoroAoyo? apxoov. Pitblic gaiiies, ATTAAHA,
rOPAIANHA OYAA€PIANA OIKOYMeNlKA. KAnCTHAIA, HYOIA. etc.
PersoniHr'ati(ms of the People and Senate, l€POC AHMOC, ICPA BOYAH,
lEPA CYNKAHTOC, etc. lUrer fjods MOPCYNOC and TIMCAHC. The
typeg as a rule refer to the presiding goddess of the city, Aphrodite, who
is variously represented either in the form of a colossal archaic cultus-
ANTIOCHIA—BABGASA. 521
image, with a small seated priestess behind it, and an altar in front, or in
Hellenic form often attended by Eros, and sometimes beside Ares. The
most interesting type on the coins of this city is the Tree into which
Myrrha was transformed, on either side of which are two men, one of
whom strikes at it with an axe. (Cf. the myth of the birth of Adonis,
Apollod., iii. 14. 3 ; Hyginus, Fab. 58 and 161 ; and the coins of Myra
Lyciae.) Alliance coins with Ephesus and Hierapolis Phrygiae.
Apollonia Salbace. (Waddington, As. 3Iin., p. 132.) Imjjerial, without
or with portraits — Augustus to Salonina. Z'/--?^'/-., AflOAAnNl A CAABAKH,
or AnOAAnNlATHN. Ilaffisfrate, CTPATHrOC. Ti/pes, CAABAKOC,
Bearded head of Mount Salbacus, Asklepios and Hygieia, Apollo Kitharoe-
dos. Daphne kneeling, clasping laurel tree and looking back at Apollo
who follows her [Z. f. N., vii. 2 1 8). Emperor on horseback hunting.
Isis standing, etc.
As there are several other cities in Asia Minor called Apollonia, it may
be useful in this place to recapitulate M. Waddington s remarks as to
the mode of distinguishing then- coins. (1) All coins which bear magis-
trates' names, and all coins reading simply AflOAAnNl ATIiN belong to
Apollonia Salbace in Caria. (2) All coins with the legend ATTOAAnNI A-
TnN AYKinN OPAKnN KOAHNr^N more or less abbreviated, and all
coins bearing the symbol of the windings, of Maeander belong to Apol-
lonia Mordiaeum in Pisidia. (3) The coins of Apollonia ad Rhyndacum
in Mysia are distinguished by the mention of the site FTPOC PYNAAKfl,
etc., and are without magistrates' names ^ (4) No Imperial coins of
Apollonia in Lycia are at present known, but should any such be found
they would be easily recognised by their Lycian fabric, and would
probably be of the Emperor Gordian only (Waddington, ^^. 31in.,-p. 145).
Astyra, a town on the peninsula of Mount Phoenix opposite Rhodes,
described by Steph. Byz. as ttoAis ^oLvtKrjs Kara 'Pobov. (Leake, JS'tim.
Hell., Asia, p. 26.)
Silver of the Babylonic Standard. Circ. B.C. 500-408.
ASTY One-handled vase and lyre of
archaic form. Incuse square.
M Stater 149-5 grs.
A One-handled vase . . ^17 grs.
Amphora.
[I^um. Chron., ix. 166.)
One-handled vase, Trpoxov^,
Other varieties are described by Borrell. Ntim. Chron., ix, 166, and by
Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 32c.
Fourth century, B.C.
Head of Apollo, facing. j ACTY Amphora with small monota
beside it . . . M -8- -5
Female head. ' „ Id JEt -45
Attuda. See Phrygia.
Bargasa, at the head of the Ceramic Gulf, between Cnidus and Hali-
carnassus. Imperial, with or without Emperor's head — Commodus and
Salonina. Inscr., BAPTACHNnN orBAPrACCHNflN. Magistrates with-
out title. Ti/j^es ordinary, such as I EPA BOYAH, etc., others chiefly refer-
ring to Asklepian worship.
1 The mention of a Strategos under Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, p. 448, is an erratum.
522
CAEIA.
Bargylia, on the southern shore of the gulf of lasus. Autonomous
silver and bronze coins of the second century b. c. or later.
After circ. B.C. 200. Attic Standard.
Veiled female head.
Diademed female head within laurel-
wreath.
Female head.
Id.
Veiled hust, facing.
Staff.
BAP Pegasos ; heneath, prow; all in
wreath JR 42-5 grs
BAPrYAIHTnN Pegasos and star
M 33 grs
„ Stag and star .
M 33 grs
„ Pegasos . ^ -75
„ Bellerophon on Pe-
gasos . ^ -75
„ Veiled female statue
standing facing, with arms crossed on
breast M -"j
The types of the Bargylian coins refer to the cultus of Artemis Kindyas
and Bellerophon. The statue of the Goddess stood in a temple open to
the sky, and it was said that neither rain nor snow ever fell upon it
(Polyb., xvi. 12, Strab., 658).
Imperial — Titus to Geta. Magistrate, Strategos.
Callipolis. (Imhoof, 3Io7i. Gr., p. 307 ; Steph. Byz. and Arrian, Anab.,
ii. 5. 7.) Autonomous bronze of the second and first centuries b. c.
Head of Apollo. I KAAAIHOAIT^N Quiver in shallow
I incuse square yE -65
Caryanda, between lasus and Halicarnassus. Small bronze coins,
circ. B. c. 300 or earlier (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 307).
Female head wearing stephane.
KAPY Forepart of hull
M .4
Caunus, a town of Lycian origin on the coast of Caria, opposite
Rhodes. Small autonomous silver of Attic weight and bronze of the
second or first century b. c. (Waddington, 3Iela7iges, i. p. 17.)
K — AY Sword in sheath. Magistrate's
name . . . ^17-4 grs.
Id yE .4
K — A Sphinx seated . . . . JE -4
Head of Pallas.
Head of Apollo (?).
Butting bull, or forepart of bull.
Dr. Imhoof-Blumer thinks that the last-mentioned coin may perhaps
belong to Caryanda {Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 270).
Ceramus, on the north coast of the Ceramic Gulf. Autonomous silver
and bronze, probably of the second or first century b. c.
Head of Zeus. KEPAMIHROAITHC Eagle, with head
turned back, in shallow incuse square
^^Dr.(?)
The bronze coins read KEP or KEPAMIEnN, KEPAMIHTHN, etc,
Ti/pes — Eagle, Caduceus in wreath, Torch, etc.
BARGYLIA—CNIBUS. 523
Imperial — Ant. Pius and Commodus, KePAAAIHTXlN. Zeus Chrysaoreus
holding sceptre and patera ; at his feet, Eagle. The temple of this god
was the national sanctuary of the Carians (cf. Strab., 650). For other
coins of the town with a figure of a Carian god (Zeus Osogos ?) holding a
double axe, see Zeit.f. Num., ii. 109 sq., and vii. 36.
Chersonesus was built on a small island adjoining Cnidus, and united
to the mainland by a mole (Paus., v. 24. 7 ; Strab., xiv. 2. 15). The two
cities appear to have been in early times independent of one another,
and to have been separately assessed in the Athenian Tribute -Lists
(Kohler, Del. Alt. Bund., p. 1Q5 ; Six, Z.f. N., iii. 375).
Circ. B.C. 500-450.
Forepart of lion.
(B. M. Guide, V\. II. 26.)
XEP (retrogr.) Forejoart of bull, in
incuse square
JH Aeginetic stater 183 -4 grs.
XEP Id. M „ obol. 14 grs.
Id.
The Lion and Bull are symbols of the Cnidian Aphrodite.
Cidramus. This town is classed by numismatic writers under Phrygia,
but it should properly be included in Caria. There are autonomous
coins of Imperial times and Imperial — Nero to Juha Maesa. Inscr., K I AP AM-
HNnN. Types— ZC((i AYAIOC, Bust of Zeus Lydios. Aphrodite facing
with both arms extended ; around her are three Erotes. Veiled goddess
standing, supporting a basket on her head. Zeus seated. Simulacrum
of Artemis (?). (See Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 398.)
Cnidus, doubtless originally a Phoenician settlement, was afterwards
colonized by Dorians, and was a member of the Dorian Hexapolis (later
Pentapolis), The common sanctuary of this confederation was the temple
of the Triopian Apollo, a sun-god, whose symbol on the coins is the
Lion ^. From the Phoenicians the Cnidians had inherited the cultus of
Aphrodite, who was worshipped at Cnidus under the names Acoptns,
'AKpaia, and Y^v-nkoia (Paus., i. i. 3). The head of this goddess or her
symbols, the Bull or the Prow of a galley, are constantly met with on
the coins of Cnidus. [Zeit.f. Num., i. 143.)
Silver. Aeginetic Standard. Circ. B.C. 600-480.
Forepart of lion.
(B, M. Guide, V\. 11. 27.)
No inscr. or K N I A 1 0 N variously abbre-
viated. Head of Aphrodite of archaic
style, in incuse square ^ Dr. 95 grs.
Circ. B.C. 480-412.
Under the Athenian dominion the coinage of Cnidus appears to have
been far less plentiful than during the sixth century. The types and
weight remain unchanged, but the style betrays a later date.
* There are certain archaic staters of the Babylonic standard, which may possibly be the
earliest coins of Cnidus, but I do not insist upon the attribution.
Lion's head and fore-paw, I. I Large incuse square, divided diagonally by a
I broad band into two parts , . ^165 grs.
524
CARIA.
Circ. B.C. 412-330.
After the disastrous Sicilian expedition Onidus revolted from Athens,
and about the same time adopted the Phoenician standard in place of
the Aeginetic. The tetradrachm, soon after its first issue, was raised
under the influence of the new Rhodian coinage from 230 to 236 grs.
Fig. 307.
Head of Aphrodite Euploia ; behind,
prow. (Fig. 307.)
Head of Aphrodite.
Forepart of lion ; beneath, magistrate's
name . . . JR Tetradr, 234 grs.
Ai Didr, 1 10 grs.
M Dr. 55 grs.
KNiAinN Prow; beneath, club. ^ -55
In B.C. 394 Conon gained his great victory oyer the Spartans off
Cnidus, and it was about this time that an anti-Spartan alliance was
entered into by Cnidus, lasus, Rhodes, Samos, and Ephesus, of which the
Federal coinage is the sole record. (See supra, p. 495-)
^YN Infant Herakles strangling ser-
pents. {Eev. Num., 1863, PI. X. 4.)
K N I A I n N Head of Aphrodite Euploia.
Symbol, Prow ; all in shallow incuse
square . . . £i Rhodian Tridr.
Circ. B.C. 330-190.
In this period, if any silver coins were struck at Cnidus, they probably
bore the name of Alexander the Great. The following bronze coins may,
however, be attributed to about B. c. 300 : —
Head of Apollo, laureate.
K N I Prow and magistrate's name M -4
Circ. B.C. 190-133.
Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type and weight (Miiller, Nos.
1 151-2), and half-drachms of reduced Rhodian weight.
Head of Aphrodite, resembling in style
the head of the Greek Artemis, on
contemporary coins of Ephesus.
Head of Artemis, quiver at her
shoulder.
Similar.
Head of Helios facing, as on coins of
Rhodes.
KNI Forepart of lion, and magistrate's
name M Dr. 49 grs.
KNiAinN Tripod and magistrate's
name Ai 38 grs.
KNi Bull's head and neck. Magis-
trate's name . . . -(R 1 6-7 grs.
KNI Forepart of lion; behind, rose
(Rhodian symbol). Magistrate's name
^78 grs.
CNIBUS—EUR03IUS.
525
This last variety probably belongs to the period between b. c. 190 and
168^ during which the Rhodians possessed the parts of Caria nearest to
Rhodes. This part of the mainland had been assigned them by the
Romans after the defeat of Antiochus.
The more usual bronze coins of the second century b. c. are of the
following types : —
Turreted female head.
KNiAinN
Forepart of lion .
M -7
Head of Apollo, hair in formal ringlets.
»)
Forepart of ox .
^•75
Head of Artemis.
)j
Tripod . . . .
^•75
In B.C. 133 Cnidus was included in the newly-organised Roman
province of Asia, and the coinage ceases until the time of Nero, when
the Imperial series begins.
Imperial — Nero to Plautilla. Ti/pes usually referring to the worship
of Dionysos or Aphrodite. Among the latter is a copy of the famous
statue of the Cnidian goddess by Praxiteles. She is represented as if
about to enter the bath, naked and seen in front, but with her head in
profile, and she holds in her extended left hand a garment over an urn.
(Gardner, T^pes, Gr. C, PI. XV. 21 ; Overbeck, Plastik, 3rd ed. ii. 30.)
Cyum. Small autonomous bronze coins of Roman times. Inscr., KY.
KYI. KYIinN and KjYEITHN. %;e5— Head of Artemis, reo. Quiver
and Hunting spear, or possibly Pedum, the whole in wreath ; Quiver
between vine-branches, rev. Cornucopiae ; Thyrsos in ivy- wreath.
Imperial — Domna. Inscr., KYITHN, Female figure seated facing.
Eriza, on the borders of Caria and Phrygia. Imperial times, with or
without heads of Emperors — Caracalla and Geta. Inscr., €P. CPIZHNdN.
T^2^es — Head of Poseidon ; Eagle ; Bipennis ; Cultus-image of Asiatic
goddess resembling Artemis Ephesia ; Helios on horseback ; etc. [Num.
Chron., ix. 150 ; Z.f. Num., x. ^6,)
Euippe, called by Steph. Byz. bri[ios Kapia^. Small autonomous
bronze of the first century B.C. Inscr., EYinflEnN. T^pes — Head of
Artemis; Turreted head; rev. Pegasos; Bow-case; Corn-sheaf. Imperial —
Hadrian, Commodus, Lucilla, €YinnenN, Hygieia standing {Num. Chron.,
ix. 151 ; Fox, Gr. C, PI. V. 100 ; Berl. Blatt., I. 262).
Euralium, the Euranium of Pliny. {Num. Chron., ix. 151.) Imperial —
Caracalla, eYPAA€nN, Dionysos standing.
Etiromus, near Mylasa. Autonomous bronze of the first century b. c.
and Imperial — Tiberius, Severus, and Caracalla.
Inscr., EYPflMCnN. Types referring to the worship of the Carian
Zeus Labrandeus or Labraundeus, who is called on a coin of Caracalla
Z€YC CYPHMCYC. His cultus-statue is a terminal figure wielding the
bipennis and resting on sceptre usually placed between the pilei of the
Dioskuri. Other types — Bipennis, Eagle, Stag. [Num. Chron., ix. 151-)
526
CARIA.
Fig. 308.
Halicarnassus. To this city Professor Gardner proposes to attribute
the unique electrum stater with the inscr., 0ANO^ EMI IgMA retrograde
above the back of a drinking Stag, rev. oblong incuse between two incuse
squares; weight, 216-3 grs. (Fig. 308). The inscr. is read by him, 'I
am the sign of Phanes.' Phanes was a Halicarnassian of no small
account at the court of Amasis, whose service he deserted for that of
Cambyses, whom he assisted in his invasion of Egypt b. c. 525. Prof.
Newton, on the other hand, attributed the coin to Ephesus, and would
explain the legend as ' I am the sign of the Bright one/ i. e. Artemis,
whose well known emblem is the Stag. Cf. the epithet ^ayaios as
applied to Apollo at Phanae in Chios. Were it not for the fact that the
coin was found at Halicarnassus, I should have no hesitation in adopting
Mr. Newton's attribution and in assigning it to the Ionian coast. It
appears to me to be distinctly earlier than the time of Phanes, but it may
have been struck by an ancestor of Phanes at Halicarnassus. The silver
coinage of Halicarnassus begins about b. c. 400, and consists of drachms
and obols of the Phoenician Standard.
Circ. B.C.
Head of Apollo, facing.
{Num. Chron., ix. 152.)
Forepart of winged horse.
400-377.
AM
Eagle with open wings, in incuse
square . . . M Dr. 50 grs.
Forepart of goat, or goat's head,
in incuse square or circle JR Obol.
From the time of Mausolus Halicarnassus was the residence of the
dynasts of Caria and their place of mintage. The city was destroyed by
Alexander the Gi'eat, and, though it was afterwards rebuilt, it never
again became a place of importance. Its latest silver coins date from
the period of the Rhodian dominion in Caria.
Attic Standard, b. c. 190-168.
Head of Helios, facing.
Head of Apollo.
Bust of Pullas.
AAlKAPNAIZEnN Bust of Pallas.
Magistrate's name . . . ^ Dr. ,
AAlKAPNAZSIEnN Lyre ^ i Dr.
AAIK Owl ^Obol.
The bronze coinage belongs entirely to the post-Alexandrine age, and
is of no gi-eat interest. Chef f//pes — Heads of Zeus, Poseidon, Helios,
Pallas, Herakles, reo. Eagle, Trident, Tripod, Lyre, Club or Bow-case ;
also
Bearded head.
AAIKAP Veiled goddess standing JE -7
HALICAENASSUS—HYLLABIMA.
527
Imperial — Augustus to Gordian. Inscr., AAlKAPNACCCnN. Magis-
trates^ Archon and Strategos C?). Tijpes — HPOAOTOC, Bald and bearded
head of Herodotus. Draped male divinity bearded and radiate facing
between two trees, in the branches of each of which is a bird.
Fig. 309.
This interesting type is supposed to represent Zevs 'Ao-Kpaios or Zeus
of the oak trees, who was worshipped at Halicarnassus (cf. ApoUon.
Dyscol., 77/5;^. Mirab., ed. Ideler, § 13; Overbeck, KimtsmytJi, II. 210). The
two birds are clearly oracular.
T€AMIC€YC, a draped male figure holding a branch (Leake, Num.
Hell. As. Gr., p. 64). Terminal armed goddess with spear and shield in
temple, etc.
Alliance coins with Cos and Samos.
Harpasa, on the Harpasus, a tributary of the Maeander.
Imperial times, without or with heads of Emperors — Trajan to Gordianus.
Inscr., APnACHNnN. Types— \^?\ CYNKAHTO'C, Bust of the Senate;
River-god Harpasus {Num. Chron., ix. 154) ; Goddess resembling the Ar-
temis of Ephesus ; Zeus ; Pallas fighting ; Apollo Kitharoedos ; Artemis
huntress; AHMOC APriACHNnN, Head of Demos, etc. Coins of M.
Aurelius Caesar, reading em KANAIAOY KeACOY, were probably struck
by Ti. Julius Candidus Celsus, supposed by M. Waddington to have been
Proconsul of Asia. Alliance coins with Neapolis of Caria (?), reading
APnACHNnN KAI N€AnOAITnN OMONOIA.
Heracleia Salbace. (Le Bas- Waddington, Inscr. cVAs. Min., tom. iii.
pt. I. p. 402), on the river Timeles. Imperial times, .without or with
Emperor's head -;- Augustus, Nero, Macrinus. Inscr., HPAKA€nTnN.
Types — Amazon, with bipennis ; Isis ; Serapis ; Nymph playing ball ;
TIMGAHC, River Timeles. Magistrates, Strategos, Hiereus, Archiatros.
The Hiereus who signs coins, by name Glykon, is a priest of Hei'akles,
and is also mentioned in an inscription [C. L G., 3953. c).
Hydrela. Site unknown. Imperial, without or with names of Emperors —
Hadrian to Geta. Inscr., YAPHA€ITnN. Types — Apollo Kitharoedos,
Hermes, Dionysos. Magistrate without title, sometimes with dedicatory
formula ANeGHKE. (Eckhel, ii. 583 ; Millingen, Syll. y^.)
Hyllarima. Site unknown. (Millingen, Syll. 73.) Imperial time.
eni TIMOOeOY APXONTOC Fe-
male head.
YAAAPIMenN Pallas standing M -7.
[Num. Chron., ix. 154.)
528 CARIA.
lasus (originally an Argive settlement) stood on a small island in the
Bargylian or lasian gulf. The silver coinage begins in 394 with alliance
money similar to that of Cnidus, Samos, Ephesus, and Rhodes. (Wad-
dington, Rev. Num., 1863, PI. X. 1-4; Imhoof, Hon. Gr., PI. F. 6.)
Circ. B. c. 394. Persic Standard (?).
I — A Head of Apollo. 1 ^Y[N] Infant Herakles, strangling
serpents . . ... JR 166 grs.
Same head. (Imhoof, PI. F. 7.) I ASE Lyre in incuse square ^27 grs.
Circ. B. c. 300, or earlier.
Head of Apollo,
{Num. Chron., ix. 156.)
id.
Lyre.
Head of Apollo.
I A or I A^EnN Youth swimming heside
dolphin, which he clasps with one
arm. Magistrates' names ....
vR 82 and 41 grs.
lA Id JE -75
„ Id ^-55
lA^EHN in ivy-wreath . . ^ -45
Imperial — Augustus to Gordian, without or with Emperor's name.
Inscr., lACenN or lACCEHN. Ti/pes—Z'E'^a APGIOC, Zeus armed with
helmet, shield, and spear (?) (Overbeck, Kunismyih, PI. III. 11, and p. 209).
lACOC KTICTHC, Bearded head of the Oekist. Artemis Ephesia. Youth
swimming beside dolphin. This coin-type is noticed by Pollux (ix. 84),
and the story of the love of a dolphin for a youth of lasus, which gave
rise to the type, is told at length by Aelian [JJe Nat. An., vi. 15 ; cf. also
Plin., H. N, ix. 8, 8).
Idyma. Site unknown. Autonomous silver drachms of the Rhodian
standard. Circ. B. c. 400 or earlier.
Head of the Rhodian Apollo, facing.
(iYw?/i. Chron., ix. 157.)
lAYMlOM Fig-leaf m incuse square .
M 58 grs.
Lepsimandns. {Num. Zeit., iii. 410.) Small silver coins similar to those
of Rhodes of the second century b. c.
Head of Helios, facing. i A — B Rose. Magistrate'sname^38grs.
I (Num. Zeit., iii. PL X. 27.)
The form of the H ( H ) on this coin must be regarded as an affectation
of archaism.
Mylasa was originally the residence of the dynasts of Caria until they
obtained possession of the Greek town of Halicarnassus. The beautiful
white marble of the neighbouring mountains furnished the material for
its temples of Zeus, who was here worshipped in a threefold form, as
Zeus Karios or Stratios, as 'Oo-oyw? or XrivoTiocreihuiv, and as Xafipawhevs,
corresponding to some extent with the Greek Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades.
(Overbeck, Knuhmj/f/i, 11. p. 268, and Zeit.f. Num., ii. 112.) On the coins
the double-axe, kd^pvs, and spear, the horse, trident, or crab and the
modius. are the emblems of this triple Zeus-cultus.
lASUS—NEAPOLIS.
529
The money of Mylasa begins in the third century b, c. and consists of
autonomous bronze.
Horse. MYAA^EHN Trident, or trident and
labrys combined, or labrys alone .
^•7- -35
There are also tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, 1141-3).
Symbol — Labrys and Trident combined.
/w/j^r/fl/— Augustus to Valerian. MYAACCnN, Terminal cultus-image
of Zeus Labraundeus, wearing modius, and holding labrys and spear,
standing in his temple. Zeus standing facing, radiate, holding eagle and
trident, which rests on a crab. Trident, labrys, and crab united.
Recumbent River-god. Magistrate, Grammateus, Epimeletes, or without
title; sometimes with dedicatory formula ANe6HK£N. Among the
titled magistrates of Mylasa, whose names occur on coins, we must
not omit to mention Hybreas the orator, concerning whom Strabo (659,
660) gives some interesting details.
Certain silver medallions of Hadrian, struck in Asia, bear on the reverse
a figure of the Carian Zeus, and have on this account been attributed to
Mylasa (Finder, PL VII. 2, 3, 7, 8).
Myndus, a Dorian city about ten miles north-west of Halicarnassus.
Autonomous silver money of the second century B.C. iZ.f. iV, iii. 326.)
Head of Apollo, laureate.
{Zeit.f. Num., iii. PL IX. i.)
Head of Zeus, laureate.
(Leake, As. Gr., 85.)
Head of young Diouysos.
(yNum. Chron., ix. 158.)
Id.
MYNAinN Winged fulmen and
magistrates' monograms, all in olive-
wreath
JR Spread Attic tetradrachm
MYNAinN Head-dress of Isis and
magistrate's name . . JPi Drachm
MYNAinN Winged fulmen . .
Ai I" Drachm 29 grs
„ Bunch of grapes .
M Trihemiobol 15-7 grs
There are also bronze coins. Tj/pes — Head of Zeus or Apollo, Sev
Eagle on fulmen ; fulmen ; owl on olive-branch ; altar ; tripod, etc
Imperial — Titus to Domna. Magistrates, Strategos or Archon. Tj/pes —
Apollo Kitharoedos and Artemis Myndia, with altar between them, round
which a serpent is coiled.
Neapolis ad Caduium, at the foot of Mount Cadmus, near Harpasa.
Probably some of the coins which are usually ascribed to Neapolis in
Ionia belong to this city, such as the Imperial of Gordian and Treb.
Gallus. /«•«'/•., NeATTOAeiinN. %^^.v, Pallas ; Tyche ; Apollo ; etc. The
last mentioned coin bears the inscr. en. T. M. AYP. KANAIA0Y(^./ K,
X. 78). It is noteworthy that this name, Candidus, (without the title
Grammateus) occurs on coins of Harpasa, but of an earlier date (p. 527).
There are also alliance coins of Neapolis with Harpasa, type Artemis
Ephesia and Pallas face to face, see p. 527 and Sestini, Descr. Num. Vet.,
P- 345-
:m m
530 CARIA.
Nysa. See Lydia.
Orthosia, near Alabanda, on the left bank of the Maeander. Autono-
mous bronze from the third century downwards. Inscr., OPOHZIEnN
orOPOnCI€nN; CYNKAHTOC, etc. Tj/pes chiefly referring to the wor-
ship of Dionysos ; the rape of Persephone ; Zeus ; Nike ; etc.
Imperial — Augustus to Maximus. T^j^es — Rape of' Persephone ; Zeus
Laodikeus ; the Dioskuri ; etc.
Faleaopolis. See Pisidia.
Flarasa. This town appears to have been incorporated with Aphro-
disias.
Second century B. c.
Veiled female head.
Female head.
riAAPA A0PO Labrys.
HAAPAIEnN KAI AtDPOAEI-
ZIEnN Eagle on fulmen. Magis-
trates' names .... ^ 56 grs.
riAAPA A0POAI Eagle on fulmen ,
Cuirass in incuse squai'e . . -^ -55
There are also a few bronze coins struck in the name of Plarasa alone.
Inscr., riAAPAZIEnN. T^/pes — Labrys, Staff of Asklepios, Bow-case and
Quiver, etc.
Sebastopolis. (Waddington, As. Min., p. 54.) Impjerial times, bronze,
without or with heads of Emperors — Vespasian to Domna. Inscr., C€BAC-
TonoAeiinN or CeBACIOnOAIC, lePA CYNKAHTOC, AHMOC, etc.
T^pes — Artemis slaying stag ; Veiled goddess facing ; Tyche, etc.
See also Sebastopolis in Pontus, p. 427.
Stratoniceia, an inland town of some importance, about twenty miles
north of the Ceramic Gulf, so named from Stratonice, wife of Antiochus I.
Head of Hekate, laureate, surmounted
by crescent, with or without magis-
trate's name GK AT A IOC CuuCAN-
APOY.
Head of Zeus.
Id.
Head of Hekate, surmounted hy cres-
cent.
Second or first century b. c.
CTPATONIKEUUN or CT and magis-
trate's name. Nike with wreath and
palm ; all in shallow incuse square .
M \ Dr.
C — T and magistrate's name. Eagle
with spread wings . . M, Diohol.
Id . ^-55
CTPATONIKEHN Pegasos . M -6^
Imperial times, without or with Emperor's head— Augustus to Salonina.
7;iw., CTPATONlKenN, lePA CYNKAHTOC, G€OC CYNKAHTOC, OCA
PHMH, etc.. sometimes with unexplained title INA€I (Eckhel, ii. 590).
Ti/pes — Isis Sothis, or Hekate, with inflated veil, riding on radiate running
dog ; Artemis slaying stag, or standing holding torch and patera, or with
ORTHOSIA-^TABAE.
531
stags or dog beside her ; Horseman with sceptre ; Nike ; Pegasos, Bel-
lerophon holding Pegasos by the bridle ; etc. Zeus Chrysaoreus and
Hekate were the divinities chiefly worshipped at this city, kyyv's 8e r/j?
TToAeco? TO Tov X.pv(raopeMS Ato? [lepov] kocvov airdproov Kapu)V, Strab., xiv.
660. The Pegasos, as a coin-type, is connected with tlie worship of the
former.
On a bronze coin of this town, struck in Roman times, is the unusual
inscr., tH<t)ICAMeNOY (^AAYBIOY AIOMHAOYC, signifying that the
coin was issued in pursuance of a decree proj^osed by one Flavius
Diomedes. The magistrates' titles on the coins of Stratoniceia are
Archon, Strategos, Prytanis, and Epimeletes.
For the coins reading AAPI ANOnOAeiTHN CTPATONeiK€nN, see
under Stratoniceia ad Caicum, in Mysia (p. 466).
Syangela (1), near Halicarnassus. See p. 542.
Taba or Tabae, the modern Davas, on the western side of Mount
Salbacus, and south of Aphrodisias, was inhabited by a mixed popula-
tion of Phrygians and Pisidians (Strabo, 629). It was probably not
thoroughly Hellenized until a comparatively late date, for its earliest coins
are of very late fabric, and cannot be assigned to an earlier period than
the latter part of the second century b. c. They consist of drachms and
hemidrachms of debased Rhodian or Attic weight, and of bronze coins of
Roman times.
Silver. Second and first centttriPs B. c.
Head of bearded Herakles, bare.
Id., or Head of Zeus (1).
{Zeit.fi iV., i. 148.)
Id.
Id. {Z.fi. N., i. 148.)
Head of young Dionysos ivy-crowned, r.
Id.
Bust of Pallas, r.
[Num. C'/iron., ix. 10.)
Id. {Ibid., p. 161.)
Veiled female head, r.
{Z.fiN.fiu 147.)
TABH NnN and magistrate's name
with patronymic, Tyche standing,
holding patera and cornucopiae JR Dr.
APTEMnN HAniOY AP. TABH-
NnN Artemis standing, r., wearing
short chiton JR Dr.
,, Artemis Ephesia facing,
between crescent and star . JR Dr.
,, Zeus holding eagle, and
hurling fulmen . JR Dr. and ^ Dr.
TABHNnKi Poseidon standing r., rest-
ing on trident, with one foot on rock ;
behind him, dolpliin. Magistrate's
name with patronymic . . JR Dr.
TABHNnN Tyche standing as above.
JR Dr.
,, and magistrate's name
with patronymic ; Nike advancing 1.
JR i Dr.
TABHNnN Dionysos standing hold-
ing kantharos and thyrsos JR ^ Dr.
TA Forepart of gibbous bull JR Obol.
M m 2
532 CARTA.
The bronze coins of the autonomous class, before and during Imperial
times, bear the inscriptions TABHNnN, AHMOC TABHNnN, I EPOC
AHMOC, bo yah, etc. Obverse fi/pes — Heads of Zeus, Pallas, Dionysos,
Herakles, Veiled female head. Demos, Boule, etc. Beverse fj/pes — Poseidon ;
Two thyrsi crossed ; Gibbous bull ; Capricorn ; Pilei of the Dioskuri ;
Nemesis ; Tyche ; Aegipan ; Naked Pantheistic divinity holding torch,
sceptre, and caduceus ; Altar of the Dioskuri, surmounted by their pilei ;
Bow and quiver ; Panther, etc.
Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr., TABHNnN. Magistrate's
name, without title, or with that of Archon, sometimes preceded by A I A,
instead of EOI, and occasionally with patronymic. Tf/pes — Zeus Nike-
phoros ; Artemis huntress ; Nike ; Goddess facing, holding grapes and
ears of corn, and resting on sceptre ; Two identical figures of Artemis
facing, side by side ; Dionysos standing, with panther ; Artemis and Men,
face to face ; Temple of Artemis ; Pantheistic divinity radiate, holding
torch, sceptre, caduceus, and bow ; Tyche ; Aegipan ; Altar of the
Dioskuri. Gaines—OK^fATWh TTYGiA.
Telmessus (?). There are said to have been two towns of this name,
one in Caria, and another, a more important city, in Lycia. The Carian
town, about sixty stadia from Halicarnassus, may have been the seat of
a famous oracle of Apollo (cf. Herod., i. 78 ; Cic. Be divin., i. 41 ; Leake,
Ntu)i. Hell. As., p. 100), and to it Sestini {Lett, di Cont., iii. 81, and ix.
PL IV. 5) has attributed the following coin. It is, however, extremely
doubtful, as Borrell has pointed out [Num. Chron., x. 87), whether this
piece ought not to be assigned to Telmessus in Lycia. It belongs to the
third century b. c.
Head of Helios, radiate, facing, as on TEAMH2![ZEriNJ Apollo seated on
coins of Rhodes. (Brit. Mus.) ' onuabalos, holding arrow . . ^^ -6
Termera, a small place on the promontory between Halicarnassus and
Myndus. Herodotus (v. 37) informs us that Termera was governed in
the reign of Darius Hystaspis, B. c. 521-485, by a tyrant named Tymnes.
It is not improbable that the following coin may have been struck by a
grandson of this Tymnes, who may have been ruling in Termera early in
the fifth century B.C.
Persic Standard. Circ. b. c. 480-450.
TYMNO Herakles kneeling, wielding I TERMERIKON Lion's head, in incuse
clnl) and holding bow. | square . . AX Drachm. 72'4 grs.
Under Mausolus Termera was destroyed, and its population removed
to Halicarnassus, the citadel alone being maintained as a prison.
Ti'apezopolis, between the Carian Antioch and Laodiceia ad I'ycum.
Autonomous bronze coins of Imperial times and Imperial — Augustus to
Domna. Inser., TPAneZOnOAeiTHN or TPAn€ZOnOAenC. Magis-
DYNASTS OF CARTA.
533
trates' names, sometimes with title Archon, preceded by em, or without
title preceded by AIA. Types— Kea^ds of lEPA CYNKAHTOC,^ lePA
BO YAH, AHMOC, Demeter, Men, or Emperor. Reverses chiefly Men and
Kybele, but also Apollo, Artemis, Dionysos, Tyche, etc.
Tripolis. See Phrygia.
DYNASTS OF CARIA.
Hecatomnus, B.C. 391 ('?)-377 (in Mylasa). Tetradrachm of Rhodian
weight.
Zeus Stratios, or Labrauncleus, armed
with spear and bipeunis (Xa/Spuy),
walking to the right.
EK ATOM Lion . . . iR Tetradr.
{Rev. Num., 1856, PL III. 3.)
Mausolus, B. c. S7 7-353 (i^ Halicarnassus). Tetradrachms and drachms
of Rhodian weight.
Fig. 310,
Head of Apollo, laureate, facing.
MAYtSHAAO Zeus Stratios, as
above. (Fig. 310.)
M Tetradr. 234 grs.
MBr. 57 grs.
Hidrieus, B. c. 351-344. Tetradrachms, didrachms, and drachms similar
to those of Mausolus, but with inser., lAPlEa^ (cf. Mion., Suj)pL, vl
PL VII. 3), and Obols.
Head of Apollo.
I API between the rays of a star . . .
M Obol 1 1-7 grs.
Pixodarus, B. c. 341-335. Gold drachms, diobols, obols, and hemiobols.
Head of Apollo, laureate, in profile.
(B. M. Guide, PL XIX. 34.)
Id. (Brandis, p. 476.)
PIZnAAPOorniZriA Zeus Stratios,
as above A 64, 21-4 and io-8 grs.
PI Labrys A 5-4 grs.
The silver money of this Dynast consists of Rhodian didrachms,
drachms, and obols similar to those of the preceding dynasts, but on
some specimens the later form of the genitive OY, in place of the earlier
0, occurs. (B. M. Guide, PI. XIX. ^$.)
534
ISLANDS OFF CARIA.
Othontopates, B. c ^'^^-'^i,^'^. Of this Dynast a tetradrachm of the
usual tj-pe is published by Mionnet {Sup., vi. PI. VII. 5). In^cr., OGON-
TOPATO.
ISLANDS OFF CARIA.
Astjrpalaea. Gold staters and tetradi-achms of Alexander the Great's
types (Muller, CI. VI., Nos. ii']o-'j2,s?/)nhol, harpa), of the second century
B. c. Autonomous bronze from the end of the fourth century downwards.
Inscr., A, A^, ACTY, ACTYriAAAIEnN, etc. T^pes — usually referring to
the worship of Perseus, e.g. Head of Perseus, Harpa, Gorgon's head
[Num. Chroii., ix. 163). Imperial, with portraits, but without name, of
Li via and Tiberius. :7^7;e'5— Head of Dionysos, or Nike.
Calymna. The coinage of this island consists of two distinct classes.
Before b. c. 500.
Rude archaic head of bearded warrior,
wearing crested helmet.
(B. M. Guide, PI. III. 29.)
Archaic lyre, the bowl of which is a
tortoise-shell, all in incuse, adapted
to the form of the lyre
JB. Persic stater 160 grs.
Circ. B.C. 350-335.
Youug head in crested helmet, with
cheek pieces.
(Mion., Suj^pl., vi. PL VIII. I.)
KAAYMNION Lyre in dotted square
JS{, Phodian didr. 100 grs.
M, „ di". 50 grs.
iR jj 1^ dr- 23 grs
Also small bronze coins of similar types. The head on the obverses, if
not that of Ares, is probably intended for one of the Ai'give heroes, who
were shipwrecked on this island after the Ti-ojan war. In 1823 an
immense hoard of Calj^mnian didrachms was discovered in the island
mixed with coins of Rhodes, Cos, and the Carian dynasts, Mausolus,
Hidrieus, and Pixodarus. As the hoard contained no coins of Alexander
the Great, it is almost certain that it was deposited not later than u. c. ^;^^
{Num. Chron., ix. 166).
Poseidion Carpathi. Carpathos appears to have been an island of
some importance in early times. Its chief town, Poseidion, struck auto-
nomous silver staters on the Phoenician standard, resembling in fabric
those of the ancient Rhodian cities, Lindus, lalysus, and Camirus. All
these places lost their autonomy when Rhodes was founded, circ. r>.C. 408.
The money of Poseidion does not extend beyond the earlier part of the
fifth century.
ASTYPALAEA—COS.
535
Circ. B.C. 550-450.
POC Two doliDhins in opposite direc-
tions, and a third small fish beneath
them ; all in incuse square.
Incuse square, divided by a broad band
into two oblong parts
M, Stater 215 grs.
M Third 70 grs.
{^.IL Guide, V\. III. 32.)
The legend PO^ is sometimes wanting, as is also the small fish beneath
the dolphins. (Imhoof, Zeit.f. Num., i. 153.)
Cos. According to tradition the earliest Greek inhabitants of Cos came
from Epidaurus, bringing with them the worship of Asklepios, for which
the island was afterwards celebrated. Apollo and Herakles are also
appropriate types on the coins of Cos, which was a member of the Dorian
Pentapolis. The coinage of Cos falls into the following periods : —
Crab.
Before circ. b. c. 480.
I Eough incuse square . . ^R 25 grs.
Circ. B.C. 480-400.
Fig. 311.
KO^, KnS, Km ON Naked athlete,
preparing to hurl the discus ; behind
him the prize tripod.
Incuse square, sometimes divided dia-
gonally; in centre, crab. (Fig. 311.)
JR Attic tetradrachm.
The obverse type of these coins appears to be agonistic, although it is
thought by some to represent Apollo beating a tympanum, and dancing
before his tripod.
Circ. B. c. 400-300. •
Head of bearded Herakles, in lion's
skin.
Id. (Brandis, p. 478.)
Id.
KniON Crab, club, and magistrate's
name in dotted square ....
iR Rhodian tetradr.
(B.M. Guide, PI. XX. 36.)
KniON Veiled female head; magis-
trate's name
^ Rhodian didr. and small JE
„ Crab, club, and magistrate's
name . . . M Ehodian drachm.
536
ISLANDS OFF CARTA.
Circ. B.C. 300-200.
During the third century Cos, under the mild rule of the Ptolemies,
retained, like Ephesus, its right of coinage.
Head of young Herakles, in lion's skin.
(B.M. Guide, PI. XXIX. 32.)
Id. (Hunter, 5, 6.)
Id., facing.
Id., facing.
With several other varieties.
KniON Crab and bow in case; magis-
trate's name
JR Ehodian tetradr. 230 grs.
,, Ci-ab and club : magistrate's
name iR Ehodian didrachm 102 grs.
Km ON Id. . ^ Rhodian didrachra.
„ Club and bow in case iE -7.
Circ. B.C. 200-88.
In this period, as at Ephesus, etc., the Attic standard takes the place
of the Rhodian. Tetradrachms of Alexander's types occur with the
Crab as a symbol in the field. Also the following remarkable tetradrachm
now in the Hunter Museum at Glasgow : —
Head of Aiohrodite, in myrtle-wi'eath.
(Hunter, 112, i.)
Km ON Asklepios standing, resting on
his staff. Magistrate, NIKOZfPA-
TOZ M 256 grs.
The head on this coin is perhaps that of the famous statue of Aphrodite
which Praxiteles made for the Coans, a work which was ranked by the
artist on an equality with the Aphrodite of Cnidus (Pliny, H. N., xxxvi.
5. 4). The smaller coinage of the second century resembles in fabric the
contemporary Rhodian money, the reverse type being enclosed in a
shallow incuse square, which must not be mistaken for an indication
of antiquity.
Head of young Herakles.
Head of Asklepios, bearded and lau-
reate.
Id.
K XII ON Crab and club in shallow
incuse squai'e. Magistrate's name .
M Tetrobol.
KjQ or Km ON Coiled serj)ent and
magistrate's name in shallow incuse
square . . . . ^ ^ Dr. 32 grs.
Kn Serpent-staff or coiled serpent.
Magistrate's name . . . . >(E -9
hrc. B. c.
?-50.
From the time of the Mithradatic war to the middle of the first century
the coinage of Cos resembles the contemporary Federal money of Lycia,
having on the obverse the Head of Apollo, and on the reverse a Lyre.
Only small divisions are known in silver, the mass of the currency having
been of bronze.
COS—NISmOS. 537
Roman times. Autonomous and Imperial bronze.
Nicias,- Tyrant of Cos. Time of Augustus (Strab., 658}.
NIKIAZ Portrait of Nicias. I KHinN Head of Asklepios and magis-
I trate's name M 1-2
Among the other Coan bronze coins of Tmjierial times — Augustus to
Phihp Jun., are some which bear the names of divinities, e.g. AZK AHTTIOY
ZnTHPOZ,ACKAHni[OC],Yriei A, Z€YC, etc., or portraits of distinguished
citizens, such as innOKPATHC, the Physician, Z€NO0nN, another Coan
physician, who practised at Kome in the reign of Claudius. Among other
Imjjerial t^j^es worth noting is that of a veiled figure resting on a sceptre,
and sacrificing before an altar. The figure is apparently female, and
Eckhel supposes it to represent the Priest of Herakles, who, according to
Plutarch [Qaaest. Graec, 504), wore at Cos the dress of a woman.
Macjistrates names without title, usually in nominative case.
Alliance coins with Halicarnassus and Miletus.
Megiste, an island subject to Rhodes, struck silver drachms on the
Rhodian standard, dating from about the middle of the fourth century e. c.
(MiUingen, Si/IL, p. ^s, PI- H. 51).
Circ. B. c. 350.
Head of Helios in profile, on a radiate | M — E Rose with buds JR, Dr. 46 grs.
solar disk. |
With the obverse of this coin, cf. a gold stater of Lampsacus, see supra,
P- 456, fig. 381.
Nisyros. Of this island there are also silver coins of the fourth century,
the types of which betoken Rhodian influence.
Circ. B.C. 350.
Young male head within wreath.
(Millingen, o.c, PI. II. 50.)
N— I Eose with buds M Dr. 47
Third century b. c.
Female head, wearing stephane and
earring.
(Imhoof, Zeit.f. Num., i. 150.)
Id., or head of Poseidon.
NIZYPION Poseidon, with trident,
seated on rock. Magistrate, IME-
PAIOZ iR 35 grs.
N I ZY Dolphin and trident . M4
The island of Nisyros was said to have been torn ofi" from Cos by
Poseidon, who hurled it with his trident upon the giant Polybotes
(Apollod., i. 6. 2). There was a temple of Poseidon in the town of Nisyros
(Strab., X. 489).
Miiller attributes to Nisyros some Alexandrine tetradrachms of Class VI.
(Nos. 1 168, 9). Si/mhol — Bucranium.
538
ISLANDS OFF CARIA.
Rhodes. The coinage of this Wealthy island falls into two main
divisions: (i) that of the three ancient towns Camirus, lalysus, and
Lindus, down to B.C. 408, when they all three combined to found the
new capital Rhodus ; (ii) the long series of the currency of Rhodus from
B.C. 408 downwards.
Camims Rhodi, on the western coast of the island, was the most
important of the three independent towns. The fact that its coins follow
the Aeginetic standard indicates that it traded chiefly with the West.
Circ. B. c. 500, or earlier — 480.
Fig-leaf. (B. M. Guide, PI. III. 30.)
Id.
Id.
Two oblong incuse depressions, separated
by a broad band ^i, Stater 186 grs.
Incuse square . . M, Drachm 92 grs.
Id M Obol 9 grs.
Circ. B.C. 480-408.
Fig-leaf. (Leake, Ins., 5.)
Id. {Num. Chron., ix. 169.)
Rose. [Num. Chron., 1. c.)
Horse's head.
Fig-leaf.
KAMI — PEnN in incuse square,
divided into two parts
M Stater 175 grs.
K — A in incuse square, divided into
two parts . . . . M i8-2 grs.
KA Griffin's head, in incuse square
JR 14 grs.
KA — Ml Fig-leaf, in incuse square .
M 1 2- grs.
K A in two quarters of a wheel . JE -4
lalysus Rhodi, about ten miles west of the later city of Rhodus, struck
silver money on the Phoenician standard, indicating that the commercial
relations of this town were rather with the mainland of Asia Minor than
with the islands of the Aegean.
Circ. B.C. 500-408.
Forepart of winged boar.
(B.M. Guide, Vl III. 31.)
lAAYCION Id.; beneath, helmet.
Forepart of winged boar.
Id.
Id.
Forepart of winged horse.
lAAYCION or lEAYCION Eagle's
head in incuse square, in one corner of
which a lioral ornament ....
Al Tetradr. 230 grs.
Id JR Tetradr. 223-4 grs.
{Nim. Chron., 1873, PI- ^I- 6.)
Id ^ ^ Dr. 31 grs.
Id M Obol 16 grs.
Id M J Obol 7.8 grs.
A — I Rose in inc. sq. M h Obol 6-5 grs.
Lindus Rhodi, on the east coast of the island, like lalysus on the north,
struck silver coin on the Phoenician standard.
RHODES.
539
Circ. B.C. 500-408.
Lion's head, with open jaws.
(Mion., PI. XXXVI. 5.)
Two oblong incuse depressions, separated
by a broad band, on which sometimes
AINAI . . iR Tetradr. 213 grs.
M Obol 16 grs.
Rhodns. In or about the year b. c. 408 the three independent Rhodian
towns Camirus, lalysus, and Lindus, combined to found the new city of
Rhodus near the extreme northern point of the island. As the in-
habitants of all three towns traced their descent from Helios, to whom,
indeed, the whole island was sacred (Pindar, 01., vii. 54), the head of the
Sun-god and his emblem, the Rose, were naturally selected as the coin-
types of the new capital. The standard adopted for the new currency
appears to have been at first the Attic, of which we have rare tetra-
drachms weighing about 260 grs. This standard, however, very soon
gives place to the so-called Rhodian standard, the tetradrachms of which
range from 240-230 grs.
Attic weight.
Head of Helios, facing.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Circ. B.C. 408-400.
POAION Eose, on either side bunch
of grapes; all in incuse square
^fl Tetradr. 259 grs.
Id M\Y)y.
P — 0 Rose in incuse square M, \ Dr.
5, Head of nymph, Khodos, in in-
cuse square M \ Dr.
Gold of Euhoic and Silver of Rhodian iveight.
Circ. B.C. 400-304.
Fig. 312.
Head of Helios, facing, of fine strong
style. (Fig. 312.)
Similar, of bold style, but of inferior
work to the N stater.
(B.M. Giiide, PL XX. 38.)
Id. (Hunter, PI. XLV. 3.)
Id.
Id.
Head of Helios, facing.
Head of nymph Khodos.
POAION Rose with bud to r. and
grapes to 1. ; in field E. All in in-
cuse square N Stater
,, Rose and bud ; in field,
changing symbol. All in incuse
square . . . . JR Tetradr.
Id M Didr.
„ Id ^Drachm.
PO Id Mi Dr.
P — 0 Rose, above magistrate's name.
In field, changing symbol ....
M Didr. Dr. and ^ Dr.
P— 0 Rose ^' -45
540
ISLANDS OFF CARIA.
About B.C. 394, after Conon's great victory at Cnidus, Rhodes took
part in the Federal coinage of the Anti-Spartan alliance. Cf. the similar
coins of Ephesus, Samos, Cnidus, and lasus.
?YN Infant Herakles strangling ser-
pents {Rev. Num., 1863, PI. X. 3.)
PO Rose. Traces of incuse square.
iR 175 grs. Tridrachm.
Circ. B.C. 304-168.
The coinage of Rhodes seems to have been unaffected by the campaign
of Alexander the Great, and it was not until after the famous siege of
Rhodus by Demetrius Poliorcetes that any modification was introduced
in the types.
It can, however, hardly be questioned that the next series of Rhodian
money whch exhibits the head of Helios radiate on the obverse, falls into
the period of the greatest prosperity of Rhodes, B.C. 304-168. The radiate
head on the tetradrachms of this period may serve to give us some idea
of the style and general aspect of the features of the colossal statue of
Helios by Chares of Lindus, commonly called the Colossus of Rhodes.
This figure was set up in B.C. 283, beside the harbour of Rhodus, and not,
according to a fanciful modern notion, astride across its entrance.
(Overbeck, Plasfik, 3rd ed., ii. 137 sq.)
Fig. 313.
Head of Helios, facing, of softer style
than on the coins of the fifth cen-
tury, and surrounded by rays.
Id.
Head of Helios, radiate in profile.
Id.
Head of Helios, radiate, facing.
Id. in profile.
Head of Helios, facing, but without
rays.
Id.
POAION or P— 0 Rose with bud;
magistrate's name and changing sym-
bol in field (Fig. 313) . M Tetradr.
Id M Didr.
POAION Id ^Didr.
P — 0 Id. Magistrates' names and
changing symbols, as on the dia-
drachms, but all in shallow incuse
square M, Dr.
P— 0 Id ^ 1 Dr.
P — 0 Two rose buds, between them
changing symbol
M. Trihemiob. 15 grs.
P — 0 Id. but not in incuse square .
MDv.
P— 0 Id ^ ^ Dr.
Of this last type there is a curious variety showing an Eagle in front
of the right cheek of the Sun-god. On the reverses of coins of this class
RHODES.
541
are the abbreviated names, perhaps of Lycian towns, such as P — A, and
Z — A for Patara and Xanthus. If so, these little coins were struck on
the mainland while Lycia was subject to Rhodes. See, however, Imhoof,
Mo7i. Gr., p. 314.
Bronze.
Head of Helios, radiate, in profile
(style of Lysippus).
Head of Zeus.
Id.
Veiled female head, in stephane.
Id.
Head of Helios, radiate, in profile.
P — 0 Rose, between two changing
symbols ^ i-i
P — 0 Rose and bud, in field, magis-'
trate's letters ^ -8
P — 0 Rose, behind which, radiate disk
of rising sun -^ "65
P — 0 Rose ^ '65
PO Prow ^-65
P — 0 Rose. Magistrate's name and
changing symbols. All in flat incuse
square ^ '5
At the conclusion of the peace b. c. i 89, after the battle of Magnesia,
Rhodes obtained a large accession of territory on the mainland, including
Lycia, exclusive of Telmessus, and the greater part of Caria, south of the
Maeander. From this time the coinage is abundant, even in gold, until
B.C. 168, when the Romans put an end to the Rhodian power on the
mainland. To the tetradrachms and smaller silver coins of this period
above described may be added the following : —
(a) Gold.
Head of Helios, radiate, facing.
(P.M. Guide, PL L. 21.)
Head of Helios, radiate, in profile.
P — 0 Rose, in shallow incuse square.
Magistrates' names ANTAIOZ or
TIMOKPATHZ . . . AT Stater.
P — 0 Id. in circle of dots. Magis-
trates'names ANTAIOZ, AIOTEN,
MEAAIT, TIMOKPA, etc. A^ | Dr.
(i3) Gold and Silver of Regal Types.
Gold staters of the types of Philip and Lysimachus. Symbol — Rose.
(Miiller, Alex., PL XXXVI. 208 ; Lysim., PL VIII. 450, 451) with magis-
trate's name APIZTOBOYAOZ, a name which occurs also on Rhodian
tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, Alex., Class VI., PL XVI. Nos.
1154-1167); Symbol — Rose. The magistrates' names on these coins are
often identical with those on the tetradrachms of the usual Rhodian type
described above.
Circ. B.C. 168-88.
In B.C. 168 the Lycian League was reconstituted under Roman
auspices, and the Rhodian commerce irretrievably ruined. The coinao-e
of Rhodes from this time down to that of the Mithradatic wars consisted
in all probability of the later and more carelessly executed drachms of the
classes above described.
542
ISLANDS OFF CARLL
Circ. i?.c. 88-43.
It is to the period of the revolt of Asia from Roman oppression during
the Mithradatic war that I would ascribe the following late Rhodian
issues. The Attic standard had now become all but universal in Asia
Minor, and the Rhodian money forms no exception to the rule.
Head of Helios, facinaf, of late
(Cf. Hunter, PI. XLV. 6.)
Id.
Id.
?tyle.
P — 0 Rose seen in front, magistrate's
name written around M. Attic Dr.
PO Rose seen in front, beneath, magis-
trate's name, the whole in wreath of
ivy(?) . . . . ■ . . . . M r\
„ Rose seen in front, around, magis-
trate's name ^ '75
Iim])P,Tial Times.
Although doubtless the Rhodian silver coin continued current long-
after it had ceased to be issued, there is every reason to suppose that'
bronze gradually took its place as the chief medium of circulation, and that
from being mere token money bronze became real money possessed of a
certain intrinsic value. That some such alteration in the legal standard
occurred under the Roman rule is to be inferred not only from the large
size and heavy weight of the late Rhodian bronze coins, but from the fact
that they usually bear the indication of value AIAPAXMON.
Head of Helios, r., radiate, and often POAinN or AIAPAXMON, or magis-
bound with ivy, or head of young strata's name, often with title TA-
Dionysos in ivy-wreath ; around on MIAZ. Types: Rose; Nike crown-
some specimens the legend ing tuophy ; or Nike on a prow or
POAIOI YTieP THN CGBACTHN. globe, carrying aplustre, or wreath
and palm -^ i"5
There are also coins with the Head of Helios and POAIflN EAEYO. on
the reverse, type Nike.
Imperial — Nero to Commodus. 2V/^<?.?— Helios and female deity joining
hands. nOC€l AnN AC(t>AAeiOC, Poseidon standing before altar holding
dolphin and trident, etc. Poseidon Asphaleios was the god who presided
over the safety of ships and ports. (Cf. Strab., 59.)
Syme (?), an island between Rhodes and Cnidus. Waddington {lier.
JShim., 1853, p. 249) has attributed to this island an Attic drachm dating
apparently from about P..C. 400-350.
Head of boarded Dionysos.
Head of Pallas.
(Inihoof, 7l/o». G'r., PI. F. 13.)
ty Kantharos .... vR 63 grs.
Y5 Kantharos wreathed with ivy .
\m\\ooi [Mnn. Gr., p; 323) suggests Syangela near Halicarnassus as an
equally probable place of mintage.
BIIOBES, SY3IE{?), TELOS.
543
Telos, a small island between Rhodes and Nisyros.
Circ. B.C. 400-300.
Head of Zeus.
Head of Pallas.
(Indioof, Zeit.f. Num., i. p. 151.)
THAI Crab ....... ^ -5
„ Id M-^
From the following table it will be seen that before the age of Alexander
the only places of mintage on the mainland of Caria were Astyra, Cher-
sonesus and Cnidus, Halicarnassus, lasus, Idyma, and Termera : —
Chronological Table of the Coinage of Caria.
B.C.
B.C.
B.C.
B.C.
B.C.
Roman
Imperial
600-480
480-400
400-330
330-190
190-133
Times
Aba (?)
M
Alabanda
MM
M Reg.
M
Alincla
M. M
M
Amyzon
M
Antiochia
M: Ml
M
Aphrodisias
Jix Jtj
M
Apollonia
M
Astyi-a
M
'"m
Bargasa
M
Bargylia
M. '" M
M
M
Callipolis
M
Caryanda
'"m
Caunus
M M
Ceramus
M^ M
M
Chersonesus
M
Cidramus
M
Cnidus
M
2R.
M M
{ M Reg.
\M M
M
Cyon
M
M
Eriza
•
M
Euippe
M
M
Euralium
M
Euromus
M
M
Halicarnassus
Er>"(?)
m"
'"m
M. M
M
Harpasa
M
Heracleia
M
Hydrela
M
Hyllarima
.
M
lasus
...
j5l JEi
M
Idyma
...
M
Lepsimandus(?)
M.
Mylasa
'"m
M. Reg.
. M
Myndus
M. M
M
Neapolis (?)
M
M
Orthosia
'"m
" M
M
M
Plarasa
M. M
Sebastopolis
M
Stratonieeia
M.' ' M
M
Taba
M. M
M
M
Telmessus (?)
'"m
Termera
M
Trapezopolis
M
Dynasts
KM
544
LYBIA.
Islands off Caria.
Before
B.C.
B.C.
B.C.
B.C. 190-
Imperial
B.C. 480
4S0-400
400-300
300
-190
Roman Times
^^ j Beg. JE
Astypalaea
M
^
Calymna
M
JjA, JTj
Poseidion Carpathi
Ai
Cos
M
JR
M
M
JE
j ^ Reg. JE
JE
Megiste
M
Nisyros
M
JP.
/E
Camirus Rhodi
M
M
lalysus ,,
M
M
Lindus „
M
M
Rliodus
...
N JP. ^
M
JE
N JR 1 ^
JE
Syine (?)
-zrt -/E
Tl4os
tE
LYDIA.
' The Lydians,' says Herodotus, ' were the first of all nations we know
of who struck gold and silver coin ; ' Trpwroi 8e av6pb)iT0)v twv j/jixeis Xbixev
voixia-jjia xpvo'ov koI apyvpov Koxj/dfjicvot exprjcravTO (i. 94), and Xenophanes of
Colophon (ap. Jul. Poll., ix. 83) bears witness to the same tradition.
Passing from these statements of ancient writers to an examination of the
earliest Asiatic attempts in the art of coining, we are led to ascribe to the
seventh century b. c, and probably to the reign of Gyges, the founder of
the dynasty of the Mermnadae, and of the new Lydian empire, as distin-
guished from the Lydia of more remote antiquity, the first issues of the
Lydian mint. These rudely executed coins consist of electrum staters
and smaller coins of the standards usually known as the Babylonic and
the Phoenician, of which the earliest staters weigh about 167 and 220 grs.
respectively. The Babylonic standard appears to have been intended
for commerce with the interior of Asia Minor, and the Phoenician
standard for transactions with the cities of the western sea-board.
l^ime 0/ Gyges and Arclijs. Circ. B.C. 700-637.
Fig. 314.
EARLY ELECT RUM.
545
Plain {^Tyjnis fasciatus). (Fig. 314.)
Id. (Lenormant, Mon. royales de la
Lydie, p. i.)
Id. (B. V. Head, Coinage of Lydia
and Persia, PI. I. 2.)
Id. {Ibid., PL I. 3.)
Id.
Id.
{Ibid., PI. I. 4.)
{Ibid., PI. I. 5.)
Three incuse depressions, that in the
centre oblong, the others square .
El. Babylonic stater 1668 grs.
Id. but in central incuse a running fox,
in the upper square a stag's head,
and in the lower an ornament ^ .
El. Phoenician stater 219 grs.
Id. Oblong between two square depi-es-
sions . . El. ^ Stater 105-8 grs.
Two incuse squares of different sizes .
El. Sixth 37 gi's.
Incuse square . El. Twelfth 18 grs.
Incuse square . El. ^^ 9 grs.
In the fox, on the reverse of the stater of 219 grs., Lenormant recog-
nises a symbol of the Lydian Dionysos, whose name, Bassareus, he
connects with the word Bassara, a fox (Steph., Tkesaur., s. v.).
Time of Sadyattes and Alyattes. B.C. 637-568.
During this period it may be reasonably supposed that the influence of
the arts of Ionia began to be felt in the Lydian capital. Miletus and other
important Greek cities on the coast had not been long in adopting and
improving upon the Lydian invention of coining the precious metals, by
adorning the face of the ingot with a sacred emblem. It is impossible
to distinguish with absolute certainty the Lydian issues from those of the
Greek towns, but there is one type which seems to be especially charac-
teristic of Lydia, as it occurs in a modified form on the coinage attributed
to the Sardian mint, and to the reign of Croesus ; this is the Lion and
the Bull, symbolical, perhaps, of the worship of the Sun and Moon.
Foreparts of lion and bull, turned
away from one another, and joined
by their necks.
(B. V. Head, I. c, PI. I. 6.)
Three incuse depressions, that in the
centre oblong, the others square .
El. Phoenician stater 215-4 grs.
The two following coins, already described under Miletus (p. 503),
might with equal probability, on account of the fox on the reverse, be
assigned to Sardes : —
Lion, recumbent, with head turned
back and open jaws, the whole in
oblong frame. (Brit. Mus.)
Id.
Oblong incuse between two square ones.
In the central oblong, a running fox,
in one square a stag's head, and in
the other an ornament ^ ....
El. Stater 214-8 grs.
Id El. ^ Stater 107 grs.
There are also electrum coins of Euboic weight (369 and 133 grs.)
attributed by Miiller to Gyrene {q. v.), which mai/ however be of Ionian
or Lydian origin.
Time of Croesus {1). B.C. 568-554.
When Croesus ascended the throne of Lydia, one of his first objects
seems to have been to propitiate the Hellenes, both in Europe and Asia,
by magnificent offerings of equal value to the great sanctuaries of Apollo
N n
546
LYDIA.
at Delphi and Branchidae (Herod, i. 46, 50, 92). For the space of about
fourteen years Lydia, under his rule, occupied the position of a great
power in Asia, extending from the Halys to the shores of the Aegean.
It seems probable that the introduction of a double currency of pure
gold and silver money, in the place of the primitive electrum, may have
been due to the commercial genius of Croesus, as I have elsewhere
endeavoured to point out [Coinage of Li/dia and Persia, p. 19).
In this monetary reform regard seems to have been had to the weights
of the two old electrum staters, each of which was now represented by
an equal value, though, of course, not by an equal weight, of pure gold.
Thus the old Phoenician electrum stater of 220 grs. was replaced by a
pure gold coin of 168 grs., equivalent, like its predecessor in electrum, to
10 silver staters of 220 grs. (one-fifth of the Phoenician silver mina),
and the old Baby Ionic electrum stater of 168 grs. was replaced by a new
pure gold stater of 126 grs., equal in value, like it, to one-fifth of the
Babylonic silver mina or 10 silver staters of 168 grs., as now for the
first time coined. The attribution of the coins of this series to Croesus
originated with Cousinery, whose opinion was shared by Borrell, Leake,
Lenormant, Waddington [As. Min., p. 59), and Brandis. M. Six, however,
would assign them to the time of Cyrus and Cambyses.
Foreparts of a lion aud bull, facing
one another.
Babylonic Standard, Gold . . .
(Sestini, A^^ai. Ant., Tab. IX. 14,
Oblong incuse, divided into two parts.
.6)
SL Stater . .
168 grs.
K Trite . .
56 grs.
K Hecte . .
28 grs.
K Hemihecton
14 grs.
SL Stater . .
126 grs. (Fig.
315)
K Trite . .
42 grs.
K Hecte . .
21 grs.
K Hemihecton
II grs.
M Stater . .
168 grs.
M \ Stater .
84 grs.
M \ Stater .
56 grs.
M tV Stater .
14 grs.
Euboic Standard, Gold < ^^
Babylonic Standard, Silver ....
(B. M. Guide, PL I. 15, 16.)
With the Persian Conquest, or rather on the reorganisation of the
Empire and its division into satrapies by Darius, the son of Hystaspes,
the Lydian coinage was abolished and superseded by the Royal Persian
darics and sigli. (See below under Persia.)
Under the rule of the Persians and the Seleucidae it does not appear
that any coins were struck in Lydia. After the defeat of Antiochus by
the Romans, in B. c. 190, at the battle of Magnesia, Lydia was annexed to
the kingdom of the Philetaeri, by the last of whom it was bequeathed to
the Roman people, and was included in the Roman province of Asia.
Several Lydian cities under Pergamene and Roman rule issued cisto-
ACHARACA {:')—ACRASUS. 547
phori, but, as we shall presently see, the coinage of Lydia consists in the
main of bronze of the Imperial period.
This vast preponderance of the Imperial coinage over the autonomous,
both in Lydia and Phrygia. has induced me to depart from the somewhat
antiquated geographical order hitherto universally adhered to by numis-
matists. Lydia and Phrygia seem to follow naturally next after Ionia
and Caria. To interpolate Lycia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, Cilicia, and Cyprus,
between Caria and Lydia, appears to me to be introducing, quite unne-
cessarily, an element of confusion into the homogeneous coinage of the
Roman Province of Asia, which should certainly be as far as possible
kept together.
As M. Waddington justly remarks [Pastes des Provinces asiatiques, p. 24),
it is by means of its coinage that we are enabled to identify the exact
boundaries of the province of Asia, for the Imperial coins struck in that
province are distinguished from those of all the other provinces of Asia
Minor by two well-marked peculiarities: (1) by the frequent occurrence
on them of local magistrates' names usually accompanied by their titles,
such as Strategos, Archon, Archiereus, etc. ; and (2) by the common
substitution for the Emperor's head of a symbolic bust accompanied by
the legend ICPA CYNKAHTOC\ by which is meant the Eoman Senate,
whereby the cities of the Province of Asia indicated their dependence
upon the Senate, Asia having been always a Senatorial Province. M.
Waddington was, I believe, the first to draw attention to the fact that
this custom was peculiar to the Province of Asia, for in the neighbouring
Bithynia, which was for a time also Senatorial, no trace of it exists.
This peculiarity also applies to the names of local titled magistrates, for,
although in Bithynia, Galatia, and Cappadocia we often meet with the
names of Proconsuls or of Imperial Legati, yet we never find those of
local municipal dignitaries, while in Lycia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, and
Cilicia not even these occur, for the Imperial coins of those districts
never bear magistrates' names.
These considerations, added to a well-marked similarity of fabric, form
in my judgment a good and sufficient reason for the modification of the
commonly-accepted order of arrangement which I have thought fit to
adopt in the present work.
Acharaca (?) (Strab., 579, 649, and 650), between Tralles and Nysa. To
this place Millingen (who calls it Characa, 8ylL^ p. 79) would attribute
a coin of Drusus reading KAPAKI . . . . Type — Caduceus. But the
attribution is by no means satisfactory, for Acharaca was not a distinct
TTo'Ais, but merely a village in the territory of Nysa.
Acrasus (Waddington, As. Mm., 60), on the upper course of the Caicus.
hnjoerial, with or without heads of Emperors — Trajan to Gordian.
Inscr., AKPACinTnN. Magistrates' names with title Strategos. Tyj^es —
KAIKOC, River Caicus recumbent; The death of Dirke ; Apollo and
Marsyas, the former resting on column, the latter as a satyr standing
1 The legends KPA CYNKAHTOC, OeON CYNKAHTON, and the like, are so
frequent on the coins of the towns of the Roman Province of Asia, especially in Lydia and
Phrygia, that I have not always been careful to chronicle their occurrence.
N n 2
548 LYBIA.
before him ; Artemis Ephesia in biga of stags ; Kybele in biga drawn
by lions ; Dionysos ; Asklepios, Hygieia, and Telesphoros ; Herakles and
Athena sacrificing ; Hermes; ICPA CYNKAHTOC. etc.
Auinetus. Site uncertain. Autonomous of Imperial times. Inscr.,
ANINHCIOIC, ANiNHCinN AHMOC, Head of Demos, rev. ANO€CTI0C
ANeOHKe, Free Horse; Artemis Ephesia; Kape of Persephone (Imhoof,
Mo7i. Gr., p. 470).
Apollonis (Waddington, As. 3Iin., 60), on the frontiers of Mysia, half
way between Pergamum and Sardes. Imperial times, with or without Em-
peror's head — Aurelius to Severus Alexander. Inscr., ATTOAAnNl A€nN.
Magistrates — Archon, Strategos. Ordinary types — AHMOC, l€PA CYN-
KAHTOC, ©CON CYNKAHTON, etc.; Kybele seated; Dionysos; River-
god without name ; Bust of Artemis ; Stag ; Demeter in serpent-car, etc.
Apollouos Hieron (Pliny, v. 29). Autonomous and Imperial bronze,
with or without Emperor's name — Tiberius, Nero, Caracalla, and Hostilian.
Inscr., AnOAAnNiePCITnN, Bust of Pallas ; Zeus standing ; etc. Apollo
in temple; l€PA CYNKAHTOC, etc.
Attalia. Imper'ml — Trajan to Julia Mamaea, with or without por-
traits. Inscr., ATTAACATnN. Magistrate, Strategos. Types— '^yxii of
Artemis with surname B0P6ITHNH, or simply KOPH ; Artemis running
with two torches; Herakles and Lion; lePA CYNKAHTOC; etc. The
coins of the other Attalia in Pamphylia read ATTAACHN.
Aureliopolis, between Tralles and Attalia. Imperial of Commodus
(dedicated by the Strategos Apollonides), Caracalla, and Gordian. Inscr.,
AYPHAIOnOAeiTnN. Magistrate— Strategos. 7>/jtf5— Apollo naked with
bow and arrow, in biga drawn by griffins. Artemis in biga of serpents
or stags. Dionysos in biga of Centaurs. AYPHAIO. TMH., seated female
figure turreted, holding cista mystica on her knee, and crowned by
Dionysos wearing the nebris. ICPA CYNKAHTOC, etc.
Bagis (Waddington, As. 3Iin,, 61), on the right bank of the Hermus.
Imjjerial times — Nero to Saloninus. Inscr., BAFHNnN or KAICAPCfiN
BATHNnN. Magistrates with titles, Archon or Stephanephoros. Pri)i-
cipjal types — CPMOC, River-god Hermus; Dionysos standing; Emperor
on horseback, riding over prostrate foes, and assisted by Ares and Pallas ;
Zeus standing, holding eagle and sceptre ; Aphrodite naked standing,
holding apple and mirror, at her feet three winged Erotes. Also AHMOC ;
ICPOC AHMOC; ICPA BOYAH; CYNKAHTOC; etc.
Alliance coins with Temenothyrae.
Blaundus. See Phrygia (p. 559).
Boeonns. See Boeone Aeolidis (p. 478).
Briula, in the neighbourhood of Nysa. Imperial, bronze with or with-
out head of Emperor — Trajan to Aurelius. Inser., BPIOYACITHN. Chief
types— Z^yC OAYMniOC, HAIOC, MHTHP 0€nN. in combination with
figures of Zeus, Helios, and Kybele. Also AHMOC BPIOYACITHN.
Caystriani, a tribe occupying the lower valley of the Cayster. Auto-
nomous of the first century B.C. laser., KAYZTPIANnN. Tyjjes — Head
ANINETUS—JIERACLEIA. 549
of Apollo or Dionysos, rev. Winged caduceus or lyre. Imjierial of Anto-
ninus Pius [Mem. Num. Rom., 1847).
Cilbiani (Leake, Num. Hell. Supjil. Asia, p. 38-9)- This people occupied
the upper valley of the Cayster. The coins bearing their name fall into
several classes, variously inscribed KIABIANHN TnN K ATH, Kl ABI ANHN
THN ANn, NeiKACnN TnN €N KIABIANn, NEIKA€nN KIABIANnN,
KIABIANnN KeAITHN, n€PrAMHNnN KIABIANnN, and HEPr.
NlKACnN TnN eN KIABIANn, concerning all which see Eckhel, iii. 99,
and Kenner, Stiff St. Florian, p. 161. Imperial — Augustus to Geta. T>/pes —
River Cayster ; Artemis Ephesia ; Dionj^sos ; Aphrodite ; Asklepios ;
lePA CYNKAHTOC; 0€AN PnMHN, with others of no special interest.
Magistrates — Grammateus, Archon, Strategos.
Clannnda (Waddington, As. Min., 19, and Zeit. f. Num., xiii. p. 15).
This place was situated south of Bagis and west of Blaundus. There
are small autonomous bronze coins of Roman times reading KAANNOYA-
AEnN, ohv. Heads of Hermes, Apollo, or Zeus; rev. Butting bull;
veiled goddess (Hera 1) facing ; Eagle on fulmen.
Daldis. Site unknown, hnperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Liscr.,
AAAAIANnN, with or without names of Strategos or Archon. Chief
types — Apollo seated on rock playing lyre in temple. Ai'temis hunting
two stags. On a medallion of Gordian is a remarkable composition,
probably copied from some well known painting. It represents the
three Gorgon sisters sleeping under a tree, with the winged Hypnos
hovering above them, on the right Perseus approaches, and on the left
is a horse (Pegasos ■?) ; in the background is a temple of Apollo {Zeit.f.
Num., V. 105). Simulacrum of Demeter (1) flanked by poppy and corn
Kybele seated ; l€PA CYNKAHTOC; AHMOC, etc.
Sioshierou. Imperial times — Augustus to Gordian. Magistrate — K OP-
BO YAnN or KOPBOYAnNOC, without title, Cn. Domitius Corbulo,
Roman Proconsul of Asia, a.d. 51 or 52 (Waddington, Fastes, p. 127),
also local magistrates with titles. Strategos or Archon, Inscr., AIOCICP-
CITnN. C/iief types— KWCTPOC, River Caj^ster ; ZCYC, Heads of Zeus
and Nero, rev. HPA, Hera standing; Zeus ; Asklepios; AHMOC ; etc.
Gordus Julia, situate, according to Ptolemy, between the river Hermus
and Mount Sipylus. Imjyerial times — Trajan to Gallienus, with or with-
out Emperor's name. Inscr., TOPAOC, lOYAIA TOPAOC, TOPAHNnN,
or lOYAienN rOPAHNnN. Magistrates — Strategos, Archon, Hippikos.
Types — Artemis Ephesia ; Dionysos with kantharos ; Men ; Telesphoros ;
River-god (Hermus ?) ; Zeus seated ; Rape of Persephone ; Simulacrum
of Demeter ("?) flanked by poppy and corn ; Demeter in serpent-car ;
ArnNOOeCIA in wreath; ICPA CYNKAHTOC; G€ON CYNKAHTON ;
OCA PnMH; etc.
Alliance coins with Cadi Phrygiae.
Heracleia ad Sipylum. Imperial — -Hadrian to Maximinus. Inscr.,
HPAKA€nN or HPAKACinN, with addition sometimes of NcnKOPnN.
Typies — Hades seated ; Kronos winged, holding sickle ; Hygieia ; etc. The
coins of Heracleia ad Latmum, loniae, and Heracleia Salbace, Cariae,
have the ethnic form HPAKA€nTnN.
550 LYDIA.
Hermocapelia, probably situate on the Hermus, whence its name
(Eckhel, iii. loi). Imperial — Hadrian to Hostilian, Heads of Roma,
GeA PHMH; the Senate, ICPA CYNKAHTOC ; or the Emperor. Inscr.,
€PMOKAnHAITnN. The coins said to read ePMOYnOAEITHN are
believed by Sestini to be misread. Magistrates' names, sometimes with
title Strategos. Types — Rape of Persephone ; Kybele, etc.
Hierocaesareia, on the river Glaucus, an affluent of the Maeander.
Imperial — Nero to Sept. Severus, with or without Emperor's head. Inscr.,
lePOKAICAPeiA oriePOKAICAPenN. Magisfrafe—K^QyUMD. <t)€POKI,
Ti. Julius Ferox, Proconsul of Asia, A.D. 116-117, and local magistrates
Archon, Strategos, and Stephanephoros. Ti/jies chiefly referring to the
worship of Artemis Ylfpaia or YlepaiKj} (Tac. A71., iii. 62 ; Paus., iii. 16. 6 ;
V. 27. 3 ; vii. 6. 4), whose native name was Anaitis. nCPCIKH, Artemis
standing ; Artemis slaying stag ; standing beside stag ; or in biga of
stags; TAAYKOC, River-god Glaucus; Perseus standing; Lighted altar
(Paus., V. 27. 5), AHMOC, ICPH CYNKAHTOC, etc.
Hypaepa, on the southern slope of Mount Tmolus (Strab., 627), near
the river Cayster. Imperial times — Augustus to Gallienus, usually with
Emperor's name. Inscr., YTTAinHNnN. Magistrates — Strategos, Gram-
mateus, Archon, Asiarch, or Stephanephoros. Ti/pes—Y.KyQl?OQ, River
Cayster ; Cultus-image of Artemis Persica, or Hera, standing facing, in
the attitude of the Ephesian goddess, but wearing a long cloak or veil ;
Apollo seated holding image of Hera ; Head of Herakles ; Asklepios ;
Dionysos; ICPA CYNKAHTOC, etc.
Alliance coins with Sardes.
Hyrcanis, in the Hyrcanian plain through which the river Hyllus
flows into the Hermus. The place took its name from a colony of Hyr-
canians from the Caspian Sea, who were afterwards mingled with some
Macedonians. Imperial coins, with or without name of Emperor — Trajan
to Philip Jun. Inscr., YPKANIC, YPKANnN, or YPKANnN MAKe-
AONnN. Magistrates— kHoyyW M £i] BET[Tin] nPOK[AnJ and ANGY-
[fFATn] KYIHTfl, the Proconsuls Vettius, Proculus, circ. A. d. 112, and
Avidius Quietus in Hadrian's time ; also local magistrates, Strategos and
Stephanephoros. Tyj)es — Rape of Persephone ; Demeter in serpent-car ;
River-god FFIAACOC recumbent beneath a tree, and resting on shield.
Others refer to the cultus of Dionysos; Artemis; Asklepios; l€PA
CYNKAHTOC, etc.
Maeonia (Waddington, As. Min., 65), midway between Philadelphia
and the Hermus, in the volcanic district called KaraKeKavix^vr). Imperial
times—^ero to Etruscilla. Heads of Emperor, the Senate, I6PA CYN-
KAHTOC, AHMOC, Zeus Olympios, and bearded Herakles. Inscr.,
MAIONaN, MAinNnN, MAIONIA, etc.; ZCYC OAYMHIOC. Magis-
trates— Strategos, Archon, Stephanephoros. Ti/pes—YoW&B ; Aphrodite
standing ; Omphale standing, clad in lion's skin, and holding club of
Herakles ; Dionysos in biga of Centaurs ; Dionysos and Ariadne in
biga of panthers ; Infant Zeus seated on throne, attended by three
Cory ban tes.
HERMOCAPELIA—NYSA. 551
Magnesia ad Sipylum. Autonomous bronze coins of the second and
first centuries b. c.
Head of city, turreted.
Head of bearded Herakles.
Head of Zeus.
MArNHTHN ZIHYAOY Zeus stand-
ing, holding eagle and sceptre M -8
„ ., Pallas stand-
ing, holding Nike . . . . ^ -85
,, ,, Omphalos with
serpent twined round it . . ^ -55
Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr., MArNHCIA, MATNHTnN
CinYAOY, MArNHTHN 1D.H AHO CinYAOY, MArNHTeC AnO C. etc.
Magistrates — Asiarch, Hiereus, Strategos, Hippikos. T^Jpes — MAPKOZ
TYAAIOZ KIKEPnN, Bare head of the younger Cicero, Proconsul of Asia
shortly after his Consulship, b. c. 30. CPMOC, River Hermus. CinYAOC,
Bust of Mount Sipylus. HP AC. ZeYC CAeYOePIOC. Kybele enthroned
or in biga of lions. €IPHNH C€BACTH (Pax Augusta), OGAN PHMHN,
lePA CYNKAHTOC, ©EON CYNKAHTON, lePOC AHMOC, with many
others of no special interest. Games — OAYMfTIA, AAPIANA, AAe[ZAN-
AP€IA], ANinNflNlANA?] and CNMONlAei A, the last peculiar to this
city. It is possible, however, that the word does not refer to games so
called, but to the place of their celebration, kv Moviheia. Cf. kv Kogptyai?
on coins of Tarsus.
Alliance coi?is with Smyrna.
Mastaura, situate on a small tributary of the Maeander called the
Chrysorrhoas in a valley of Mount Messogis. Imperial times — Tiberius
to Valerian, with or without Emperors' heads. Inscr., MACTAYPA or
MACTAYPeiinN. Magistrates, sometimes with title eniMeAHTHC
FFANAOHNAinN. T//pes — Amazon on horseback, with Carian double
axe over her shoulder ; Leto carrying her two children ; Artemis with
two torches in biga di-awn by humped bulls ; ICPA CYNKAHTOC, etc.
Mosteni, in the Hyrcanian Plain. Imperial, with heads of Zeus,
Demeter, or Emperor — Claudius to Salonina. Inscr., MOCTHNflN,
MOCTHNnN AYAriN, or KAICAPCnN MOCTHNnN and MOCCHNHN,
Magistrates — Archon and Strategos. The most remarkable type is an
Amazon on horseback, with a bipennis on her shoulder, and an altar and
a cypress tree in front. On a coin in the Munich Cabinet Hermes seizes
the horse by the bridle (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 387). Other fj/pes are
Bipennis, Head of Demeter, Ear of corn, AHMOC, GCA PflMH, OCON
CYNKAHTON, etc.
Nacrasa, in the north of Lydia, on the road from Thyatira to Per-
gamum. Imperial limes — Heads of Senate, ICPA CYNKAHTOC and O€0N
CYNKAHTON; Bearded Herakles; or Emperors Domitian to Geta.
Inscr., NAKPACCITflN or NAKPACCHN. Magistrates sometimes with
title Strategos. Predominant types — Artemis Ephesia ; Kybele enthroned ;
Serpent rising from altar, etc.
N ysa, on the southern slope of Mount Messogis, north of the Maeander,
was originally founded by a Spartan named Athj^mbros. The name of
the town was changed from Athymbra to Nysa in the reign of Antiochus I.
after Nysa, one of his wives. The only silver coins of Nysa are
552 LYBIA.
cistophori (tetrad rachms and drachms) of the usual types, with the
letters NY or NYZA in the field, and bearing the dates IE and KT (15
and 23) of the era of the Province of Asia reckoned from B. c. 133.
The autonomous bronze coins range from circ. B.C. 280 to Roman
times. Insrr., NYZAEflN. T^2^es — Heads of young Dionysos ; Hades
and Kore jugate; and of Eirene, with legend EIPHNH, rev. Dionysos
standing ; Rape of Persephone ; Apollo standing, etc.
Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr., NYCACnN. Magistrates
without titles or with those of rPA[MMAT€YC] or ieP€YC. Bivinifies —
Zeus nAOYTOAOFHC (Eckhel, ii. 587), Apollo nATPHOC, KOPH,
AIONYCOC, KAMAPeiTHC, an epithet of the god M-qv, clearly connected
with the Phoenician Qamar (Arabic ^), the Moon, who is represented
either standing holding patera and sceptre, or seated sideways on a
horse. AOYMBPOC, the Oekist, eiPHNH, CYNKAHTOC, lEPA CYNKAH-
TOC, etc. A bull borne to the sacrifice on the shoulders of six naked
ephebi, an interesting type which is explained by a passage of Strabo
(xiv. I. 44), as a sacrifice celebrated annually in honour of Pluto at the
village of Acharaca near Nysa, where stood the Plutonium. Dionysos as
an infant seated in a cornucopiae. This god is said by Apollodorus (iii.
4. 3) to have been brought to Nysa by Hermes soon after his birth.
Games— QiOVkNWK OIKOYMENlKA, or the Epithalamia of Hades and
Persephone.
Alliance coins with Ancyra and Ephesus.
Philadelphia, one of the most important cities of Lydia, was founded
by Attains Philadelphos. It stood on the north-west side of Mount
Tmolus, near the river Cogamus. Autonomous bronze of the second
and first centuries B.C. Inscr., <l)IAAAEA<t>EnN, Bust of Artemis; rev.
Apollo seated or standing with lyre. Mariisirate — APXIEPEYZ. Imperial,
with head of AHMOC, ICPA CYNKAHTOC, or the Emperor— Augustus to
Valerian. Inscr., ^lAAACAOCaN or <t)AABI. 4)IAAAeA0€nN, often
with addition of NCnKOPHN, with or without names of Archon or
Strategos ; and in one instance of Curators eniMEAHO[ENTnN] on a
coinof Vespasian (Hermes, viii. 229.) Ti/pies—'LVia KOPY<t)AIOC; nHTH,
a Fountain nymph ; Coiled serpent on the back of a horse ; Herakles
and the Hydra ; Amazon standing holding image of Artemis ; Isis stand-
ing or seated with infant Harpokrates on her arm ; Hermes carrying
infant Dionysos ; Hermes dragging a Ram ; Aphrodite naked in temple,
arranging her hair and holding a mirror before her ; Agonistic table with
urns, etc.
Alliance coins with Ephesus, Smyrna, and Oresteium, the last town not
otherwise known. /w#c/-., OPCCTClNnN <t)IAAAeA0., etc. OMONOIA.
Saettae. This city occupied the territory between the rivers Hermus
and Hyllus. Imperial coins, without or with heads of Emperors — Hadrian
to Salonina. In.scr., CAITTHNnN. Magistrate, sometimes, Arclion.
I)/pes—\^?\ CYNKAHTOC, ICPA BOYAH, and AHMOC, CPMOC or YAAOC,
Rivers Hermus and Hyllus; ZCYC HATPIOC, Head of Zeus ; AZIOT-
THNOC, a local name of the god Men, written round his head ; Men standing
between the two rivers recumbent ; Apollo standing resting on column
or holding lyre ; Isis ; Kybele enthroned ; Dionysos and panther ;
Herakles standing, etc.
PHILADELPHIA— SILANUUS. 553
Sardes, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Lydia, was situated at
the foot of Mount Tmolus on the banks of the Pactolus, a small tributary
of the Hermus. The early electrum, gold, and silver coinage of the
Lydian kings ah-eady described (p. 545) was issued from this mint. Under
Persian rule it is possible that gold darics and silver sigli may have been
struck there, but of this we have no proof
Second and First centuries B.C.
The earliest coins which can with certainty be assigned to Sardes are
cistophori of the second century B.C., with the letters ZAP in the field of
the reverse. To this age we may also attribute the rare tetradrachm
described by Imhoof {3Ion. Gr., PI. G. 23).
Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. I ZAPAIANHN Zeus Laodikeus stand-
I ing M 236 grs.
The autonomous bronze coins are numerous. Tnscr,, ZAPAIANflN.
Among the predominant tf/j^es are heads of Apollo, Bearded Herakles,
Dionysos, and Artemis ; rev. Club ; Zeus Laodikeus standing ; Apollo
standing ; Horned Lion with spear in mouth ; Pallas standing, etc.
Imperial — Augustus to Saloninus, without or with Emperor's head.
Inscr., CAPAIANnN. Magistrates, Anthypatos, TAin AZiNNin TTOA-
Aini ANYGnATn, C. Asinius Pollio, Proconsul a.d. 37-38 ; em MAP-
K€AAOY TO B., T. Clodius Eprius Marcellus, a.d. 70-73, and £171 [TTOJ-
YBAI TOYAAOY ANOYnATOY, Publicius or PubliHus^Tullus, between
A.i). 102 and 114; also local Magistrates, Grammateus, Archon, Stra-
tegos, Archiereus megas, and Asiarch. Municipal titles, Neokoros,
Metropolis, and TTPninN CAAAAOC. Games— \iO\^0\^ ACIAC, KOPAIA
AKTIA, (DIAAACAOeiA, CeBHP€IA, XPYCANG€INA, probably so called
after the colour of the flowers of which the Victor's wreath was com-
posed. Chief types— O^k PHMH, Roma seated. CAPAIC, Bust of City.
TMHAOC, Head of Mount Tmolus. ZeYC AYAIOC, Bust of Lydian
Zeus. ePMOC, River Hermus. MHN ACKHNOC, Bust of Men (cf. Journ.
Hell. Stud., iv. 417, and concerning the various epithets of the god Men,
Le Bas-Waddington, Tnscr. d'As. Min., No. 668). CAPAIC ACIAC AYAI AC
CAAAAOC MHTPOnOAIC, Veiled head of city turreted, rev. Rape of Perse-
phone. T7A<t>IH CAPAIANnN, Temple of the Paphian Aphrodite ; Agonistic
table ; Triptolemos in serpent-car ; Demeter with ears of corn standing
opposite Asiatic effigy of Persephone ; Men standing ; Silenos standing
with infant Dionysos on his arm in the attitude of the Hermes of
Praxiteles; Omphale.
Alliance coitis with Ephesus, Pergamum, Hierapolis Phrygiae, Hypaepa,
Side, and Smyrna.
Silandus. Ivq^erial times — Domitian to Caracalla, with or without
Emperor's head. Jwser., ClAANACnN. Magistrates — Archon, Strategos,
Archiereus. C/mf tyj)es—\ePk CYNKAHTOC; Men standing ; Effigy of
Demeter or Persephone ; Dionysos riding on panther ; Hephaestos
forging helmet attended by Pallas. CPMOC, River Hermus recumbent,
before him, on a coin of Commodus, is a mountain-nymph seen behind a
rock, she grasps the trunk of a tree and holds a pedum ; Silenos stand-
554 LYDIA.
ing beside ass. The worship of Silenos at this city points, perhaps, to
the derivation of the name Silandus.
Tabala. Imperial //w^,<?— Trajan to Gordian, usually with Emperors'
heads. Inscr., TABAACnN. Magistrates — Strategos, Archon. Chief
types— Q'^UY.KWIOQ; ePMOC, River Hermus ; Artemis Ephesia ; Kybele
seated ; Amazon on horseback.
Thyateira, on the river Lycus. The earliest coins of this city appear
to be cistophori of the usual types, but bearing in the field of the reverse
the letters OYA and BA EY, standing for BAZIAEnS EYMENOYZ
(Imhoof, Die Milnzoi der Bynastie von Fergamon, PL IV. 1-4). There are
also bronze coins of the second century B.C.
Head of Apollo. I GYATEIPHNnN Tripod in wreath .
Imp)ev\al, with or without Emperors' names — Augustus to Valerian Jun.
Insc)\, OYAT€IPHNnN or OYAieiPA. Magistrates— Anthypatos, ANOY.
<t)OYCKn, Fuscus, Proconsul of Asia between A. D. 98 and 102; AN0Y.
nOCTO[YM€IN]n, Fabius Postuminus, before a.d. 112; eni ANOYHA-
TOY AAPIANOY, Hadrianus before a.d. 114 (Waddington, i'W,;^^, pp. 169,
177' 179)- Local Magistrates, Strategos (sometimes with title NCHKOPOC)
and Hippikos. G'aw^— AYrOYCTCIA, AAPIANA, HYOIA OAYMn[l]A.
Chief (^y;^5-QYAT€IPA; lePA CYNKAHTOC ; River Lycus recumbent;
Selene holding two torches ; Amazon ; Bipennis ; Apollo ; Bust of
Serapis, rev. Serpent Agathodaemon ; Young male divinity naked,
holding bipennis and branch ; Hephaestos forging helmet, Pallas stand-
ing before him ; Demeter standing, holding long torch, poppy, and corn ;
BOP€ITHNH Head of Artemis (see Eckhel, iii. 121); Amphion and
Zethos binding Dirke to bull (the famous Farnese group), etc.
Alliance coins with Smyrna.
Thyessus. Imperial lime {}), without Emperor's head. Inscr., OYEZ-
ZEHN. Tyj^e — Spear-head (Eckhel, iii. 123).
Tmolus. This town stood on the mountain of the same name.
Imperial — M. Aurelius Caesar, Sabina and Faustina, also without name
of Emperor. Inscr., TMnACIinN. Types— 1 fAClKOQ, Bearded bust of
Mount Tmolus ; Omphale with Club of Herakles ; Apollo ; Eros ; Ar-
temis, huntress; Female simulacrum facing, wearing modius. Magistrate,
Strategos. Cf. Aureliopolis.
Tomara. Imperial times — Commodus, with or without head of
Emperor.
/w.'jcA, TOMAPHNnN. 2>;?^5— I eP A CYNKAHTOC; Rape of Persephone.
Head of Herakles, rev. Lion; River-god KICCOC.
Tralles, a flourishing city on the southern slope of Mount Messogis.
It was one of the chief mints of the cistophori in western Asia Minor.
The cistophori of Tralles, with their halves and quarters, range in date
from the earlier part of the second century down to B.C. 48. They are dis-
tinguished by the letters TPAA in the field of the reverse to the left of
TABALA—TRALLES.
555
the serpents, and by a changing symbol on the right. Above the bow-
case are magistrates' names or monograms, and on the later series the
names of the Roman Proconsuls of Asia in Latin characters, T. AM PI . T.
F. PROCOS.,T.AmpiusBalbus (B.C. 58-57); C.FABI. M.F. PROCOS.,
C. Fabius [Hadrianus] (b.c. 57-56) ; PVLCHER PROCOS., C. Claudius
Pulcher (b.c. 55-54); and C. FAN. PONT. PR[aetor], C. Fannius (b.c.
49-48). The bronze coins of Tralles before Roman times are sometimes
inscribed SEAEYKEnN or ANT in place of TPAAAIANnN, proving that
the city bore for a time the names of Seleucia and Antiochia (Sestini,
Class, (/en., p. 114). Imperial times — Augustus to Domitian, with i?iscr.,^
KAICAPenN or TPAAAIANnN KAICAPenN (see Le Bas-Waddington,
Inscr. d'As. 3Ini., 600 a), and from Nero to Saloninus, with TPAAAIANnN,
usually with addition of NCHKOPHN or NeaKOPHN TON CEBACTHN,
sometimes without Emperor's head, and i?iscr., TPAAAIANnN FTPnTHN
EAAAAOC. Magistrates — Grammateus, Strategos. C///ef types — l€POC
AHMOC and lePA CYNKAHTOC ; ZCYC AAPACIOC or a'iOC AAPACIOY,
referring to the cultus of Zeus Larasios, the principal divinity of Tralles,
probably named after a neighbouring village called Larasa (Le Bas-Wad-
dington, o/;.e/;'., No. 604). AnOAAHN HAIOC orHAIOC CEBACTOC, Bustof
Helios. nYOIOC or AY A IOC, figures of the Pythian or of the Lydian Apollo;
Dionysos and Ariadne, or Dionysos and Apollo playing lyre, seated side
by side in car drawn by a panther and a goat, on the goat's back a small
Eros is playing the double flute ; Helios in quadriga ; Rape of Perse-
phone ; Hekate triformis. AlOC rONAI[OY], Infant Zeus sleeping on
Mount Ida, above, an eagle with wings outspread; Amaltheia seated,
suckling the infant Zeus, around three Corybantes dancing and beating
their shields. For numerous other types of less interest, e.g. TYXH, etc.,
see Mionnet. Games— T\^0\K, OAYMHI A,nYOI A OAYMHIA, OAYMHIA
AYrOYCT€IA TTYOIA, usually with agonistic table for type.
Alliance coins with Pergamum, Ephesus, Laodiceia ad Lycum Phrygiae,
Smyrna, Side, and Synnada.
Chronology of the Coinage of Lydia.
As the coinage of Lydia belongs almost wholly to Imperial times, it
will be sufiicient to recapitulate the few cities which have left us numis-
matic monuments of an earlier date. These are the following :—
Before Darius
2nd and ist cent. B.C.
Imperial
Caystriani
M
Clannuda
M
Magnesia
M
M
Nysa
J¥i cist. M
M
Philadelphia
M
M
Sardes
El. K. M
M 2R, cist. M
M
Thyateira
M cist, M
JE
Tralles
M cist. JE,
JE
556
PHRYGIA.
PHRYGIA.
The coins of this province deserve a more careful investigation than
they have hitherto received, for, although almost entirely of Imperial
times, they are more than usually interesting, both from the mythological
and the geographical standpoints. There are numerous names and
epithets of divinities which are met with only on the coins of Phrygia ;
others illustrate Greek myths of Phrygian origin. The frequent occur-
rence of the names of rivers is also of the highest importance for the
determination of the sites of towns.
Accilaeum. Imperial oi Qordioxi. 7/i^c;-., AKKIAACflN. Ti/pes — Men;
Tyche ; Nike stephanephoros (Num. Chron., viii. 14).
Acmouia (Waddington, As. Min., p. 5).
first century b. c.
Head of Pallas.
Autonomous bronze of the
AK MON EnN Eagle on fulmen, wings
spread, between two stars. Magis-
strate's name JE -g
Head of Zeus. „ Asklepios standing.
Magistrate's name . . . . JE •'j^
Imperial — Tiberius to Salonina, with the head of the Emperor ; 06 A
PHMH, lePOC AHMOC, ICPA BOYAH, etc. Imcr., AKMONCHN, some-
times with NenKOPnN, rarely AKMONHN, or AKMONCIC. Magis-
trates— Archon, Neokoros, Grammateus, and Hiereia. The prevailing typjes
refer to the cultus of Hermes, who is represented standing, holding purse
and caduceus, with ram beside him ; of Artemis as huntress, with stag,
and sometimes small figure of Nike, beside her ; of Zeus seated, with owl
beside him. There is also a River-god, probably the Maeander ; Kybele
seated ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Zeus seated, facing, with two giants
before him [Z. f. N., xiii. PI. IV. 13); Dionysos in biga of panthers,
or riding on panther, or standing naked holding kantharos ; Amaltheia
suckling infant Zeus, around three Curetes ; Artemis Ephesia ; Emperor
on horseback, galloping towards mountain Dindymus(?), on which stand
two figures (Nemeses 1), while at its foot is a recumbent River-god, the
Maeander (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., 392).
Aezani (Waddington, As. Min., 8), near the sources of the Rhyndacus, on
the borders of Bithynia. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr., AIZA-
N€ITnN. Magistrates, sometimes Strategos, Ai'chon, Neokoros, and
Stephanephoros. Chief iy pes — Zeus aetophoros ; Kybele; Hekate ; Ar-
temis Ephesia ; the Dioskuri ; and, under Hadrian, a River -god, probably
the Rhyndacus, holding an infant in his arms. Also OCA PHMH, OCOC
or lePA CYNKAHTOC, l€POC AHMOC, ICPA BOYAH, and the local Senate
AIZAN rePOYCIA {/j.f. N., xii. 340).
Alliance, ro/y^f with Cadi under Domitian, inscr., AHMOC AlZANCITXlN,
AHMOC KAAOHNnN.
Alia, hiijierial — Trajan to Gordian. Heads of Emperors or of AHMOC,
BOYAH, or CYNKAHTOC. //mr., AAlHNnN. Magistrates, Asiarch and
Aitesamenos (AITHCAMCNOY <l)POYri, Hermes, ix. 493), sometimes with
dedicatory inscr., ANCOHKCN. Types — Men (Askaenos) standing or on
ACCILAEUM—APAMFAA. 557
horseback ; Artemis, huntress ; Dionysos standing ; Apollo standing ;
Tetrastyle temple, etc. {Num. Chron., iii. 98, viii. 15).
Amorium. Autonomous bronze of the first century B. c, and Imperial —
Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr., AMOPIANnN. Magistrate without title
or with that of Archon. Ti/pes referring to the cultus of Zeus, Apollo,
and of an Asiatic mother-goddess resembling Artemis Ephesia ; Demeter
in biga drawn by serpents ; the Nemeses ; Herakles and the Keryneian
stag. Also OEA PHMH, ICPA BOYAH, and lePA CYNKAHTOC. For a
short time in the reign of Augustus (circ. B.C. 14) Amorium appears
to have borne the name Vipsania, in honour of M. Vipsanius Agrippa.
Inscr., OYeitANIUUN or OYItAMlUUN. Head of Caius Caesar, rev.
Eagle (Leake, Ni(7n. Hell. Suppl. Asia, p. 108).
Aucyra, probably situate close to the source of the river Macestus.
7w7;m«/— Nero to Gallienus. /?z*cr., ANKYPANnN, lOYAICnN ANKY-
PANnN, or ATKYPANnH. Magistrates, Anthypatos, OYOAAZENNA
ANOYTTATn, Volasenna Proconsul of Asia a.d. 62-63 (Waddington,
Fasfes, p. 135). Local Magistrates, Archon, Aitesamenos, Ephoros,
Hiereus, Archiereus, Stephanephoros, Neokoros. C/iief types — OEA
PHMH, lePA CYNKAHTOC, OCON CYNKAHTON. Zeus standing, hold-
ing anchor and spear. The anchor (ay/cvpa) on coins of this city is that
which King Midas found, and which in the time of Pausanias (i. 4) was
still to be seen in the temple of Zeus (Waddington, As. Min., p. 10).
Kybele seated; Asiatic Artemis; Amazon on horseback; Hekate tri-
formis, etc.
Alliance coitis with Nysa in Lydia. Inscr., ANKYPANnN NYCACnN.
Apameia, surnamed rj Kl/Sootos, or 'the Ark,' founded by Antiochus
and named after his mother Apameia, was situate in the vicinity
of Celaenae, on the torrent Marsyas, just below its source (Wad-
dington, As. Min., p. 11). The town rapidly rose to great commercial
importance, and became in the second century B.C. one of the prin-
cipal cistophoric mints. In Strabo's time it had become the second
great emporium of the Roman province of Asia, Ephesus being the first.
The cistophori of Apameia are of the usual types, but distinguished by
the letters ATT A, a magistrate's name, and the double flute of Marsyas as
a symbol. The following names of Roman Proconsuls of Asia and of
Cilicia, when Phrygia happened to be attached to that Province, also
occur. C. Fabius (B.C. 57-56), P. Lentulus, Proconsul of Cilicia (b. c.
5^-5'iY -^P- Claud. Pulcher (b. c. 55-54), M. Tullius Cicero, Proconsul of
Cilicia (b. c. 51-50), and C. Fannius (b.c. 49-48). There are also auto-
nomous bronze coins from the second century b. c.
Head of Pallas. AHAMEnN Eagle flyhig between the
pilei of the Dioskuri, surmounted by
stars ; beneath, Maeander pattern and
magistrate's name in genitive case,
I with patronymic . jE 1-2 and -95
Head of Zeus. AflAMEnN Asiatic goddess (Hera 1),
veiled ; magistrate's name, with pa-
I tronymic . M -75
Imperial — Augustus to Saloninus. Liscr., ATTAMenN, ATTAMeiC,
KOINON (DPYriAC, or AOAMCIAC, sometimes with addition of HPOC
MAIAMAPON. Magistrates, Anthypatos. ETTI MAPIOY KOPAOY,
558
PHRYGIA.
Marius Cordus, Proconsul of Asia a.d. 51 or 52; EfTI M. OYETTIOY
NirPOY, M. Vettius Niger, under Nero; EHI fTAANKlOY OYAPOY, M.
Plaucius Varus, a.d. 79 (Waddington, Fastes, pp. 132, 151). Local Magis-
trates, Agonothetes, Pauegyriarch, Archiereus, Grammateus. Hemarkahle
inscnjjtions or /i/pe-s — I6PA BO YAH ; MAPCYAC, Satyr Marsyas playing
double flute; KIBHTflN (or KIBTniOl ('^), AnAMEHN MAPCYAC, River
Marsyas recumbent in cavern beneath rocks and tov^ers, he holds double
flute and cornucopiae (cf. Strab.,577, and Xen., Anab., i. 2, 8) ; Pallas seated,
playing the double flute, her face reflected in the water of a fountain
[Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 289), at her feet, on a lofty rock, is the Satyr Marsyas
with extended arms. K €A Al N OC, Bust of Kelainos, probably the mythical
Oekist of the city, of which the old name was Celaenae. ZCYC
K€A€NeYC, Head of Zeus Kelaineus. AHAMCIA, Bust of City; rev.
CflTClPA, Hekate triformis. MAI AN APOC, River Maeander, into which
the Marsyas flowed, in the suburbs of the city; Aphrodite naked facing.
Fig. 316.
A chest or ark (ki/Scoto?), inscribed V\£l^, floating on water; within it are
two figures, and standing beside it a male and female figure ; on the top
of the chest, a raven, and above, a dove carrying an olive-branch. (Fig.
316.) This remarkable type, which occurs on coins of Severus, Macrinus,
and Philip Sen., evidently embodies the legend of the Noachian deluge,
which may have been grafted upon the story of the flood of Deukalion by
the Jewish or Christian element in the population of the city. (See
Madden, Num. Chron., 1866, p. 207 sqq.) Lion walking, above, cista
mystica, in front, thyrsos; Goddess, resembling Artemis Ephesia, sur-
rounded by four River-gods, inscribed MAI, MAP, OP or OBP, Maeander,
Marsyas, Orgas, and Obrimas. (Fig. 317.)
Alliance coins with Ephesus.
Fio. 317.
AFP I A— BL A UNJJ US. 559
Appia (Waddington, As. Mm., 13). Imperial — Trajan to Otacilia, wit
or without portraits. Inscr., AfTni ANHN. Magistrates, Archon, Strategos,
Grammateus, and Neokoros. Tt/pes — Caduceus ; Dionysos standing ; Zeus
standing, holding eagle and sceptre ; City seated between Tyche and
military figure, who crowns her ; River-god recumbent; BOYAH, Veiled
head of the Council, etc. {Num. Cliron., viii. 16 ; Fox, II. 142).
Attuda, at or near Ipsili Hissar, in the extreme south-west corner of
Phrygia Pacatiana [Journ. Hell. Stud., iv. 404). In the territory of this
town was the temple of M7V Kapou mentioned by Strabo (p. 579). The
surname Karou is doubtless derived from the site of the temple on the
frontiers of Caria (Le Bas-Waddington, Inscr., vol. iii. Part i. p. 216).
Like Aphrodisias and Plarasa in Caria, Attuda issued silver di-achms in
tlie second century b. c.
Silver Drachms. Second century B.C.
Head of city, turreted. | ATTOYAAEHN Apollo naked, lean-
{Num. Chron., \\n. \^.) I iiig 011 column . . . . ifi 53 grs.
Imjierlal iimes, with or without Emperor's head — Augustus to Salonina,
Inscr., ATTOYA€nN, often with magistrate's name, sometimes preceded
by AIA, instead of €111. Among the magistrates' titles that of ICPGIA
should be mentioned. It occurs also at Acmonia, Eucarpia, and Prym-
nessus in Phrygia, and at Smyrna in Ionia. Another remarkable
magistrate's title is YIOC TTOACnC on coins of Trajan. Divinities, etc.
MHN K APOY, the god Men Karou, who was worshipped both in Caria and
in Phrygia ; Altar of the god Men, on which are two pine-cones, etc. ;
Kybele standing between lions ; Asiatic Artemis (Ephesia 1) ; Altar
beside a tree ; Amazon on horseback ; Leto carrying her two children ;
Apollo standing; AHMOC ; BOYAH, etc. Dedicatory formula ANeOHKCN
on some specimens.
Alliance coins with Trapezopolis in Caria, and Eumenia in Phrygia.
Bendos vetus [Num. CJiron., viii. 18), about five miles from Synnada
on the road to Galatia (Livy, xxxviii. i^). Imperial — Hadrian.
B€YAHNnN TTAAAinN, Apollo with lyre and branch; Men standing;
Demeter standing.
Blaundtis (Waddington, As. Min., 62) was probably situated at the
modern Suleimanli, close to the Lydian frontier, on an affluent of the
Maeander, which we learn from its coins was called the Hippurias.
Autonomous of the second and first centuries b. c. Inscr., MAAYNAEHN,
Heads of Zeus, Apollo, Artemis, etc., rev. Eagle and Caduceus ; Hermes
standing ; Bow and Quiver, etc. Imperial times, with or without Emperor's
head— Nero to Valerian, //^^tv., BAAYNAenN or BAAYNACnN MAKC-
AO NnN, indicating a claim to Macedonian origin. Magistrate, Proconsul
of Asia, Ti. Catius C. Silius Italicus, shortly after a. d. 77, without title
Anthypatos, and local magistrates, without title, or with those of Archon
or Strategos. Chief types — I TTTTOYP IOC, River-god ; Apollo Kitharoedos ;
Herakles slaying the three-headed Geryon, who holds up a wheel in one
560 PHRYGIA.
hand, around him lie the oxen; Herakles attacking the lion; PHMH,
the goddess Roma standing bare-headed, resting on sceptre, with one
foot on rock ; Amazon on horseback, with bipennis over shoulder ;
AHMOC; l€PA CYNKAHTOC; GeON CYNKAHTON; etc. {Num. Chron.,
vii. II ; viii. 7; Bev. Num., 1852; Imhoof, 3Ioh. Gr., 384).
Bria, an old Phrygo-Thracian word, meaning ' town ' [Journ. HeU. Stud.,
V. 406), was the name of a place in Phrygia Pacatiana, erroneously called
Briana by Hierocles. Imperial — Severus and Domna. Inscr., BPIANjQN.
Magistrate, Strategos. Tj/j^es — Serapis ; Isis [Num. Chron., vii. 18} ; The
Dioskuri beside their horses ; Tyche (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 394).
Bmzus {Bull. Corr. Hell., vi. 503). Imperial — Antoninus Pius to
Gordian, with or without portraits. Inscr., BPOYZOC or BPOYZHNHN.
Magistrate's name without title, rarely with dedicatory formula
ANe0HK[eN]. Types — Zeus seated, at his feet, on coins of Maximinus,
are two giants hurling rocks {Mion. Suppl., vii. PI. XTI. 2) ; Poseidon
striking with trident ; Asklepios ; Hygieia ; Demeter in biga drawn by
serpents ; Wingless Nike on globe ; Tyche ; Hermes ; Dionysos ; Eagle
{Num. Chron., viii. 40 ; Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 394).
Cadi {Num. Chron., viii. 19), on the Hermus, near its source, on the
frontiers of Phrygia and Mysia. Imperial— Q>\2m^\ws, to Gallienus, with
or without portraits. /«^ca, KAAOHNHN. Magistrates— Archon, Pane-
gyristes, Strategos, Stephanephoros, Games — AYTOYCTCIA. Types —
lePA CYNKAHTOC, AHMOC, l€POC AHMOC, ICPA BOYAH. Zeus leaning
on sceptre, and holding a cadns or small barrel (Waddington, As. Min,,
15), or else a bird; CPMOC, Hermus recumbent; BACIACYC MIAAC,
Head of King Midas ; Effigy of Asiatic goddess, with supports, etc. ;
Asklepios and Hygieia ; Hermes ; Dionysos ; Herakles, etc.
Alliance coins with Aezani, and with Gordus Julia.
Ceretepa, called also Diocaesareia, was probably situated at the place
called Kayadibi, in southern Phrygia, on the banks of a small lake.
Imperial — Plotina to Severus, with or without portraits. Inscr., KEPE-
TATTenN or AlOKAICAPCnN KePeTATienN. Magistrates— strategos
and Neokoros, sometimes preceded by TTAPA, instead of CTTI. Types —
AHMOC ; Kybele ; Tyche ; Head of Herakles ; Zeus standing ; Head of
Serapis; Bow in case, club, and lion's skin. AYAINAHNOC, River-
god or Lake (?).
Alliance coins with Hierapolis.
Cibyra. This city, which stood on a branch of the river Indus, on
the borders of Lycia, was the chief of a confederation of four towns
governed by a tyrant. The last of these tyrants, Moagetes, was put
down by Murena in B, c. 84, and Cibyra was then attached to Phrygia.
The coinage of Phrygia before B. C. 84 consisted of silver tetradrachms
and drachms of the cistophoric standard, and small bronze pieces.
Among the names of the dynasts of Cibyra which we meet with on the
coins are MOATE . . . , lATOAZ, OmAAIS, OCIP , etc.
BMA—COTIAEVM.
561
Helmeted male head.
(B. M. Guide, PI. LX. 6.)
Id.
Id.
K I BYP ATHN Gallopinghorsemanwith
couched spear. Various symbols, an'd
INIagistrates' uames, among which, on
a drachm at Munich is MO ATE
M. Tetradr. 196 grs.
M, Drachm 49 grs,
„ Gibbous bull in incuse
square M •\
K — I Eagle with wings closed . J^ -^
For other varieties, see Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. 396), and Zeif. f. Nicm.,
Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Head of Emperor, or of ICPA
CYNKAHTOC, BOYAH, AHMOC or KIBYPA. Inscr., KIBYPATHN or
KAICAPenN KIBYPATHN. Magistrates— Strategos and Archiereus.
Era dating from a. d. 23, when Tiberius restored the city after an earth-
quake. Ga^ne.s — TTYOIA. Types — k. large wicker basket, the name of
which may have been identical with that of the town, cf. Ki/3uo-ts, kv^ktis,
KLj3l3a, etc. (Waddington, As. Mm., 19.) It occurs frequently also as a
symbol, in conjunction with other types, e.g. borne on the heads of
various divinities. Amazon sacrificing ; River-god ; Demeter in car drawn
by two Lions ; Head of Helios.
Alliance coins with Ephesus and Hierapolis.
Cidyessus. Imperial — Nero to Otacilia. Inscr., KIAYHCCenN or
KIAYHCCeiC. Magistrates — Archiereus, Archon, Logistes. Tyjjes — Zeus
seated, holding patera and sceptre ; Kybele ; Asklepios ; Hygieia ;
Telesphoros ; with others of no special interest {Num. Chron., viii.
20, 21).
Colossae, on the Lycus. Imperial — Augustus to Gordian, with or
without portraits. Inscr., KOAOCCHNjQN, rarely KOAOCCHNOIC ANeO-
HK€N. Magistrates — Archon, Grammateus. Types, referring chiefly to
the worship of Helios and Artemis, who is represented as Artemis
Ephesia, Artemis huntress, or in a biga of stags. Also, Zeus Laodikeus,
Demeter, Serapis, Isis, Asklepios, and Hygieia, AHMOC, etc. [Num. Chron.,
viii. 22 ; Kev. Num., xvi. 168.)
Cotiaeum, the modern Koutaya (Waddington, As. Min., 21), on the
road from Dorylaeum to Philadelphia. Imperial — Tiberius to Saloninus.
Inscr., KOTIAenN or KOTIAeiC. Magistrate, Anthypatos, ETll MAPK[0YJ .
AEfTIAOY, M. Aemilius Lepidus, Proconsul of Asia, A. d. 21—22; and
[CJKATTAA ANO Scapula (?) Procos., circ. a.d. 114-116. Local magis-
trates— Archon, Hippikos, Neokoros, Archiereus, YIOC TTOACnC (cf.
Attuda), and ArnN0O€THC AIA BIOY. Tyj^es—ohv.V^mK; AHMOC;
BOYAH ; CYNKAHTOC ; or Emperor's head ; rev. Helios in quadriga ; Zeus
seated ; Kybele ; Herakles carrying infant Telephos, or in the garden of
the Hesperides ; Herakles and Amazon standing ; Asklepios, Hygieia,
and Telesphoros ; Asiatic goddess as Artemis Ephesia, etc. {Num. Chron.,
viii. 23, and 2nd ser., i. 222.)
Alliance coins with Ephesus.
0 o
562 PHRYGIA.
Diocaesareia. See Ceretapa.
Dioclea, the Docela of Ptolemy, now Doghla (Ramsay, Journ. Hell. Stad.,
iv, 422), was the most important of a number of villages in a district in-
habited by the Mozeani or Moxeani. It stood in a large and well-watered
valley on the road from Acmonia to Eucarpia. Imjjerial of Elagabalus.
Inscr., AIOKA€ANnN M OZe AN HN, Apollo standing between tripod and
column, on which he places his lyre. (Cf. Hierocharax in the same
district.)
Dionysopolis occupied one of the richest districts on the Upper
Maeander (Ramsay, Journ. Hell. Stud., iv. 379). The town, according to
Steph, Byz., s.v., was founded by Attalus and Eumenes on the spot
where they had found a ^oavov of Dionysos. There are autonomous
bronze coins of the second or first century b. c.
Head of young Dionysos. 1 AIONYZO Dionysos standing, hold-
I ing grapes and thyrsos, beside him a
I panther ^ -85
Imperial — Augustus to Maesa. Inscr., AlONYCOTTOACITflN. Magis-
trates— ieP€YC AlONYCOYand Strategos, often with dedicatory formula,
ANeOHKeN. Tijpes—ohv. Head of Zeus, with inscr., ZCYC nOTHOC,
epithet elsewhere unknown ; of Serapis ; of Dionysos ; of Demos ; of
Hiera Boule, etc.; or Emperor: rev. Dionysos enthroned or standing;
Demeter(?) veiled, holding up in each hand a torch, beside her Telesphoros
{Journ. Hell. Stud., iv. 161); Asklepios and Telesphoros; Kybele ;
MCANAPOC, River Maeander recumbent. Inscriptions published by
Ramsay (/. c.) also make mention of the god called "HAto? Aepixrjvos,
'AttoWcov i\apfii-]v6s or "HAios 'Atto'AAwi; Avepixrjvos, who is clearly the same
as the AAIPBHNOC of the coins of Hierapolis, indicating a close religious
connection between the two cities.
Docimium, now Istcha Kara Hissar (Ramsay, Mittheil., vii, 133),
situated, according to Strabo (xii. 8), sixty stadia from Synnada, was
founded by a Macedonian named Docimus, probably the general who
surrendered Synnada to Lysimachus, b. c. 302. Imperial — Claudius to
Tranquillina. Inscr., AOKIMenN or AOKIMenN MAK6A0NnN.
Magistrate — Anthypatos, ETTI KOPBOYAnNOC ANOY., probably Cn.
Domitius Corbulo, Proconsul of Asia a.d. 51 or 52, who was put to
death by order of Nero at Cenchreae A. D. 67. Local magistrates,
Strategos and Archon. Ti/pes — ohv. Head of AOKIMOC, the founder
also AHMOC, BOYAH, lePA CYNKAHTOC, or the Emperor: m. Pallas
Apollo ; Dionysos ; Hades-Serapis, with Kerberos ; Asklepios ; Kybele
Veiled Goddess facing between two bulls ; River-god ; Conical hill called
nCPCIC on a coin belonging to Mr. Lawson, containing perhaps an allu-
sion to the famous quarries of the marble known as Docimean or
Synnadian ; the goddess of the town standing beside the mountain
(;f./. .A^vi. 18).
Dorylaeum, on the river Thymbrius, near its confluence with the San-
garius. Luperial — Augustus to Philip Junior. Inscr., AOPYAACnN.
BIOCLEA—EUMENIA. 563
Magistrate, Anthypatos, ITAAIKH ANOYTTATn, Ti. Catius C. Silius
Italicus, Proconsul of Asia shortly after A. D. 77. Local Magistrate,
Archon. Tj/pes — obv. Head of Serapis or of Emperor ; rev. River-god ;
Kybele ; Zeus ; Dionysos ; Pallas ; Artemis ; Hades-Serapis with Ker-
beros ; Thanatos holding reversed torch.
Epictetus, a district of Phrygia, so called because it had been ' re-
covered' from tho Bithynians, who had seized it after the death of
Alexander the Great. Autonomous bronze of the third or second century
B. c. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 398.)
EfllKTHTEnN Horse walking, some-
times on a caduceus ; above pileus,
surmounted by star . . . tE -8
„ Sword and sheath M -45
„ Eagle on fulmeu M -65
Helmeted bust.
Helmet with cheek-pieces.
Head of Zeus.
Eucarpia, probably situate near the sources of the Maeander. Imperial
—Augustus to Volusian. Inscr., €YKAPnenN, eYKAPnCIA, or CYKAP-
TTI TI KOY. Magistrates — Neokoros, Aitesamenos and I €PH A {Zeit.f. Num.,
vii. 228.) Cf. Acmonia, Attuda, and Prymnessus, where a Priestess also
places her name upon the coins. Also the unusual inscriptions GTTI-
yv\€AHOeiCHC n€AIAC CeKOYNAHC (Pedia Secunda, although a
woman, appears to have been the eponymous magistrate of Eucarpia) and
eniMeAHOeNTOC r. KA. OAAKKOY. Types~obv. Heads of Demos,
Boule, Eucarpia, Hermes, or Emperors : rev. Kybele with lion ; Artemis
drawing an arrow from quiver, standing between stag and small veiled
female figure wearing modius (the Priestess of the city %). See Millingen,
Syll., 79 ; Rev. Num., 1851, 170 ; Hermes^ ix. 492.
Eumenia, now Iksheklil, was situated at the foot of a hill from which
a stream called the Cludrus flowed through the city in a winding course
towards the Maeander. The territory of the city was probably bounded
by the Glaucus, another tributary of the Maeander (Ramsay, Joitrn. Hell.
Stud., iv. 399). The town is said to have been named after Eumenes II.
of Pergamum. The coins prove that its inhabitants claimed an Achaean
origin.
Second or First century B.C.
Head of young Dionysos. EYMENEHN Tripod and bipennis,
with serpent twined round both;
in field, three stars. Magistrates'
names M -85
Head of Zeus. E YM EN EH N in oak-wreath . M -6
Head of Pallas. „ Nike stephanephoros
^•75
Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr., eYMeNenN or eYM€NenN
AXAinN. Magistrate — Archiereus, or APXiePGYC ACIAC. Games
(under Gallienus), ())IAAAeA<t)IA. Types — ohv. Heads of Eumenia;
002
564
PHRYGIA.
AHMOC; lePA CYNKAHTOC ; or Emperor: r^t?. T A AYKOC, River-god;
Apollo holding bipennis and bird ; Dionysos and Ariadne (?) or Apollo
plajdng lyre, in car drawn by goat and panther, on the goat's back sits
Eros, playing the double flute ; Nike sacrificing bull ; Amazon on horse-
back ; Tetrastyle temple, containing simulacrum of Asiatic Ai'temis
[Num. Chron.^ viii. 25).
riaviopolis. See Temenothyrae (p. 5'^9)-
Fulvia, perhaps a temporary name of Eumenia, assumed in honour of
the wife of M. Antony (Num. Chron., 1873, p. 321 ; Bev. Num., 1853, 248).
Portrait head of Fulvia as Nike.
0OYAOYIANnN ZMEPTOPirO[Z]
cJ)IAnNl AOY Pallas with spear and
shield tE -65
The magistrate's name, Smertorix, occurs also on contemporary coins,
with the legend EYMENEHN. It is remarkable that the portrait of
Fulvia on these coins bears a striking resemblance to that of Cleopatra.
Grimenothyrae, at or near the modern Oucliah. In the text of Ptolemy
the name appears as Trimenothyrae. It was also called for a time
Trajanopolis (Waddington, As. Miu., 77.) Concerning the true form of
the name, see Nim. Chron., 1865, p. 172. Autonomous bronze oi Imperial
times and Imj^eria! — Hadrian and Sabina. Inscr., rPIM£N0OYPenN.
Principal t)/pes — The god Men standing ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Pallas,
etc. Also Trajan to Gordian, with inscr., TPAI ANOTTOAeiTHN, with or
without portraits. Magistrates — Archon and Grammateus. Tt/pes —
Kybele ; Zeus Laodikeus ; Amazon on horseback; Asklepios; AHMOC;-,
lePA BO YAH ; Dionysos, etc.
Hadrianopolis, or Hadrianopolis Sebaste, in the extreme south-east
corner of Phrygia Paroreius, south of Philomelium, near Doghan Arslan.
Imperial — Ant. Pius, Severus, Maximus, Gordian, and Balbinus. Inscr.,
AAPIA and AAPIANOTTO. Magistrate, Archon. 7>/;('*— Tyche (Imhoof,
Mo7i. Gr., p. 400) ; Zeus enthroned, etc. ; River KAPM CI OC ; (W. M. Ramsay,
Mittheilungen d. arch. Inst. Athen., 1883, p. 76) ; Hygieia, etc.
Hierapolis, a considerable town between the Lycus and the Maeander,
about five miles north of Laodiceia, famous for its warm springs and its
Plutonium, a cave in the mountain side, from which a poisonous vapour
was emitted. The tutelary divinity of the mountain near which the city
stood was Leto, 'the Mother.' Games were celebrated at Hierapolis in
her honour called AHTUJ€I A, and in honour of Apollo called TTYOI A and
AKTIA HYOIA. There were also others called XPYCANTINA (cf.
XPYCANO€INA, at Sardes, p. 553). Helios, called Lairbenos, was also
greatly revered at Hierapolis. (Cf. inscriptions of Dionysopolis, p. 562.)
Autonomous Bronze of the Second or First century b.c.
Head of Apollo. lEPAnOAEITHN Figure seated on
three shickls ./E -7
FULVIA—JULIA. 565
Imperial— AMgnsiuB to Valerian. Inscr., l€PAnOA€ITnN, with or
without NeriKOPnN, rarel}^ lePOTTOAeiTHN. Magistrates— the name
of the Proconsul <t)ABIOZ MAZIMOZ, B.C. 5, occurs without his title;
also local magistrates' names, without titles, or with those of Archon and
Strategos, and, on a coin of Verus, that of Asiarch, viz. €111 MGAHOeNTOC
KA. nnAAinNOC ACIAPXOY. Types — obv. Heads of TCPOYCIA ;
BOYAH; AHMOC; l€PA CYNKAHTOC; Helios AAIPBHNOC; Apollo
APXHreTHC ; Apollo Kitharoedos; Dionysos ; Asklepios ; or the Emperor:
rev. XPYCOPOAC, River-god; Z€YC BOZIOC and ZCYC TPHIOC ;
MOH'OC and TOPPHCOC facing one another; the former holding bow and
branch, the latter (elsewhere unknown) wearing long cloak, leaning upon
lyre and holding statuette of goddess in his hand; Hades- Serapis with
Kerberos ; Nemesis ; Men standing ; Selene in biga ; Rape of Persephone ;
Amazon on horseback; CYnOCIA or EYBOCIA standing with rudder and
cornucopiae, in which is seated the infant Plutos, symbolical of the
fertility of the soil and of abundance (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 402) ; Zeus
Laodikeus, with eagle and sceptre ; Asiatic Artemis with her stags ; and
many others.
Alliance coins with Aphrodisias, Ceretapa, Cibyra, Ephesus, Laodiceia,
Sardes, Smyrna, and Synnada.
Hierocharax, in the country of the Mozeani, is placed by Professor
Ramsay [Academy, 1884, p. 174) about seven miles from Dioclea.
Imperial. /«.9c;-., l€POXAPAK€ITnN MOZ. This unique coin is in the
cabinet of M. Waddington.
Hieropolis, a small town about four miles from Bruzus, must not be
confounded with the more famous Hierapolis. [Bull. Corr. Hell., vi. 503).
Mr. Ramsay attributes to it a small bronze coin of late Imperial times,
procured by him on the site of the ancient town : obv. l€POnOAIC, Bust
of city turreted ; rev. iePOnOA€ITnN, Asklepios standing.
Hyrgalea, the Hyrgalian plain, is the eastern part of the modern
Tchal Ova {Jonrn. Hell. Stud., iv. 386). The villages in this plain were
united in a loose association called to koivov tov 'Tpyakecov mhiov, but
there is no evidence of the existence of a city Hyrgalea.
Iviperial — Domna to Severus Alexander. Inscr., YPFAACnN OMONOI A,
orYPPAAenN alone. Magistrate, Archon. Types — o^y. Heads of AHMOC ;
ICPA BOYAH; Serapis; Emperor: r(?y. River-god, Maeander ; Demeter ;
Hermes; Kybele seated ; Apollo and Artemis, etc. Some with dates 306,
320, and 365, from an unknown era.
Julia, in the Conventus of Cibyra (Pliny, v. 29 ; Hierocles, 670.)
Imperial — Tiberius to Valerian. Inscr., lOYAKflN. Magistrate, Archon,
Types — Men on horseback, or in temple ; Kybele seated, etc. {Num. Chron.,
viii. 29).
Laodiceia ad Lycum, at the junction of the rivers Lycus and Maeander,
founded by Antiochus Theos, on the site of an older town called Diospolis
566 PHRYGIA.
or Rhoas, and named after his wife Laodice, gradually rose to be one of
the most important cities of Asia Minor. Its earliest coins are cistophori,
dating from the first half of the second century B.C., down to B.C. 50.
They are distinguished by the letters AAO in the field, and by a symbol,
usually a winged caducous. They bear also local magistrates' names,
and in addition, after b. c. 58, those of Roman Proconsuls, both of Asia
and Cilicia, in Latin characters, T. Ampius, B.C. 58-57 ; P. Lentulus
(Proconsul of Cilicia), B.C. 56-53 ; C. Claudius Pulcher, B.C. 55-54 (?) ;
and M. Tullius Cicero, B.C. 51-50 (Proconsul of Cilicia). Bronze money
before and during Imperial times — Augustus to Phihp Jun. Inscr.,
AAOAIKCnN or AAOAIKCnN NenKOPnN. Magistrate, Anthypatos,
eni MAPKeAAOY ANGY., T. Clodius Eprius Marcellus, Proconsul of
Asia, A.D. 70-73; eni ANGY. TfOni. neAnNOC, C. Popilius Pedo, a.d.
160-161, Local Magistrates — Grammateus, Strategos, Asiarch, Hiereus,
Nomothetes, Sophistes, and Cornicularius (?) (Imhoof, 3Io7i. Gr., p. 405,
409), sometimes with dedicatory formula, ANeGHK€N. Principal legends
and types — Heads of City AAOAIKCIA.of Demos, Boule, Synkletos, etc.
Also of ZCYC AAOAIKeYC, and of ZCYC ACCIC, whose symbol is a
goat. See Zeit. f. Num., ii. 107, and Waddington [As. Min., 27), who
considers the epithet ACCIC to be of Syrian origin, and equivalent to
Zevs v\(/i,(rT09. Heads of Men; Aphrodite; Serapis; etc. Reverse types — Zeus
Laodikeus, standing, holding eagle and resting on sceptre ; Cornucopiae,
on side of which infant Dionysos or Plutos ; Rivers Caprus and Lycus
represented by the boar, K AfTPOC, and the wolf, AYKOC ; Kybele ; Hades-
Serapis with Kerberos ; Hypnos winged, in sleeping attitude, with
reversed torch; Temple inscribed eniNeiKIOC (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., 405);
Aphrodite holding dove ; Aphrodite naked, lifting in either hand a long
tress of her hair, standing between Eros and a Dolphin ; Laodiceia
standing between Wolf and Boar (rivers Lycus and Caprus), she holds
statuette of Zeus ; the Seasons personified as four children, inscr.,
eYTYXeiC KAIPOI ; Laodiceia seated between two standing figures named
respectively <})PYriA and KAPIA ; Quadrangular temple-court filled with
figures, among whom the Empei'or is distributing prizes (Berlin, K.
MUnz-Kab., p. 223) ; Rhea or Amaltheia nursing infant Zeus, around are the
three Curetes beating their shields with their swords, at her feet are four
recumbent river-gods. A frequent inscription on coins of Laodiceia in
later Imperial times is AOFMATI CYNKAHTOY (Senatus consulto).
Games— Y.0\^^ ACIAC; HYOIA ; KOMOACIA ; and ACKAHni€IA.
Many of the coins of Laodiceia are of large size, and are commonly
called medallions. The Era rf Laodiceia dates apparently from B.C. 177.
Alliance coins with Adramyteum, Antiochia Cariae, Ephesus, HierapoHs,
Nicomedia, Pergamum, Perinthus, Smyrna, Tralles, and Tripolis.
Lysias, between Synnada and Prymnessus. Imperial — Commodus
and Gordian. Inscr., AYCI AA€flN. Heads of Boule, Demos, or Emperor;
rev. Dionysos, Hekatc, Kybele, etc.
Metropolis. There were two cities of this name in Phrygia and one
in Ionia, and it is by no means easy to distinguish between their coins.
To the northern Metropolis, which is placed by Professor Ramsay about
six miles north of Ajinm Kara I/issar, may belong some of the coins which
LAODICJUA—PELTA?:. 567
read simply MHTPOTTOAeUnN, but which it is safer to class under the
Ionian city, unless it can be proved that they were found in Phrygia.
To the southern Metropolis, in the south-east of Phrygia, near a place now
called TatarJ}/ in the Tchal Ova, belong, in all probability, the coins
reading MHTPOnOAeiinN <t>PY or <t>PYr; while to the Ionian Metro-
polis are to be ascribed all coins bearing the name of a Strategos, or
which make mention of Games. The types which I would attribute to
the Phrygian city are — the god Men standing ; five stalks of corn in
basket or sheaf; Tyche seated with prow at her feet, whence a serpent
issues (Wadd., As. Min., 28). Another coin of the southern Metropolis,
belonging to Mr. Lawson, bears the magistrate's title TTP. A. -Trpwro? apxu>v
(Kamsay, MiUheil., vii. 144). The River-god Astraeos belongs, in my
opinion, to the Ionian city.
Midaeum, said to have been founded by King Midas, on the river
Tembris. Imperial — Nero to Philip. Inscr., MIAACnN. Magistrate,
under Philip Sen., nP[nTOC] APX[nN]. Ti/pes—l^N\E?\Q, River
Tembris; TON KTICTHN, Bearded head of Midas in Phrygian cap;
Hades-Serapis and Kerberos ; Herakles carrying infant Telephos, etc.
(See Sestini, Lettere di Contirmazione, ix. 77-81.)
Ifacolea, on the river Tembris in Phrygia Epictetus. Im^terial — Titus
to Gordian, with or without Emperor's head. Inscr., NAKOACflN.
Magistrate, Proconsul of Asia, EHI AK[YAAYOjY {sic) nPOKAOY, T.
Aquillius Proculus, A.D. 103-104 (Waddington, Fastes, p. 171) ; and local
Magistrates, Archon and Strategos. Ti/jws — TTAPOCNIOC, a River-god,
possibly an affluent of the Tembris, not to be confounded with the river
of the same name on the coins of Amastris. APT€MIAOC, Artemis,
with others of no special interest (Sestini, Lett, di Cont., ix. 81-83).
Ococlia, only known from its coins. Imperial of Gordian. Inscr.,
OKOKAI€nN. Types — Zeus seated; Zeus and Demeter standing with
altar between them ; Kybele ; Tyche ; etc.
Otrus. Imperial — DomnatoGeta. /?^<K?r., OTPOHNnN, Magistrates,
Archon and Asiarch, with formula of dedication (AN€OHK€N). Types —
Aeneas, carrying Anchises, and leading Ascanius, or stepping into galley ;
Artemis huntress ; Kybele seated ; Zeus ; Asklepios ; Telesphoros, etc.
Feltae, probably situated between Lunda and Eumenia (Ramsay,
Journ. Hell. Sf?/d., iv. p. 398). Autonomous, apparently of the first
century b. c. The place was of Macedonian origin.
Bust of Pallas. I HEATHNnN Lion seated . JE ■'j
Head of Zeus Peltenos. | „ Fulmen . . . JE -65
Imperial — Antoninus Pius to Volusian. Inscr., fieATHNnN MAKE-
AONnN. Magistrates, Strategos^ Grammateus. Typtes — Heads of
Helios and Pallas ; Herakles and Lion ; Artemis huntress ; Nemesis ;
Crescent and Star ; Aphrodite naked, holding a long tress of her hair in
each hand. (See also Berl: Bldtt., vi. 132.) Also Head of the Boule, with
legend BOYAHC or BOYAH nCATHNnN.
568 PHRYGIA.
Fhilomelium, so called from the abundance of nightingales in its
territory, was situated in a plain not far from the borders of Lycaonia.
Imperial //ii/^^^*— Heads of Demos ; Nike ; rev. Two cornucopiae ; Divinity
standing; etc. Magistrate, Strategos. Imperial — Augustus to Trajan
Decius. Inscr. ^lAOMHACnN (sometimes with S. P. Q_. R.). Types —
PAAAOC, River Gallus, not to be confounded with the river of the same
name which flowed into the Sangarius. It is doubtful indeed whether
the correct reading is PAAAOC at all, for the specimen in the British
Museum appears to read TAAAO or TAAAO.
Pryninessus, a city in central Phrygia, near the modern Afium
Kara/iissar. Iiiijjerial — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr. ^ fTPYMNHCCCnN
or nPYMNHCC€IC. Magistrates — Archon, Hippikos, Prytanis, Stephane-
phoros, and Hiereia or Priestess (cf. Acmonia, Attuda, and Eucarpia).
Tf//)es — Head of HieraSynkletos ; Demos ; or Boule ; Ml AAC or BACIAGYC
MIAAC, Head of Midas, rev. a River-god. The prevailing type on the
coins of Pryninessus is a figure of Dikaiosune (Aequitas) standing or
seated in temple. Zeus was also worshipped at Prymnessus as the giver
of fruits and of the increase of the earth, under the name of Zeus Kap-no-
h6Ti]s (Ramsay, MiU/ieilungeu, vii. 135).
Sala, in the south-western part of Phrygia, not far from Tripolis. It
is assigned in Byzantine lists to Lydia. Impjerkd — Domitian to Heren-
nius Etruscus. ///•«•/., CAAHNHN, CAAeiTHN, or AOMITIANOnOAeiTHN,
or AOMITI ANnN CAAHNHN. Magistrates — Archon, Strategos, Hippikos,
Archiereus. (APXiePAT[eYnN]), and Hiereus. %5e^— Busts of Pallas,
Demos, Hiera Synkletos, or Emperor ; also of Antinous with HPflC
ANTINOOC; rev. Kybele seated; Zeus Laodikeus ; Hera; Aphrodite;
Apollo ; Hermes ; Dionysos ; Hygieia ; Telesphoros, etc. ; and River-god,
perhaps the Lycus.
Alliance coin with uncertain city. See Waddington {As. Min., p. '^'^).
Sebaste, in Phrygia Pacatiana, about fifteen miles north of Eumenia.
Imperial — Augustus to Treb. Gallus. 7«5<?r., CCBACTHNnN. Magistrate,
sometimes, Archon. Ti/pes — Heads of Men, Boule, Synkletos, K3^bele, or
Emperor ; rev. Figures of Men ; Zeus ; Eagle with Ganjonedes ; Perse-
phone; Kybele; and River-god CeNAPOC. (Fox, II. 151.)
Alliance coins with Temenothyrae.
Sibidnnda (site uncertain). Imperial — M. Aurelius to Gordian. L/scr.,
C I Bl AO YN AenN. Types — Men, with one foot on bucranium, and holding
pine-cone ; the Dioskuri, with lunar goddess standing between them,
her head surmounted by crescent; Dionysos; Artemis, etc. [I^um.Chron.^
viii. ^^).
Siblia, near the sources of the Maeander [Jonrn. Hell. Stud., iv. 403).
///^yye/vV//— Augustus to Gcta. Inscr., CeiBAI ANnN, Heads of Demos ; the
city CeiBAIA turreted ; or the Emperor: rev. Herakles standing, or
contending with lion; Hermes standing; Zeus aetophoros, etc. {Num.
Ckron., viii. 33) ; Bust of Men, etc. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 411).
PIIIL 031ELIUM—TIIEMIS0NIUM. 569
Stectorium, south-west of Apameia Cibotus. Imperial — Faustina
Junior to Philip Jun, Inscr., CTCKTOPHNflN. Magistrates, Strategos
and Asiarch ('A(rtapxf/s ««'' tt']'^ -naTpiho^i). Ti//)ex, ordinary ; Hiera Boule,
Demos, etc. ; also Leto running, carrying infants Apollo and Artemis ;
Hero Mygdon (1), armed, with one foot on prow. (Cf. Pans., x. 27. 1.)
Synaiis, in Phrygia Pacatiana, near the sources of the Macestus.
Imperial — Nero to Faustina Jun. Heads of the Emperor, Demos, Boule,
Synkletos, Roma, etc. Inscr., CYNAeiTHN. Magistrates, Proconsul of
Asia, €711 MAPK€AAOY TO T., the thu'd year of the Proconsulship of T,
Clodius Eprius Marcellus, A. D. 70-73. Local Magistrates, Archon and
Asiarch. Ti/pes — Apollo as a naked archer, drawing an arrow from his
quiver ; Two Nemeses ; Zeus standing ; Asklepios. and Hygieia ; Teles-
phoros ; Kybele.
Synnada, a wealthy commercial city in Phrygia Salutaris (Strab., 577
Pliny, V. 29).
Autonomous of the first century B.C., obv. Turreted head of City
rev. ZYNNAA., Zeus standing holding fulmen. Imperial — Augustus to
Salonina, with heads of Emperor ; Demos ; Boule ; Hiera Synkletos
OeA PHMH, etc.; also of ZEYC nANAHMOC. Imcr., CYNNAA€nN
CYNNAACnN inNnN, or AHPienN. Magistrates — Prytanis, Logistes
Archon, Agonothetes, and Archiereus. Types — Amaltheia carrying
infant Zeus, with a goat at her feet ; Zeus Pandemos seated ; Athena
Persephone ; Artemis Ephesia ("?) ; Kybele ; Men ; Nemesis, etc.
Games— KL?\KHK nANAOHNAIA.
Alliance coins with Hierapolis.
Temenothyrae in Phrygia Pacatiana, also called Flaviopolis. Imperial
— Sabina to Saloninus, with or without Emperor's name, hiscr.,
(DAABIOnOAIC or cDAABIOnOAeiTHN ; o-ev THMeN0OYP€YClN, or,
more rarely, THMCNOOYPenN in the genitive. Magistrates — Archiereus,
Archon, Asiarch. Chief types — Demos; Hiera Synkletos ; OCA PHMH ;
Hermes standing, holding purse and caducous ; Artemis standing beside
stag, or in biga of stags ; Men standing holding pine-cone and sceptre,
or in biga drawn by bulls ; Zeus Laodikeus standing with eagle and
spear ; Apollo between tree and tripod ; Hephaestos forging shield ;
Herakles in the garden of the Hesperides ; Herakles burning the heads
of the Hydra, standing before statue of Pallas ; Bust of traditional
Founder, THM€NOC KTICTHC, or OIKICTHC; Lion walking ; Altar, on
which serpent {Num. Chron., viii. 12 ; Bev. Num., 1852, 32).
Alliance coins with Bagis and Sebaste.
Themisonium [Num. Citron., viii. '^^), north of Cibyra on the road from
Laodiceia to Perga. Imperial — Domitian to Philip Jun. Inscr., OGMI-
CnNenN. Types — River-god KAZANHC; Herakles standing between
Apollo and Hermes. Cf. Pausanias (x. 32), who relates that the Themi-
soneans set up statues of Herakles, Apollo, and Hermes in a cavern near
the town (Eckhel., iii. 175). AYK[IOC] CnZnN, Bust of Apollo Lykios
570
PHRYGIA.
Tiberiopolis, a city probably situated quite in the north of Phrygia
(cf. the order of Hierocles). Imperial— Trsi^&n to Gordian. Magistrates,
without title, orwith that of Archon. Liscr., TIBePIOTTOAeiTHN. Tj/pes —
usually referring to the worship of Artemis, who is often represented like
the Ephesian goddess ; Zeus Laodikeus ; Apollo ; Asklepios ; Dionysos ;
Demos ; Hiera Synkletos ; Gerousia ; Boule, etc.
Trajanopolis. See Grimenotliyrae (p. S^4}.
Tripolis, on the upper Maeander, is assigned in Byzantine Lists to
Lydia. In numismatic works it is usually placed under Caria. Imperial
times — Augustus to Gallienus, with or without portraits, hiscr.^ TPITTO-
A€ITjQN, names of divinities, ZEYC CePAFFIC, AHTri, and River
MAIANAPOC. Games — KHl 0.1\ ^ nVOIA. %j^s — AHMOC; KPA
CYNKAHTOC; ICPA BOYAH; Leto carrying her two children, or seated
holding sceptre [Num. Zeit., 1884, PI. V. 11); Artemis; Artemis and
Apollo ; Serapis ; Maeander ; Nemesis ; Telesphoros ; Demeter seated ;
Herakles ; Dionysos ; Zeus Laodikeus ; Amazon on horseback ; Rape of
Persephone ; Tyche, etc. For others, see Eckhel, ii. 593 sqq.
Alliance coins with Laodiceia ad Lycum.
Vipsania. See Amorium (p. 557).
Chronological Table of the Coinage of Phrygia.
The money of Phrygia, like that of Lydia, is almost entirely Imperial.
There are, however, a few towns of which the coinage begins in the
second century B. c. These are the following : —
2nd and ist
cent. B.C.
Imperial Times.
Acmonia
M
M
Amorium
J&
M
Apameia
Attuda
M cist.
M
Blaundus
M
M
Cibyra
Dionysopolis
Epictetus
Eumenia
M
M
Hierapolis
Laodiceia
M cist.
M
JE
Peltae
M
M
Synnada
M
JR
LYCIA. 571
LYCIA.
[Fellows, Coins of Ancient Lycia, London, 1855.]
The coinage of Lycia confirms in a most striking manner the testimony
of ancient writers, especially Strabo, with regard to the Federal consti-
tution of the country. Among no other ancient people do we find
Federal institutions so wisely framed and so firmly rooted as among the
Lycians. The ancient Lycian League succeeded in maintaining itself in
practical if not in nominal independence throughout the period of the
rule of the Achaemenidae in Asia Minor, and its abundant coinage
testifies to the great prosperity of the country in the fifth and fourth
centuries b. c. The distinctive symbol on the money of the various
cities which took part in this Federal coinage is the Triskelis or so called
Triquetra, which sometimes takes the form of a tetraskelis or of a
diskelis. Various hypotheses have been advanced as to the intention of
this strange symbol (Lenormant, Man. dans V Ant., ii. 74). The most
reasonable is that which has been put forward by L. Mliller ^, that
it is a solar emblem sj^mbolizing rotatory motion. In this case it
would refer to the worship of the national Lycian deity, Apollo Avkio?,
the God of Light. The animal types — Boars, Winged lions, Griffins, Bulls,
etc., must remain for the present unexplained (but see Preller, Gr. Myth., i.
195). The Lycian silver money falls into the following classes. The weight-
standard is the Babylonic, falling sometimes as low as the Euboic, the
staters weighing from 155 to 130 grs. Engravings of nearly all the
varieties here described will be found in Sir Charles Fellows' Coins of
Ancient Lycia, 1855. It is probable that M. Six's forthcoming article on
the coinage of Lycia in the Eevue Numismatique for 1886 will throw much
light upon this branch of ancient numismatics.
Before circ. B.C. 480.
Forepart of boar or boar's head, some-
times inscribed with PY, 8Y>|,
KAB(]), Ot, or other letters. (Fel-
lows, PI. I. I. B. M. Guide, PI. III.
34.)
Incuse square, irregularly divided by
transverse lines. Within, sometimes,
letters O — i., etc
JR Stater 145-130 grs.
M Tetrob.2 42 grs.
JR Diob. 20 grs.
As none of the letters in this series exhibit the characteristic Lycian
forms it has been questioned whether this class is correctly attributed
to Lycia, but as the type and the weight are both Lycian, it would seem
that these pieces were struck in Lycia before the complete differentiation
of the Lycian alphabet.
* Det saaJcaldfe HageJcors's Anvendelse og Betydning, Copenhagen, 1877.
* If the Lycian Staters were divided, like the Corinthian, into Thirds and Sixths, the designa-
tions ' Tetrobol ' and ' DioboV for the pieces weighing 48 and 24 grs. would be inadmissible. In
that case we should have to call them drachms and hemidrachms.
572
LYCLL
Fig. 318.
Circ. B,c. 480-450.
Boar or half boar.
Bull kneeling and looking back.
Boar; double boar; or half boar.
(Fig. 318.)
Pegasos on circular solar disk.
Human eye (the Sun 1).
Cow suckling calf (cf. this subject as
a relief on the Harpy tomb, from
Xanthus).
Incuse square : Toi'toise ; Bull's head,
facing between + — + ; Forepart of
lion, etc M Statez-s
Incuse square : Ram's head ....
M, Stater 141 grs.
Incuse square : Triskelis, sometimes
formed of three cocks' heads . . .
M. Staters 149 gi"s.
M Tetrob. 46 grs.
M, Diob. 20 grs.
Incuse square : Triskelis
M. Stater 150 grs.
Incuse square : Triskelis
M Tetrob. 41 grs.
Incuse square : Tetraskelis ....
M, Stater 129-8 grs.
Circ. B.C. 450 or earlier-iOO.
In this period the Lycian silver coins bear almost always an inscription
in the Lycian character. The true interpretation of these inscriptions is
still a matter of much uncertainty. Until within the last few years
numismatists have been content to follow the classification proposed by
Fellows (op. cit.), who endeavours to identify them with the native names
of the various Lycian communities; but it has been lately shown by
M. Schmidt (Zeifsc/i. fur vergleich. Sprachforschung , ed. Kuhn and Schmidt,
Bd. 25, p. 449), and by Savelsberg [Beitrdge zur Entziffening tier Lijkischen
SjiracJidenkmiiler, 1874-1878), that several of these legends contain the
names of native or foreign dynasts. It would be premature in the
present state of our knowledge to draw the inference that all the unex-
plained legends are also names of princes or rulers, and indeed it is more
probable that some are those of towns, while others again seem to contain
both the name of the town and that of the dynast. The following are
the more important varieties : —
Forepart of griffin; on breast,
triskelis.
Boar.
Bull butting. (Imhoof, Choix,
PI. V.I 57.)
Winged anil horned lion.
Id.
Two cocks, face to face.
Forepart of bull.
MOTA^E [Motloe].
WKOF^X^ME [6kof6me] .
T'^N't^OP^ [Tonechore]
Vi^f^PEVl^ [Chareua] . .
vj/^P [Char.]
.04^A1> [Oele]
Inc. sq. Triskelis. ^iio-6grs.
Id.
M 1 48 grs.
Id.
Al 47 gra.
Id.
m, 131 grs.
Id.
.31 148-7 grs
Eagle
Al 36-3 grs.
Triskelis. M 134 grs.
EARLY FEDERAL COINAGE.
573
PPA Two dolphins.
Fl^+ITI^INJC' (retro-
grade) [Fahitezo] dolphin
and tunny fish.
Two dolphins.
Dolphin (FeUows, PI. I. 9.)
Dolphin.
Winged and homed lion.
Forepart of winged lion.
Lion ramping.
Lion's head, facing.
GrifBn crouching.
Griffin prancing.
Sphinx.
Lion devouring bull.
Horse scratching himself.
Horse kneeling, looking back.
Horse standing.
Foreparts of bull and horse,
back to back.
Foreparts of two bulls, back
to back.
Foreparts of two lions, back
to back.
Boar.
Forepart of boar.
Sow.
Goat.-
Stag.
Ibex.
Bull butting.
Bull walking, above r Pi
[Ari].
Forepart of bull.
Man-headed bull, r.
Herakles wielding club.
Herakles carrying dead boar.
Head of Zeus Ammon.
Bearded helmeted head.
GrifiBn seated.
Boar or forepart of boar.
Winged lion on circular disk.
Forepart of bull on circular
disk.
Female head, 1.
Head of Silenos, facing.
Winged boar.
Head of Pallas, in Attic
helmet.
Id.
Id.
Forepart of boar.
Head of Pallas, in Attic
helmet.
Head of Pallas, in Attic
helmet.
Id.
Id.
Id.
PPA [Prl] Inc. sq. Triskelis. iR 148-7 gTB.
rl^DC [Path] „ Id. ^i54grs.
P h X [Path] „ Id. ^100 grs.
^^EB [^cheb] .... „ Id. ^ 24-5 grs.
K 0 P Incuse square, Triskelis with one hook ending in griffin's
head ^ 147 grs.
KOPPAAE or KOP [KoprUe] Inc. sq. TriskeUs. ^ Stater or
divisions.
» » Id.
Id.
Id.
» 5. Id. „
Id.
» Id.
Id-
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
» Id. „
» • » Id. „
,. » Id. „
» » Id. „
» » Id. „
Id-
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
T'hXXEF^EBE [Te^eefeebe] „ Tetraskelis. M Stater.
Id.
Id.
Id.
» jj Id. „
Id.
OFOY [Ofou] Incuse square. Female head . . ^Divisions
^-PiN^- [Arina] Incuse circle. Head of ApoUo; symbol —
diskelis M. Stater
t^PlN^ Vl^^P^JC'E [Arina Cheroe] Pallas seated with
shield before her JR, Tetrob.
^PINI^ +1^ Vi/^^PN^E [Arina he Cher6e] Head of Per-
sian (?) Satrap M Stater
PTT^ [Ptta] Incuse square, Tetraskelis . . . ^Stater
PTT^-P^-I^ [Pttarazo] Incuse square, in which Head of
Hermes ^Stater
TI^AI^B ^ + E+1^ [Teleb £hehe] Incuse square. Head
of Herakles. bearded Jfi Stater
T-tA4^B ^PBBEN^ [Teleb ^rbbena] Incuse square.
Head of Herakles, bearded JH Stater
^ PBBEN ^ [firbbena] Herakles, with clubandbow M Stater
^POF\^TEI'^?■E [Arofuteiese] Lion ramping .51 Stater
574
LYCIA.
AA'^N'^F'^A'^ [Dde-
nefele], Head of Pallas, as
above.
Same type.
Id.
Same type.
Head, in conical piles.
Winged boar.
Herakles wielding club.
Female head,with hair turned
up behind.
Id.
Forepart of winged stag, on
circular disk.
Head of Satrap jSi Stater
AAI^N^F^^A^' [Ddgn§fele] Head of bearded Herakles .
M Stater
I^PTOXPf^P^ [Artca[m]para] Head of Satrap . M Stater
p/fv\l/9-g/]^p/j\ [Fechssere] Incuse circle, Head of Hermes
M Stater
„ Incuse square, Triskelis . . . JR Stater
„ „ Id. ... ^ Stater
,, Id. ... ^ Stater
^^"^PEV^ F'^+IT [Chereua Fehit] Tetraskelis, with
owl in the centre ^48 grs.
m^ [Ppis] Tetraskelis .31 23-5 grs.
M^ M . . N h ? [Chat na] Diskelis . . ^ 48 grs.
Girc. B.C. 400-360.
The later style and fabric of the following coins induce me to class
them to a more recent period than any of those which I have described
above. They are characterized by their flatter and larger jlans, and by
the gradual disappearance of the well-marked incuse square, which is
present on all the earlier Lycian series. I do not think, however, that
the series extends down to the age of Alexander the Great, and it is
quite possible that the powerful dynasts of Halicarnassus may have
succeeded in imposing the Carian money upon their Lycian neighbours : —
Lion, seated with forepaw raised.
Head of Pallas.
Lion's scalp.
Lion's scalp.
lWMO + 0 [Zomoho] Triskelis.
Shell (murex or buccinum).
Lion's scalp.
Id.
Head of Pail.
Forepart of Pegasos ... .51 Stater
Two lions seated, face to face. .^19 grs.
TAI^FE [Tlafe] Female head, facing .
.51 1 7 grs.
Triskelis, accompanied by various in-
scriptions : —
MEXP^^^T^ [MethrapataJ^Stater
TPBBN^^NEME [Trbb6neme_|/il Stater
F'^A [Fed] .51 Stater
1^ P 1 1 or 1^ POI [Ariz or Aroz] M Stater
IWM [Z(jm] iitpgrs.
TPBB\«/NEME [Trbboneme] Triskelis
^23.5 grs.
MEX [Meth] Young male bust, facing.
A\ 8 grs.
PI^PEKAI^ [Perekle] Triskelis with
dove seated on oue of its
limbs . . A\ Stater
„ Similar. In field, head
of Hermes . . .51 63 and 42 grs.
PI^PEKAI^ [Perekle] Triskelis. ^ .55
Of the numerous inscriptions on the Lycian coins, the following perhaps
stand for towns : — Amia for "kpva, according to Steph. Byz., an old name
of Xanthus ; Chareua for Karya or Krya (Steph. Byz. ; Pliny, v. 28 ;
and Ptol., V. 3. i-, Pttarazo, for Patara ; Pjris, for Pisilis ; and T/afe for
Tlos. The following, on the other hand, appear to be names of dynasts :
—C/icroe, dynast of Arina (?) (M. Schmidt, o/j. cit., 1881, p. 451) ; Trbboneme,
LATER FEDERAL COINAGE. 575
a name which occurs in inscriptions from Limyra ; Methrapata ( = Mithra-
pates?) ; Arofuteiese [cV \pv<aTir]s — OxoniQ%'\)\ Ar(oa{77i)para = ^ApT€jxliapr]s{l:)
(cf. Aesch., Pers., 29 ; Herod., i. 114-116, ix. 112), and Perekle='?t\i^\(ii>,,
who, according to Theopompos (ap. Phot., BibL, 120, b. 13. Bergk), was a
king of Lycia.
Circ. B.C. 330-190.
On his march from Caria into Pisidia Alexander reduced Lycia
under his sway, and from this time down to the date of the defeat of
Antiochus by the Romans B.C. 190 the country was subject successively
to the Ptolemies and the Seleucidae. The only coins current in Lycia
during this period of nearly a century and a half were the regal tetra-
drachms of Alexander's types. (Muller, 1270-1279.)
Circ. B.C. 188-168.
In B. c. 190 the Romans, having conquered Antiochus, presented Lycia
to the Rhodians, under whose dominion it remained for about twenty
years. The Rhodians appear to have allowed some of the more important
Lycian towns to strike small silver coins with modified Rhodian
types :—
Head of Helios, faciog, with eagle in
front of his right cheek.
See above, p. 541.
Eose, with abbre^-iated names of Lycian
towns (?) in the field, e.g. P — A and
Z — A, possibly Patara and Xanthus
iR 39 grs.
Circ. B.C. 167-A.D. 43.
In B.C. 168 the Romans restored to the Lycians their full freedom,
and the Lycian towns now formed themselves into an independent
League under Roman auspices (Livy, xliv. 15 ; Polyb., xxx. 5), which
lasted until the reign of Claudius, A. D. 43, who annexed the country to
the adjoining Praefecture of Pamphylia.
The coinage of this new Lycian League has much in common with the
contemporary coinage of the Achaean League in Peloponnesus. It
consists of silver hemidrachms of Rhodian weight, characterized by the
reappearance of a sharply defined incuse square on the reverse. See
Waddington, Rev. Num., 1853, p. 86, and Warren, Greek Federal Coinage,
P-35-
Head of Apollo \vklos, laureate, with ! Flat, sharply defined, incuse square,
bow and quiver at his shoulder, his j within which a lyre and the initials
hair arranged in formal curls : on ' of the place of mintage, accompanied
either side usually A — Y. sometimes by the ethnic of the League,
j AYKinN. iR Hemidrachm 28 grs.
Head of Artemis, with bow and quiver j Similar, but quiver instead of lyre . .
at her shoulder. I M. \ Drachm 13 grs.
The Federal bronze money is more varied than the silver, the prevalent
types being on the obverse — Heads of Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, etc., and
on the reverse, Lyre, Stag, Quiver, Caduceus, etc. On some of these coins
the letters A — Y or AYKIHN are wanting; but the types, common to
many towns, sufficiently indicate a Federal currency. The cities which
took part in the currency of the later League, either in silver or bronze,
are the following : Antiphellus, Aperlae, Apollonia. Araxa ( ?), Ary canda,
576 LYCIA.
Bubon, Cragus, Cyane, Cj^dna, Gagae, Limyra, Masicytus, Myra, Olympus,
Patara, Phellus, Pinara, Podalia, Rhodiapolis, Tlos, Trebenna (i), Tymena,
and Xanthus. Strabo (xiv. p. 664) says that there were twenty-three
towns in the confederacy. It will be seen that we possess Federal coins
of exactly twenty-three towns, exclusive of Telmessus and Trabala, which
only struck Federal coins in alliance with Cragus.
On these coins M. Waddington remarks [Rev. 'Num., 1853) that ' unpre-
tending little monuments as they are, differing only in the initials proper
to each town, yet they are in most instances the only evidence of the par-
ticipation of the various towns in the Lycian League, and place us in the
gratifying position to reconstruct almost entirely the far-famed confederacy.'
It was probably about the time of Augustus that smaller alliances of
separate pairs of towns within the larger league were brought about.
Of such alliances Cragus is usually one member. It is these unions that
are supposed to be alluded to in Lycian inscriptions by the expression
a-vixTToXiTevoixevoL brjfjioL (Le Bas-W Siddington, Inscr. de I' As. Mvi., 1390-92).
The last coinage of the League consists of Imperial denarii, with the por-
traits of Augustus and Claudius ; inscr., AY ; types, one or two lyres,
Demeter holding ears of corn, or the Emperor holding a lituus. The
coinage of denarii was even continued for a few years after the dissolu-
tion of the League by Claudius, under the Emperors Domitian, Nerva,
and Trajan. These issues bear Greek translations of the ordinary Latin
inscription IR. POT. COS. II, III, etc., viz. AHM. EZ. YHAT. B. or T., etc.
or VriATOY TPITOY. The Imperial coinage of Lycia belongs chiefly to
the reign of Gordian and Tranquilhna.
Autonomous, Federal, and Imperial Coinage of the Towns of Lycia.
In addition to the Federal coinage some of the Lycian towns struck
coins without the letters A — Y or AYKinN. Of this class those which
bear Federal types are, properly speaking, coins of the League, the rest
are more strictly municipal issues : —
Acalissns. Imperial of Gordian. Inscr., AKAAICCEUUN, Horseman
galloping [Rev. Num., 1853, 90) ; Veiled goddess between Dioskuri.
Antiphellus, on the coast opposite Megiste. Federal M. AYKinN —
AN, and Imperial of Gordian, ANTI^eAACITHN, Tyche.
Aperlae. Federal M. AYK I flN — API, and Imperial of Gordian,
AnePAA€ITuuN, Altar.
ApoUonia. Federal M. AYKIHN — AflO. T\iq Imperial coins residing
AnOAAnNIAinN ay {Num. CJirou., 1861, 219) and AYKinN belong to
Apollonia Pisidiae. See Waddington's remarks, Asie Mineure, p. 141. In
this case the epithet AYKIHN merely indicates the origin of the Apollo-
niates. Cf. CYNNAAenN inNflN, p. 569.
AraxaC?). Federal M. AYKinN— AP A (?). {Num. Ckron., lUi, 220.)
Arycanda. Federal M. AYKIHN — APY, Imperial — Gordian and
Tranquillina APYKANAGuuN. Tyche, Herakles, Horseman, Naked
Warrior, Eagle carrying boars head, etc. [Rev. Num., 1853, 90-
ACALISSUS—MYRA. ^77
Balbura. Autonomous M of Imperial times. Types — Eagle and fulmen,
etc., and Im;penal of Caligula, BAABOYPeujN, Herakles leaning on club.
Bubon. This town was annexed to Lycia by Murena, B.C. 84. Federal
Ex. Inscr., BOY. {Num. Chron.\ x. 82).
Cadyanda. Autonomous Ei oiX^i^ \hxi^^^. Inscr.,^^1:^'^. Tj//je— Hermes.
[Num. Chron.^ x. 82.)
Calynda. Small autonomous M of the second or fii'st century B.C.
Liscr., KAAY or KAAYN, Head of Artemis rev., Stag, Forepart of stag or
torch. {Num. Chroti., ix. 148 ; Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 307.)
Candyba. iw//jma^ ^— Gordian III. /w<9c/-., KANAYBEUUN. Tyj^e—
Tyche. {Z.f. N, v. PL I. 9.)
Choma. Autonomous E of late times. Inscr., X — D., and Imperial of
Gordian, XuuMAieiTuuN, Armed horseman.
Corydalla. Imperial — Sev. Alex., Gordian, and Tranquillina, KOPY-
AAAAeuuN, Tyche, Pallas, Horseman.
Cragus. Federal M and M, AYKinN KPAP, AY— KP, etc. Also in
alliance with Myra, AY— KP — MY; with Telmessus, AY-TEA— KP;
with Tlos, TA— KP, AY— TAuu— KP, AY— KP— TA, etc. ; with Trabala,
TPA— KP ; or with Xanthus, KP— ZAN. Concerning these alliances of
pairs of towns, see above (p. 576).
Cyane. Federal M, AY— KYA, {Num. Chron., x. 83,) and Imjjerial of
Gordian, KYANeiTuuN, Horseman.
Cydna (1). Federal M and M, AYKinN— KY. It is very probable that
these coins are of Cyane.
Gagae. Federal M, AYKinN — TA. Imperial — Tranquillina, TAT A-
TuuN, Nemesis with whip, wheel, and griffin.
Limyra. Federal M and M, AYKinN— Al, etc., and Imperial of
Gordian and Tranquillina, AlMYPeuuN. Types — Zeus Nikephoros;
AIMYPOC, a River-god; AIMYPeuuN PHPMA or XPHCMOC, an Ox
drinking from a fountain, which issues from a rock, or Ox and Goat
drinking from one source. This oracular fountain is mentioned by Pliny,
H. N., xxxi. 18. (See Eckhel, iii. p. 4.)
Masicytus. Federal M and M, AYK I nN— M A or M AZ, etc., and hnperial
of Augustus, & and E, AYKinN— MA. Type—\j^x%, or two lyres.
Myra. Federal M and M, AYKinN — MY, AY— MYPA, etc., and
Imperial— Kni. Pius to Gordian, MYPeuuN, MYPeuuN MHTPODOAeuuC,
etc. The most remarkable type on the coins of this city is the figure of
a veiled Asiatic goddess, Artemis Myrea (?), whose effigy is sometimes
seen amid the branches of a tree, on either side of which stands a man
with an axe, as if about to fell it, but apparently deterred therefrom by
two serpents emerging from the trunk and darting towards him (Fig.
319). For a similar type, see Aphrodisias Cariae (p. 521). The subject
P P
578
LYCIA.
Fig. 319.
appears to be connected in some way with the story of Myrrha, who was
transformed into a tree, from the trunk of which, when it was split by
her father with his sword, Adonis was born (Hyginus, Fab., 58, 164, 251,
371). Federal alliance coins between Myra and Cragus. Imperial
alliance coins with Patara and with Side, nATAPeriN MYPenN OMO-
NOIA, MYPenN CIAHTHN OMONOIA, with types referring to the
cultus of the several towns.
Olympus. Federal M, OAYM, etc., or AYKinN— OA, and Imperial of
Gordian and Tranquillina, OAYMTTHNujN, Hephaestos forging shield
of Achilles ; Female figure holding wreath.
Patara. Federal M and M, AYKinN— flA. Imperial — Gordian and
Tranquillina. Inscr., TTATAPCUUN. Ti/pes — Tyche, and especially Apollo
Patareus, standing between the omphalos, on which is perched a crow,
and the tripod round which the serpent twines. The city of Patara was
celebrated for its temple and oracle of Apollo, who gave responses during
the six winter months of each year (Herod., i. 183).
Alliance coins with Myra (see above).
FhaseliS; a prosperous maritime town of Lycia on the Pamphylian
gulf, was not a member of the earlier Lycian League, but formed a
separate and independent state. Hence its coinage bears no resemblance
to the other Lycian money, nor does it appear that the Lycian characters
were used there, for the coin-legends are always in Greek. The types
are appropriate to a maritime city of the importance of Phaselis, and
confirm the belief of the ancients that swift galleys called (pd(n]\oL took
their name from this town.
Circ. B.C. 500-400.
Prow of galley, fashioned like the
forepart of a boar.
Id. (Hunter, PI. XLIIL 9, 10.)
O [=0] kneeh'ng bearded figure, with
his arm round the body of a kneel-
ing man-headed bull.
Lyre, the sides of which are formed
like mice^; the whole in linear and
dotted square.
Irregular incuse square
(Hunter, PI. XLIIL 8.)
JR Persic Stater 168-2 grs.
<t>At. Stern of galley. yR Stater 1 7 1 grs.
Prow of galley in incuse square, beneath,
dolphin . . iR Stater 171-8 grs.
Id.
M Stater 173-2 grs.
» This coin was attributed by De Witte {Rev. Num. 1858, p. 28) to Hamaxitus in the
Troad, in my opinion on insufficient grounds. The mouse, like the locust and the lizard, is
a symbol of Apollo as tlie averter of plagues of these creatures, 'AttoAXo;;' Sfjuv9(vs, Tlapvo-mos,
and :SavpoKr6vos (Paus., i. 24. 8),
OLYMP US—FIIASELIS.
579
As the weight of the following coin is unusual in Lyeia, it may be
doubted whether the attribution here suggested is the true one.
0 Triskelis. (Cabuiet of Dr. Weber.)
lucuse square divided by broad bands
into seven triangular compartments.
JH Phoenician stater iio'6 grs.
Circ. B.C. 400-330.
Prow of galley.
(
Prow of galley.
(Hunter,Pl.XLIII.ii.)
<t>ASH Stern of galley and magistrate's
name. M, Stater 153-7 grs.
„ Stern of galley . . . M -6^
Circ. B.C. 330-250.
Regal tetradrachms of Alexander's types, with letters in field <t) — A,
each surmounted by a star. (Mliller, No. 1376.)
Circ. B.C. 250-190.
After Alexander's time Phaselis, with the rest of Lycia and Pamphylia,
became dependent upon Egypt, and it is to the reign of Ptolemy III. or
IV. that the foUowinff later Phaselian issues must be attributed.
Prow, surmounted by head of Helios,
or by jugate busts of Ptolemy IV.
and Arsinoe (?).
(Imhoof, Choix, PI. IV. 153.)
cl)AZH Stern of galley and magistrate's
name, AAMAPATOZ, EYIOZ, Nl-
KANap, TIMnN
M Stater 152 grs.
After circ. b. c. 190.
Phaselis, like most other Asiatic towns, appears, after the defeat of
Antiochus by the Romans, to have begun a new coinage of silver staters
and drachms, retaining, however, the old standard of weight.
Head of Apollo, r., laureate.
Id.
Owl, or sometimes eagle on prow.
(Hunter, PI. XLIII. 12.)
Prow, crowned by Nike.
<l> Pallas wielding fulmen and aegis,
standing on prow. Magistrate,
TPEBHMIS . iR Stater 156 grs.
Stern of galley. Magistrate, MNAZI
M Stater 167 grs.
<t) Pallas, as on Stater. Magistrate,
OEOXPHETOZ, APXinnOZ, or
KAeuuNYMOC. M Dr. 87-83 grs.
<t> Pallas, as above, with letters A, B, G,
etc. in field ^ -75
After B.C. 168.
Whether Phaselis was ever a member of the second Lycian League, or
whether it retained its ancient independence, can hardly be determined
from the coins, which, to all appearance, are autonomous ; for although
the smaller denominations in silver bear federal types, the legend AY or
AYK I nN does not occur upon them. Thus the statement of Strabo (667)
that Phaselis took no part in the League is not contradicted by numis-
matic evidence.
P p 2
580
LYCIA.
Head of Apollo, 1., laureate. <I>A Pallas standing, holding Nike, and
(Waddington, i?ev. A^'wrn., 1853.) resting on spear, magistrate, AP-
KEZIAAOS
M> Attic tetradr. 252 grs.
Id. 4>AZHAI Lyre,in shallow incuse square
M. 39*6 grs.
Imperial — Gordian, <J)ACHA€ITUJN, Tyche, Pallas, Galley, Archaic
simulacrum of veiled goddess. Aphrodite (?), with two winged Erotes
flying in the air, and at her feet a small figure beside an altar.
Fhellus. Federal M, AYKIHN — <l)E, and Z/wjomfli? of Gordian. Inscr.,
A <|)eAAeiTuuN, Female figure holding flower. Waddington {As. Min.,
p. 122).
Finara. Autonomous M, of Federal types, Inscr., TTI ; and small M,
olv. Head of Apollo, rev. niNAPEXlN, Bucranium. This town is expressly
mentioned by Strabo {'^6^) as one of the members of the League.
Fodalia. Federal M, AY — flOA and Imperial of Gordian and Tranquil-
lina, no A AAIujTujN, Apollo standing with his lyre resting on a column ;
Warrior standing.
Rhodiapolis. Federal M and M and Imperial of Tranquillina, POAI A-
nOACITLuN, Nemesis with grifiin and wheel.
Telmessus. Of the following coins the first was attributed by Sestini
to Telmessus in Caria (see above, p. SS^). The second seems to be
undoubtedly Lycian in fabric.
Circ. B.C. 190-168
Head of Helios, radiate, facing.
Head of Hermes.
TEAMH[ZZEnN] Apollo, seated on
omphalos, holding arrow and bow 2Et -6
TEA Fly M-4
After B.C. 167.
Federal M and M in alliance with Cragus. Inscr., AY— TEA— KP,
AYKinN— KP— TEA, and TEA- KP.
Tlos. Federal M of the earlier and M and M of the later League.
Inscr., AYKinN— TA, AY— TA, or TA only, also in alliance with Cragus,
TA— KP, AY— TAUU— KP, etc., and Im^perial of Gordian, TAUueuuN,
Horseman, Warrior, Nike, Tyche.
Trabala. Federal M, but only in alliance with Cragus, TPA— KP.
Trebenna. Federal M, AYKinN— TP, and Imperial of Gordian and
Tranquillina, TPeBENNATUuN, Zeus seated, Dionysos standing, Pallas.
PAMPHYLIA.
581
Tymena. Federal M, AY — TY (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 329).
Xanthus. Federal M, of the earlier League under its old name Arina
(see above, p. 573), and M. and M of the later League, AY — Z A, AYKIHN
— ZA and ZANOinN. Also in alliance with Cragus, AY— KP — ZAN.
It is remarkable that so few numismatic monuments should have
been handed down to us of such an important Lycian city as Xanthus.
As the coinage of Lycia is almost entirely either Federal or Imperial,
it is unnecessary to append a chronological table of the issues of the
several cities. The money of Phaselis alone stands apart, and offers a
series almost uninterrupted from the sixth century b. c. down to Roman
times.
PAMPHYLIA.
In the following pages I include in the province of Pamphylia only
the strip of low-lying coast-land, some twenty to thirty miles in breadth,
between Mount Solyma, the Lycian boundary, on the west, and Cora-
cesium on the east. The mountainous country to the north of Mount
Taurus, much of which was included in Byzantine Pamphylia, I have
preferred to call Pisidia.
Aspendus, on the river Eurymedon, about eight miles from the sea,
was a populous and wealthy city. It began to coin silver on the Persic
standard early in the fifth century b. c.
Circ. B. c. 500-400.
Fig. 320.
Naked warrior, armed with round
shield and sword.
(Hunter, PI. VIL 15. 16. 18.)
Warrior, with sliield and spear. (Fig.
320.)
Horseman armed with spear.
E, E^, E^T, or E?TFE Incuse square,
Triskelis of three human legs, in
field, usually a symbol
M Staters 170 grs.
E^P Incuse square, Triskelis, with
lion running beside it
M Staters 170 grs.
ECT, etc. Running boar. iRDr. 84 grs.
582
PAMPHYLIA.
Circ. B.C. 400-300, and later.
Two wrestlers engaged ; on the later
specimens, magistrates' letters be-
tween them, (Brandis, p. 494.)
ESITFE Alive Incuse square, Slinger;
in field, Triskelis, also, rarely, letters
M, Staters 170 grs.
Aspendus was originally an Argive colony, and Brandis has hazarded
the conjecture that its coin-type, the Slinger, was chosen from the
resemblance of the word (r(f)€vbovi]Tris to the name of the town. The other
type, the two Wrestlers, refers, perhaps, to some ancient local myth, and
a curious variety of the stater with the words EAVi^A MENETV^ (Mion.,
PL XXXV. 169) beneath the type, gives us, perhaps, the traditional
names of the two wrestlers, Miveros ( = the Steady) and 'Ekyxj/as ( = the
Wriggler) (Bergk, Zeit.f.Nimi., xi. '>,'>y']\ KirchhofF's suggestion that the
inscription is equivalent to MeVeros €(y)\v\}/a, an engraver's signature, is
contested by Bergk (A c).
Concerning the Pamphylian ■ legends on these and similar coins, see
Friedlander (Z. f. W., iv. 297), Imhoof (Z. f. N., v. 133), and Bergk (l. c).
The form ESTFEAIIV^ corresponds with the Greek AZnENAIOZ. It
would appear that the Greek element in the population of the town
gradually decreased down to the time of the Macedonian conquest. The
astonishing abundance of the silver money of Aspendus is a proof of the
commercial importance of the town.
The bronze coins of Aspendus appear to be as a rule later in date than
the silver. The predominant types are —
After circ. B.C. 300.
Head of Pallas.
Forepart of horse.
Id.
Slinger ; in field, two letters . JE -65
Sling, between two letters . -^ -7
AcneNAinN. id. ... ^-65
It is not improbable that the silver coins of the above series continued
to be struck down to the defeat of Antiochus in B.C. 190, although the
mass of the specimens which have reached us belong to the fourth century.
After B.C. 190.
After the battle of Magnesiia, Pamphylia was added to the dominions
of the kings of Pergamum, under whose mild rule Aspendus appears to
have been practically autonomous, for it was probably about the year
B.C. 189 that it began to issue a series of dated Alexandrine tetradrachms,
ranging from year A to KO ( j to 29) and with the letters AZ before the
ASPENBUS—ETENNA. 583
seated Zeus on the reverse (Miiller, Nos. ii 96-1 221). Spnhol, on some
specimens, a sling. These are the last silver coins known to have been
struck at Aspendus. Many of them bear countermarks of which the
Seleucid (?) anchor and the tripod are the most frequent.
On the death of Attains III., B.C. 133, Pamphylia devolved, according
to his bequest, with the rest of his kingdom, upon the Roman people.
The Imperial coinage of Aspendus ranges from Augustus to Saloninus.
Inscr., ACn€NAinN. Tj/jws — River Eurymedon ; Herakles standing
before a figure (Eurystheus ?) seated on a rock, at the foot of which is the
dead body of a bull, behind the seated figure stands a naked man armed
with a spear, and in the background is a lion on rocks ; Wreath, to
which eight portrait-heads are attached, OGMIAOC TO. B or TO. E.
Concerning the games called ©e'/^itSe?, celebrated in various Pamphylian
and Cilician cities, see H. de Longp^rier [Rev. N'nm., 1869, p. 31). The
word Oifxis here signifies a contest in which the prize consisted of a sum
of money, ^e/xa, and has nothing to do with Themis, the goddess of Law
and Order. Other remarkable types are Isis Pharia ; Hekate ; Nemesis ;
Two simulacra of a goddess resembling the Pergaean Artemis standing
side by side in a temple ; a female figure apparently crowning a trophy.
Attalia, founded and named after himself by Attains II., king of
Pergamum. Autonomous bronze from the second century to Imperial times,
and Imperial- — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr. and Ti/pcs — ATTAACHN, also
sometimes OIKOYMCNIKOC or lEPOG OAYMfTIOC OIKOYMeNlKOC,
Agonistic table and urn, in allusion to the Oecumenical and Olympian
festivals ; Head of Pallas ; Winged Nemesis holding wheel, with griflln
beside her ; Poseidon ; Artemis ; Nike, etc.
Alliance coins with Side. (See also Attalia in Lydia, p. 548.)
Cretopolis C?). The autonomous coins attributed to this town by
Borrell are given by Waddington and Imhoof to Cremna Pisidiae (p. 590).
See also Creteia-Flaviopolis Bithyniae (p. 440).
Etenua. This town appears to have struck drachms of Attic weight in
the second half of the fifth century B.C.
Two athletes contending. I Sepia, in incuse square. M. Dr. 62 grs.
{Zeit.f. Num., vi. 76.) |
Bahylonic or Persic Standard. Circ. B.C. 300, or later.
Two wrestlers. {Z.f. N., vi. PI. III.)
Beardless head, facing.
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. F. 18.)
ETENNEflN Man wearing short
chiton, armed with harpa. Symbol —
Triskelis. . . iR Stater 156 grs.
Harpa, or crooked knife , .^11 grs.
584
PAMPHYLIA.
Im2)erial Times.
Autonomons bronze and Imperial — Faustina the Younger to Salonina.
Inscr., eT€NNenN. Prevailing types — A female figure carrying a ser-
pent ; a harpa, or crooked knife ; two combatants, each armed with a
harpa (Six, Zeif.f. Num., vi. p. 79 sq.).
Magydus, a coast town a few miles east of Attalia. Autonomous
bronze of Roman times and Imj)erial — Augustus to Gallienus. Types —
Pallas standing, Tyche, River-god Catarrhactes, etc. In field sometimes
numerals ranging from !£ {i^) under Trajan to /V\A (41) under Gallienus,
referring, perhaps, to celebrations of festivals at various periods.
Olbia (?). To this town, on the borders of Lycia and Pamphylia, M. Six
[Zeit. f. Num., vi. 82) would attribute the following archaic silver staters,
dating from quite the early part of the fifth century B.C.
Winged Hermes on one knee, holding
caduceus.
Id.
IMil — MIC Incuse square, lion
standing with head reverted ; above,
caduceus ^(R 180 grs.
ia—A[0]? Similar . . ^ 178 grs.
As the first of the above inscriptions is unexplained, and the second
is doubtful, the attribution can only be provisionally accepted.
Perga, on the right bank of the river Oestrus, about eight miles from
the coast, was in late times the chief city of Pamphylia. It was the seat
of the worship of Artemis Pergaea, an Asiatic goddess, bearing a close
resemblance to the Artemis of Ephesus.
Bahylonic or Persic Standard. Circ. B.C. 500-400.
Sphinx seated, with forepaw raised.
Crab, in dotted square, all in incuse
square JR 143 grs.
If the above described coin be correctly attributed, it is by far the
earliest coin of Perga. There are, in fact, no other coins of this city
until after B.C. 190, when, under the kings of Pergamum, it was allowed,
like most other towns, to issue tetradrachms and drachms in its own
name.
Attic Standard. After circ. B.C. 190.
Fig. 321.
MAG YJ)US— SIDE.
585
Head of the Greek Artemis, laureate,
with quiver at her shoulder. (Fig.
321.)
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Asiatic effigy of Artemis, in temple.
Sphinx, seated.
APTEMIAOZ HEPrAIAS Artemis
Pergaea standing, clad in short chiton,
holding wreath, and resting on
sceptre ; at her feet, a doe, looking up
to her : in field symbols, sphinx, stag,
etc. .51 Attic tetradr. 264-250 grs.
APTEMIAOS HEPrAIAZ Id. . .
M Dr. 60 grs.
„ Ml Dr. 30 grs.
,, ,, Artemis
standing JE -j
riEPrAinN Sphinx seated. . M 6
APTEMIAOZ riEPTAIAZ Quiver .
JE-'j
\AAN A H' AS nPEI I AZ Artemis stand-
ing JE-'J
The Pamphylian inscription on the last described coin is by some
thought to stand for the local name of the goddess 2avd\l/as rTpfu'ay
(= "Aprefxts Ilepo-ta) (Bergk., Zeit. f. Num., xi. 334). Others "with Prof. W.
M. Ramsay [Jonrn. Hell. Stud., i. 246) consider the initial V\ in Pamphylian
as akin to the digamma, and look upon the word \AAN A 4^ A as equivalent
to the Greek Fdvaa-aa, and as an epithet rather than a name of Ai'temis ;
nPEIIAZ being the Pamphylian form of riEPfAIAZ. The inscription
would then be rendered ' Reginae Pergensis.'
Imjtenal silver medallions of Nerva of the cistophoric class, with Latin
inscr. DIANA PERGENSIS, and of Trajan, with the figure of the Pergaean
Artemis. Imjjerial, bronze — Augustus to Tacitus. Inscr., APTEMIAOC
nePFAl AC, nepr, nePrAinN, etc., sometimes with addition of ACYAOC,
ACYAOY, or ACYAIA; NenKOPflN; MHTPOnOA€nC THC nAM(t>Y-
AIAC; also l€POC; HYeiA; AYFOYCieiA; in reference to Games.
Predominant types — Cultus-idol in the form of a richly adorned conical
stone in a temple ; Greek Artemis hunting or holding torches ; Hephaestos
forging shield of Achilles ; River-god (Cestrus), and many others.
Alliance coins with Apollonia Mordiaeum (p. 589), with Side, and with
Delphi, n€PrAinN AeA<t>inN OMONOIA — HYGIA (Waddington, Rev.
Num., 1853, p. 32).
Ptolemais (?). Autonomous bronze circ. B. c. 300 or later. \^
Head of Apollo. (Z.f. Ni(,m.,\\. 2'^g.) I FITOAEMAIEnN Amphora and raven
I or amphora alone . . . JE -S— 3
This attribution is not altogether satisfactory, but I am still less
inclined to accept Von Sallet's conjecture that Ptolemais was a name
temporarily borne by Ceramus in Caria {Z.f. N., vi. 265),
Side was a rich and flourishing seaport a few miles west of the mouth
of the river Melas. Its coin-type, playing upon the name of the town, is
the fruit of the pomegranate, called in Greek a-ih).
586
PAMPHYLIJ.
Persic Stamlard. Circ. B.C. 500-400.
Incuse square, dolj)hin, beneath which,
human eye . . M Stater 170 grs.
Incuse square, two dolphins and leaf .
M Stater
Incuse sc[uare, male head, laureate
M Stater
Incuse square, head of Pallas. yR Stater
Pomegranate.
(Cf. Hunter, PI. XLTX. 6.)
Pomegranate. {Ibid., Pi. XLIX. 5.)
Pomegranate. {Ibid., PI. XLIX. 4.)
Pomegranate resting on dolphin.
{Ibid., PI. XLIX. 3.)
Also smaller divisions -with analogous types.
Although Side was a Greek colony from Cyme in Aeolis, the Asiatic
elements in the population gradually overwhelmed the Hellenic, and in
Alexander's time, according to Arrian (i. 26), the Greek language was no
longer spoken at Side. This statement is fully borne out by the follow-
ing series of coins on which the Greek legend ^1 AHTIKON is replaced by
inscriptions in characters resembling the Aramaic, which have given rise
to various hypotheses. De Luynes [Num.des Satrapies, p. 22) would read
in them the names of the' Persian Satraps, Dernes and Syennesis ; but
M. Waddington, with greater caution, says, ' Je ne crois pas que personne
ait encore trouve le secret des ces singulieres legendes' {Rev. Num., 1861,
13) ; cf. Arrian, I.e., ti]v \xkv 'EAAaSa ykG>a(jav e^eXdOovro, evOvs 8e (3dp[3apov
(f)(ai'i]v leaav, ovbe twv 'npo(r)(^U)pu)v jSapjidpaiv, d\Xa ib[av (r(})a>v ovtto) TrpotrOev
ovaav Ti]V (f)(ovr]V.
Persic Standard. Circ. b. c. 400-300.
Pallas standing, resting on shield, and
holding Nike; symbol, pomegranate.
(Imhoof. Hon. Gr., PI. F. 17.)
Id.
Pallas standing, as above, but holding
owl. In field, sometimes Aramaic {1)
letters.
Herakles standing, holding club and
bow, before him, crux ansata.
SIA]HTIKON Apollo standing, rest-
ing on long branch of laurel, and
sacrificing at altar. JR Stater 149 grs.
Aramaic (?) inscr. Apollo, as above, but
raven at his feet. M Stater 167 grs.
Incuse square, Aramaic (?) inscr. Apollo
■ standing before altar, holding branch
and bow ; at his feet, raven. JR Stater.
Uncert. inscr. Apollo sacrificing (De
Luynes, Satrap., PI. I. 10). JR Stater
The coins of this series are frequently countermarked with an Ox.
To about the time of Alexander the Great may be attributed the
Alexandrine gold stater described by Muller, No. 1248, with the pome-
granate as an adjunct symbol.
Attic Standard. Circ. B.C. 190-36.
After the defeat of Antiochus, Side, like Aspendus, retained practical
autonomy, and became one of the chief places of mintage on the south
coast of Asia Minor ; but, while Aspendus reverted to the types of the
Alexandrine tetradrachm, Side seems to have taken the Alexandrine ffo/d
stater as the modol of her new silver coins. The types of the tetradrachms
of Side are, however, rather suggested by than copied from the Alexan-
drine gold coin.
SIBE—SILLYUM.
587
Head of Pallas, in crested Corinthian Nike holding wreath ; symbol — pome-
helmet. (Pellerin, PL LXXI. 20.) granate. In field, Magistrates' names,
A©, AP, A0, AE, AEI, Al, AIOA,
ST, CT, KAEYX, XPY, etc. . . .
JR Attic tetradr. 264-240 grs.
M, ,, dr. 60 grs.
Many of these te'tradrachms are countermarked with a bow and bow-
case crossed, accompanied by the names, for the most part, of cistophoric
mints, AAPA, AHA, DA, flEPr, ZAP, ZTPA, TPA (Adramyteum, Apameia,
Parium (1), Pergamum, Sardes, Stratoniceia (? ), and Tralles), etc., showing
that under the Roman rule they were tariffed as equivalent to the cis-
tophorus (Mommsen, Ilisf. Mon. Bom., i. 99). Other countermarks are
also found, among which the Anchor (perhaps a Seleucid symbol) is the
most frequent.
This coinage probably lasted down to the middle of the first century
B. c, and its astonishing abundance is perhaps due to the fact that Side
was the great mart in which the Cilician pirates were in the habit of
disposing of their booty.
Head of Pallas.
Id.
ZlAHTnN Nike carrying wreath and
palm; symbol — Pomegranate. M -^j
ZIAHTHN Pomegranate . . tE -5
Circ. B. c. 36-25.
In B. c, 36 Pamphylia, with Galatia and some of the neighbouring
regions, was formed into a separate state under king Amyntas, who
continued the coinage of Attic tetradrachms at Side, adding the i7iscr. on
the reverse, BAZIAEHZ AMYNTOY. (See below under Galatia; Nimi.
Chron., viii. 69-96 ; and B. M. Guide, PL LX. 7.)
Imperial — Augustus to Aurelian. Inscr., CIAHTHN or CIAHC NenKO-
POY, occasionally with epithets AAMnPOTATHC,eNAOZOY, AHPEA (see
p. 598) ; also N AYAPXIC, combined with the type of a galley in a port ;
nPHTA HAMcDYAnN; niCTHC (DIAHC CYMMAXOY PHMAinN MYC-
TIAOC CIAHC, etc. Ga7nes—\^?0(:, HYGIOC, MYCTIKOC, OAYMHIA
OIKOYMeN., or OIKOYMeNlKOC. Among the more noteworthy types
are the Tyche of the city seated with the River-god Melas at her feet, or
with a prow of a galley on her arm, etc. Veiled female bust with hisc7'.
CIAH MYCTIC NenKOPOC, representing the town of Side as devoted to
or initiated in the sacred mysteries.
Alliance coins with Attalia, Delphi, Myra, and Perga. For other coins
of Side, see Imhoof (^^/^!.,/. Nmn., 329), and Friedlander [Zeit.f. Nuvi., x. 3).
Sillyum, a few miles inland between Aspendus and Perga.
Bearded helmeted head.
Head of Apollo.
Id.
After circ. B.C. 300.
ZEAY V\ I YZNakedfigure,standingiE-7
,, Zeus aetophoros seated
M -7
,, Fulmen .... ^ -5
Concerning the Pamphylian inscription on the above coins, see
588
PI8IDIA.
Friedlander, Zeit. f. Num., iv. 298 ; Ramsay, Journ. Hell. Stud., i. p. 242,
and Bergk, Zeif.f. Num., xi. 334. According to Ramsay, the character
V\ had probably the sound of our W, and he would render the legend
Seluwios. Bergk, on the other hand, takes it as a sibilant, and supposes
the Pamphylian name of the town to have been SeAno-oi;, and the ethnic,
^eXva-Los. Somewhat later the Pamphylian legend is replaced by the
Greek form ClAAYCnN.
After B.C. 190.
Alexandrine tetradrachms as at Aspendus, but with SI A before the
seated Zeus (Miiller, 1 222-1 248).
Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. /;?5cr., CIAAYCHN or ClAAYCnN CGB.
Select types — Men on horseback ; Aphrodite standing half naked, arranging
her hair, at her feet dolphin. (Imhoof, Clioix, PI. V. 163.) Tyche of
city seated on rock, with river Oestrus at her feet ; Dionysos standing,
etc. Legend, <D I AH C CYMMAXOY PHMAinN CIAAY€nN.
Chkonological Table or the Coinage of Pamphtlia.
Aspendus
Before 480
480-400
400-30 0
300-190
After 190
Imp. times
M
M
M
M M
JE Heg.
JE
Attalia
M
M
Etenna
^.(?)
JR
M
JE
Magydus
...
M
JE
Olbia (?)
'm
Perga
^(?)
M IE
JE
Ptolemais (?)
JE
Side
M
'm
M
M m
JE
Sillyum
JE
M Reg. JE
JE
PISIDIA.
The district of Pisidia included all the mountainous country to the
north of Pamphylia and Lycia, It was bounded on the west and on the
north by Phrygia, and on the east by Lycaonia and Isauria. Pisidia
was not civilised in early times as it possessed no means of communica-
tion with the sea, and the only town in the district which struck money
before the time of Alexander the Great was Selge.
Pisidia, with the other provinces of the kingdom of Pergamus, de-
volved upon the Roman people in b. c. 133. In the following century it
was bestowed by M. Antonius upon Amyntas, king of Galatia. There
are no coins of Pisidia in genere.
Adada {Nimi. Chron., x. 92; Millingen, Anc. Coins, 75).
bronze of the first century b. c.
Autonomous
ADABA—ARIASSUS.
589
Head of Zeus.
AAAA€ AYTONO Female head, tur-
reted.
AAAAe Nike crowning trophy. ^ -85
Horse ^ ,5
Imperial — Antoninus Pius to Gallienus. Inscr., AAAACHN. Ti/pes
Head of Serapis or Serapis enthroned ; Serpent coiled round Omphalos ;
the Dioskuri standing, etc. Mionnet {Suppl., vii. 87} describes a coin
bearing the name of a magistrate with title Archon. If this is really
a coin of Adada, the city perhaps lay just within the boundaries of the
Province of Asia (see p. 547).
Amblada. Late autonomous bronze, and Tmperial — Commodus to
Philip Jun. Inscr., AMAAACnN (Waddington, 7l/<//a«^c*, p. 33), AMBAA-
AenN, and AMBAAACnN AAKCAAIMONinN. %;t?5 — Herakles,
Kybele, Nemesis.
Andeda [N^im. Ckron., ii. i). Imperial — M. Aurelius to Trajan Decius.
Inscr., ANAHAenN. Types chiefly referring to the cultus of the Artemis
of Perga, sometimes with legend APTEMIA. DePTA.
Antiochia {YaloioatcJi). Although this city was founded in the reign
of Antiochus III. no coins appear to have been struck there before the
time of Augustus, when it received a Roman colony.
Colonial bronze, Augustus to Claudius II. Gothicus, with Latin inscr.,
COL. CAES. ANTIOCH, etc. (Colonia Caesareia Antiochia), and in field
frequently S — R (Senatus Romanus). The types are numerous. Among
them are many which refer to the cultus of the Moon-god W\]v 'Ao-Krjyo?
(Strab., 557, 577, where the codices give the erroneous readings 'Ao-Kaios and
'ApKaios), who possessed a famous sanctuary in the territory of Antioch,
attached to which was a college of Priests and a large body of slaves.
The god is usually represented standing, wearing the Phrygian cap, and
with the crescent moon behind his shoulders. He holds in his right hand
a sceptre, and in his left a figure of Nike, and rests one foot upon a
bucranium or bull's head ; beside him stands a cock. Other types repre-
sent a River-god, with the inscr. A NTH I OS.
Apollonia-Mordiaeum, (the modern Olouhorlou), between Apameia
Cibotus and Antioch. The original name of the town, Mordiaeum, is
supposed to have been changed to Apollonia by Alexander, who once
wintered there. Hence in Imperial times bronze coins were struck there with
the head of Alexander and with the inscription AACZA., KTIC. ATTOA-
AnNIATHN, rev. innO<t)OPAC, Recumbent River-god, or AFTOAAnNlA-
TnN KAI AYKinN OMONOI A, Two female figures face to face. On the
site of Apameia several inscriptions have been found in which the people
of Apollonia style themselves 'ATroAAcoi'tarcoy AuKi'coi' ©pa/caJy KoAwi-coy
(Wadd., As. Min., p. 139), from which we gather that the ApoUoniates
were a colony of Lycians sprung originally from Thrace. This explains
the addition of AYKinN, or OPAKaN or AY. OP. KO., etc., on various
Imperial coins of the town, Ant. Pius to GalHenus. For types, see Wad-
dington, I. c., and his remarks on the method of distinguishing the coins
of the various cities called Apollonia given above (p. 531).
Alliance coins with Perga.
Ariassus. Imperial bronze, without or with portraits of emperors —
590 PISILIA,
Trajan to Valerian, APIACCenN. T^2)es — referring to the cultus of
Pallas, Dionysos, Hermes, Herakles, Asklepios, etc.
Baris, south-west of Cremna, antonomous of Imperial times ['Num.
Chron.^ x. 93) Si,n^ Imperial bronze, without or with the Emperors' names —
Hadrian to Treb. Gallus. Inscr., BAPHNHN. Tz/pes—ZiQu^ Laodikeus
seated or standing ; Hermes seated ; Dionysos standing ; Artemis with
Stag ; Naked running divinity with two heads and four arms holding
sword, torch, and bow.
Cerae, see Cremna.
Codrula (Wadd., J///., i. '^^). Lriperial — M. Aurelius and Commodus.
Liscr., KOAPOYA€nN, Tyche or Dionysos standing.
Colbasa, between Lysinia and Sagalassus. Imperial— Sev. Alex. Inscr.,
KOABACCenN. %;f*— Warrior standing. [Berl. Bmt.,\i. 1^4.)
Comama, a colony founded by Augustus. The site has been fixed by
Mr. Ramsay at about three or four miles to the east of Pogla. Imperial
colonial — Antoninus Pius to Caracalla. Inscr., COL. IVL. AVG. P(ia)
F(ida) COMAMENORVM, COL. AVG. COMAMA, etc. %ve*— Hera(?)
veiled, Nemesis, Mihtary standards.
Conane. Imperial — Hadrian to Salonina. J/i^c;-., KONANCHN. Ti/pies —
Men {Num. Chron., x. 94), Zeus, Herakles, etc. Mr. Ramsay informs me
that there is also an alliance coin reading MlNACCCnN KAI KONANCnN
OMONOIA.
Cremna stood on one of the highest summits of the Pisidian Taurus, a
few miles south of Sagalassus, whence its name (Wadd., As. Ilin., p. 99).
Autonomous silver of the second or fii-st century b. c. of Attic weight.
Head of Tyche. IKPHMNEnN KAI KEPAEIinN
1 Double coruucopiae. ^ Dr. 58 grs.
The town of Cerae mentioned on these coins has not been identified.
There was, however, a place with a similar name in Crete. Cremna also
issued autonomous bronze money. Inscr., KPH, obv. Head of Zeus, Female
head. Bust of Hermes ; rev. Fulmen, Forepart of Lion, Cornucopiae,
or Caduceus. Colonial bronze with Latin legends, Severus to Aurelian,
COL. CRE., COL. IVL. AVG. FE. CREMNA, etc. (Colonia Julia Augusta,
Felix Cremna.)
%je*— Serapis, also APOLLINI PROPVLAEO or PROP. COL. CR. with
figure of Apollo Propylaeus [Z. f. N, i<S85, p. 363); DIANAE CREM.,
Artemis standing with Stag; MERC. COL. CR., Hermes seated; DONA-
TIO COL. CRE., Agonistic urn on table; VLTRI COL. CRE., Ultrix
(Nemesis), a griffin at her feet; SILVA. COL. CREM., Silvanus holding
pedum.
Isinda, a few miles south of Pogla and Andeda, near the Pamphylian
border. Autonomous of Roman times and Imperial — Antoninus to Salonina.
Inscr., JZlNAEnN or IClNACilN CmNllN, showing that the Isindians
claimed an Ionian descent. Ti/pes — Head of Zeus ; Warrior on horseback
contending with serpent ; Herakles ; Woman seated with an infant on
BARIS—SAGALASSUS. 591
her knees, in front a serpent rises (Waddington, As. Mi?i., p. 87) ; River-
god recumbent, etc."
Lysinia, a small place in the north of Pisidia, a few miles west of
Colbasa. Imj^erial of Caracalla. hiscr., AYCINIGHN, Kybele standino-
between lions : Apollo with lyre (AmiaH, 1833, 114. 128).
Minasa(?). See Conane.
Olbasa (Waddington, As. Iliii., 102), about ten miles north-east of
Pogla, like Cremna, was a Roman colony. Colonial bronze of the Emperors
Ant. Pius to Volusian, Inscr., COL. IVL. AVG. OLB. OLBASEN, etc., or
COL. OLBASENORVM. Ti/pes—Wen on horseback ; statue of goddess in
temple criDwned by two winged flying genii; Dionysos standing with
panther, etc.
Falaeopolis. Prof. Ramsay would place this town in the neio-hbour-
hood of Ariassus in Pisidia ; Longperier, on the other hand, was inclined
to think that it was a later name of Gagae in Lycia, Bev. Nnm., 1869,
p. 48. There are Iinjwrial coins of Sept. Severus, Caracalla, and Elagabalus.
Inscr., rrAAeonOAeiTnN OeMIC. %;«?— Three athletes grouped round
an amphora, into which one of them plunges his arm ; above, agonistic
urn containing palms. This type, (Athletes drawing lots,) refers to the
games called d^ynhes, peculiar to this region of Mount Taurus (cf. As-
pendus, p. 583).
Panemoteichos, south-east of Pogla, near the Pamphyhan frontier.
Imperial — Domna, Maximus, and Trajan Decius. Inscr., TTANCMOTei-
XeiTnN. Ti/2ies — Horseman, Tyche, Pallas standing.
Fappa-Tiberia, in northern Pisidia, south-east of Antioch and west
of the Sultan Bagh. Imperial of Ant. Pius. Inscr., TIB€PI€UN rTATT-
TTHNuuN, Men holding sceptre and pine-cone with right foot resting on
the head of a bull.
Fednelissus, on or near the river Eurymedon, north of Aspendus and
Selge. Imperial — Trajan to Maximus. Inscr., TTCANHAICCenN or n€T-
NHAICCCnN. Types — Zeus seated; Conical stone in temple (Artemis
Pergaea) ; the Dioskuri ; Nemesis {Num. Chron., x. 95).
Fogla, a few miles north-west of Panemoteichos and north-east of
Isinda. Imperial — Hadrian to Trajan Decius. Inscr., W ^V K^£lH. Typtes —
Conical stone in temple, probably the most ancient efiigy of the Artemis
of Perga ; Dionysos ; Goat, etc.
Frostanua [Num. Chron., x. 96), between Aspendus and Selge. Auto-
nomous of Bnperial tivaes. Inscr., JIOAIC, Bust of city; rev. fTPOCTAN-
N€nN Goddess holding globe (?) and sceptre. Imperial — Severus and
Claudius Gothieus, TTPOCTANNenN, Men in temple accompanied by
two lions, in field sphinx and cock ; Ares (?) helmeted, with spear, shield,
and club; River-god TIOYAOCC?); Mountain with name OYIAPOC, on
which grow three trees ; Dioskuri standing with crescent between them,
Sagalassns {Num. Chron., x. 97), a strong fortress and town in
northern Pisidia, on the upper course of the river Cestrus. Autonomous
593
PISIBIA.
silver of the time of Amyntas of Galatia (second half of the first cent.
B. c.) of Attic weight.
Head of Zeus. ZArAAAZZEnN Nike. ^i23grs.
Id. „ CornucoiDiae. ^ 6 1 grs.
and bronze reading ZAP, CAT A, etc. Tj/2:)es — Nike ; two Goats on their
hind legs ; Bird, etc.
Tnqmial — Augustus to Claudius Gothicus. Inscr., CATAAACCenN,
AHMOC or BOYAH CATAAACCenN, also KCCTPOC, River Oestrus, or
Man seizing a bull by the horns; AAeZANAPOC, Emperor on horse-
back before statue of Alexander; the pine-cone of the god Men sur-
mounted by star and crescent ; Hermes seated on rock holding caduceus
and infant Dionysos. nPHTHC niCIAHN KAI <t>IAHC CYNMAXOY,
denoting friendship and alliance with Rome, T^pe — ^joined hands ; CAPA-
AACCOC AAKGAAIMnN, Warrior crowned by Tyche of Sagalassus, or
Dioskuri standing beside their horses. This inscription leads us to infer
that Sagalassus, like Selge, claimed a Spartan origin. Other ti/pes — Two
altars surmounted by stars with a column between them ; Herakles
slaying the Hydra, etc.
Seleucia ad Taurum, surnamed ?/ 2t8r/pa, and called on its coins Claudio-
seleucia, probably because it had received some privileges from the
Emperor Olaudius, was situated quite in the north of Pisidia. Auto-
nomous bronze of Roman times and Imjjerial — Hadrian to Claudius Go-
thicus. Inscr., KAAYAIOCeAEYKenN. T^pes — relating to the worship
of Men, Zeus, Dionysos, Demeter, and Herakles {Num. Chron., x. 99).
Selge, according to Strabo (p. 570), was a colony of Lacedaemon
situate on the southern slope of Mount Taurus. It was the largest and
richest city in all Pisidia. Its earhest silver coins date from the 4th
century B.C., and in type they resemble those of Aspendus with in-
scriptions in the Pamphylian dialect. It is probable that there was a
monetary convention between the two towns, which lay about thirty
miles apart, on the same river Eurymedon ; and the conjecture has been
hazarded that the types of the two Athletes and the Slinger may be
connected with the names of the two cities Selge and Aspendus, that
of Selge with o-rAeyyt'? or orAeyytoy, a strigil, symbolical of athletic
exercises, and actually represented as an adjunct symbol on a Selgian
stater (Zeit. f. Num., vi. PL III. 2), that of Aspendus with (r(f)ei'b6vri, a
sling.
Circ. B. c. 400-300 and later, Persic Standard.
ZTAELIIYZ, EZTAELIIYZ, ZTAE-
riYZ, ZTAEPEYZ, ZTAETIOZ,
ZTAETION, etc. (the form L = r).
Incuse square, Sliiiger : various sym-
bols in field, of which the astragalos
is usually one . tR Stater 170 grs.
ZT or no inscr. Head of Pahas, r.
Symbol — Astragalos. . ^ 22 grs.
Astragalos in incuse square. iR 10 grs.
Astralagos and lion's head . AX 7 grs.
Two wrestlers engaged.
(Imhoof, Z. f. N., v. 133 and Mon.
Gr., 339.)
Gorgon-head. {Z.f. N., v. PI. VI. 3.)
Lion's head, r.
Gorgon- head.
SELEUCTA—TEBMESSUS.
593
Circ. B.C. 300-190, or later. Persic Standard falling to Attic tut.
Two wrestlers, engaged ; K or various
letters between them.
Id.
(Hunter, PI. XLVIII. 20.)
Head of bearded Herakles, wearing
wreath ; behind, club.
Head of bearded Herakles, facing, with
club at shoulder.
Head of Artemis, r., laureate, bow and
quiver at shoulder.
ZEAFEnN SUnger ; in field, triskelis,
and various symbols. M, 160-120 grs.
ZEAFEnN Herakles wielding club .
ifl r6o grs.
,, Artemis with torches, run-
ning ^71 and 26 gi's.
,, Club and tree planted in
a vase (A wm.C/iro«.,x. 100). -51 31 grs.
No inscr. Forepart of stag, looking
back M 2\ grs.
The bronze coins of the above periods are small and often uninscribed: —
Round shield, on which HO.
Round shield.
Head of Herakles, facing, club over
shoulder.
Head of Herakles, r.
C€ Bust of Artemis.
Head of Pallas, or triskelis . M -6
E E Spear-head ^ -55
ZE or ZEA Forepart of stag; head
reverted -'E -55
E E Fulmen -^ -45
CeA Two torches -^-35
For other varieties see Imhoof. 3Io7i. Gr., p. 340 sq.
Imperial — Hadrian to Salonina. Inscr., CeAPCnN. The only remark-
able type on the Imperial coins of this city is an oblong basis with
steps leading up to it. On it are placed two small altars, and between
them two trees or shrubs planted each in a vase. Dr. Imhoof {Man. Gr.,
p. 344) conjectures, that the trees on these coins are the Styrax or Storax,
a shrub which Strabo (p. 570) describes as growing plentifully in the
territory of Selge. It is probable that divine honours were rendered
to these trees and that they were in some way connected with the cultus
of the Selgian Herakles whose wreath on the coins Dr. Imhoof thinks
is composed of Styrax leaves.
Alliance coins with Lacedaemon, CCArenN AAKEAAIMONinN OMO-
NOIA.
Termessus. There were two towns of this name in Pisidia called
respectively \xiKpa and \idCoiv. It is to the latter, situate on Mount
Solymus, immediately below the summit, that the coins belong. (Leake,
'Num. Hell. As., p. 133.)
Autonomous bronze of Roman times ; usual types — Head of Zeus or
Apollo, rev. Fulmen or free horse often with dates reckoned from b. c.
71, when, by the ' Lex Antonia de Termessibus,' the town was declared
free {Z.f. N., xii. 7).
Imperial — Augustus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., Tep, TCPMeCCefiN
€AeYOepnN or TePMHCCenN, also in addition THN M€IZONnN, AY-
TONOMflN or AYTONOMOY, or an 2«^er., which has been read €A€YG€PA
rePMHCCe H to K. AYTOYC CXOYCA,' autonomous for the 20th year' (?)
{Num. Chron., xix. 3). It must be remarked, however, that the specimen
Q q
594
pisiniA.
in the British Museum seems to read clearly TO KATIOYC eXOYCA
(?) ro[ys] KrjTtovi e^ovcra, ' guardian of the sacred groves ' (?)), a much more
probable reading, for the former is, to say the least, very questionable
Greek. Divinities, ZEYC COAYMeVC or AI[OC] COAYMen[C], Zeus
Solymeus with hand raised to his face and forefinger bent; COAYMOC,
son of Zeus and Chaldene : Helen between the Dioskuri (Imhoof, 3Ion.
Gr., p. 345) ; Nemesis, etc.
Timbrias stood on a river called Eurymedon. Imj)enal coins are
known — Hadrian to Geta. Inscr., TIMBPIAACnN. Types — Kybele,
Dionysos, Hermes, and River-god eYPYM€| AHN].
Tityassus. Site unknown. Autonomous bronze of Imperial times
and Imperial — Hadrian to Geta. Inscr., TITYACCenisf, Types — MHTPOC,
a tetrastyle temple, to left of which a serpent, rev. TITYACCIC, Forepart
of boar. The word MHTPOC may refer to the cultus of Kybele, who,
on a coin of Severus in the British Museum, is shown with one foot on
the back of a lion and holding in each hand a lion by the back of its
neck. The other types generally refer to the worship of Zeus.
Verbis or Verbe, slightly to the south of Pogla and Comana.
Imperial — Faustina, Commodus, and Mamaea. Inscr., OYePBIANHN.
Types — Artemis, Pallas, and Tyche.
These coins were first correctly attributed by H. P. Borrell to Pisidia
{Sale Cat., 1862, p. 11).
Chronological Table of the Coins of
Pisidia.
B.C. 400-300
B.C. 300-190
B.C. 190-Imp. Times
Imperial
Adada
M
M
Amblada
M
M
Andeda
M
Antiochia
M (col.)
Apollonia
M
Ariassus
M
Baris
M
Codrula
M
Colbasja
M
Comana
M
Conana
JE.
Cremna
M M
M (col.)
Isiiida
M
M
Lysinia
.
.
M
Olbasa
M (col.)
Palaeopolia
M
Panemoteichoa
M
Pappa
^
Pednelissus
,
M
Pogla
M
Probtanna
M
SagahissuB
M " M
M
Seleucia
JE.
Selge
A
R
M '" M
M
M
Termessus
M
M
Timbrias
M
TityaBsua
M
Verbis
...
M
LYCAONIJ. 595
ISAURIA.
See CiLiciA Tbacheia.
LYCAONIA.
The region known by the name of Lycaonia was bounded on the west
by Pisidia, on the north by Galatia, on the east by Cappadocia, and on
the south by the mountainous country of Isauria or Cilicia Tracheia.
The towns which M. Waddington [Rev. Num., ser. iii. vol. i. p. 24) classes
to Lycaonia are Barata, Derbe, Hyde, Iconium, Ilistra, Laodiceia Com-
busta, Laranda, Lystra, Parlais, and Savatra. To these we may also add
Dalisandus. The coins of this region are almost wholly of the Imperial
period.
Barata. Imperial — M. Aurelius to Otacilia ['Num. Chron., xi. 58.) Inscr.,
BAPATeujN KOI. AYKAONIAC or KOINON AYKAONIAC BAPAT€uuN.
T7/2^es varied, the only one of interest being the Tyche of the city seated
on a rock with a river-god at her feet.
Dalisandus. Zw^ma/ of Verus. /«*£■;•., AAAICANACnN KOI N. AYK A.
Zeus seated {Kum. CJiron., 1883, p. 178). Herakles standing with apple
of the Hesperides in his hand {Num. Zeit., 1884, PL V. 17).
Derbe. Imperial — Faustina and Verus. Inscr., KAAY. AEPB. KOI.
AYKAONIAC. Like Laodiceia Combusta, Iconium, and Seleucia of
Pisidia, Derbe had probably received benefits from the Emperor Claudius
in whose honour it adopted the name Claudioderbe. The types of its
coins refer to the worship of Herakles.
Hyde, on the borders of Lycaonia and Galatia. Of this place M.
Waddington has a coin reading YAHC l€PAC KOINON AYKAONIAC.
Iconium. Autonomous bronze shortly anterior to the reign of
Augustus. Inscr., CIKONICHN. Ti/2:)es, chiefly referring to the worship
of Perseus, who, according to a local tradition, was said to have dedi-
cated his own statue, kavrov eUova, at Iconium, whence its name.
Imperial— ClsLudius to Gallienus, with inscr. KAAYAClKONiecuN. By
Hadrian a Roman colony was planted at Iconium, and from his time
Q q 2
596 LTCAONIA.
until that of Gallienus the Greek language was no longer used on the
coins, the i«*cr. being ICONIEN. COLO, or COL. AEL. HAD. ICONIENSI.
S. R. (Colonia Aelia Hadriana Iconiensium, Senatus Romanus). Con-
cerning the letters S. R. see Eckhel, iv. 499.
Ilistra. Imperial — M. Aurelius, Lucilla, and Philip Sen. [Zeit. f. Num.,
xii. 4). /;/5CA, lAICTPeuuN K0IN[0NJ AYKAONIAC. %;tf5— Zeus and
Pallas.
Laodiceia, a few miles north-west of Iconium, named after Laodice,
mother of Seleucus I. and surnamed KaraKeKavixivrj or Combusta, probably
because it had once been destroyed by fire.
Imperial of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. Inscr., KAAYAIOAAOAI-
KeujN. Ti/pes — Nike, Kybele, etc. In the time of Maximinus, Laodiceia
received the title and rights of a Roman colony, and struck coins with
the legend COL. IVL. AVS[picata] CL[audio] LA[odicea]. %je— Tyche.
Laranda (Waddington, 3fel., i. ;^^). Imperial — M. Aurelius and Philip
Senior. Inscr., AAPANA. MHT. KOIN. AYKAONIAC, and later, CCB.
AAPAlslAenN MHTPOnO. KOI HON, proving that the town enjoyed
the title of Metropolis from the time of Aurelius, and that that of Sebaste
was added at a later date.
lystra. Colonial of Augustus. Inscr., COL. IVL. FEL. GEM. LYSTRA,
Priest conducting two oxen. This town is mentioned, for the first time,
in the Acts of the Apostles xiv, where it is said that the people hailed
Barnabas and Paul as the gods Zeus and Hermes in the Lycaonian
language (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 347).
Farla'is, like Lystra, is only known to have been a Roman colony from
its coins. Imperial — M. Aurelius to Domna. Inscr., IVL. AVG. COL.
PARLAIS. Types — the god Men holding pine-cone and with a cock at
his feet ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Tyche, etc.
Savatra. Imperial — Trajan to Philip Sen. Inscr., CAOYATPCHN, and
later, CAYAT[PenN], with addition from the time of Ant. Pius of KOI.
AYKAONIAC. Tj/pes — Zeus, Pallas, Herakles and a local divinity, or the
genius of one of the Lycaonian lakes standing at rest on a long reed
holding two ears of corn, and with a fish resembling a seal at his feet.
CILICIA, 597
CILICIA.
"With CiLiciA Tracheia or Isaubia.
The province of Cilicia is divided by nature into two parts, which,
differ essentially from each other. Eastern Cilicia is a low lying fertile
plain through which the rivers Pyramus and Sarus make their way to
the sea.
The western half of the country, on the other hand, is a rugged, moun-
tainous land, whence it was called Tracheia, or ' the rough.' This part
of the province cannot well be separated from Isauria, though numis-
matists usually speak of the latter as an inland region, for Isauria
certainly extended as far as the sea.
I have thought it advisable, in the present work, to include in a
single alphabetical hst all the cities of Cilicia Campestris and Cilicia
Tracheia or Isauria, in which district I have also included six towns,
which might, perhaps, with equal right have been assigned to Pamphylia
and Pisidia, for the exact line of demarcation between Isauria and those
provinces can hardly be determined. These towns are Coracesium,
Syedra, Colybrassus, Casa, Lyrbe, and Carallia. With the exception of
the last, they are all included by Ptolemy in the Roman province of
Pamphylia, though under the heading Cilicia Tracheia. Strabo (667),
however, makes Coracesium the boundary between the two provinces
(cf. Waddington, Rev. Num., 1^83, p. 24 sqq.).
The coinage of Cilicia, down to about the middle of the fifth century,
consisted of archaic silver staters of Aeginetic weight (circ. 180 grs.),
struck at two cities only — Mallus in the eastern, and Celenderis in the
western portion of CiHcia. It was not until somewhat later that Tarsus,
Soli, and Nagidus also began to strike silver money on the Persic
standard (circ. 170-160 grs.), and, later still, Issus. These six towns
were the only important Cilician mints before the age of Alexander.
Their money is partl}^ municipal and partly satrapal, i. e. struck in the
names or with the types of the Persian satraps, who made the Cilician
ports the base of their operations against Cyprus and Egypt in the
earlier part of the fourth century b. c.
The coin-legends, as might be expected in a country with a mixed
population like Cilicia, are frequently bilingual, the Greek language
prevailing in the western, and the Aramaic in the eastern half of the
country. It is worthy of remark that a large number of the extant
silver staters are countermarked with the figure of a bull standing, with
the two Aramaic letters I nv (p) above its back. The occasion of this
countermarking is not known. With the expedition of Alexander, the
satrapal coinage comes to an end, and is superseded by the new royal
coinage of Alexander. This, followed by the money of the Seleucid
kings, formed the chief currency of Cilicia down to the time when
598 CILICIA.
Pompey reorganized the country as a Roman province B.C. 6^. About
this time begins a plentiful issue of autonomous bronze coins at all the
principal towns, under Roman protection, many of which are dated
according to various local eras. Still more numerous are the Imperial
coins, for the most part of bronze, although silver occurs exceptionally at
certain towns, viz. Aegae, Mopsus, Seleucia, and Tarsus, concerning the
weights of which see Hultsch {Metrologie, p. 582).
Adana, on the river Sarus, about midway between Tarsus on the east
and Mopsuestia on the west.
Autonomous bronze of Imperial times and Imperial — Commodus to
Gallienus. hn^cr., AAANCnN, with the addition sometimes of AAPI-
ANliN, MAKPeiNlANnN, AAP. CCY. ANTnN€INOYnO.— AACZAN-
APOYn. MAZIMeiNlANnN or M AZIMei ANnN,in honour af the Em-
perors Hadrian, Macrinus, Elagabalus, Sev. Alexander, Maximinus, and
Maximus. Era commences B.C. 19. Tijpes — Tyche, with river Sarus at
her feet; Zeus; Hermes, etc. Games — ICPA OIKOYMENIKA and AIO-
NYCIA [Berl. Bldtt., v. 32}. See also Antiochia ad Sarum. {Kev. Nu?)i.,
1854, II, 12, 138, 139.)
Aegae, on the western coast of the Gulf of Issus. Autonomous bronze
of the first century B.C. Liscr., AITEAinN, often with addition of THZ
lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY KAI AZYAOY, Head of Tyche turreted; rev.
Bust of horse, etc. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Liscr., Air€AinN,
AirenN, AITAIXIN, etc., with frequent addition of surnames in honour
of the Emperors (see Adana). Silver of Hadrian only. Era commences
B.C. 47. Principal inscriptions or types — Oen CnTHPI K. Oen TeA€C0OPn
on a temple, within which are simulacra of Asklepios and Telesphoros ;
the port of Aegae, galley and lighthouse ; Amaltheia cai'rying infant
Zeus and Cornucopiae ; Goat standing, etc. TTYPAMOC, Bridge over
the river Pyramus, under the arches of which, the legend AjQPEA, which
probably signifies either that the bridge was a gift of the Emperor, or
that some benefit or immunity had been conferred upon the city in recog-
nition of the part taken by it in the construction of the bridge. Pre-
cisely the same type occurs on coins of the neighbouring town Mopsus,
showing that more than one city had a share in the work (Sestini,
Lettere, v. 54). The word AflPEA is also met with on a coin of Side, in-
scribed upon an altar. On numerous coins of Aegae the title NAYAPXIC
proves the town to have been a naval station.
Alexandria ad Issum {Iskenderun). Autonomous bronze of Roman
types, sometimes dated according to the Pompeian Cilician era B.C. 67.
/w^;eWa/— Trajan to Caracalla. Inscr., AAEZANAPenN KAT ICCON.
Types, ordinary.
Anazarbns, on the Pyramus, about thirty miles above Mopsuestia, was
called Caesareia ad Anazarbum from the time of Augustus down to that
of Verus ; but from the reign of Commodus to that of Gallienus simply
Anazarbus. Imperial — Nero to Gallienus, with or without Emperor's
name. /«.wr., KAICAPeuuN TUUN HPOC Tuu ANAZAPBuu; KAICAP.
Yn. ANAZAP.or ANAZAPBOY; ANAZAPBenN;etc. Coins dated accord-
ing to two eras ; the first commencing b. c. i 9, the second A. D. 20.
AD AN A— A UG USTA. 599
Additional honorary titles, AYTONOMOC, MHTPOnOAIC, eNAOZOC,
eAeYGCPA, and further abbreviated titles, A. M. K. T. B. or A. M. K. T. T.
standing for Trpwr?; ixeylaTrj KaXkicrTr], ypdfxfj.aTL jiovXij^ or yepovcrias. Con-
cerning the word KOINOBOYAION, accompanying the type of a woman
seated dropping a pebble into an urn see Eckhel, iii. 73. Games —
AAPIANOC 0IK0YM€NIK0C, ICPOC OAYMniKOC, CeBACMIA, and
TYMN ACI APXI A. T//pes numerous and varied, frequently copied from
those of the coins of Tarsus (Eev. Nuf?i., 1854, 9 sqq. 137 sq.).
Anchiale (1), between Tarsus and Soli. To this place a coin is attri-
buted by Mionnet {Suj)pl., vii. p. j88), of the Imperial period, obv.
ANXIAAOC, Head of Anchialos the Founder; rev. ANXIAAEHN, Askle-
pios standing. It has already been described under Anchialus in Thrace
(p. 236).
Auemurium, in Cilicia Tracheia, on the most southerly promontory of
Asia Minor. Autonomous bronze. Inscr., ANCMOYPICnN or AN€MOY-
PenN, sometimes with portrait of Antiochus IV. of Commagene, A.D.
38-72, to whom the coast of Cilicia had been given by Caligula.
Imperial — Titus to Valerian. Types of no special interest, except one
relating to the worship of Perseus (Mionnet, ISiqjjil., vii. No. 156)-
Autiochia ad Cydnum was a name temporarily borne by Tarsus in
the reign of Antiochus IV. of Syria, B.C. 175-164 (Waddington, Voyage
Archeol., Explication des Inscriptions, tom. iii. p. 351). Coins were
struck there in this period reading ANTIOXEnN THN HPOZ Tfll
KYANni, with the type of Sandan or the Asiatic Herakles as a naked
bearded figure standing on the back of a horned and winged lion
(Imhoof, Mo7i, Gr., p. 366).
Autiochia ad Samm, known only from coins with portrait of Antiochus
rV. B. c. 175—164. This was perhaps a name borne temporarily by Adana
{q.v.) Inscr., ANTIOXEHN THN HPOZ ini SAPni. %;a— Zeus
seated, etc.
Autiochia ad Fyramum, a name borne temporarily by Megarsus
(Imhoof, Ammaire cle Num.^ 1^83).
Argos of Cilicia was a fortress of Mount Taurus supposed to have been
situated near the Cilician gates (Leake, N^im. Hell., Sap. Asia, p. 24).
Imperial coins have been attributed to it — Valerian to Saloninus — with
Argive types, principally, it would seem, because they have letters in
the field. The attribution is unsatisfactoiy, for there can be little doubt
that all these coins belong to the Peloponnesian Argos.
Augusta is supposed to have been situated in the region between the
Sarus and the Pyramus, probably between Anazarbus and Hieropolis
Castabala, (Imhoof, Zeit. f. Niim., 1883). Imperial — Augustus to Valerian.
Inscr., AYrOYCTANnN. Era- commences A.D. 19 or 20 according to a
dated coin of Volusian (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 351}. Types — Bust of
Dionysos, Capricorn, Artemis, Pallas, etc.
600
CILICIA.
Carallia, situated probably at the modern Bei Shelter, south of Lake
Coralis, on the borders of Isauria (cf. Waddington, Bev. Num., ser. iii.
vol. i. p. 31), and not, as it is usually placed on the maps, at the modern
Kereli, north of that Lake. Imperial — Aurelius to Salonina. Biscr.,
KAPAAAininN. Pallas and Artemis are the divinities most frequently
represented on the coins.
Casa, in the border-land between Isauria and Pisidia or Pamphylia,
probably near Carallia {Bev. Num., I. c). Imperial — Verus to Valerian.
Liscr., KACATHN. Ti/jjes, ordinary.
Castabala. See Hieropolis.
Celeuderis, according to tradition an Assjrrian or Phoenician town,
was colonized at an early date by Greeks from Samos. It stood on a
high rock nearly surrounded by the sea on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia.
It possessed a small port, which accounts for its plentiful silver coinage.
Before circ. B.C. 450. Aeginetic Standard.
Horseman with two javelins.
Goat kneeling on one knee.
Goat prancing.
{KM. Guide, Villi. 37.)
Incuse square, quai'tered . -^i, 180 grs.
(Brandis, 497.)
Rough incuse square . . ifl 93-6 grs.
Incuse square, quartered . M, 93 grs.
Circ. B.C. 450-400. Persic Standard.
Naked horseman, with whip, riding
sideways, on prancing horse. In
field, sometimes A or P.
(Hunter, Ph XVI. 13, 14; and
Brandis, p. 497.)
Goat kneeling on one knee, looking
back : in field, ivy-bi'anch or other
symbol : all in incuse circle .
M, 170-160 grs.
Circ. B. c. 400-350, or later.
Fig. 322.
Naked horseman, as above.
Id.
Free horse.
K E AE N Goat kneeling, as above. (Fig.
322.) . j3^ 170-160 grs.
I<1 ^l 55 grs.
KE Id M II grs.
CARALLIA—COROPISSUS. 601
After a break of nearly two centuries the coinage of Celenderis
begins again under the rule of the Seleucidae in the second cen-
tury B. c.
Head of Demetrius I. (b.c. 162-150.) | KEAENAEPITHN Goat . . ^ -6
A.D. 38-72.
After another long interval we meet with bronze coins of Celenderis
once more, in the time of Antiochus IV. of Commagene.
Head, with name and titles of Antio- I KEAENAEPITflN Apollo standing,
chus IV. of Commagene. | ^ -95
There are also autonomous and Imperial bronze coins — Commodus to
Etruscilla. Inscr., KeAeNAEPIinN. Ti/pes — Poseidon, Tyche, Apollo, etc.
Ceunatis. See Lalassis and Olba.
Cetis. See Coropissus and Olba.
Codrigae. See Tarsus.
Colybrassns, probably situated at Seidi Shelter, between lakes Coralis
and Trogitis, near the boundary of Pamphylia (cf. Waddington, Rev. Num.,
ser. iii. vol. i. p. 31), has left Imjicrial coins from Aurelius to Saloninus.
Inscr., KOAYBPACCeujN. On varieties of Valerian and Saloninus the
word FYMNACIAPXIA occurs combined with the type of three agonistic
urns. This probably means that the coin was struck on the occasion
of the celebration of games presided over by an officer called a Gym-
nasiarch. Ti/pes — Hygieia, Zeus, Tyche, Hephaestos forging the shield of
Achilles, Hermes, etc.
Coracesium was a strong place on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia close
to the frontier of Pamphylia. From the time when it fell into the hands
of the usurper Tryphon, shortly after b. c. 150, it became the strong-
hold of the Cilician pirates until its reduction by Pompey B.C. 67.
There are Imperial coins from Trajan to Salonina. Inscr., KOPAKH-
CinrnN or KOPAKHCinN. T//pes of no special interest.
Coropissus, a small place unknown to the geographers, and probably
situated among the mountains which encompass the basin of the Caly-
cadnus, in the district called the Cetis, whence its title, Kriroiv }xr]Tp6-noXi's.
Imperial — Hadrian to Valerian. Inscr., KOPOniCC€(jUN THC KHTUUN
602 CILICIA.
MHTPOnOAeouC, or KHT. MHTPO. The only type worthy of note is
Perseus holding the harpa and the head of Medusa and giving his right
hand to Andromeda, who stands veiled before him (Waddington, Rev.
Num., ser. iii. vol. i. p. 32); between them lies the dead body of a sea
monster {ki]tos), containing perhaps a play upon the name of the district
(Z./.iV.,xiii.p. 15).
Corycus, on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia near the mouth of the Caly-
cadnus. In the neighbourhood was the famous Corycian cave, the
abode of the giant Typhos, t6v ttotc KtAiKtov dp^x^fev -nokvdiivvjxov avrpov
(Pind. P^/Z/.i. 3i,Strab., 417, 627, 671, and 683). Autonomous of Roman
times and Imperial — Trajan to Gallienus. /?/,?«•., KOPYK IHTHN, often with
addition of AYTONO MO Y ACYAOY or NAYAPXI AOC, also oeorAMI A(1)
and GEM I A., referring to the celebration of the games called Oifxibes (see
Aspendus, p. S^^)- The most remarkable type is a figure of Thalassa
with a crab-shell on her head, holding rudder and aplustre. The
characteristic type of the money of Corycus is, however, Hermes standing.
(See Eckhel, iii. S3^ 3,nd Eev. Num., 1854, 13 and 139.)
Diocaesareia, probably situated between Claudiopolis and Seleucia ad
Calycadnum in the district of Cennatis. Autonomous of Imperial times
and /w7;6'r/a/— Trajan to Philip Jun. Inscr., AIOKAICAPEHN, AAPIANnN
AIOKAISAPEHN, or AAPI. AlOKAISAPEnN MHTPOn. KENNAinN.
Types, as the name of the town implies, chiefly referring to the cultus
of Zeus, such as Temple, Fulmen, Fulmen on throne, Eagle on fulmen,
Zeus hurling fulmen at Giant, {Z.f. N., xiii. PI. IV. 9), above, the legend
OABOC \ which apparently does not refer to the type, but only signifies
wealth or prosperity. Other types are Tyche standing before the city,
who is seated with the river Calycadnus (?) swimming at her feet. Hera-
kles reclining on the back of a lion, etc. {Uev. Num., 1854, 15 and 139).
Epiphaneia, near the head of the Gulf of Issus. Autonomous of
Imperial times and Imperial — Hadrian to Otacilia. Inscr., TPAIA-
NOTTO. Er[l<t)ANEnN, or eni<t>ANenN. %jf5— Tyche; Serapis ; Apollo
standing beside rock on which his lyre rests ; Apollo seated, etc. Era
dates from A. D. 37.
Flaviopolis, on the spurs of Mount Taurus, above Anazarbus, received
its name from the Emperor Vespasian. Imperial coins are known from
Domitian to Valerian. Inscr., 0AAOYIOnOAGITnN. Era dates from
A. D. 74. Types — Busts of the Dioskuri face to face ; Heads of Serapis
and Isis ; Tyche seated with river-god swimming at her feet, etc.
Germanicopolis. A town of this name is mentioned by Hierocles as
in Isauria ; it is supposed that it was situated on the upper course of the
' The attribution by Eckhel (iii. p. 54) of a coin of M. Aureliua reading 0 A. AUUPGUUN.
BOC. to the city of Doron mentioned by Pliny (iV. H., v. 92) is due to a misreading of the coin
of Diocaesareia above referred to reading AIOK Al C APEUUN OABOC.
CORYCUS—ISAURA. 603
Calycadnus. Imperial, of Hadrian only, [Archaeologia, xvii. 218). Inscr.,
AAPIANH rePMANlKOnO[AITnN]. %;6?— Bust of Apollo. This coin
is now in the British Museum ; both in fabric, style, and legend it differs
from the coins of Germanicopolis in Paphlagonia ; I have little hesitation
therefore in assigning it to the Cilician city. The coin given to this
town by Mionnet (iii. 579, 202) belongs, as Sestini pointed out {Lettere
di Contimtazmie, viii. 94), to Trajanopolis in Phrygia. (See Grimenothyrae
Phrygiae.)
Hieropolis-Castabala, on the middle or upper course of the river
Pyramus. Its earliest coins date from the time of the Seleucidae, and
down to the close of the second century B.C. bear the legends lEPOTTO-
AITHN and lEPOnOAIinN TUN HPOC ini HYPAMni THZ lEPAZ KAI
AZYAOY. Ti/pes — Head of Apollo, r^f. Roma seated on shields ; Turreted
head of Tyche, rev. Eagle ; Goddess enthroned with eagle beside her ;
Artemis slaying stag, etc. ; also river Pyramus as a swimming figure with
an aquatic bird swimming beside him, or perched upon one of his arms ;
sometimes he carries a torch in one hand (cf. irvp, TTvp(f)6pos, and Pyramos).
This city was famed for its sanctuary of Artemis Perasia (Strab., xii.
537)) whose priestesses walked barefoot and unhurt over burning coals.
Imperial — M. Aurelius to Valerian. All after Sept. Severus bear the
inscr., lePOnOAeiTHN KACTABAACnN. Tj/pes— River Pyramus, Helios,
Dionysos, Zeus, Tyche, etc. For further details see Imhoof, ^f i;^. /. Num.,
X. 1883 and Mon. Gr., p. 352.
Holmi, on the bay to the west of the promontory of Sarpedon. The
inhabitants of this town were transferred by Seleucus to his new city
of Seleucia on the Calycadnus. To Holmi, Leake has attributed a small
silver coin of the fourth century B.C.
Head of Pallas, r., in beaded circle. | OAAA Female head, r. . . M g grs.
lotape, a small town of Cilicia Tracheia in the district called Selinitis.
Imperial — Hadrian to Valerian. Inscr., iLUTATieiTUJN. T^pes — Tyche,
Herakles and Thalassa (?), Demeter holding torch and branch.
Irenopolis is identified by Leake [Nmn. Hell., Suppl. Asia, p. 61) with
Zephyrium near the promontory of that name west of the mouth of the
Calycadnus. Autonomous bronze of Imperial times and Imperial —
Domitian to Gallienus. Inscr., eiPHNOnOA€ITnN or IPHNOnOAITHN,
and on a coin of Treb. Gallus, ZeOYPininN IPHNOnOAEITHN. Era
commences a. d. 52. Ti/pes — Head of Zeus, rev. swimming River-god;
Herakles reclining ; Kybele enthroned ; Tyche of city with swimming
river-god at her feet ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Isis, etc.
Isanra. An inland town some twenty miles south-east of Lake
Trogitis.
Imperial coins of Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. Inscr., MHTPOfTOAenC
ICAYPnN. Ti/2)es varied, but of no special interest.
604 CILICIA.
Issus. This city struck silver staters on the Persic standard, with
bilingual inscriptions.
Persic Standard, circ. B.C. 400-380.
I CC I Apollo standing, holding patera,
and resting on laurel tree. Above,
uncei'tain Aramaic legend.
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. F. 21.)
Herakles standing naked, holding club,
bow and lion's skin. M Stater 166 grs.
Time of Tiribazus, circ. b. c. 386-380.
I ^^ IK ON Zeus aetophoros standing,
1., resting on sceptre. Traces of
Aramaic legend.
(Imhoof, Hon. Gr., p. 354.)
1Tl''in (Tiribazus) in Aramaic letters.
Half-figure of the god Ormuzd rising
from a winged disk : he holds wreath
and flower. In field, magistrate's
name AMI M Stater
Similar staters were struck by Tiribazus, both at Tarsus and Soli, with
T or ^0 in the field of the obverse. Tiribazus was ruler of western
Armenia in Xenophon's time. Afterwards he commanded the Persian
forces in western Asia Minor, and from B.C. 386 he was in Cilicia, where
he organized and commanded, jointly with Orontes, the expedition
against Evagoras of Cyprus (Waddington, 3Iel. i. 61).
Circ. B.C. 370-350.
I — S Head of Athena, facing,
triple-crested helmet.
Zeus enthroned. 1., holding sceptre ; in
field, 1., grapes and ear of corn,
r., helmet and B ; under throne ^ .
.M Stater 168-164 gi's.
Compare similar staters struck at Mallus, Tarsus, and Soli.
Lacanatis, a district in the north-eastern part of Cilicia Campestris.
Bronze coins with the legend AAK AN ATflN were struck by Antiochus IV.,
king of Commagene, his queen lotape, and by their sons Epiphanes and
Callinicus. T^/pes — Scorpion or two Horsemen ; rev. Capricorn.
Iiaerte, on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia, near Coracesium, and the Pam-
phylian boundary. Imjierial — Trajan to Saloninus. Liscr., A AGPTC I THN .
Ti/2)es of no special interest.
Lalassis, a district of Cilicia Tracheia, on the southern slopes of Mount
Taurus. Autonomous bronze coins of Roman times. luscr., AAAACCenN,
or AAAACC eNTIM[OC] (?). %;c*, ordinary. See also Olba, p. 609.
There arc also regal coins of Polemo II., king of Bosporus, who received
a portion of Cilicia from the Emperor Claudius in exchange for his
kingdom of Bosporus, A. D. 41. These coins read flOAEMnNOS BAZI-
AEnZ, m'.[OABEjnN AAAAZEnN KAI KENNATHN. Still later, in the
ISSU8—MALLUS. 605
time of Domitian, the Lalassenses and Cennati appear to have received a
grant of autonomy, for a coin of Domitian exists reading KOI N ON AAA-
AZEHN KAI K[EN]NATnN {Z. f. K, 1885, p. 365).
Lamus, a small place near the mouth of the river Lamus, which gave
its name to the territory Lamotis, between Seleucia and Soli, at the
eastern end of Cilicia Tracheia. Imperial of Sept. Severus and Cara-
calla {Nouvelles Annales, ii. 349). Inscr., [AAMjOY MHTPOfTLOAeuuC]
AAMLUTIAOC. Types — Zeus seated in temple; Eagle with spread wings
on altar.
Lyrbe. The site of this town has not yet been accurately determined.
It probably lay on the borders of Isauria and Pisidia, or Pamphylia, in
the neighbourhood of the Lakes Coralis and Trogitis, and not far from
the towns of Carallia, Casa, and Colybrassus. There are Imperial coins
of Lyrbe, Severus Alexander to Saloninus, with inscr. ^ AYPBCITHN, and
types relating to the cultus of Serapis, Helios, Hermes, Ares, Asklepios
(Waddington, As. 3Iin., loi), and Pallas, who is represented holding a
palm and dropping a lot into the balloting urn.
Mallus was one of the most ancient cities of Cilicia. It stood on the
banks of the river Pyramus, south-west of Mopsuestia. Its foundation
is attributed by some ancient writers to an eponymous hero Mallos, and
by others to Amphilochos of Argos.
Of its history nothing whatever is known before the expedition of
Alexander, except that it was tributary to the kings of Persia ; but it has
left us a rich series of silver coins dating from the end of the sixth
century down to the time of Alexander the Great. Dr. Imhoof {Ann. de
Ntim.^ 1883, p. 89) has classified the coins of Mallus in the following
order. All the principal varieties are engraved by him : —
Aeginetic Standard, circ. B. c. 520-485.
Incuse square . . M Stater i8i grs.
Naked male winged figure, kneeling
on one knee.
{Ann. de Num., 1883, PI. V. i.)
Winged female figure, with arms ex-
tended in kneeling or running atti-
tude. (Imhoof, Mrni. Gr., PI. G. i.)
Id. {Ihid., PI. G. 2.)
Incuse square, containing square stone
M, Stater 178 grs.
Incuse square, containing conical stone
M Stater 183 grs.
B.C. 485-425.
Female winged figure, kneeling on
cue knee, holding caduceus and
wreath.
Id. (Imhoof, Clioix, PI. Y. 179.)
Incuse square, containing pyramidal
stone, between two bunches of grapes,
or sometimes with V — For V — I — P^
in the field . . M. Stater 182 grs.
Incuse square, containing grifiin .
M Triobol 42 grs.
• The letters V, F, etc. on the silver staters of Mallus in connection with the pyramidal stone
are supposed to represent the UpcL aT0ixi7a, sometimes inscribed on the sacred stones called
^anxiKia. (Imhoof, Mallos, Megarsos, etc., p. 35.)
606
CILICIA.
Persic Standard, b. c. 425-385.
Bearded or young male figure with
four wings, sometimes with Jani-
fonn head, kneeling on one knee,
and holding with his two hands a
disk, heneath, on one vai-iety, the
forepart of a bull with human head.
MAP, MAPA, or MAPAO, Swan,
above, sometimes small bird or bee .
M. Stater 174 grs.
Fig. 323.
Youthful male figure winged, kneeling
on one knee, and holding disk with
both hands. Inscr., sometimes v'^D
in Aramaic letters.
Head of bearded Herakles, in lion's
skin.
Youthful Dionysos seated left, in a vine
with gi'apes ; he seems to hold ears
of corn.
MAAP, MAP, or MAPAOTAN Swan,
in field crux ansata, bird, fly, grass-
hopper, altar, ear of corn, dolphin, and
other symbols. (Fig. 323.)
M Stater 163-154 grs.
MA Swan iR 14 grs.
MAP Male figure driving yoke of
humped oxen, left; above winged
symbol, in front, grain of corn.
M Stater 156.5 grs.
For varieties of all the above coins see Imhoof, {I. c), who remarks,
concerning the types, that the conical stone and the Swan are both
symbolical of the worship of Astarte. The strange winged figures repre-
sent various Phoenician divinities, male and female, but the only one
capable of identification is that of the god El or Kronos, with two faces
and four wings. The disks which they hold perhaps represent the
several planets over which the divinities presided (Movers, Phoenizier, i.,
p. 161 sqq.). The transition from MAPAO and MAAPO to the softer
form MAAAn exemplifies the frequent interchange of the liquids A
and P.
Circ. B.C. 385-333.
The types on the coins of this period indicate closer relations between
Mallus and Persia, and at the same time the increasing influence of Greek
religious ideas.
The king of Persia in running or
half-kneeling posture, as on the
royal daric coinage, with bow and
spear.
Id.
Id.
Head of Herakles, bearded, lion's skin
round neck.
Head of Aphrodite, in sphendone.
King kneeling, with bow and quiver .
M Stater 163 grs.
MAA Herakles strangling lion . . .
M Stater 161 grs.
Head of bearded satrap in Persian
tiara iR 9 grs.
MAA Satrap's head, as above . . .
M Stater
MAA or MAAAriT Satrap's head .
M Stater 154 grs.
31 ALIUS.
607
Pallas seated, 1., resting on spear, her
shield beside her.
MA Head of bearded Herakles, lau-
reate.
Bearded head of Herakles or Dionysos,
bound with broad taenia.
Head of Pallas, helmeted, facing, in
field, grapes and M.
M AA Aphrodite beside column, placing
her hand on the shoulder of Hermes
JB, Stater 164 grs.
Herakles strangling lion
M Stater 158 grs.
tAA\ Demeter holding long torch and
ears of com, clad in long chiton and
peplos, and advancing, r. Symbol —
corn-grain JR Stater
Zeus enthroned, 1,, with sceptre, in field
grapes, ear of corn, and letter B :
under throne M
JR Stater 168-164 grs.
Varieties, with letters , T, and I were probably struck at Soli, Tarsus,
and Issus. Specimens are also known with I — t. on the obverse (see
Issus).
B.C. 332-306.
Coins of Alexander (Miiller, Nos. 1308-13 18).
B.C. 306-146.
In this period it is possible that regal coins of the Seleucidae may
have been struck at Mallus, but they cannot be identified.
B.C. 146-125.
Autonomous bronze, ohv. Head of Tyche, rev. MAAAHTHN, Athena
Megarsis standing facing; also tetradrachms and drachms of Deme-
trius II., with his portrait, and M or MA A., rev. BAZIAEHZ AHMHTPIOY
<DIAAAEA<DOY NIKATOPOZ or OEOY NiKATOPOS, standing effigy of a
helmeted goddess (Athena Megarsis'?). These are the last coins which
can be attributed to Mallus until after the deliverance of Cilicia from
the rule of Tigranes, and the suppression of the pirates by Pompey in
B.C. 68.
B.C. 67-30.
In B.C. 67 Cilicia was constituted a Roman province. Mallus then
struck bronze coins of the following types : —
Head of Apollo (?), r.
Head of Zeus, r., laureate.
MAAAninN Pallas seated, 1. ^-85
„ Tyche turreted and
veiled, seated on rock between two
rivers, swimming to left . .^ i-o
B.C. 30 to A. D. 217.
Imperial — Augustus to Caracalla. Liscr., t^KKKCll£l^. Ti/pes—T-^ohe
between two River-gods ; Effigy of Athena Megarsis as above ; Apollo
standing, etc.
608 CILICIA.
A.D. 249-260.
In the time of Trajan Decius, Mallus received a Roman colony, and
thenceforward, until Valerian's time, the legends are in Latin, MALLO
COLONIAS.C; also SACER SENATVS. ^y/j^^— Emperor crowned
by colonist, before him stands Tyche holding statuette of Athena ; Tyche
seated between two river-gods ; Apollo Pythios or Amphilochos standing
beside tripod, round which a serpent coils, before him a boar. The oracle
of Amphilochos at Mallus was one of the most famous in Asia Minor
(Pans., i. 34. 3).
Megarsns. See Antiochia ad Pyramum. (The coin described by
Mionnet, 351, and Suppl., 288, and read by him MEPAPZHN TIlN
riPOZ TXl riYPAMn, is a wrongly read coin of Hieropolis ad Pyramum.)
Mopsns or Mopsnestia (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 361, and Zelt.f. N^im.,
X. 293), a city on the river Pyramus, about twelve miles from the
coast, is said to have owed its foundation to Mopsus, the son of Apollo.
No early coins are known. There are autonomous bronze coins of the
second century B.C. Inscr.,fAO^EMD.H THZ lEPAS KAI AYTONOMOY.
Ti/pes — Head of Zeus, rev. Lighted altar (Mo\//-ou ka-Tia). Regal of Antiochus
IV. of Syria, B.C. 175-164, with inscr., ZEAEYKEflN TnN HPOS Till
riYPAMni, Artemis hunting. The city of Mopsuestia was called Seleucia
for a short time in the second century B. c. (Waddington, Voyage archeol.
Explic. des Inscr., t. iii. '^S'^-)
Imperial — Augustus to Valerian {Ttev. Num., 1854, 17, 139 sqq.),
dated according to an era commencing B. c. 68 [Zeit. f. Num., x. 294).
Among them are silver tetradrachms of Phoenician weight (210 grs.),
with heads of Hadrian, Sabina (as Artemis), and Ant. Pius, rev.
Eagle with spread wings with altar between his legs. Inscr., A API.
MOtEATuuN nOAEuuC, AAPIANuuN MOH'EATUUN, etc. Bronze
coins of various types. Among them may be mentioned that of a bridled
horse carrying a wreath, quiver, and ear of corn or palm [Rev. Num., 1854,
PL II. 14) ; Bridge over the Pyramus, between the arches, AXIPCA, in
exergue, TTYPAMOC (see Aegae, p. 598).
(?fl»?e5— OIKOYMeNlKOC.
Nagidus, an important city on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia, between
Aneraurium and Celenderis. Its coins are almost all of silver, and range
in date from before B. c. 400 down to the age of Alexander (Brandis,
p. 498).
Persic Standard, circ. b. c. 430-400.
Aphrodite seated,!., on thi'one, crowned
by Eros, whom she supports on her
extended r. arm.
N ATI A IKON Dionysos of archaic
style, standing, liolding thyrsos and
vine-branch with grapes : all in in-
cuse circle . . ^ Stater 158 grs.
MOPSUS—OLBA.
609
Circ. B.C. 400-380.
Head of bearded Dionysos, ivy-
crowned.
Aphrodite entlu'oned holding patera,
behind her is a tall Eros stretching
up to crown her.
NAriAEHN Head of Aphrodite, hair
in sphendone . M, Stater i6i grs.
NAriAEHN Dionysos half-draped,
stands resting on thyrsos, and hold-
ing vine-branch JH Stater i6o grs.
Circ. B.C. 380-833.
//^/--^
Fig. 324.
Aphrodite seated holding patera,
crowned by flying Eros ; beneath
throne, rat or mouse.
Aphrodite seated between two sphinxes
and holding a flower in her r. hand.
(Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. G. 15.)
NAflAIKON Dionysos standing, as
above. In field, various abbreviated
magistrates' names. (Fig. 324.) . .
JR Stater 154 grs.
Pallas standing, facing, holding Nike,
who is about to crown her, and I'est-
ing with 1. on shield. Beside her, a
tree . . . . M, Stater 153 grs.
There are also obols and bronze coins with heads of Aphrodite and
Dionysos. (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. '^6'^.)
Olba, in the interior of Cilicia Tracheia, at the foot of Mount Taurus, on
a branch of the Calycadnus, was said to have been founded by Ajax, the
son of Teucer, who established there a famous temple of Zeus, whose
high priest bore the title of dynast of Olba, and toparch of Cennatis and
Lalassis. Descendants of this priestly family maintained their inde-
pendence by the favour of the Komans for some time after the rest
of Cilicia had been organised as a Roman province (Strab., 672.) They
have left us the following numismatic records of their rule (Waddington,
Melanges, ii. pp. 121 sqq.): —
Circ. B.C. 39-29 or later.
Polemon I. Inscr., M. ANTHNlOY HOAEMnNOZ APXIEPEHS
AYNAZTOY OABEnN THE lEPAS KENNATHN KAI AAAAZZEnH.
Ti/2ies — Head of Polemon, rev. Sacred throne ; Fulmen. M Size -95.
Ajax. (Timeof Augustus and Tiberius, A. D. I i-i5(?).) Liscr., KAIZAPOS
ZEBASTOY, Head of Augustus; rev. APXIEPEIIZ AIANTOS TEYKPOY
TOHAPXOY KENNATXIN KAI AAAAZSEIiM, Fulmen. M -95; Head of
Hermes, rev Triskelis. M -9.
R r
610 CILICIA.
Polemon II (a. d, 41) received from Claudius a portion of Cilicia in
exchange for his kingdom of Bosporus. His coins, which must not be
confounded with those of the earlier Polemon, bear the inscr. flOAEM-
nNOS BAZIAEnZ Club;m-. [OABEjnN AAAAZEnN KAI KENNATUN
Harpa. {Z.f. N., 1885, p. 366.)
At Olba there were also struck autonomous coins obv. Throne, rev. Ful-
men [Zeif.f. Num., 1885, 369), and Imperial — Antoninus Pius to Caracalla.
luscr., OABenN or AA[PIANnN] ANTHNlNlANnN OABCnN, some-
times with addition of MHT[POnOAenS] KH[TIAOZ], proving that the
Olbasa of Ptolemy (v. 8), the capital of the district of Cetis, was identical
with the Olba of Strabo. T^j^es — Zeus, Serapis, Pilei of the Dioskuri.
Philadelphia, in the district of Cetis, on the river Calycadnus (Ptol.,
V- 8, §5). Imperial — Trajan to Maximinus. Inscr., <l)IAAAeA(i)€nN
KHTI AOZ. T^pes — Zeus or Tyche (Waddington, Bev. Num., 1883, p. ^^).
Fompeiopolis. See Soli.
Sebaste, founded by Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, to whom the
Romans had given Cilicia Tracheia. It stood on the mainland separated
by a narrow channel from the small island of Elaeusa (Leake, Num. Hell.,
As. Gr., p. 109). Bronze, with portraits of Antiochus IV of Commagene
and his wife lotape, and autonomous with inscr., ZEBAZTHNnN.
Imperial — Augustus to Valerian, inscribed CCBACTHC. Titles —
MHTPOn[OAGnC], eAeYOePAC, AYTONOMOY, ACYAOY, ICPAC, or
NAYAPXIAOC. No remarkable types.
Seleucia ad Calycadnum, founded by Seleucus I. Autonomous
bronze from the first century B.C. Inscr., ZEAEYKEflN TfiN TTPOZ Tfll
KAAYKAANni, Head of Pallas, rev. Nike, etc.; Head of Apollo, with
hair in formal curls as on the coins of Lycia, rev. Half horse. Imperial —
Tiberius to Gallienus. Similar inscr., often with additional titles AC-
[YAOY] AYT[ONOMOY] or eACYOePAC. Among the names of magis-
trates occurs that of Xenarchus (ZEN APXOY), the peripatetic philosopher
of the age of Augustus. Chief types — Pallas either on foot or in quadriga
subduing giants {Zeit.f. Num., xiii. PL IV. 10, 11); Nike; Busts face to
face, of Tyche and ApoUo (?) ; etc.
Seleucia ad Pyramum, a name borne for a short time by Mopsuestia
(p. 608).
Selinus, a coast-town of Cilicia Tracheia, a few miles south of lotape.
Imperial — Lucilla, Sept. Severus, Sev. Alex., and Philip I. Inscr.,
CeAINOYCinN and TPAIANO. CCAINO. THC lePAC. %;6'*— Artemis
huntress and Temple, on pediment of which GGOY TPA. in memory of
Trajan, who died at Selinus.
Soli, a Greek coast-town some twenty-five miles south-west of Tarsus.
Its silver money is frequently met with, and ranges in date from about
the fifth century b. c. down to the age of Alexander.
PIIILADELPIIIA- SOLI.
611
Persic Standard. Circ. b. c. 450-385.
Kneeling archer in usual archer's
costume, holding out a bow in both
hands.
Head of Pallas ; Griffin on helmet.
(Hunter, PI. LI. 27, 29.)
^0, ^OAEON, ^OAEnN Bunch of
grapes, in incuse square ....
JR Stater 169 grs.
tOAl, ?OAIO, ^OAION, SOAIKON,
or ^OAEflN Grapes, in incuse
squai'e . . . ^ Stater 163 grs.^
M. Obol. 10 grs.
For silver staters struck at Soli by the satrap Tiribazus (B.C. 386-380),
with his name in Aramaic letters on the reverse and ^0 on the obverse,
see p. 604.
Circ. B.C. 385-333.
Head of bearded Herakles, laureate,
with lion's skin tied round neck.
Head of Pallas helmeted, facing.
SOAE ...,COAIKON Head of bearded
Satrap, in Persian tiara
M Stater 156 grs.
Zeus enthroned 1., with sceptre ; in
field, grapes, ear of corn and letter
o
B. Under throne ^ or ^ . . . .
M Stater 168-164 grs.
The coins of the last mentioned class are attributed, on account of the
letters under the throne M, T, I, and Z, to Mallus, Tarsus, Issus, and
Soli. They seem to fall into the period between B.C. 370 and 350.
Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian SOAEHN Bunch of grapes ; in field,
helmet. magistrate's name abbreviated and
symbols — Rose, owl, etc
M Stater 164 grs.
Circ. B.C. 300-71.
Under the Seleucidae the coinage of Soli was continued in bronze
down to the date of the destruction of the city by Tigranes of Armenia
in the third Mithradatic war.
The following are the principal varieties : —
Aegis, with Medusa head.
Head of Artemis.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Pallas.
Head of Tyche.
ZOAEnM Turreted female figure on
horseback . . ^E i-o
„ Pallas wielding fulmen. M -9
„ Standing figure, holding
sceptre .... ^ -8
Owl ^-8
Pilei of the Dioskuri M -8
Not long after its destruction Soli was restored by Pompey under
the name of Solopolis. There are bronze coins, with the head of Pompey,
* If the Catalogue of the Behr collection is to be trusted there is also a double stater of
316 grs.
R r 3
612 CILICIA.
Inscr., COAOnOAeunN. Soon afterwards the name was again changed
to Pompeiopolis. The era commences B.C. 67. Inscr .,T\0 tAUW\OT[0 \^\1 ClH ,
Head of Pompey, rev. Pallas or Nike. Imperial — Domitian to Treb.
Gallus, with or without Emperor's head. Inscr., nOMnHIOFTOAeiTflN,
also in addition CCBACTHN OMONOIA (Concordia Augg. Aurehus and
Verus). nHTH COYNl AC, Fountain Sunias recumbent, holding cornu-
copiae. Bust of the philosopher Chrysippus, with hand stroking his
beard, rev. Bust of the poet Aratus (?), both natives of Soli. Other types
of no special interest.
Syedra, on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia, near the Pamphylian
boundary. Imj^erial — Nero to Salonina. Inscr., CYCAPCnN, sometimes
with addition of CCMNHC eNAOZOT€PAC. G«we*— OCMI AeC (H. de
Longperier, Rev. Num., N. S., xiv. 61), and TYMNACI APXI A. Ti/pes,
various.
Tarsus, on the river Cydnus, is first mentioned by Xenophon as a
great and wealthy city. It then contained the palace of Syennesis,
king of Cilicia. There can be no doubt that coins were struck at Tarsus
by the kings or satraps of Cilicia from the beginning of the fifth cen-
tury onwards, and M. Six [Num. Chron., 1884, p. 152) is probably right
in attributing to the Tarsian mint a series of coins which numismatists
have hitherto been content to leave unclassified.
The principal varieties are as follows : —
Electeum. Sixth cent. b. c. Phoenician Standard.
Cow kneeling r., and looking back at I Oblong incuse . . El. oy N. 215 grs.
calf which she suckles. |
If this stater, which is now in the Munich cabinet, is correctly attri-
buted by M. Six to Tarsus [Nnm. Chron., 1884, p. 152), we must infer
commercial relations between Tarsus and Lydia or the Ionian coast-
towns.
Silver. Circ. b. c. 500-450. Persic Standard.
Cow standing, looking back at calf
which she suckles.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. i.)
Herakles wielding club, and carrying
Hon by the hind leg
M. Stater 164 grs.
Baana or Banaias ("?), Mint, Tarsus (?).
Circ. B.C. 450-400.
Herakles with how and quiver, carry-
ing lion by the tail.
(De Luynes, Satrap., PI. V. i.)
King of Persia contending with lion.
(B. V. Head, Lydia and Persia,
PI. III. 12.)
N3y3 (in monogram of Aramaic letters)
Cow suckling calf, M Stater 1 70 grs.
NJya Cow suckling calf
M Stater 166 grs.
SYEDRA—TABSVS.
613
Anonymous. Mint. Tarsus.
Circ. B. c. 450-400.
King of Persia stabbing lion.
(B. V. Head, op. ciL, PI. III. ii.)
King on horseback, beneath, crux an-
sata. (i?ev.iVw?n.,i86o,Pl.XVIII. 5.)
King on horseback, holding flower ; in
front nn or ^^n.
(B. V. Head, op. cit., PI. III. 13.)
Id. {Symbol, Eagle's head.)
(De Luynes, Satr., PL XII.)
Forepart of Pegasos, sometimes with
symbol, Eagle's head.
King on horseback prancing r., in
front, crux ansata.
(De Luynes, Satr., PI. VIII. i.)
Id.
Naked rider on prancing horse.
Greek hoplite kneeling with shield
and spear.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI- V. 2.)
Lion devouring bull.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 3.)
TEP^I and pn King walking, holds
sceptre and crux ansata ....
M Stater 168 grs.
pn Two soldiers, standing face to face
M Stater 164 grs.
Incuse square. Kneeling archer draw-
ing bow ; behind, crux ansata
M Stater 168 grs.
Id. {Symbol, Eagle's head.) M Stater
Id. AVith or without Eagle's head
(Imhoof, J/on. (7r.,Pl.G. 6.) M 55 grs,
pri Greek hoplite kneeling, defending
himself with shield and spear .
JR Stater 163 grs.
Id.
pn Similar
Incuse square,
part of horse
M Trite 50 grs.
. M Stater 162 grs.
Naked rider on fore-
. . . . M 42 grs.
pn Ear of corn, in linear square
JR Stater 163 grs.
Fourth century B.C.
During the greater part of the fourth century the coins struck at
Tarsus bear the names of the satraps who from time to time ruled
Cilicia or organised from its ports the various naval expeditions against
the revolted provinces of the Persian Empire.
Tiribazus. Circ. B.C. 386. Silver staters as described under Issus
(p. 604), but distinguished by the letter T, the initial of the mint of
Tarsus. Inscr., IDHD in Aramaic letters.
The following coin of Tiribazus, with a Greek inscription, may also
have been struck at Tarsus, though its rude style of art seems to point
to some less important Cilician mint.
Head of bearded Herakles, with lion's
skin round neck.
Orontas. Circ. B. C. 386.
Greek hoplite kneeling, defending
himself with shield and spear. Mint-
mark T.
TEIPIBAIOY Head of Satrap, as on
coins of Soli . M Stater 152 grs.
OPONTA Forepart of winged boar
(Brit. Mus.) .... ^ 43 grs.
These coins may, however, be also attributed to Clazomenae in Ionia
on account of the reverse type, (See p. 491.)
614
CILICIA.
Pharnabazus. Circ. B. c. 378-372. The coins struck in Cilicia in
the name of this satrap are attributed by M. Waddington {Mel., p. 6$)
to the time when he was preparing his expedition against Egypt.
Head of Arethusa with loose hair,
facing, copied from coins of Syra-
cuse.
Id. (Waddington, Mel, PI. V. 4.)
n^n n3i-lS Head of Ares (?) helmeted.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 7.)
n^n inJiD Head of Ares (?) bearded, in
crested helmet. {Num. Chron., 18S4,
PI. V. 6.) M Stater
KIAIKION n^n Headof Ares(?) . .
M Stater 163 grs.
nri?y3 Baaltars, or Zeus of Tarsus,
enthroned , . M Stater 161 grs.
Tarcamus (?). Circ. B. c. 380-360. The reading here given is that of
M. Six {Num. Chron., 1884, p. 125). M. Waddington reads the name
Datames.
Head of Arethusa, as above.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 8.)
nn7y3 Baal enthroned within circle
of turrets, he holds sceptre, grapes,
and corn : beside him, thymiaterion.
103"in Head of Ares, as above . .
M Stater 168 grs.
„ Satrap seated, holding arrow, in
field, bow, above, Ormuzd. {Num.
Chron., 1884, PL V. 9.) . . . . • .
M Stater 163 grs.
Fig. 325.
nn^yn Similar. (Fig. 325.)
^D3"in Two male figures, one naked and
one draped, standing face to face,
with thymiaterion between them .
JR Stater 169 grs.
Anonymous. Mint, Tarsus. Circ. B. c. 370-350.
Bust of Pallas, facing, in triple-crested
helmet.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. VI. 4.)
Baaltars enthroned, in field, ear of corn,
grapes, ivy -leaf, etc. ; beneath throne
T. "(Mint-mark of Tarsus.) . . .
M Stater 168 grs.
Compare other coins of this type struck at Issus, Mallus, and Soli.
Pallas seated, with spear and shield ;
behind her, a tree.
{Zeit.f. Num., vii. p. 13.)
Herakles kneeling on his club, strang-
ling lion.
(De Luynes, Satr., PI. XI.)
TEP^IKON Nymph kneeling, playing
with astragali . Al Stater 156 grs.
TEPSI KON Head of Aphrodite, wear-
ing Stephanos . M Stater 163 grs.
TARSUS.
615
Mazaeus. Circ. B.C. 362-328. For the history of this satrap see
M. Six's article already referred to. He ruled Cilicia for more than
thirty years, and was also satrap, for about ten years, of northern Syi'ia,
west of the Euphrates, the region called Eber-nahar (= Transpotamia),
in contradistinction to Mesopotamia. When Alexander advanced against
Babylon, Mazaeus opened the gates of the city to him, and he retained
the government of Babylon under Alexander until his death in B.C. 328.
The coinage of Mazaeus may, for convenience sake, be all described under
Tarsus, where, or at any rate in Cilicia, it would appear that the greater
part of it was issued. The coins fall into the following classes : —
Cilician mintage.
Fig. 326.
Pn?y3 Baaltars enthroned.
Similar.
(iV^wm.CAro?i.,i884,P]:V. 13,14.)
Similar. ,
{Ibid., PI. VL 2.)
""ITJO Lion devouring stag. (Fig. 326.)
JR Stater 169 grs.
„ Lion devouring bull
M. Stater 167 grs.
No inscr. Lion devouring bull; beneath
which are the turreted walls of a
city ; in field, club. M Stater 172 grs.
The last mentioned coins bear the mint letters I, M, C, or T, under the
throne, standing for Issus, Mallus, Soli, and Tarsus.
nni'yn Baaltars enthroned. (Fig. 327.)
l^n 1 Nnnjnny ^y T nTO = ' Mazaeus,
who is over Eber-nahara and Cilicia.'
Lion devouring bull over city walls .
M Stater 171 grs.
The legend on these remarkable coins was first correctly interpreted
by M. Halevy [Melanges (VEj)igr. Semitique, 1874, pp. 64-71).
616
CILICIA.
nri^yn Baaltars enthroned.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. VI. 5.)
niO Lion walking, symbols sometimes
crescent and star . . ifl 165 grs.
The coins of Mazaeus, struck at Tarsus, are followed by staters beaiing
the name of Alexander in Aramaic letters.
Baaltars enthroned, behind, "nJD3?K.
{Cat.Behr., PI. 11. i.)
Head of goddess, behind Dnny.
(De Luynes, Satr., PI. XYI. i.)
The goddess Ateh, veiled, seated on
lion; behind, nny, above, D. ^123 grs.
Lion devouring bull, above "n3D37N
^127 grs.
These, after a very short time, give place to the ordinary coinage of
Alexander (Miiller, No. 1279 ^^•)- Their attribution to Tarsus is, how-
ever, far from certain.
Syrian mintage. Phoenician Standard.
Galley with rowers on waves, with
dates above, equivalent to years
19, 20, and 21 of Ochus (b. c. 341-
339\ and years i and 2 of Arses
(B.C. 338-337)-
(Aw?«. Chro7i., 1SS4, Pl.VI. 11,12.)
nits King in chariot, driven by
charioteer, behind, an attendant in
Asiatic dress
JR Phoenician octadr. 400 grs.
The types of these coins are those of the well-known large Phoenician
coins current in the maritime cities of the Phoenician coast, from the
beginning of the reign of Darius II., B.C. 424.
Imitations of Athenian tetradrachms, circ. B.C. 332-331.
Head of Pallas,. of careless style. ] ''1TD Athenian owl
{Xum. Chron., 1884, PI Yl. 10.) iR Attic tetradr.
These copies of Attic tetradrachms were probably issued for the pay-
ment of the Greek and other mercenary troops raised by Mazaeus during
the final efforts of the Persians to resist the advance of Alexander.
Tetradrachms of Attic weight, but tvith Tarsian types, jyrobably struck at Babylon
between B.C. 331 and 328, ivhile Jfazaetis remained in power.
Fig. 328.
TARSUS.
617
nn^ya Baaltars enthroned.
No inscr. Id.
{Num. Chron., PI. VI. 8.)
"•ITO Lion walking. (Fig. 328.). . .
M. Attic tetradr.
No inscr. Id
yR Attic tetradr. and divisions.
On the anonymous coins of this series the Aramaic inscriptions give
place to Greek letters, monograms, and symbols, and finally the anchor,
the well-known symbol of Seleucus, makes its appearance above the Hon
on the reverse [Num. Chron., 1884, PL VI. 7). This is a most valuable
indication of date, and proves, if further proof were needed, that these
lion tetradrachms continued to be issued simultaneously with the tetra-
drachms of Alexander's types. For a list of all the known varieties see
Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. '^J'j). It is noticeable that in fabric the Lion tetra-
drachms resemble the gold double darics (both being extremely thick
with hammered edges). The majority of the extant specimens of both
these classes of coins have come from India, a provenance which fully
bears out the theory of their Babylonian mintage.
We must now return to Tarsus, and briefly examine the numismatic
history of the town from the time of Alexander onwards.
Under the Seleucid Kings Antiochus VII to Antiochus IX, Tarsus was
one of the royal mints, and issued tetradrachms (B. M. Cat., Selene,
passim.) There are also autonomous bronze coins, which extend down to
Roman and Imperial times. The inscriptions are TAPZEHN, TAPZEHN
MHTPOnOAEnZ,TAPZEnNTnNnPOZTni KYANniandANTIOXEHN
TnN. nPOZ Tni KYANnl, Tarsus having borne the name of Antiochia
ad Cydnum for a short time under Antiochus IV of Syria. The later
issues read T A PCOY MHTPOnOAenC, m. KOINON KIAIKIAC; AAPIAN-
nN TAPCenN, AAPIANHC TAPCOY, AAPIANH KOMOAIANH TAPCOC
MHTPOnOAIC, etc. Magistrates' names, without title, often preceded by
€ni. The chief types are the Tyche of Tarsus seated, with the river
Cydnus swimming at her feet ; Zeus Tarsios, the Greek rendering of the
ancient Baaltars, enthroned ; Head of Tyche turreted, and the figure of
a divinity supposed to represent Sandan or the Asiatic Herakles, standing
on the back of a horned lion, the whole sometimes within a monument
of pyramidal form. Among the Imperial coins — Augustus to Salonina —
the following types and inscriptions may be selected : —
Games— y^QtAOLl\0(: 0IK0YM6NIK0C, GeorAMI A — OAYMHI A—
AHMHTPIA; alsoeNKOAPirAICOPOICKIAIKnN,CeYHPeiA OAYMOIA
€T7lN€IKI A. Concerning the village of Cotrigae, where these games were
held, see Eckhel,iii.79. KOPAI A,"kOINOI KIAIKIAC, TAPCOY MHTPO-
nOACnC, KOINON inN kiaikhn, icaypia kapia aykaonia, koi-
NOC TuuN r eTTAPXeiUUN (Ami. de Num., vii. 21), or TUJN TPIluN
cnAPXiuuN.
Honorary titles— rAWl?OWQ)K\(i T^N KIAIKHN; NCnKOPOC; CACY-
0€PA; A. M. K. V. B. { = TTp(6Tr] ixeyia-Tri jcaAXtWrj ypafxixaTL (3ov\fji.)
Surnames in honour of Emperors, KOMOAIANH, CCYHPIANH, ANIH-
NeiNlANH, MAKPeiNIANH AACZANAPIH, etc.
618 CILICIA.
j9^i7^>5— AIOCTAPCenN,TYXH TAPCOY, HAAAAC AOHNH, KYANOC,
the River Cyclnus.
ranV?/5— KOINOBOYAION (Eckh., iii. 73); KOPOl CeBACTOI (Cara-
calla and Geta) ; CeiTOC,in combination with the type of a galley in full
sail (Eckh., iii. 73). OPTYrOOHPA (Quail-hunt), in combination with
type of seated Tyche, though without any relation to the type. AHPGA
CI TOY, Triptolemos in serpent car [Ann. de Num., vii. 19). The types
of the Tarsian Imperial coins offer a rich variety of subjects. Those
relating to the cultus of Herakles are especially abundant. (See Zeit.f.
Num., iii. '^'^'^ sqq., and viii. 10.)
Titiopolis {Rev. Num., 1838, p. 422, and 1883, p. 37), probably situated
in the valley of the Calycadnus. Imperial of Hadrian and Geta. Inscr.,
TITIOnOA€ITuuN. T>/j}es — Zeus seated; Dionysos standing, with
panther.
Zeph3rritim-Adriana, a coast-town a little to the west of Anchiale.
Autonomous of Roman times, and Imperial — Hadrian to Treb. Gallus.
Inscr., ZeOYPinrnN or AAPIANOnOAeUnN ZeOYPininN. Tt/jyes,
ordinary. The epithet €YC€BnN is added to the ethnic on a coin of
Sabina of this town {Zeit.f. Num., iii. 343). See also Irenopolis (p. 603).
ISLAND ADJACENT TO CILICIA.
Elaeusa, a small island separated by a narrow channel from the town
of Sebaste on the mainland. Autonomous of Imperial times, and Imperial
of Commodus. Inscr., eAAIOYCinN. Ti/pes — Head of Zeus, r^v. Nike ;
Head of Tyche, rev. Hermes.
KINGS.
Tarcondimotus I, a king of a part of Cilicia in the time of Pompej^
was killed at the battle of Actium b. c. 31.
Head of Kincf.
BAZIAEnZ TAPKONAIMOTOY.
Beneath A.ANinNlOY. Zeus
seated iE -9
Fhilopator, son of Tarcondimotus, succeeded his father.
Turreted female head, veiled. j BACIAenC (DIAOriATOPOC Pallas
I gtanding ^ -9
Concerning these petty kings see Eckhel, iii. 82 sq.
CILICIA.
619
Chbonological Table of the Coinage of Cilicia.
B.C.
B.C.
B.C.
B.C.
B.C. 67-
Imperial
600-450
450-380
380-333
333-67
Tmp.Times
Times
Adana
JE
Aegae
'" JE
M JE
Alexandria ad Issum
JE
JE
Anabarzus
JE
Anchiale (?)
.* . .
JE
Anemurium
JE
Antiochia ad Cydnum
t . .
'■' M
Antiochia ad Sarum
JE
Augusta
...
JE
Carallia
M
Casa
JE
Celenderis
M
M
M
'" JE
JE
Claudiopolis
JE
Colybrassus
...
JE
Coracesium
JE
Coropissus
JE
Corycus
^
Diocaesareia
JE
Epiphaneia
JE
Flaviopolis
^
Germanicopolis
...
JE
Hieropolis- )
Castabala \
JE
^
Holmi
JR
lotape
JE
Irenopolis
M
Issus (Satr.)
M
M
Lacanatis
^
Laerte
JE
Lalassis
JE
Lamus
M
Lyrbe
JE
Mallus (& Satr.)
jk
M
JR M
jr'"
'" ^
JE
Mopsus )
Seleucia ad Pyra- >
JE
JR JE
mum )
Nagidus
JR
JR JE
*...
Olba
M
^;
Philadelphia
M
Sebaste
M
Seleucia ad Caly-
JE
M JE
cadnum
Selinus
M
Soli (& Satr.) )
Pompeiopolis \
JR
JR
JE
JE
JE
Syedra
...
...
JE
Tarsus (& Satr.)
El,(?) M
M
JR
JR .^
'" JE
JP. JE
Titiopolis
JE
Zephyriura
JE
Elaeusa Insula
...
JE
Kings
M
620 CYPRUS.
CYPRUS.
In the time of the Assyrian kings there were in the island of Cyprus
ten small states, whose rulers are mentioned in several inscriptions.
Three centuries later Diodorus (xvi. 42) enumerates nine kingdoms in
the island, 'Ey yap tt) z;?j(roj ravTr] TroAeis ^](rai> a^Lokoyot fxcv kvvia, vtto be
TavTas VTsr}p\eL rerayixeva {J-iKpa TToXicrfiara, to, Trpoa-Kvpovvra tols evvea •nok^cnv.
kKaarr] 8e TOVTOiV eix^ /3a(nXea, r?/? /uey Tro'Aecos apyovTa, rw 8e (Bacnkel tG>v
Ylepa&v vTioTtTayjxivov. These nine cities were — (i) Salamis, (2) Citium
with Idalium and Tamasus, (3) Marium, (4) Amathus, (5) Curium, (6)
Paphus, (7) Soli, (8) Lapethus, and (9) Ceryneia. (See J. P. Six, Rev. Num.,
1883, p. 254.)
Notwithstanding the valuable researches of Mr.R. H. Lang (Num. Chron.,
1 8 7 1 ), M. Six {pp. cit.) and Dr. W.Deecke (H. Colhtz, Sammlung der gr. Bialekt-
Tnschr. I. Die gnechischkyprlschen Lischriffen in epichorischer Schrift, 1883) the
attribution of a large number of Cyprian coins still remains a matter of con-
siderable uncertainty. This is in great part owing to the extreme difficulty
of distinguishing one from another many of the characters of the Cypriote
syllabary on coins often ill preserved or carelessly struck, and in part
also to the fragmentary state of our knowledge of the history of the
island during the fifth and fourth centuries, the period to which the coins
belong. And yet when we remember how few years have passed since
the late Mr. George Smith, of the British Museum, discovered the key to
the interpretation of the mysterious Cypriote writing which had baffled
the ingenuity of students for more than twenty years, there is good
reason to congratulate ourselves on the advance which has been already
made. For a complete table of the Cypriote characters and their values
see Deecke {op. cit.).
The autonomous coinage of Cyprus begins in the latter part of the
sixth century, and lasts till the subjection of the island by Ptolemy
Soter, B.C. 312. It may be divided into the following principal classes :
— (a) the money of the kings of Salamis, Idalium, Curium, Paphus,
Marium, Soli, and perhaps of other towns bearing inscriptions in the
Ci/priofe and later in the Greek character ; (/3) the money of the Phoenician
kings of Citium and perhaps of Lapethus, bearing Phoenician inscriptions.
The weight-standard of all the silver money is at first the Aeginetic
somewhat reduced. The stater, weighing about i8ogrs. maximum, is not,
however, divided into halves and quarters as in European Greece, but into
thirds, sixths, twelfths, twenty-fourths, and forty-eighths, the denomina-
tions weighing 60, 30, 15, 'j-^, and y] grs. respectively. In the first half of
the fourth century this system was modified (except at Paphus, where it
was maintained to the last) and brought into harmony with the Rhodian
standard, which began to prevail in south-western AsiaMinor,afterB.c.400.
The later Cyprian coins consist of pieces of 114 grs., with their thirds
CITIUM.
621
fourths, sixths, and twelfths, weighing 38, 28, 19, and 9-5 grs. respectively.
In this period also gold staters and their divisions are of frequent occur-
rence in the island.
In fabric the earliest coins (those attributed to Euelthon of Salamis)
have a plain smooth reverse, which, about the time of the Persian
wars, gives place to a well marked incuse square containing a type.
After about b. c. 400 the incuse square gradually disappears, except on
the Phoenician coins of Citium, where it lingers on down to the age
of Alexander.
The following are the principal varieties of Cyprian money ; for
descriptions of the smaller divisions, the reader is referred to the article
by M. Six already cited.
Citium.
Baalmelek, circ. B. c. 450-420.
Herakles advancing, wielding club and
holding bow.
Id., or Head of Herakles on the
smaller divisions.
^xD ?)i2? Lion seated, in incuse square.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XL 42.)
M> Stater and divisions.
„ Lion seizing stag, in incuse
square . . JR Stater and divisions.
Azbaal, circ. b. c. 420-400.
Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. XL 43.) | b^Tyb Id. M Stater and divisions.
Baalram, circ. B. c. 380.
Id. (^eu. iVwm., 1884, p. 290.) \ Dli^yni? Id ^Stater
Demonicus (J), between b. c. 400 and 368.
Pallas standing, facing.
(De Luynes, Satr., PI. XIV. 21.)
BA— AH Id.
{Rev. Num., 1883, p. 332.)
Herakles strangling lion ;
Ta . mo . niC?) in Cypriote letters.
{Rev. Num., 1883, p. 334.)
I H mqS ^ 41 (perhaps ^n3[l3J]»1li?o[!j
=rBao-tX€'cos ArjfjLoviKov Ktrt.) Herakles
advancing with club and bow, in in-
cuse square . . . . JR Stater
No inscr. Similar type . iR 108 grs.
Pa . si in Cypriote letters. Pallas
seated on prow, holding aplustre. .
M 98 grs.
MeleMathon, circ. b. c. 368-362.
Horseman riding sideways, beneath,
m (D).
Herakles advancing.
(De Luynes, Satr., PI. XIII. 8 bis)
Id. {Ibid., PI. XIII. 8.)
D Id. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. G. 2 o.)
Herakles advancing . . . M Stater
{Rev. Num., 1883, P- 335-)
|n^3??2 ^?JD? Lion devouring stag . .
N 64 grs. and smaller divisions.
W ^53 grs.
Head of Aphrodite, wearing lofty Ste-
phanos M Size -5
622
CYPRUS.
Herakles advancing.
{Rev. Num., 1883, p. 338.)
Pumiathon, circ. B.C. 361-312.
jD^CS "pjy? Lion devouring stag
it 64 grs. and smaller divisions.
Dated with regnal years of king, rang-
ing-from i to 50.
Curium, with name of king Sfasioecns, circ. B. c. 420, father of Onasioecus,
and son of Timocharis (Deecke, p. 66).
Stasioecus, circ. b. c. 420.
Head of Apollo, around in Cypriote
letters vo . [i ,] ko . se Ku . ri .
e . U . so = [BatrtXeiif '^TacrijfoiKos
KvpKVS.
[Rev. Num., 1883, p. 348.)
Incuse square. Goddess riding on run-
ning bull, above and below Pa . si .-
le . o . se Ti . mo .ka.ri.vo.se
^BaCTtXe'ws Tifio^apifos . Ai Stater
Onasioecus (.?), circ. b. c. 400.
Head of Apollo, around, Pa . si . le . u , Incuse square. Goddess riding on run-
[se] [O.na.] si.vo.i.ko.se=Baa-i- ning bull, above and below Pa.si.le.
\fv[s 'Ova](rifoiKOS. [vO .se.l Sa.ta.si.VO.i=BaatX6[fos]
{Rev. Num., 1883, p. 349.) 2raortfot[i<w] . . . . M 52-2 grs.
Idaliam (?). To this town M. Six {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 315) has con-
jecturally attributed the series of the following type: —
Circ. B.C. 500-400, or later.
Sphinx seated ; various fragmentary
Cypriote inscr. in the field.
Id.
E . ta . li 1='HSaXt[€fo)i'] Id.
Incuse square, without type, or incuse
containing lotus flower . M, Stater
Id -51 54 grs.
Id iR 33 grs.
Iiapethus. To this town, under the rule of a certain Sidqimelek, circ.
B. c. 440-420, M. Six would attribute the following archaic silver staters: —
Sidqimelek, King of Lapethus.
Head of Pallas, of archaic style, in
crested Corinthian helmet, around
uncertain inscr. read by M. Six
(De Luynes, Satr., PI. XVI. 49.)
Incuse square, witliin which head of
Pallas, facing, wearing helmet adorned
with the ears and horns of a bull,
to which latter, crests are attached
(cf. Herod., vii. 76), on either side
1^0— pnX^ . . M Stater 1 7 1 grs.
Praxi'pims, King of Lapethus.
Diodorus (xix. 79) says that Praxippus, the last king of Lapethus, was
dethroned by Ptolemy Soter B.C. 312.
HP Head of Aphrodite, crowned with
myrtle. (Six, q;;. cit., p. 370.)
BA Large krater
iESize -5
C URIUM-PAPHUS.
623
Marium.
Before circ. b. c. 400.
Wolf biting liis foreleg, above, bipeniiis.
[Jiev. Num., 1883, p. 342.)
Id.
7D (?) Incuse square, Aphrodite (?)
naked, clinging to a running ram
JR Stater 151 grs.
Id M 57-2 grs.
This is a very doubtful attribution, and M. Six has himself since sug-
gested Amathus as more probable.
Circ. B.C. 330-312.
Diodorus (xix. 62. 79) mentions a king of Marium, named Stasioeeus.
who was dethroned by Ptolemy in b. c. 312. It is to his reign that the
following coins undoubtedly belong : —
Stasioeeus, King oj Marium.
Pa in Cypriote character ( = /3a) Head
of Zeus, laureate.
M A Head of. Aphrodite, wearing ste-
phane AZ^ 30 grs.
(Six, 0;;. a7,, Pl.VII. II.)
MA Id A' II grs.
(De Luynes, PI. V. 9.)
Fa . si . [le] . u . [se] = Bao-tXeiij. Head
of Aphrodite . . -^ 94 grs. worn.
M AP I EYS Head of Aphrodite . . .
(Six, op. cit., PI. VII. 12.)
^44 grs. and smaller divisions.
BA Pa.— MAPIE Fulmen vR 38 grs.
(Six, PL VII. 13.)
Faphus. To this city the following coins have been ascribed with
some show of reason by M. Six (oj). cit.) : —
Circ. B.C. 480-400, and later.
Pa.Sa ( = /3a 2a) Id.
Head of Zeus, laureate.
(Six, op. cit., p. 344.)
Sa . ta , si . o(?)i . ko ( = Srao-iotKos) Head
of Zeus, laureate.
Head of Aphrodite.
Man-headed bull (River Bocarus 1),
with head turned back, above and
below inscr. read by M. Six, Po .
ka.ro. se.
Bull standing ; above, sometimes Pu .
or Pu . nu . (=ni/u).
Pa . si ( = nao-t) Astragalos, in incuse
circle. . . . Ai Stater 172 grs.
^ 53 grs.
[Fev. Num., 1883, p. 352.)
Incuse square, in which Eagle's head .
M Stater
{Rev. Num., 1883, p. 354.)
Incuse square, in one corner olive spray.
Dove('?) or Eagle standing, Inscr. some-
timesPa — Pu( = Ba — Uw ?) Jll 27 grs.
JR 12-5 grs.
M, 6 grs.
Pasi and Punu may stand for Pasippus and Pnytus.
Id. Above bull, winged solar disk
{Rev. Num., 1883, p. 355.)
Bull standing, above, solar disk, in
front, crux ansata.
{Rev. Num., 1883, p. 356.)
Bull standing, above," solar disk, around
Mo . a . ge . ta.
Incuse square, in one corner often an ivy-
leaf, Dove (?) or Eagle standing, in front
one-handled vase, around Pa . si Sa .
ta.sa.tO.ro ( = Bao-t. 2Tacra{v)bp(o) .
JR Staters and smaller divisions.
Incuse square, in which flying eagle
M Stater
{Rev. Num., 1883, p. 357.)
624
CYPRUS.
Fig. 329.
Bull standing, above, solar disk, be-
neath, A . ri.
Id. Inscr. Pa . si . po . se . Pa . si.
Incuse square, in which flying eagle.
(Fig. 329.) M Stater
Id M Stater
{Rev. Num., 1883, p. 360.)
The above coins, distinguished by the flying eagle on the reverse, are
attributed by M. Six to kings named Stasandrus, Moagetas, Aristophantus,
and Pasippus.
Circ. B.C. 400-320.
Head of Aphrodite, wearing Stephanos.
nA<t)l Dove r., above, astragalos . .
M Stater and divisions and M -8
[Rev. Num., 1883, p. 364.)
Nicocles, B.C. 320-310.
Head of Aphrodite facing wearing
Stephanos.
n — BA {Ud(f)ov Bao-tX/cos) Head of
Aphrodite, 1. wearing Stephanos.
(Mion., Sup., p. 310.)
Eagle standing left ; in front grapes
A 22 grs.
{Rev. Num., 1883, PI. VII. 16,)
NIKOKAEOYZ PAOION Apollo
seated on omphalos, holding arrow
and bow. M Double Stater 326 gra.
Ptolemy Soter, B.C. 310-305.
Head of Aphrodite, wearing Stephanos. | PTOAEMAIOY Eagle on fulmen, ^-8
I {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 365.)
Salamis. The series of the coins of the Kings of Salamis is more
complete than that of any other Cyprian state. It falls into three
principal classes : —
(o) Circ. B.C. 500-410.
Fig. 330.
Ram recumbent, or ram's head. (Fig. I Plain, or incuse square, containing crux
330.) 1 aw6'a<a, or ram's head. ^R Stater, etc.
PAPIIUS—SALAMIS.
625
On specimens of this class the names, E . u . ve . le . to . ne (= Et/fe'A^coi-),
Pa .si E . ti . ve . le . to . to . se {= Bao-t Y^vfiX6o\y]TOi), Pa . si . le . vo . se
Ni . ko . ta . mo ( = Bao-cAef o? NtKoSd/^co), Pa . si . le . u . se La . ka . ri . ta
( = BamAeu? Aaxaplha[s]), E . u . va . te . o . se (= Eifa[i'](?eos), and others
of doubtful import, have been read by Deecke and Six \Rev. Num., 1883,
266).
{ff) Circ. B.C. 410-368.
Euagoras I., B.C. 410-374.
Head of young Herakles, facing, wear- i Goat recumbent,
ing lion's skin. Inscr.
E . U . va . ko. rO.( = Evfayopco)
Head of Herakles, in profile.
Id.
E . u . va . ko . ro . Id.
[Rev. Num., 1883, p. 281.)
E . u . va . Herakles seated on rock,
holds rhyton and club.
{Rev. Num., 1883, p. 282.)
Inscr. Pa . si . le .
VO.se ( = Ba(rtX€fos) . -S? 31-5 grs.
(B.M. Guide, PI. XX. 41.)
Forepart of goat, beneath, club . . .
i^ 9-5 grs.
Head of goat .... i^ 6-4 grs.
EY Pa . si . le . vo . se Goat recumbent.
M Stater
Pa . si . le . vo . se Goat i-ecumbent,
(rarely in incuse square) . vR 5 1 grs.
Pa . Ni . ( = Ba Ni) Head of Pallas, in
Corinthian helmet . . ^ 43 grs.
R 10.5 grs.
Pa.Ni. in Cypriote and B — N in
Greek letters. Dolphin . . M -6
Nicodes, circ. b. c. 374-368
Head of Aphrodite, with flowing hair
and richly adorned Stephanos.
(Gardner, Tyjyes Gr. C., PI. X. 48.)
Head of Aphrodite, hair in saccos.
{Rev. Num., 1883, PI. YI. 12.)
To this king, reigning jointly with his brother (?) named Damonicus,
M. Six {op. cit., p. 287) assigned, conjecturally, on the evidence of a very
indistinct inscription, the following stater, now in the British Museum.
Aphrodite standing, facing, holding
branch, and sacrificing at thymia-
terion, around, Pa . si . le . vo . se
Zeus seated, facing ; around. Pa . si .
le . vo . se Ni . ko . ke . le . vo .
se (?) (^BadtXefos NtKOKXefos).
{Rev. Num., 1883, PI. VI. 13.)
Ta . mo . ni . Ka . si . ke (?) (=Ba-
(TiXefos Aafiovi^Kco^ Kaaiy^vrjTcovj (?) .
M Stater
It should be remarked, however, that M. Six has since suggested
Timocharis as a preferable reading for the reverse, viz. Pa. si .le.vo.se.
Ti . mo .ka.ri.vo.se ( = Bao-iXe'fos Ti/xoxaptf 09), and, after a careful
examination of the inscription, I am convinced that this is correct.
(y) Coins of Salamis with Greek legends.
Euagoras II.,' B.C. 368-351.
EYA Head of Aphrodite, turreted . .
N Stater
(De Luynes, PI. XII. 6.)
BA Id ^114 grs.
(Cf Hunter, PI. XXIII. 18.)
JE -6
BA Lion with eagle on his back;
above, star.
EYA Head of Pallas in Corinthian
helmet.
Same type.
{Rev. Num., 1883, PI. VII. 5.)
EYA Lion walking ; above, star.
s s
626
CYPRUS.
Pnytagoras^circ. B.C. 351-332.
Fig. 331.
Pt^ Head of Aphrodite, turreted. | BA Head of Aphrodite, in crenelated
diadem N Stater
BA Head of Artemis . . yR 109 grs.
(Hunter, PI. XXXII. 20.)
(Fig. 331.)
PNl Head of Aphrodite, in myrtle
wreath.
There are also smaller silver coins weighing about 32 grs. with a
female head on both sides. {Bev. Num., 1883, p. 296.)
Nicocreon, circ. B.C. 331-312.
Ml or NIK (in monogram). Head of
Aphrodite, turreted. (Six, Pl.VI. 1 8.)
NIK (in monogram). Head of Aphro-
dite, turreted.
BA Head of Aphrodite, turreted.
BA Head of Aphrodite, in crenelated
diadem K Stater
B A Head of Apollo, laureate. -51 98 grs.
(Cf. Hunter, PI. XXIII. 19.)
N I K Head of Apollo, laur. M \ Drachm
Menelaus, B.C. 310-307. Strategos under Ptolemy.
MEN Head of Aphrodite, turreted. I Pa (=Ba) Head of Aphrodite, in crene-
(De Luynes, PI. V. 7.) ' lated diadem .... AT 42 grs.
Soli (?).
Circ. B.C. 480-400.
Lion recumhent, head turned back.
Head of Aphrodite, of archaic style,
with large round earring.
Lion's head, with open jaws.
(De Luynes, PhVLi.)
Id. (Num. Chron., iS*] I, p. 12, No. 10.)
Id. {Num. Chron., I. c, No. 9.)
Id. {Num. Chron., I. c. No. 8.)
Plain {Brit. Mus) . .
Incuse square, within
Pallas
{Num. Chron., 1871
Pa. A (=Ba 'a) Incuse
which Gorgon head .
Pa . E { = Ba 'e) Incuse
which crux ansata
Pa . E {=Ba 'e) Incuse
which bull's head .
Pa . Pi {=Ba *t) Id. .
. M Stater
which head of
. M Stater
,p. 15, No. 33.)
square, within
. M Stater
square, within
. M Stater
square, within
. . M Stater
. M Stater
The above (inscribed) coins M. Six (p. 368) proposes to attribute to the
kings of Soli, Aristocyprus, Eunostus, and Philocyprus.
SALAMI8—S0LI {!>).
627
Hermes walking, holding caduceus, in
front, Pa . Sa . la . (= Ba[a-t\ei;s-] 2a-
Xa[.] ]). (Six, p. 303.)
Lion to right. {Ibid., p. 305.)
Id., in ex. A ( = Ko or To).
(De Luynes, PI. VI. 20.)
Lion recumbent, beneath .... LaC?) to.
(De Luynes, PI. IL 2 ; PI. XII. 2.)
Id. above, eagle flying.
Incuse square, within which head of
Amnion Ai Stater
Incuse square, within which crux
ansata Al Stater
Incuse square, within which butting
bull, beneath A (= Ko or To)
M Stater
Incuse square, within which forepart
of lion M Stater
Id M Stater
{Hev. Num., 1883, PI. VI. 21.)
B.C. 400-312.
B — Z Head of Pallas, 1.
(Cf. De Luynes, PI. V. 8, and Rev.
Num., 1883, pp. 361 and 369.)
No inscr. Similar.
A P Bull walking, r., above, in Cy-
priote letters Pa . Sa . N 63-4 grs.
Pa . Sa . Bull walking, r. N 7 grs.
(De Luynes, Mon. Cyiw., PI. V. 8.)
Of these gold coins the first may perhaps be attributed to Stasicrates,
a king of Soli circ. b. C. 350 (?). M. Six is, however, inclined to assign it
to Stasioecus, king of Marium, and he would read M]AP on the reverse ;
but although there is ample space in the field of the coin, there is not
the slightest trace of any letter before AP.
To the fourth century also belongs a series of coins weighing 104 grs.
and ^6 grs., with Lion types similar to those described above, but of
later style, and bearing various inscriptions (Six, p. 309). The latest
coins of Soli belong apparently to King Eunostus II (ob. b. c. 310), who
married Eirene, daughter of Ptolemy Soter (Athenaeus, xiii. p. 576).
EY Head of Apollo.
(Mion., Rois grecs, PL XXXII. 2.)
BA Head of Aphrodite . . AT 41 grs.
Cyjyrus under the Ptolemies.
For the coins struck by Ptolemy Soter and his successors in the island
of Cyprus see R. S. Poole's Catalogue of the Coins of the Ptolemies Ki?igs of
JEgj/j^t. There is also in the British Museum a tetradrachm with Alexander
the Great's types with a flying dove as a symbol in the field and the
Cypriote letter E under the throne, which may be attributed to Paphus.
Imperial Times.
Augustus to Macrinus. The coinage of Cyprus, as a Roman province
after b. c. 31, consists of bronze coins, without the name of the island,
of Augustus and Drusus Junior, the former inscribed A PLAVTIVS
PROCOS. The coins of Claudius have a Latin inscr. on the obverse
and KOINON KYTTPIUUN on the reverse. During the three last years
of Vespasian's reign, while Titus and Domitian were Caesars, silver
tetradrachms and didrachms of 196 and 98 grs. were issued in the island,
with the reverse inscription GTOYC NEOY l€POY, and the regnal year of
Vespasian. Under Trajan the inscription is usually AHMAPX. EZ.
YnATO.ror Z(=TR. POT. COS. VI or VII) KOINON KYHPinN. T^pes—
Zeus Salaminios standing holding patera and sceptre, an eagle stands
s s 2
628
GALATIA.
upon his wrist. Temple of Aphrodite at Paphus, in the midst of which
is a conical stone, the symbol of the goddess (cf. Max. Tyr. 8, 8)
and in front a semicircular paved enclosure or basin, sometimes con-
taining a fish (Fig. 332). On either side of the temple is a portico
containing a thymiaterion, and with a dove on the roof. The central
portion of the building, pierced by three openings, is surmounted by a
star within a crescent.
^" 7. '
'. Ml-/
^
^'
Fig. 332.
GALATIA.
[Birch, Numismatic Chronicle, ii. 169 and 223.]
The province of Galatia, south of Bithynia and Paphlagonia, west of
Pontus and north-east of Phrygia, was peopled by Gaulish tribes who
had passed into Asia about b. c. 278, It was not, however, until more
than a century after their migration into Asia that they settled quietly
down in the district which was named after them. Of these Gauls there
were three principal tribes (Strab. 187), the ToUstobogii, who occupied the
western portion of Galatia (chief town Pessinus), the Tectosages, who
were settled in the centre (chief town Ancyra), and the Trocmi, who
dwelt in the east, their capital being Tavium.
The earliest Galatian coins are those of the following kings :-
KINGS OF GALATIA.
Brogitarus acquired the title of king in B, c, 58, as well as that of
High Priest of Pessinus, by purchase from P. Clodius, Plebeian Tribune
(Mommsen, Hist. Mou. Rom., iii. 313).
Head of Zeus, r. in oak- wreath.
(MioD., Siq^pl, vii. PI. XIII. 3.)
BAZIAEnZ BPOriTAPOY <t)IAO-
PHMAIOY with date <=, (= year 6
of his reign, B. c. 53) Eagle on fulmen
Ai Tetradr. of cistophoric weight.
i86-8 ffrs.
Deiotarus I. A Tetrarch of Galatia, who, for his services to the
Romans, was rewarded with the title of king b. c. 74.
GALATLL
629
Deiotarus II, the son of the above, reigned jointly with his father for
some years before the death of the latter in B. C. 40 (Clinton, Fast. Hell.,
iii. 207). He was succeeded by Amyntas b. c. '7^6. The following coin
may belong either to the father or the son: —
Bust of Nike, to right.
{Zeit.f. yum., 1885, p. 371.)
BAZIAEnZ AHIOTAPOY Eagle with
spread wings, standing on sword in
sheath, between pilei of the Dioskuri.
M -9
Amyntas, B. c. 36-25, was made king of Galatia by M. Antony,
Pisidia and part of Pamphjdia being at the same time incorporated with
Galatia (Dion. Cass., xlix. c. 32). The silver coins of this king were
struck at Side in Pamphylia. The small gold coins of Amyntas are
modern forgeries (Num. Zeit., iii. 435).
Head of Pallas. BAZIAEHZ
(B. M. Guide, PI. LX. 7.)
vancinc: r.
Head of bearded Herakles, with club
at shoulder.
Head of Artemis.
Bust of Hermes, with caduceus.
AMYNTOY Nike ad-
carrying sceptre, bound
with diadem
M Attic tetradr. 247 grs.
BAZIAEnZ AMYNTOY Lion walk-
ing ^ i-o
Stag ^-65
., ,, Winged ca-
duceus ^ '6
Galatia a Roman Province.
After the death of Amyntas, Galatia, together with Lycaonia, part of
Isauria, Pamphylia, and part of Phrygia, was constituted a JRoman
province and placed under a Legatus with the title of Propraetor.
The Imperial coinage was issued from the following mints : —
Ancyra, also called Sebaste Tectosagum, stood on a small tributary
of the Sangarius, near the frontiers of Paphlagonia. Its coinage falls
into the following classes. Imjyerial times — Tiberius to Salonina. (a)
Liscr., KOINON TAAAinN or TAAATIAZ, with or without names of
Legati, M. Neratius Pansa and T. Pomponius Bassus, (/3) htscr., ANKYP A,
ANKYPAC or ANKYPANnN, also with honorary titles ANinNeiNlANHC
ANKYPAC, MHTPOnOAIC THC TAAATIAC, N€nKOPOC, etc. Magis-
trates, nperr^eDT?/?, npecrySeynjs avTOKpdropos, or YlpecrlievT-)]^ avrLcrTpaTriyos.
Games— krn.[[A^(:] ICOnYOIA, AKTIA HYOIA, ACKAHHEIA CHTHPeiA,
etc. (y) with inscr., CCBACTHNnN or KOINON TAAAinN, rev. CCBAC-
THNnN or C€BACTHNnN TAAA. (8) with inscr., CCBACTHNnN TEK-
TOCArnN.
yy> '-^A^
f,i^<'i^
Ui',
4jj ' •
Fw. 333-
630 GALATIA.
Types — Temple of Augustus ; City seated holding anchor and sceptre ;
Zeus seated ; Asklepios standing ; Men standing ; Three athletes standing
around a vase (Fig. 'i^^t?^ j Three agonistic urns; Dionysos in biga drawn
by elephants ; Aphrodite naked swimming, preceded by Eros [Zeit. f.
Num., viii. PL I. 9) ; Aphrodite naked, arranging her hair (Imhoof, Mon.
Gr., 415) ; with numerous others of no special interest.
Eubrogis (?). (Longperier, Bev. Mm., 1843, p. 253 ; Berl. Bldtt., iv. 25.)
Turreted female head. | EYBP Two-handled vase . . ^ -65
As Imhoof has pointed out [Mon. Or., p, 461) it is far more probable
that these coins belong to some Thracian dynast of the fourth century
B. c, or to some city on the southern coast of the Euxine, than to Galatia.
See above, p. 241.
Genua, near Pessinus, a Roman colony. Imperial — Domitian to Etrus-
cilla. Full iMscriptmi, COLONIA AVGVSTA FELIX CERMENORVM,
variously abbreviated. Gawes — ACT I A DVSARIA, in honour of the
Actian Apollo and the Ai-abian Dusares or Bacchus (cf. coins of Bostra
Arabiae).
Fessinus, on the Sangarius, at the foot of Mount Dindymus, was the
chief town of the Tolistobogii, and was famed for its temple of Kybele,
containing the sacred stone (Livy, xxix. 10, 11) or wooden image of
the goddess, which was removed to Rome during the second Punic war.
Autonomous, first century B. c
Head of Kybele Dindymene, turreted
Head of Atys (?).
MHTPOZ OEnN HEZZINEAS
Lion seated yE -95
Same inscr. Bull butting . . M -^
Im2)erial Times.
Head of Kybele, with legend, OCA 1 neCClNOY[^rt'coi/] Head of Atys tE -5
IAEA. (iV^?im. CAron.., i876,p. 79.) |
Imperial— A.ngn&i\is, to Geta. Inscr., FFeCCINOYNTinN or neCCINOYN-
TinN rAA(ara)y) TOAICTOf/Sooytcor), etc., Num.. Chron., n. 230). Types —
Kybele seated ; Hades with Kerberos ; Pallas ; Artemis ; Herakles
{Num.Chron.,i\.2%()); Dionysos; Nemesis; Apollo; River-god Sangarius,
etc.
Tavium, near the Halys in eastern Galatia, the chief town of the
Trocmi and also called Sebaste Trocmorum. It was famous for its
temple containing a colossal bronze statue of Zeus.
Autonomous, first century B.C.
Lion attacking bull. 1 TAYIflN Kantharos between pilei of
the Dioskuri MS
CAPPADOCIA. 631
Zw^^ma/— Tiberius to Elagabalus. Ivscr., TAOYIANnN, TAOYIANriN
C€[BACTHNnN] TPO[KMnNJ, or CeBACTHNnN TPOKMnN, without
name of Tavium. Era begins B. C. 25. l)/pes — AAYC, River-god Halys ;
Apollo standing beside column with his lyre ; Zeus enthroned, perhaps
the colossal statue above referred to ; Pallas standing, etc.
CAPPADOCIA.
In early times it is probable that the Persian darics and sigli were the
only coins, if there were any, which circulated in the region called Cappa-
docia. But from about b. c. 380, when Datames made himself independent
of the Great King, and founded a dynasty in Cappadocia which ruled the
country down to B. c. 93, and again subsequently down to A. d. 17, we
possess a long series of numismatic monuments. The classification of
the regal series of Cappadocia is, however, involved in much obscurity.
See Borrell {Nuvi. CJirou., 1862, i) and Friedlander [Zeit.f.Num., iv. 10 and
269). The order here adopted is that of Imhoof {Fortrcifkopfe, p. 38), but
it is probable that M. Th. Reinach's forthcoming paper on this subject, in
the Revue Numismatique, 1886, may involve some modifications in the
arrangement.
KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA.
First Dynasty.
Datames, circ. B. c. 380-362. Silver coins, with types of Sinope, some
with his name in Greek, others with his name in Aramaic characters.
(See above, p. 434.)
Ariaramnes or Ariamnes I, circ. B. c. 362-350. Son of Datames.
Bronze, conjecturally attributed to this king by Friedlander (-^giV./. Num.,
iv. 268). In M. Six's opinion, however, this coin belongs to the reign of
Ariamnes II, circ. b. c. 250.
Head of Satrap. I APIAPAMNOY Galloping horseman
Ariarathes I, circ. B. c, 350-322. Coins of three classes: —
(i) M, Similar to those of Datames with Sinopean types.
(ii) M, ohv. Baal enthroned. Aramaic inscr. "lIMPy^, rev. Griffin seizing
Stag, inscr. mVlN, wt. 82 grs., imitated from coins of Tarsus (see Six, Num.
Chron., 1884, PI. V. 12), and attributed by "Waddington [Melanges, p. 86)
to Gaziura, the residence of the kings of Cappadocia.
(iii) iE obv. Persian archer ; rev. Goat, and name of Ariarathes in Aramaic
letters. Size -6.
633
CAPFABOCIA.
Ariarathes III, died circ. B. C. 220. Attic tetradrachms (wt. 253 grs.)
of Syrian style ; rev. BAZIAEnZ API AP AGO Y, Pallas Nikephoros seated.
(Mion., PL LXXVII. 5 ; Imhoof, PoHrdfkojjfe, PI. V. 18.)
Nysa, widow of Ariarathes II, with her son, Ariarathes IV. M Drachm
— BAZIAIZZHZ NYZHS KAI BAZIAEHS APIAPAOOY EnicDANOYS
TOY YIOY. [Zeil.f. Num., iv. 270.)
Ariarathes IV, B. C. 220-163. M Drachms-
EYZEBOYZ, Pallas Nikephoros standing.
-BAZIAEr^S APIAPAOOY
Ariarathes V, B.C. 163-130. M Drachms— BAZIAEnZ APIAPAOOY
<t)IAOMHTOPOZ. (Imhoof, Pw^fmY/^o}/^, p. 39.)
Orophernes, B.C. 158-157. vR Tetradrachms— B All AEHZ OPOc|>EP-
NOY NlKH(t)OPOY, Nike with wreath and palm (Fig. 334).
Fig. 334.
Ariarathes VI, B. C. 130-100. /R Drachms — BAZIAEHZ APIAPAOOY
Eni<t)ANOYZ, Pallas Nikephoros standing. (Imhoof, Po;Yra7y?ro>/(?, Pl.V. 22.)
Ariarathes VII and VIII, sons of Ariarathes VI, expelled by Mithra-
dates. No coins.
Ariarathes IX, son of Mithradates the Great, B.C. 96-84 (?). ^Tetra-
drachms, with head of Mithradates, rev. BAZIAEHS APIAPAOOY
EYSEBOYZ OIAOTTATOPOZ, Pegasos drinking, as on coins of Mithradates.
Other tetradrachms with the same legend, or with BAZIAEflZ APIA-
PAOOY APIAPAOOY OlAOriATOPOZ, have the portrait of the young
king himself, rev. Pallas Nikephoros standing. (Imhoof, Porfrdtkopfe,
PI. V. 25, Rev. Ni////., 1883, PI. IV. 7.) There are also drachms, with similar
portraits, rev. BAZIAEHZ APIAPAOOY EYZEBOYZ. [Zeit. f. Nuvi., \v.
10 ; Imhoof, 3Io7i. Gr., p. 240, and Portrdtkopfe, p. 39.)
Second Dynasty.
Ariobarzanes I, B.C. 93-59. M Drachms— B A ZIAEHZ APIOBAP-
ZANOY OIAOPHMAIOY, Pallas Nikephoros standing.
Ariobarzanes II, B.C. 59-51. A\ Drachms— BAZ I AEHZ APIOBAP-
ZANOY (MAOTTATOPOZ, Pallas Nikephoros standing.
CAPPABOCIA. 633
Ariobarzanes III, B.C. 51-42. M Drachms — BAZIAEnZ APIOBAP-
ZANOY EYZEBOYZ KAI (DIAOPHM AIOY, Pallas standing. S>/mljol, in
field, Crescent and star,
Ariarathes X, B.C. 42-36. M Drachms — BAZIAEHZ APIAPAOOY
or BAZIAEnS APIAPAOOY EYZEBOYZ KAI <t)IAAAEA(t>OY. Similar.
Symbol in field, Trophy.
Archelaus, B.C. 36-A.D. 17. iR Drachms— BAZIAEHZ APXEAAOY
or BAZIAEnZ APXEAAOY <t>IAOnATPIAOZ TOY KTIZTOY, o^y. Por-
trait, rev. Club, or ohv. Head of Herakles, rei\ Mount Argaeus.
Cappadocia a Roman Province.
On the death of Archelaus in Rome, A. d. 1 7, Cappadocia was constituted
a Roman Province under the government of a Procurator.
Caesareia. The metropolis Mazaca, the name of which had been changed
to Eusebeia in honour of Ariarathes Eusebes, received from Tiberius the
new name of Caesareia. It stood at the foot of the lofty volcanic
mountain, Argaeus, from whose snow-capped summit, some 13,000 feet
above the sea level, Strabo says (p. 538) that both the Euxine and the
bay of Issus may be seen in clear weather. This mountain was revered
as a god by the people of Caesareia (Max. Tyr., Diss., viii.), and on the
coins a statue with radiate head, the personification of the mountain or
of Helios, stands on the rocky peak, on the side of which is a cavern from
which flames are seen to issue (cf. Strab., 538). On some specimens above
the mountain are one or more Stars, one or two Eagles, or a Wreath.
The earliest coins of Caesareia are of bronze ; they bear the i7iscr.
EYZEBEIAZ or EYZEBEIAZ AZY[AOY]. %;e^— Turreted female head ;
Head of Helios ; Head of Herakles ; or Head of Zeus, rev. Cornucopiae ;
Mount Argaeus ; Temple ; Palm ; Pyramid ; Asiatic Artemis, etc.
These coins may be anterior to the time of Tiberius. Next in order
follow certain bronze coins, with the double name EYZEBEIAZ
KAIZAPEIAZ, or with KAIZAPEIAZ only. %jg— Mount Ai-gaeus sur-
mounted by an eagle.
The Imperial issues — Tiberius to Treb. Gallus — are very numerous, both
in silver and bronze. Inscr., KAICAPCIAC, KAIC. TTPOC APTAIXl, KAI-
CAPeaN inN nPOC APrAin, KACAPEIAC MHIPOnOAenC, etc. From
Tiberius to L. Verus the silver coins are without the name of the city,
but they usually bear the regnal year of the Emperor, and the number of
his Consulship and Tribunitia Potestas. ET(oys) A, B, f, etc. AHMAPX.
EZ. Yn AT , etc. Magistrate, with title Legatus (nP€CB€YTHC). Games—
KOINOC CeOYHPIOC <J)I AAACAcDIOC, in honour of Severus, Caracalla, and
Geta. Among the remarkable inscriptions may be mentioned — 0 M 0 N f 0 1 A]
CTPATIAC and nPONfOI AJCTP ATI AC = Concordia exercituum and
Providentia exercitus (Z. f. N., xii. 349) on coins of Nerva ; also
eiC OANATOYC KYPIOY, referring to the death of Severus {Z. f. K,
xi. PL I. 5); CTOYC lepOY on coins of Vespasian, and KOMOAOY
BACIACYONTOC 0 KOCMOC €YTYX€I, as on coins of Nicaea and Cius
in Bithynia, pp. 440, 443.
634
CAPPALOCIA.
The Imperial silver coins of Caesareia follow the Phoenician standard,
and may be compared with the contemporary coinage of Antioch. At
Antioch, however, the tetradrachm (circ. 220 grs.) is the prevalent
penomination, while at Caesareia drachms and didrachms {^^ and 112
grs.) are almost exclusively employed (Mommsen, Hist. Mon. Bom.^ iii. 315).
Fig. 335.
By far the most frequent type, both on the silver and the bronze (Fig.
335), is the Mount Argaeus, as above described, or a representation of it,
placed on an altar. On one specimen, a large bronze coin of Sev.
Alexander, the mountain is flanked by two tall conical simulacra,
with radiate summits. For some other interesting varieties see Imhoof
[Mo7i. Gr., p. 416).
Alliance coijis with Smyrna.
Comana, distinguished by the epithet Chryse from its colony of the
same name in Pontus, was, like it, famous for its temple of Enyo, Ma, or
Bellona. The coins attributed to this town by Mionnet, Shj)J)1., vii. p. 710,
belong, according to Mr. Ramsay, to Comama in Pisidia.
Cybistra, between Caesareia and the Cilician gates (Cicero, ad Aft., v.
20). /;«7;mfl/ of Trajan. /«*cr., KYBICTPCUUN. lypes — Harpa of Perseus ;
Upper half of figure swimming (?). (Fox, PL VIII. 155.)
Eusebeia. See Caesareia.
Tyana, at the foot of Mount Taurus, on a small affluent of the river
Lamus, commanded the northern entrance of the pass into Cilicia, called
the Cilician gates. Its coinage falls into two classes : — (a) Imperial —
Nero to Severus, with or without portraits. Inscr., TYANenN or
TYANnN, occasionally with addition of TUN nPOC TAYPH, l€PAC KAI
ACYAOY KAI AYTONOMOY variously abbreviated, Magistrate, Pres-
beutes. (/3) Imperial colonial — Domna and Caracalla. Inscr., ANT KOAH-
NIAC TYANnN. Ti/pes — Tyche seated, with River swimming at her
feet; Pallas seated ; Bull, etc. Gaw^^— AfflN ANTHNINIANOC.
ARMENIA. 635
ARMENIA.
The kingdom of Armenia, extending from Cappadocia on the west to
the shores of the Caspian on the east, and from Colchis on the north to
Media and Mesopotamia in the south, has left very scanty numismatic
remains. Before the Macedonian conquest there are no coins whatever
which throw any light upon Armenian history, nor under the dominion
of the Seleucidae does it appear that any coins were struck in Armenia.
But after the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans at the battle of Magnesia
(b. c. 190) Zariadris and Artaxias, two Armenian nobles, revolted from
Syria, and divided the country into two parts, called respectively the
Lesser and the Greater Armenia. From this time down to that of
Augustus we possess a broken series of regal coins which have been
assigned on grounds more or less plausible to Armenian dynasts. The
evidence in favour of the attribution of some of these pieces to Armenia
is, however, far from convincing. The chief works on the subject are
La,ng\ois, Nttmis7nafi que de I'Annenie, 1859; Thomas, Num. C/iron., 1867,
1868, and 1871 ; Blau, Zeii.f. Nim., vii. p. '^2)^ and Nim. Zeit., ix. 90.
Circ. B. c. 200 to the age of Augustus.
KINGS OF WESTERN ARMENIA, SOPHENE(?).
Anisades, possibly a son of Zariadris (b. c. 190-165). M Head of
Anisades in leathern tiara (?), rev. AZAPI ANlZAAIi, Goddess standing
between two Sphinxes {Z.f. N., iv. 266).
Ariaus. M reading AZ. APIAO; obv. similar head; rev. Horseman
galloping (^./. i\^., vii. PL IV. 8).
Morphilig. iE reading ZAP). MO PI, similar head ; r^v. Goddess stand-
ing. Blau, N?(m. Zeit., ix. 149.
KINGS OF ARMENIA.
Xerxes, circ. B.C. i7o(?). BAZIAEHZ ZEPZOY; re^7. Nike. M-^^
(Langlois, PI. I. 6, 7).
Abdissares, circ. B.C. i5o(?). BAZIAEHZ ABAIZZAPOY ; rev.
Eagle or Horse's head. JE -^^ (Langlois, PI. I. 8-10).
Tigranes I, B.C. 89-36. BAZIAEHZ TITPANOY or BAZIAEHZ
BAZIAEHN TirPANOY (Langlois, PI. H.) See Kings of Syria, p. 649.
636 ARMENIA.
Artavazdes I, son of Tigranes, B. C. 36-34.
Head of king, in Armenian tiara. BAZIAEHS BASIAEflN APTAY-
(Langlois, PL III. I.) AZAOY King in quadriga . . .
Id. (Langlois, PI. III. 2.) ' M 56 grs.
Nike M-7
Tigranes II, son of Artavazdes, circ. B. c. 20.
Head of king, in Armenian tiara. | BAZIAEHZ METAAOY TirPANOY
(Langlois, PI. III. 4.) 1 <t)IAEAAHNOZ Armenian, standing,
j with spear and bow . . . .^ -7
Tigranes III, with his sister Erato, B.C. 12-6 and 3-1.
BACIACYC BACIAEuuN TITPA-
NHC Head of Tigranes.
(Langlois, PI. HE. 5.)
BACIAeYC M€rAC NCOC TITPA-
NHC Head of Tigranes.
ePATUU BACIAEUJC TirPANOY
AAeA<J)H Head of Erato . M -95
Id ^ -95
Artavazdes II, son of Tigranes II. Time of Augustus.
BASIAEilZ MerAAOY APTA-
VAZAOY Head of king, diademed.
[Num. Chron., 1872, 13.)
OEOY KAIZAPOZ EYEPfETOY
Head of Augustus. . M, 54-7 grs.
Artaxias, son of Polemon I, king of Pontus, a.d. 18-35. Roman
denarii of Germanicus, rev. GERMANICVS ARTAXIAS, Germanicus
crowning Artaxias. (Cohen, i. p. 225.)
UNCERTAIN KINGS OF THE REGIONS ABOUT ARMENIA.
Oisames. BAZIAEHZ HIZAMOY, rev. Horseman galloping, armed
with lance. M -75. [Num. Zeit./n. 340.)
Ariarathes. BAZIAEaZ API APAOOY, rev. Pallas standing ; Bull ; Bow
in case. M -6^. [Zeit.f. Num., iv. 271.)
Mithridates. BASIAEHZ MIOPIAATOY <t)IAO rev. Club. ^7
Perhaps Cappadocian (cf. Zeit.f. Num., iv. 272, and vii. 37.)
Sames. BAZIAEHZ ZAMOY OEOZEBOYS KAI AIKAIOY; r^v. Nike
or Thyrsos. M -75. (Langlois, PI. I. 3.)
SYRIA. 637
SYRIA, etc.
(a) The Seleucid Kings.
[Vaillant (J. F.). Hist. Reguni Syriae, i']i%. Froelich. Annales Reguni et rernm Syriae
nummis illustrati, 1750. Gough. Coins of the Seleucidae, with 24 plates, 1803. De Saulcy.
Memoire stir les monnaies datees des Silevcides, 1871. Catalogue of the Coins of the Seleucid
Kings of Syria in the British Museum, by P. Gardner, with 28 plates, 1878. Bunbury. Unpub-
lished Coins of the Kings of Syria in the Numismaiic Chronicle, 1883, p. 65.]
The long and interesting series of the coins of the Kings of Syria,
notwithstanding the searching criticism to which it has been subjected,
is still in part but imperfectly classified. This is owing to the extreme
difficulty of distinguishing the portraits of some of the earlier kings. It
is not until we arrive at the reign of Antiochus IV (Epiphanes), when
titles begin to be added to the kings' names, that we can attain to abso-
lute historical certainty.
Seleucus I (Nicator), B. c. 312-280, the founder of the dynasty called
after him, made use, in the interval between Alexander's death b. c. 323
and B. c. 312, of coins bearing the name and types of Alexander, but with
his own signet, ike anchor, as an adjunct symbol in the field (Miiller,
Mo7i. (VAlex., Nos. 1355-59, and 1491-1514), concerning the origin of
which as the badge of his family see Justin xv. 4. After the victory of
Gaza, B. c, 312, Seleucus recovered possession of his old satrapy of
Babylon, from which he had been expelled by Antigonus, and from the
autumn of this year the era of the Seleucidae was reckoned. In b. c. 306,
following the example of Antigonus and Demetrius, Seleucus adopted
the title of king, and henceforth his coins are all inscribed BAZIAEHZ
2EAEYK0Y. Alexander's types were now gradually abandoned in favour
of new devices, among which the following deserve mention. The Attic
weight of Alexander's coinage was maintained.
Head of Seleucus with bull's horn.
(B. M. Cat., Pl.I. 6.)
Head of Zeus.
(B. M. Cat., PL I. 7.)
BAZIAEnZ ZEAEYKOY Horse's
head with bull's horns
K Stater, M Tetradr.
BAZIAEnS ZEAEYKOY Pallas in
quadriga or biga, drawn by horned
elephants
JB. Tetradr., M, Drachm, and divisions.
638
SYBIA.
Fig. 336.
Head of Seleucus, idealized, in helmet
of bull's skin, with ear and horn.
Head of horned horse.
Id. (B.M. Cat., Phil. I.)
Tripod. (B. M. Cat., PI. II. 2.)
BAZIAEnZ ZEAEYKOY Nike crown-
ing trophy. (Fig.. 336.) . . '. .
JR Tetradr., Drachm, etc.
BASIAEnS ZEAEYKOY Elephant
M Tetradr.
,, Anchor . . JR Drachm.
Id. . . M Obol.
The bull's horn was adopted by Seleucus as an emblem of divine
strength. Cf. the story told by Appian {Si/r., ^6) of his having on one
occasion, alone and unarmed, pulled down a furious bull which had
escaped from the altar while Alexander was sacrificing; ' propterea ejus
statuis adfingunt cornua.' The elephants doubtless refer to his Indian
campaigns against Sandracottus.
The bronze coins of Seleucus are numerous and varied, and are often
liable to be confused with those of his successors of the same name (but
see B. M. Cat., p. xviii).
Antiochus I (Soter). (a) Jointly with his father Seleucus, b. c, 293-
281. Tetradrachms, etc., with types of Alexander (B. M. Cat., PL III. 1),
or Head of Zeus ; rev. Pallas in car di-awn by elephants. Inscr., B AZI AEHZ
ZEAEYKOY ANTIOXOY {Num. Chron., 1879, PI- I- 4)- {^) Alone, B.C.
281-261. Inscr., BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY iR with types of Alexander,
and A", M, and M of various types.
Head of Antiochus.
(^^tm. Ghrmi., 1880, PI. X. 4.)
Id. (Fig. 337.)
Head of Seleucus I. horned.
BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY Head of
horned horse . K and M, Tetradr.
BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY Apollo
naked, seated on omphalos ....
K and M Tetradr.
Id. {Num. Chrm., 1883, PL IV. i.) .
M Tetradr.
THE SELEUCIB KINGS.
639
Towards the end of his reign Antiochus assumed the title Soter in
consequence of a victory over the Gauls (Appian, S//r., 6^). After this
he struck coins with his portrait as an old man with sharply defined
features and deep-set eyes. Inscr., ZflTHPOZ ANTIOXOY, Apollo on
omphalos. M Tetracb. (B. M. Cat., PL III. 7).
Antiochus II (Theos), B. c. 361-246. Inscr., BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY.
Head of king, sometimes as Hermes,
with winged diadem.
Id, (B. M. Cat., PL V. 5, 6.)
Apollo naked, seated on omphalos.
(B. M. Cat., PL V. 2.) K,M Tetradr.
Herakles seated on rock . iR Tetradr.
" All the tetradrachms bearing the type of Herakles seated are believed
by Dr. Imhoof {Mo7i. Gr., p. 426) to have been struck in Ionia and
Aeolis. It was in this king's reign that Parthia under Arsaces, and
Bactria under Diodotus, revolted against the Seleucid rule. This Dio-
dotus, before his revolt, appears to have substituted his own portrait for
that of Antiochus on certain gold and silver coins which bear the usual
inscription BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY, rev. Zeus hurling fulmen ; a type
which he afterwards adopted for his independent Bactrian money (B. Si.
Cat. PL V. 7).
Seleucus II (Kallinikos, Pogon), b. c. 246-226.
ZEAEYKOY. (a) Before his captivity in Parthia.
Inscr., BAZIAEnZ
Fig. 338.
Youthful head of king.
Head of Pallas, in close helmet.
(^) After his captivity.
Head of king, bearded.
(B. M. Cat., PL VI. 14.)
Id. {Ihid., Fig. 15.)
Apollo naked, standing beside tripod.
(Fig. 338.) MM
Id. (B. M. Cat., PL VI. 6.) . . MM
Apollo naked, standing beside tripod M
Bow in case M
For other varieties see B. M. Cat., Seleucidae. Polybius (ii. 71) says
that this Seleucus was surnamed Pogon from his custom of wearing a
beard, which, like Demetrius, the only other bearded king of Syria, he
probably adopted during his sojourn in Parthia.
Antiochus (Hierax), b. c. 246-227, revolted from his brother Seleucus II
and declared himself king of the province of Asia Minor. It is possible
640
STRIA.
that some of the tetradrachms reading BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY, usually-
ascribed to Antiochus III, may have been struck by him. (Bunbury,
Num. Chron.^ 1883, p. 83.)
Seleucus III (Soter,Keraunos), B.C. 226-223. BAZIAEHZ SEAEYKOY.
Youthful head, with slight whisker. Apollo seated on omphalos. (B. M. Cat.,
Sel., PI. VII. 6.)
M Tetradr. and Drachm.
Bronze of various types (B. M. Cat. ; cf. Nim. Chron., 1883, p. 85).
Antiochus, son of Seleueus III, b. c. 222. BASI AEHS ANTIOXOY.
Head of child Antiochus.
(B.M. Cat., PI. VIII. I, 2.)
Apollo seated on omplialos . . . • .
M, Tetradr. and Drachm.
Antiochus III (the Great), B.C. 222-187. BAZIAEHS ANTIOXOY.
Gold, octadrachms (Fig. 339) wt. 523 grs. and staters. Silver, tetra-
drachms and drachms.
Fig. 339-
Head of king, diademed.
Apollo seated on omi^halos. (B. M. Cat.,
PI. VIII. 7.)
A rare variety has an elephant on the reverse instead of Apollo (B. M.
Cat., PI. IX. 1). The standard portrait of Antiochus III is furnished by
the dated bronze coins struck in Phoenicia. There is, however, great
variety in the portraits on the coins assigned to this king, and conse-
quently much uncertainty as to their correct attribution ; but, con-
sidering the wide extent of his dominions, and the length of his reign,
this is not to be wondered at. The bronze coins are numerous and
varied in type (B. M. Cat., PI. IX). There are also certain coins which
appear to have been struck in honour of Antiochus III at Carystus in
Euboea and in Aetolia (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIII. 2-4).
Molon, B. c. 222-220, was a governor or satrap of Media, who revolted
from Antiochus and struck bronze coins ^ in his own name with the in-
scription BASIAEHZ MOAHNOZ.
Head of Zeus. (B. M. Cat., PI. X. i.)
Head of Apollo. {Ibid., Fig. 2.)
Apollo Musegetes .... .^ -85
Nike, crowning name of Molon .^ -75
' For a coin attributed by De Saulcy to Alexander, the brother of Molon and governor of
Persia B.C. 221, see Milanges de Num., ii. 342.
THE SELEUCIB KINGS.
641
Achaeus, B.C. 222-215, ruler of a great part of Asia Minor on this
side of Mount Taurus. He was driven to revolt from Antiochus by false
accusations brought against him by Hermeias the king's minister. He
then struck bronze coins in his own name, but was captured by Anti-
ochus, who laid siege to him in the citadel of Sardes.
Head of Achaeus, r., diademed. (Mu-
nich Cabinet.)
(Ivahooi, Portrdtk'6pfe,V\. III. 19.)
Head of Apollo. (B.M.'Cat., PL X. 3.)
Id. {Ibid., Fig. 4.)
Head of Achaeus.
BAZIAEnZ AXAIOY Pallas Proma-
chos ; symh I in field, horse's head
K Stater.
BAZIAEnZ AXAIOY Eagle . .^-75
Tripod iE.45
,, ,, Apollo stand-
ing, holding arrow . . , . -^ -65
Seleucus IV (Philopator), B.C. 187-175. BASIAEXIZ ZEAEYKOY.
The portrait of this king, like that of his father, can be identified with
certainty by means of certain bronze coins struck in Phoenicia bearing
the dates 135 and 136 of the Seleucid era [Num. CJiron., 1883, PI. VI. 2).
His silver coins are of the usual type, Apollo seated on the omphalos.
Among his bronze coins the following are the most important : —
Head of Seleucus IV, diademed.
(Leake, Num. Hell., p. 76.)
BAZIAEnZ ZEAEYKOY (DIAOHA-
TOPOZ Lyre. Date $"AP (136) =
B.C. 177 tE '7
There is also a series of bronze coins with serrated edges.
BAZIAEnZ ZEAEYKOY Apollo
Head of Apollo of archaistic style.
(B. M. Cat., PI X. 9.)
standing beside tripod, holding arrow
M -9
Antiochus IV (Epiphanes), B.C. 175-164. BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY,
BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY Eni<t)ANOYZ, BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY OEOY
Eni0ANOYZ, BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY OEOY Eni<J)ANOYZ NIKH0OPOY.
The full titles on the greater number of this king's coins leave no room for
doubt as to the attribution of those without titles but bearing the same
portrait, which is sometimes diademed, occasionally surmounted by a-
star, and sometimes laureate and bearded, in the character of Zeus. The
reverse types of his tetradrachms are : —
(a) Apollo on omphalos. (B. M. Cat., PI. XI. i.)
(/3) Zeus Nikephoros, enthroned. (B. M, Cat., PI. XL 7-9.)
The bronze money falls into several classes : —
(a) Coins struck in Syria, often with the marks of value A, B, A (= i, 2, or 4
XXX
chalkoi) behind the king's head. (B. M. Cat., PI. XII. i.)
(/3) Coins struck in Egypt during the occupation of that country, and hearing
the usual Egyptian types, or the portrait of his sister Cleopatra, widow
of Ptolemy V. (B. M. Cat., PI. XII. 1 1-13.)
T t
642 SYRIA.
iy) Bilingual coins struck in Phoenicia, with Phoenician inscription and
BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY; Zl AHNiriN, TYPIHN, AA (Sidon, Tyre,
or Laodiceia in Coele-Syria). (B. M. Cat., PI. XII. 14-16.)
(S) Autonomous municipal bronze, with the porti'ait but not the name of
Antiochus IV, struck at Mopsus Ciliciae, Hieropolis in Cyrrhestica,
Antiochia ad Daphnen, Antiochia in Ptolemais, Antiochia ad Cal-
lirrhoen, Apameia in Syria, Laodiceia ad Mare, Seleucia in Syria, and
Nisibis. (B. M. Cat., PL XIII. 1-8.)
Antiochus V (Eupator), B.C. 164-162. BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY
EYrTATOPOZ. Tetradrachms and drachms of two types (B. M. Cat.,
PL XIII. 11-14).
Head of young king, diademed.
Id.
Id.
Apollo on omphalos.
Zeus enthroned.
Eagle with closed wings. (Phoen. wt.)
The last mentioned coin type is due to Egyptian influence (De Saulcy,
Mon. des Seleucides, p. 27). See next page.
Id. (B. M. Cat., PL XIV. 4.)
Demetrius I (Soter), B.C. 162-150. BAZIAENZ AHMHTPIOY or
BAZIAEnZ AHMHTPIOY ZHTHPOZ. Gold coin [Z.f.N., \d. 2), ohv.
Tyche enthroned, rev. Double Cornucopiae.
Silver tetradrachms and drachms.
Head of king, diademed. i Apollo on omphalos. (B. M. Cat., PL
i XIV. 3.)
Id. (B. M. Cat., PL XIV. i, 2.) Tyche enthroned, holding sceptre and
cornucopiae. In exergue, date. In
field, monograms of mints Apameia,
Autioch, Heracleia, and Gaza.
Cornucopiae M. Dr.
Bronze (i) Bilingual of Phoenicia, dated coins of Tyre, fype — Stern of
galley : and of Sidon, (^^e— Rudder (B. M. Cat., PL XIV. 6, 7) ; (ii) of
Syria, ordinary fypes or heads of animals — Lion and Boar, Griffin and
Stag, Panther, Horse and Elephant (B. M. Cat., PL XIV. 12-15).
Demetrius and Laodice. Demetrius married his sister Laodice, the
widow of Perseus king of Macedon, and struck tetradrachms with their
heads jugate on the obverse. Reverse type — Tyche enthroned (B. M. Cat.,
PL XV. 1-2).
Timarchus, B.C. 162, was a satrap of Babylon who revolted against
Demetrius, but was put down by him (App., Syr., 45, 47). He struck
gold staters, tetradrachms, drachms, and bronze with the inscr., BAZI AEHZ
METAAOY TIMAPXOY (B. M. Cat., p. 50).
Head of Timarchus, diademed. I Nike in fast quadriga . . K Stater.
{Z. f. iV., iv. 6.)
Helmetcd bust.
Head of Timarchus, diademed.
Id. (B. M. Cat., PL XV. 3.)
The Dioskuri charging . M Tetradr.
Artemis walking (B. M. Cat., PL
XXVIII. 6.) . . . . M Drachm.
Nike with wreath and jiahn . M 1-35
THE SELEUCID KINGS.
643
Alexander I (Bala), B.C. 152-144. AAEZANAPOY BASIAEH^, BA-
SlAEnZ AAEZANAPOY OEOnATOPOZ EYEPrETOY, or BAZIAEHZ
AAEZANAPOY EYnATOPOZ. The silver coins of this usurper are nu-
merous, and fall into the following classes. They usually bear dates and
mint-letters : —
(a) Attic Standard.
Head of king, diademed.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XV. 6.)
Id. (B. M. Cat., PL XV. 5.)
Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVI. 2.)
Id. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., 433.)
Id., radiate. {Ibid., PI. XVI. 3.)
Head of Alex, as Zeus, laureate.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XVI. I.)
Zeus enthroned. Mints — Sidon, Ptole-
mais, Heracleia, etc. . ^ Tetradr.
Pallas Nikephoros standing M. Tetradr.
Apollo seated on omphalos M, Drachm.
Divinity (Sandan) standing on back of
horned and winged lion M. Drachm.
Apollo standing . . . M. \ Drachm.
Fulmen in flower-Avreath M, Tetradr.
(3) Phoenician Standard.
Fig. 340.
Head of king, diademed. (Fig, 340.)
Eagle with closed wings. Mints — Tyre,
Berytus (?), and Sidon . M. Tetradr.
The retention of the Eagle of the Ptolemies, as the type of the Se-
leucid silver of the Phoenician standard, is doubtless due to the fact that
the Phoenician cities had been for so many years accustomed to strike
money with Egyptian types. This is a good instance of the tendency of
coin-types to become permanent in the larger centres of commerce. The
bronze coinage of Alexander Bala is partly bilingual of Sidon {tf/pe,
galley) and partly Syrian {tyj^es various ; B. M. Cat., PL XVI). In addi-
tion to the varieties which bear his name, there are also dated autono-
mous bronze coins of Cyrrhus, Antioch, Apameia, Laodiceia ad Mare,
Seleucia, and Ascalon, with the head but not the name of Alexander
Bala on the obverse (B. M. Cat., p. 56 ; Z.f. N., xiii. p. 140).
Alexander I and Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Philometor
Busts jugate of king and queen.
Id. (B. M. Cat., PL XVII. 6.)
Zeus Nikephoros enthroned. (Imhoof,
Mon. Gr., PL H. 13.) . M Tetradr.
Cornucopiae tE -85.
Demetrius II (Nicator). First reign, B.C. 146-138. AHMHTPIOY
BAZIAEnZ, BAZIAEnZ AHMHTPIOY OEOY NIKATOPOZ, BAIIAEnZ
AHMHTPIOY OEOY (t)IAAAEA(DOY NIKATOPOZ. BAZIAEHZ AHMH-
TPIOY (t)IAAAEA0OY NIKATOPOZ, AHMHTPIOY NIKATOPOZ, AHMH-
TPIOY OEOY NIKATOPOZ. Coins mostly dated.
T t 2
644
SYRIA.
(a) Silver. Tetradraclims of the Phoenician standard ; rev. Ptolemaic eagle.
Mints— Sidon, Tyre, and Berytus. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVII. 7.)
(j8) Silver. Tetradi-achms and drachms of the Attic standard ; rev. Apollo on
omphalos; Zeus Nikephoros enthroned; Pallas Nikephoros standing;
Tyche enthroned ; Archaic simulacrum of armed goddess, facing.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XVII. 8-1 1 ; PI. XVIII. i, 2) ; Anchor, etc.
(y) Bronze of Tyre, with bilingual inscriptions. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVIII. 14.)
(8) Bronze of Syria. Types various — Head of Zeus or Apollo frequently in
place of portrait. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVIII. 5-14-)
Demetrius being driven from his throne retired to Babylon, whence he
engaged in a war with the Parthians, by whom he was taken prisoner.
Antiochus VI (Dionysos), B.C. 145-142. BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY,
BAZIAEflZ ANTIOXOY Eni<t)ANOYZ AIONYIOY. This king, the son
of Alexander Bala, was put upon the throne when a child of seven years'
old by Tryphon, his father's minister.
(a) Silver. Tetradraclims and drachms of the Attic standard.
' »vi:.
r> iv
Fig. 341.
Head of young Antiochus radiate.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XIX. I.)
Id. {Ibid., PI. XIX. 3.)
Id. {Ibid., PI. XIX. 7.)
Id.
Id.
{Ibid., PI. XIX. 4.)
{Ibid., PI. XIX. 5.)
The Dioskuri charging (Fig. 341)
M Tetradr.
Apollo on omphalos . . JR Dr.
Helmet adorned with ibex-
horn M, Dr.
Apollo standing . . . JR ^ Dr.
Panther with palm in mouth JR ^ Dr.
(0) Bronze. Usually with Dionysiac types. (B. M. Cat., PI. XIX. 8-10.)
The coins of this king usually bear the letters TPY or ZTA, Trj^phon
and Staphylus ; the latter a name which Tryphon may have assumed in
his capacity of guardian to the young Dionysos (B. M. Cat., p. xxxiii).
Tryphon (Diodotus), B.C. 142-139, after having put to death his
youthful ward Antiochus, reigned three years. BAZIAEnZ TPYcl)nNOZ
AYTOKPATOPOZ.
{a) Silver of the Phoenician standard ; rev. Ptolemaic eagle. Mint — Asealon
THE SELEUCID KINGS.
645
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIII. 9), Ptolemais, and Byblus {Melanges cle Num..,
ii. 82).
(^) Silver. Tetradrachms and drachms of the Attic standard; rev. Helmet
with ibex-horn. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. i.)
(y) Bronze. Usual type— Helmet with ibex-horn. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 3.)
Antiochus VII (Sidetes), B.C. 138-129, was the younger brother of
Demetrius II. He is chiefly famous for his siege and capture of
Jerusalem, B.C. 133. ANTIOXOY BAZIAEnZ or BAZIAEaZ ANTIOXOY
EYEPTETOY. Coins usually dated.
(a) Silver. Tetradrachms and didrachms of the Phoenician standard; rev.
Ptolemaic eagle. Mints— Sidon, Tyre, etc. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 4.)
(^) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard; rev. Pallas Nikephoros
standing. Tyre and various other mints. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 6.)
(7) Silver. Attic tetradrachms ; rev. Altar, on which the deity Sandan stand-
ing on the back of a horned lion. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIII. 8.) Mint-
Tarsus.
(8) Silver. Attic drachms ; rev. Nike Stephanephoros. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 7.)
Deity Sandan standing on horned lion ; Tyche seated, etc.
(f) Bronze. Types numerous. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX.)
Demetrius II (Nicator), second reign, B.C. 130-125, after his return
from his captivity in Parthia. AHMHTPIOY BAZIAEHZ, BAZIAEHZ
AHMHTPIOY OEOY NIKATOPOZ, AHMHTPIOY NIKATOPOZ, AHMH-
TPIOY OEOY NIKATOPOZ. Dated coins.
(a) Silver. Tetradrachms and didrachms of the Phoenician standard ; rev.
Ptolemaic eagle. Mints— Tyre and Sidon. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. i.)
(^) Silver. Attic standard.
Fig. 342
Head of Demetrius, bearded. (Fig. 342.)
Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. 5.)
Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. 6.)
Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. 7.)
Zeus Nikephoros enthroned ....
M Tetradr. and dr.
Archaic effigy of armed goddess, facing
^Dr.
Altar of Sandan. Mint — Tarsus . .
M Tetradr.
Sandan, standing on back of horned
lion. Mint — Tarsus . . . iR Dr.
646
SYRIA.
(y) Bronze of various types, some struck at Sidon, with ZlAflNOZ OEAS
and Phoenician inscr. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. lo.)
The coins of class (a), struck in Phoenicia, usually retain the beardless
portrait of Demetrius (but see Num. Chron., 1883, PL VI. 7), while those
struck in other parts of his kingdom represent him with a beard after
the fashion which prevailed in Parthia.
Alexander II (Zebina), B.C. 128-123, was set up by Ptolemy Physcon
in opposition to Demetrius. He claimed to be the adopted son of
Alexander Bala. After a short reign he was in his turn defeated by
Antiochus, the son of Demetrius. Inscr., BAZIAEHZ AAEZANAPOY.
(a) Silver of Phoenician weight; rev. Ptolemaic eagle. Mint — Ascalon.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXII. 1.)
(/3) Silver. Tetradrachm and drachm of Attic weight ; rev. Zeus Nikephoros
enthroned ; Pallas Nikephoros standing (Dr.) ; Cornucopiae (Dr.) ;
Nike (1 Dr.). (B. M. Cat., PI. XXII. 2 sqq.)
(y) Bronze. Numerous types. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXII.)
Seleucus V, B.C. 126-125, eldest son of Demetrius II, was king for a
few months only. He was put to death by his mother Cleopatra. No
coins can be safely attributed to his short reign.
Cleopatra, B. C. 125, daughter of Ptolemy VI (Philometor), by his wife
and sister Cleopatra. She married (i) Alexander Bala ; (ii) Demetrius
Nicator ; (iii) Antiochus Sidetes, his brother.
Silver. Tetradrachm of Attic weight.
\. . ^1/
r(f
Fig. 343.
Head of Cleopatra. (Fig. 343)
BAZIAIZEHE KAEOnATPAS
OEAZ EYETHPIA2 Two cornua-
copiae. Mint uncertain. Date —
inP (187 A.S. = B.C. 126-5).
Cleopatra and Antiochus VIII (Grypus), her son by Demetrius,
B.C. 125-121. Imcr., BAZIAIZZHZ KAEOHATPAZ BAZIAEHZ AN-
THE SELEUCID KINGS.
647
TIOXOY, or BASIAISZHZ
ANTIOXOY.
KAEOnATPAZ OEAZ KAI BAZIAEnZ
(a) Silver. Teti-adrachms of the Phoenician standard.
Heads jugate of Cleopatra and Anti-
ochus. (B. M. Cat., PL XXIII. 2.)
Ptolemaic easle. Mint uncertain.
(i3) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard.
Heads jugate of Cleopatra and Anti-
ochus. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. 3.)
Zeus Nikephoros enthroned.
Sidon, etc.
Mints —
(-y) Bronze with both portraits, with that of Antiochus alone or without por-
traits. Reverse types, various. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. 4 sqq.)
Antiochus VIII (Grypus) alone, B.C. 121-96.
ZIAEHZ or BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY EHKDANOYZ.
ANTIOXOY BA-
(a) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Phoenician standard ; rev., Ptolemaic eagle.
Mint -Ascalon. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. 8.)
(3) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard ; rev. Zeus standing, facing,
holding star and sceptre, and with crescent above his head. (B. M. Cat.,
PI. XXIV. I.) Mints — Sidon, etc. Also Pallas Nikephoros standing;
Altar of Sandan. Mint — Tarsus. ^ Dr. Rev. Nike.
(y) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard, with older portrait, and
extremely hooked nose (whence his nickname, Grypus) ; rev. Zeus
Nikephoros enthroned (Fig. 344) (4 Dr.) ; Tripod (Dr.) ; Nike {\ Dr.).
(8) Bronze, with or without portrait ; rev. Eagle, Fulmen, or Apollo. (B. M.
Cat., PI. XXIV. 4-6.)
Fig. 344.
Antiochns IX (Cyzicenus), B.C. 116-95, son of Antiochus VII and
Cleopatra, divided the kingdom with his half brother Grypus, taking
as his share Coele- Syria and Phoenicia. Inscr., ANTIOXOY BAZIAEHZ,
or BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY (DIAOHATOPOZ.
(a) Silver. Tetradrachms and didrachms of the Phoenician standard ; rev.
Ptolemaic eagle. Mints — Sidon, Ascalon, etc, (B. M. Cat., PI.
XXIV. 7.)
648
SYRIA.
Fig. 345.
(/3) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard ; rev. Zeus Nikephoros
enthroned ; Pallas Nikephoros standing (Fig. 345) ; Altar of Saudan.
Mint — Tarsus. Tyche standing, holding rudder and cornucopiae {^ Dr.).
(B. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 9 ; PI. XXV. i, etc.)
(y) Bronze, with or without portrait. Types various. (B. M. Cat., PI, XXV.)
Seleucus VI (Epiphanes Nicator), B. c. 96-95. On the death of
Grypus, in B. c. 96, Seleucus, his eldest son, succeeded him, and was master
for a few months of the whole empire. Inscr., BAZIAEHZ ZEAEYKOY
Eni<DANOYZ NIKATOPOZ.
(«) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard ; rev. Zeus Nikephoros
enthroned ; Pallas Nikephoros standing ; Two cornuacopiae (^ Dr.)
(B. M. Cat., Ph XXV. 12, 13 ; PI. XXVIII. 11.)
(/3) Bronze. Rev. Apollo standing beside column ; Tripod. (B, M, Cat.,
PI. XXV 14, 15)
Autiochus X (Eusebes Philopator), B.C. 94-83, son of Antiochus
Cyzicenus. Inscr.,EM.\\ES11 ANTIOXOY EYSEBOYZ <DIAOnATOPOZ.
(a) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard ; rev. Zeus Nikephoros
enthroned. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVI. i.) Tyche standing (Dr.).
0) Bronze. Rev. Pilei of the Dioskuri. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVI. 2.)
Antiochus XI (Philadelphos), B.C. 92, third son of Grypus. Liscr.,
BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY EHItDANOYZ <DIAAAEA<t>OY. Bronze coins
only, rev. Two cornuacopiae; Tripod; Pallas Nikephoros. (B. M. Cat.,
PI. XXVI. 8.)
The silver coins attributed by Prof. Gardner to this king (B. M. Cat,,
PI. XXVI. 3-5) belong, in my opinion, to his father, Antiochus VIII
(Grypus) ; see above under (y) of that king's money.
Antiochus XI, with his brother Fhilippus.
Heads jugate of the two brothers.
{Zeit.f. Num., vii. PI. IV. 2.)
BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY KAI BAZI-
AEflZ 01 AinnOY Zeus Nikephoros
enthroned . . . . M Tetradr.
THE SELEUCIB KINGS.
649
Philippus (Philadelphos), B. C. 92-83, second son of Grypus, and
brother of Antiochus XL Inscr., BAZIAEHZ OlAinTTOY Eni<t)ANOYZ
<l)IAAAEA<t)OY. Silver. Tetradrachms of Attic weight, and of one type
only, Zeus Nikephoros enthroned. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVI. 9.)
Demetrius III (Philopator), B.C. 95-88, fourth son of Grypus.
Inscr., BAZIAEnZ AHMHTPIOY GEOY OlAOnATOPOZ ZHTHPOZ, or
BAZIAEnZ AHMHTPIOY <t)IAOMHTOPOZ EYEPTETOY KAAAlNlKOY.
(a) Silver. Tetradrachms of Attic weight ; rev. Zeus Nikephoros enthroned ;
Archaic simulacrum of Asiatic goddess, facing, holding ears of corn.
(B. M. Cat., PL XXVI. 10.)
(/3) Bronze. Hermes standing; Nike; Tyche ; Fulmen. (B. M. Cat., PI.
XXVI. II, 12.)
Antiochtis XII (Dionysos), B.C. 89-84 (?), the youngest of the five
sons of Grypus. /y/*cA, BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY EHI^ANOYZ AIONYZOY
<t)IAOnATOPOZ KAAAlNlKOY (AIONYZOY sometimes omitted).
(a) Silver. Tetradrachms of Attic weight; rev. Bearded divinity standing,
facing, on a base between two recumbent bulls. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr.,
PI. H. 15.)
(^) Bronze. r2/;;es— Apollo ; Tyche ; Zeus ; etc. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 1-3.)
Tigranes, B.C. 83-69, king of Armenia, was invited to put an end
to the long-continued strife for the Syrian throne, and to make him-
self king. This he did, and reigned peaceably over Armenia, Meso-
potamia, Syria, part of Cappadocia, and Cilicia, until his defeat by
LucuUus.
Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard. Mint — Antioch.
Fig. 346.
Head of Tigranes, wearing lofty Ar-
menian tiara. (Fig. 346.)
BAZIAEnZ TirPANOY Tyche of
Antioch seated, the river Orontea
swimming at her feet
M Tetradr. and M.
Drachms and Bronze coins, often with the Oriental title, BAZIAEHZ
BAZIAEHN TirPANOY (B.M. Cat., PL XXVII. 8-11.)
650 SYRIA, ETC.
(0) Autonomous and Imperial of Syeia, Phoenicia, etc.
The coinage of the whole region between the Euphrates and the sea
may be best described by dividing it into districts in the order which
Eckhel, with his usual insight, has adopted. By this arrangement the
coins fall to some extent into groups, and we are better able to follow
the history and chronology of the coinages of the various cities which
will fall under our notice than would be possible in a single alphabetical
classification. The alphabetical order will be therefore repeated under
each of the following headings : —
I. Commagene.
II. Cyrrliestica.
III. Chalcidice.
IV. Chalcidene.
V. Palmyrene.
VI. Seleucis and Pieria.
VII. Coele-Syria.
VIII. Trachonitis.
IX. Decapolis.
X. Phoenicia.
XI. Galilaea.
XII. Samaria.
XIII. Judaea.
Throughout the whole of this vast extent of territory, bounded on the
north by offshoots of the Taurus, on the north-east by the Euphrates, and
on the east and south by the deserts of Arabia, the royal gold coinage of
Persia probably passed current down to the age of Alexander the Great.
In the latter half of the fifth century the Persian gold coinage was supple-
mented by the substantial silver money of the wealthy Phoenician cities
of the sea-coast, governed for the most part by their own kings, who
seem to have been more or less independent of the King of Persia. The
coinage of these towns, Tyre, Sidon (or Tripolis ?), and Byblus, inscribed
with Phoenician characters, is regulated according to the standard, hence
called Phoenician, of about ^6 grs. to the drachm, or 224 grs. to the
shekel. Aradus, on the other hand, the most northern town on the
Phoenician coast, accommodated her money to the standard which
prevailed in Cyprus and Cilicia, striking shekels of about 168 grs.
equivalent to three-quarters of the Tyrian and Sidonian shekel.
On the Macedonian conquest all the old coinages, both Persian and
Phoenician, were abolished, and mints were set up by Alexander or his
immediate successors at all the chief coast-towns of Phoenicia and
Palestine, viz. Marathus, Aradus, Sidon, Tyre, Ace, Joppa, Ascalon, and
Gaza, as well as at some of the chief cities of the interior. This
Alexandrine coinage lasted down to about b. c. 266, when Ptolemy
Philadelphos, who had obtained possession of Phoenicia, established
mints of his own at the chief cities along the coasts of Palestine and
Phoenicia ; the issues of the various mints being distinguished by mono-
grams. The Ttolemaic coinage in Phoenicia was superseded about a
century later by the Selencid coinage from Antiochus IV (B.C. 175-164)
onwards ; but it is observable that, although the King of Syria places his
portrait on the obverse and his name on the reverse of the Phoenician
money, the reverse-type (Eagle on fulmen) of the previous Ptolemaic
coinage is retained, as well as the Ptolemaic or Phoenician weight
(224 grs.). This shows that under the Seleucid rule the Phoenician cities
SYRIA, ETC.
651
were allowed to retain a kind of semi-autonomy. Later still, complete
freedom and independence were accorded to a great number of them, as
is evident from the dated autonomous issues of Byblus, Marathus,
Aradus, Sidon, Tripolis, Tyre, Ace, Ascalon, Jerusalem, etc., some of them
continuing to strike their own silver money even in Imperial times.
Although nearly all the Syrian and Phoenician coins bear dates, the eras
from which they reckon are not always the same. The following list
comprises, so far as I have been able to collect them, all the eras used
on the coins of Syria and the adjacent countries: —
COMMAGENE.
Gennanicia Caesareia . a,d. 38 (?)
Samosata a.d. 71
Chalcidice.
Chalcis ad Belum . . a.d. 92
Cyekhestica.
Cyrrhiis B.C. 312
Hieropolis .... B.C. 312
Seleucis et Pieria.
Antioch B.C. 312
B.C. 64
B.C. 31
» B.C. 49
Apameia B.C. 312
B.C. 31
Arethusa B.C. 68
Balanea B.C. 312
„ B.C. 124
Emisa B.C. 312
Epiphaneia . . . . B.C. 312
.... B.C. 64
Gabala B.C. 47
,, B.C. 32
„ B.C. 18
Laodiceia .... B.C. 48
Paltus B.C. 239
B.C. 97-81 (1)
Rhosus B.C. 48
» , B.C. 31
Seleucia .... B.C. 312
„ .... B.C. 64
.... B.C. 31
„ .... B.C. 108
Coele-Syeia.
Capitolias .... a.d. 97
Damascus .... B.C. 312
Laodiceia ad Libanum B.C. 312
Leucas B.C. 37
„ A.D. 48
Trachonitis.
Caesareia Paneas . . B.C. 3
Gaba B.C. 61
Decapolis.
Abila B.C. 64
Antiochia ad Hippum. B.C. 64
Canata B.C. 312
„ B.C. 64
Dium B.C. 64
Gadara B.C. 64
Pella B.C. 64
Philadelphia . . . .B.C. 64
Phoenicia.
Aradus B.C. 259
Berytus B.C. 197
Botrys B.C. 50
Byblus . . B.C. 20 or B.C. 6
Caesareia ad Libanum . b.c. 312
Came B.C. 259
Dora B.C. 64
Marathus . . . . . B.C. 259
Orthosia B.C. 312
Sidon B.C. 312
„ B.C. Ill
Tripolis B.C. 312
,, B.C. 64
Tyre B.C. 312
,. B.C. 275-4
„ B.C. 126
Galilaea.
Ace-Ptolemais . . . b.c. 312
„ ... B.C. 47
Tiberias a.d. 20
Samaria.
Neapolis a.d. 72
Nysa-Scythopolis . . b.c. 48 (?)
Sebaste b.c. 2 5(?)
Judaea.
Anthedon-Agrippias . a.d. 71
Ascalon b.c. 312
653
COMMAGENE.
Judaea {continued)
Ascalon b.c. 104
B.C. 58 (?)
Eleiitlieropolis . . . A. D. 202-208
Gaza B.C. 61
„ A.D.129
Jerusalem .... B.C. 142
Nicopolis A.D. 71
Eaphia B.C. 58
Aeabia.
Adraa B.C. 83(1)
Bostra A.D. 105-4
Petia A.D. 105-4
Rabbath Moba . . . a.d. 90 or gi{1)
Mesopotamia.
Seleucia ad Tigrim .
B.C. 312
I. COMMAGENE.
(a) Kings.
Commagene, the most northerly district of Syria, bordering upon
Cilicia, became a separate kingdom about the time of the break up of the
Empire of the Seleucidae.
Kings of Commagene.
Mithradates I, before circ. B. c. 96. Bronze B All AEHZ MIOPAAATOY
KAAAINIKOY; rev. Pallas standing {Zeit.f. Num., iv. 271, and vii. 36).
Antiochus I, B. C. 69-34.
In B. c. 64, King Antiochus I of Commagene, grandson of Antiochus
VIII of Syria, made peace with'Pompey, and reigned till B.C. 34. He
struck bronze coins of the following types : —
Head of king, wearing tiara resem-
bling that of Tigranes.
(Imhoof, Portratk'Opfe, PI. VI. 11.)
Of his successors, Mithradates II, B.C. 34-31, Antiochus II, B.C. 31-29,
Mithradates III, circ. B.C. 20, and Antiochus III, we have no coins.
Upon the death of the last, A.D. 17, Commagene became a Roman
province, and remained so until A. D. 38, when Antiochus IV was restored
to his kingdom by Caligula.
BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY Lion walk-
ing ^.85
Antioclius IV (Megas, Epiphanes), A.D. 38-72. Inscr., BAZIAEYS
MEr[AZ] ANTIOXOZ Eni[(t)ANHZ] ; BAZIAEHZ METAAOY ANTI-
OXOY; BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY; or BAZIAEYZ ANTIOXOZ.
Head of king, diademed.
Id. (Imhoof, Ibid., PI. VI. 12.)
Id.
KOMMATHNnN Scorpion M i-i
„ Capricorn M -85
„ Double cornucopiae iE -65
This king also struck money in Cilicia at Anemurium, Lacanatis, and
Sebaste.
C03IMAGENE. 653
lotape, wife of Antiochus IV, also struck money in her own name.
BAZIAIZZA inTAnH cDIAAAEA- I KOMMATHNnN Scorpion M i-i
0OZ Head of Queen lotape.
(Imhoot, Portrdtk'62)fe, PI. VT. 13.) I
Epiphanes and Callinicus, sons of Antiochus IV and lotape, also
struck bronze coins both in Lacanatis and Commagene. Ti/pe — Two
horsemen riding side by side. laser., BAZIAEHZ YIOI, BACIAEYC
M€rAC eni<DANHC, and BACIAeYC MCrAC KAAAINIKOC ; rev. AAKA-
NATnN or KOMMATHNnN, Capricorn, or on one variety an Armenian
tiara.
For a stemma of the kings of Commagene see Mommsen {Mitth.
d. Deutschen Arch. Inst., i. 39).
((3) Towns.
Commagene, m genere. Imperial times. Bronze, without inscription.
Tjipes — Capricorn, rev. Scorpion; Armenian Tiara, rev. Capricorn; also
the following : —
niSTIZ Two hands clasped with 1 KOMMArHNjQN Anchor . M d
caduceus. |
Antiochia ad Euphratem (Pliny, v. 24). Imperial of Verus. Mev.
ANTIOXEnN nPOC EY^PATHN, Bust of Pallas (Mion., v. iii).
Antiochia ad Taurum. Imperial of Faustina Jun. hiscr., ANTI OXEHN
THC 6. JAY (Sestini, Class. G^e^^., p. 134).
Doliche, chiefly known from its coins. Imperial oi M. Aurelius, Verus,
and Commodus. Inscr., AOAIXAlUUN,in wreath.
Germanicia Caesareia, near Mount Amanus, so named by Antiochus IV
of Commagene, in honour of Caligula. Imj^erial — Hadrian to Caracalla.
/^i^a-., KAICAPC. rePMANIKCUuN, KAICAP. rePMANlKCnN KOM., City
seated, with River-god swimming at her feet. It is very doubtful
whether any coins of this city are dated, though two specimens have
been cited which, if correctly read, would point to an era commencing
A.D. 38 {A7m. de Num., 1882, p. no). The coins reading KAICAPCIAC
rePMANlKHC probably belong to Caesareia Germanica in Bithynia.
The site of this latter city may be approximately fixed as not far from
Prusa by the mention of Mount Olympus, OAYMTTOC, on a coin of Cara-
calla described by Imhoof {3Ion. Gr., p. 439), and attributed by him,
wrongly in my opinion, to the Commagenian town (see above, p. 438).
Samosata, the chief city of Commagene. Autonomous bronze. Inscr.,
CAAAOCAinN nOAEnC, City seated on rocks; rev. Lion walking.
Liijjerial — Hadrian to Trajan Decius. Inscr., CAMOCATCnN, <t>AA.
CAMOCAienN MHTP. KOM MA. (Flavia Samosata Metropolis Comma-
genes), 0. CAM. leP. ACYA. AYTONO. MHTPO. KOM. etc. The era
654 CYRRHESTICA.
begins a.d. 71, when the city received the title Flavia, in honour of
Vespasian. Usual type — City seated on rock, with river Euphrates or a
Pegasos at her feet ; Head of City turreted.
Zeugma, on the Euphrates, at a point where there was a bridge of
boats constructed by Seleucus I. Imperial — Antoninus Pius to Philip
Junior. Inscr., ZeYTMATEnN. :7^7;e — A temple on the top of a hill or
mountain {Num. Ckron., xiv. 121).
II. CYRRHESTICA.
This district extended from the Euphrates near Mount Amanus, and
was bordered on the north by Commagene. It contained the following
towns : —
Beroea {Aleppo). Imperial, with or without heads of Emperors — Trajan
to Antoninus Pius. /«.s(?r., BePOl AlUUN, in wreath.
Cyrrhus, the capital of the district. Regal bronze of Demetrius I and
Alexander I. of Syria. Liscr., KYPPHZTHN, Zeus standing. Dates
according to the Seleucid era. Impierial — Trajan to Philip Junior. Inscr.,
KYPPHCTUUN. Type—L\QiC KATAIBATOY or KATeBATOY, Zeus seated
on rocks holding fulmen, with Eagle at his feet, or his statue in temple.
Hieropolis, the ancient Bambyce, about lifty miles north-east of Beroea,
was the chief seat of the worship of the Syrian Aphrodite, Atergatis.
It is to this place that Waddington {Hev. Num., 1861, p. 9) and Six {Num.
Chron., 1878, p. 103) have attributed a series of Attic didrachms, struck
by Abd-Hadad, High Priest and Dynast of Bambyce, in the time of
Alexander the Great, whose name in Aramaic characters (iUDD'pk) occurs
on several specimens, combined sometimes with that of the goddess
Atergatis, nni^ljl^, abbreviated. The cliief types are — Horseman, rev.
Lion; Baaltars enthroned, rev. Atergatis seated on lion {Bev. Num., 1861,
PI. II. 1-2); Head of goddess; King and Charioteer in chariot, inscr.
nrn2^ ; Priest standing in temple, inscr. liniH^ ; or Lion devouring
bull. It is possible, however, that some of these coins may have been
struck at Tarsus.
At a later period we meet with bronze coins of Antiochus IV and
Alexander I of Syria. Inscr., lePOnOAITIlN, Zeus standing. Imperial —
Trajan to Philip Junior. Inscr., lePOflOAITnN, often with addition of
GGAC CYPIAC, combined with the figure of the goddess riding on a lion,
or enthroned between two lions and holding tympanum like the Phrygian
Kybele; also OeOI CYPIAC, in allusion to the worship of the Syrian
Zeus, whose symbol is the humped bull, and Atergatis, whose emblem is
the lion. Eckhel, iii. 261, mentions autonomous bronze coins of Imperial
limes dated according to the Seleucid era.
CHALCimCE—CHALCIDENE. 655
III. CHALCIDICE.
One of the divisions of Northern Syria, of which the chief town was
Chalcis ad Belum, situate about twelve EngHsh miles from Aleppo at
the modern Kimiisrin. There has been much confusion between this
town and Chalcis sub Libano in Chalcidene. The coins of the northern
Chalcis consist apparently only of Imperial bronze — Trajan to Commodus.
They resemble in fabric the money of the neighbouring Beroea. Inscr.,
OA. XAAKlAenN, in wi'eath. Remarkable types — H WO C^\?QQ, Helios
standing. Dates according to an era commencing A. d. 92, when the
surname Flavia was conferred upon the town in honour of Domitiari.
IV. CHALCIDENE.
Chalcis sub Libano. This city, together with the neighbouring Heli-
opolis [Baalbec), the plain of Marsyas, and the mountain region of Ituraea,
constituted a Tetrarchy, the whole or portions of which were governed
from the time of Pompey down to the reign of Claudius by Tetrarchs
descended from a certain Mennaeus, who is mentioned both by Strabo
{753) ^^^ by Josephus [Bell. Jiid., i. 13. i ; Ajit., xiv. 7. 4).
Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus, circ. B. C. 85-40.
Head of Zeus, laureate.
Id.
niOAEMAlOY TETPAPXOY Eagle
flying ^ .8
nJOAEM. TETPAPXHC[ANTOC]
TOY KAI A[PXIEPEnC] TheDio-
skui'i, standing side by side M -75
Archelaus (?), known only from the following coin :-
Head of Zeus, r. laureate.
TETPAPX APXE The Dioskuri, as
above -^ -75
Lysanias I. There appear to have been two tetrarchs of this name,
Lysanias I, the son of Ptolemy Mennaei, mentioned above, who is said to
have succeeded his father, and who was put to death by Cleopatra,
B.C. 36 (Joseph., B.J., i. 13, i ; Atd., xv. 41), and Lysanias II, mentioned
by St. Luke (iii. i) as tetrarch of Abilene (see Leucas or Abila in Coele-
Syria, p. 66^).
AYZANIOY TETPAPXOY KAI AP-
XIEPEjQZ Pallas Nikephoros stand-
iiig ^ -75
Head of Lysanias I, diademed
Chalcis sub Libano (?).
First century B. c.
1 XAAKIAEHN Conical stone in t
First century B. c.
Head of Zeus, laureate. [ XAAKIAEHN Conical stone in temple
656
PALMYBENE—SELEUCIS AND PIERIA.
V. PALMYRENE.
Palmyra was a place of small importance until after the Roman
conquest of Syria, when it attained to considerable wealth. Its coins
are all of bronze, mostly small, and of various types, among which the
Lion and the Palm-tree and the City turreted are conspicuous. The
inscription, when legible, is TTAAMYPA. For detailed descriptions see
De Saulcy [Nuwismafiqve palmyrenienne in Pev. Arch., N. S., xxii. p. 291,
and Terre Sainte, PL XXIV. Nos. 5-10), For the coinage of the Palmyrene
dynasty of Odenathus, Zenobia, and their family, see Von Sallet, Pie
Fursten von Palmyra, Berlin, 1866.
VI. SELEUCIS AND PIERIA.
The four sister cities of Antioch, Seleucia, Apameia, and Laodiceia, all
founded by Seleucus I, constituted at a later period a Semi-autonomous
tetrapolis, which, for the space of about twenty years, from the reign of
Alexander Bala to that of Antiochus VII, struck Federal bronze coins
under the name of the Adelphi Demi.
Head of Zeus. AAEAct)jQNAHMnN Fulmen. Dates,
according to the Seleucid era, 164,
165, 167, 184, and 185 = B.C. 149,
148, 146, 129, and 128. JEi -8
AAEA<DnN AHMHN Tripod M -6
„ „ Tyclie standing,
crowning name of the Demi JE -8
Head of Artemis.
Two Zeus-like heads jugate, r. (the
Demi of Antioch and Seleucia ?).
The several towns of the district called Seleucis and Pieria also issued
autonomous bronze coins from the same period (b. c. 149) down to Imperial
times, and Imperial money down to a late age.
Autiochia ad Oroutem, on the right bank of the Orontes, about twenty
miles from its mouth, was the capital of the Seleucid Empire, and one of
the most splendid cities of the ancient world. In addition to the purely
regal coinage of the kings of Syria, coins of the following classes were
struck at Antioch : —
(i) Bronze. Inscr., ANTIOXEHN, Head of Alexander Bala; rev. Zeus or
Tripod. Date 164 of the Seleucid era = B.C. 149.
(ii) Autonomous bronze, both with and without dates according to the Seleucid
era, ranging from B.C. 92-40. Inscr., ANTIOXEHN, or ANTIOXEHN
THE MHTPOnOAEnZ, or THE MHTPOnOAEHZ THS lEPAZ
KAI AEYAOY, or MHTPOnOAEHZ AYTONOMOY.
Head of Zeus.
Head of City, turreted.
Head of Artemis.
Zeus Nikeplioros seated . . M i — 8
TriiDod iE -65
Apollo ^ -55
ANTIOCHIA AD ORONTEM. 657
(iii) Autonomous bronze, with dates according to an Uncertain era, perhaps the
Pomjieian, B. c. 64, ranging from 2-89 ( = B.C. 63-A.D. 25?). Inscr.,
ANTIOXEHN AYTONOMOY, or MHTPOnOAEHZ KAI AYTO-
NOMOY, or MHTPOnOAEn^ THZ lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY, etc.
Types — Head of Ai'temis, rev. Apollo ; Head of City, rev. Tripod ; Head
of Zeus, rev. Tripod ; Head of City, rev. Zeus Nikephoros, seated, etc,
(iv) Autonomous and Imperial of Augustus, iR tetradrachms and JE with dates
according to the Action era (b.c. 31), ranging from B.C. 4 to a.d. 16.
/Tiscr., ANTIOXEHN, ANTIOXEnN MHTPOnOAEnZ, etc., often
with the names of Eoman governors of Syria, preceded by Em. Chief
types — The Tyche of Antioch, seated on rock, with river-god Orontes
swimming at her feet, copied from the famous statue by Eutychides of
Sicyon, a pupil of Lysippus (Fig. 347) ; Ram and star in crescent
(Constellation Aries); Wreath, containing inscr., APXI6PATIK0N
ANTIOXeiC.
/i*-'
"•ir/.
Fig. 347.
(v) Autonomous and Imperial — Tiberius to Otho, Ai tetradrachms and M with
dates according to the Caesarian era (b.c. 49), ranging from a.d. 33—
177, usually preceded by GTOYC or €T. Inscr., ANTIOXEHN or
ANTIOXEriN MHTPOnOAEnZ, sometimes with names of the Roman
governors of Syria, preceded by €01. Chief ty2)es — Head of Zeus,
rev. Altar; Head of City, rev. Ram, and Star in crescent; Female
head (or Apollo 1), rev. Olive-branch ; Female head, rev. Lyre ; Head
of Zeus, rev. Female figure (Boule V) dropping a pebble into an urn ;
Head of emperor, rev. Eagle on fulmen ; Head of emperor, rev.
"Wreath.
(vi) The largest class of the coins of Antioch are not, however, dated according
to any era, but consist of M. tetradrachms, bearing frequently the in-
scription eiOYC NeOYiePOY,etc.,orAHMAPX.eZ.YnATOCTO B,
r, A, etc. ( = Trib. pot. cos. II, III, IV, etc.), and of bronze reading
S. C. (Senatus Cpnsulto). Usual types of M, — Eagle, with spread
wings ; Tyche of Antioch ; etc. ; and of the bronze, merely an olive-
wreath. Among the tetradrachms, those with the portraits of Antony
and Cleopatra are among the most interesting. (B. M. Guide,
PI. LXI. 14.)
(vii) Imj)erial colonial. — Elagabalus to Valerian. Inscr., ANTIOXEnN
MHTPO KOAnNlA. Types of no special interest..
The fact that from the reign of Augustus onwards both silver and
bronze money was issued from the mint of Antioch in greater abundance
u u
658 SELEUCIS AND PIERIA.
than at any other town of the Empire except Kome, proves that the
monetary importance of the Syrian metropolis increased under the
Roman rule. The Antiochian tetradrachms of Imperial times weighed
from 236 to 2 30 grs., and the drachm, which is very rare, about 59 grs.
max., or about the same as the Roman denarius of Republican times.
The tetradrachm was nevertheless tariffed as only equivalent to 3 Roman
denarii (Mommsen, Hist. Mon. Rom., i. 49).
Antiocheni ad Daphnen.
Antiocheni ad Callirrhoen. See p. 689.
Antiocheni Mygdoniae. See p. 689.
Antiocheni Ftolema'idis. See p. 677.
Concerning the three classes of bronze coins inscribed ANTIOXEHN
TnN nPOZ AA<l>NHI, THN Eni KAAAIPOHI, and TnN EN HTOAE-
MAIAI, see De Saulcy, iV?M;?. C/irou., 1871, p. 69; Eckhel, He nummis
Antiochenormn extra AntiocJiiam siynatis {Boot. Num. Vet., iii. 305), and
Lenormant, Mon. dans V Ant., iii. 34. These coins bear for the most part
a head of AntiochusIVon the obverse, and Zeus standing on the reverse.
Those with the legend TTPOZ AA0NHI belong assuredly to Antioch on the
Orontes, here distinguished from other places of the same name by the
mention of its vicinity to the famous sanctuary of Apollo at Daphne,
about five miles distant from the city. Antiochia ad Callirrhoen is Edessa
in Mesopotamia. Antiochia in Ptolemais seems to be Ace, but why the
preposition kv is used is not clear.
Apanieia was originally founded by Antigonus, under the name of Pella,
on the river Orontes, which he called the Axius, after the river of that
name in Macedon. The town was renamed by Seleucus after his wife
Apame. It struck (i) bronze coins as a member of the tetrapolis of the
Adelphi Demi (see under Antioch, p. ^S^)^ commencing b. c. 149. (ii) Regal
J^with the head of Antiochus IV, Inser., ATTAMEnN THN TTPOZ ini
AZini, Zeus Nikephoros standing ; or Head of Alexander Bala. laser.,
ATTAMEnN TZP (=B. c. 150), rev. Zeus standing holding helmet,
(iii) Autonomus M with dates according to the Seleucid em (b. C. 312)
and Actian era (b. c. 31), ranging from B.C. 153 to A.D. 14. Liscr., ATT-
AMEnN, usually with addition of THZ IeKaZ KAI ASYAOY, or AY-
TON OMOY. Ti/pes—E.Qs^A of Zeus, rev. Elephant ; Head of Pallas, rev.
Nike ; Head of young Dionysos, rev. Thyrsos filleted, (iv) Imjmial
of Augustus. Head of City, rev. Nike.
Arethusa, on the Orontes, between Emisa and Epiphaneia. Autono-
mous, and ///7>im«/' of Sevcrus. laser., AP€O0YCATnN THC lePAC KAI
AYTONOMOY, or APeOOYCATHN €T TZC. or EHC (Eckhel, iii. 310).
Era commences b. c. 68.
APAMETA—GABALA. 659
Balauea, on the coast between Paltus and Marathus. Local era com-
mences B. c. 1 24. Seleucid era also in use.
Female head. BAAANEnM Zeus, seated. Date
io4=rB.c. 209.
Veiled head of City,
Head of M. Antony.
Head of Antoninus Pius.
BAAANEninN CY[ptaf] Nike. Date
i04 = B.c. 209 M
BAAANEHN CY[ptasj Dionysos in
quadriga. Date 91 =B.c. 34 . M
BAAANEHN EY[p«aj] War-god, bran-
dishing sword, and holding shield
and branch, as on coins of Ascalon
M -6
Emisa, on the Orontes, celebrated for its magnificent temple of
the Syro-Phoenician Sun-god, Elagabalus. To this town Lenormant
{Alphabet plieiiicien, ii. 4) has attributed a coin copied from the
Imperial of Antioch, rev. S. C. and Eagle. On the obverse is a head
of the Sun radiate, and a legend in the Estranghelo character read-
ing Dahel Malka, showing that the Priest-kings of Emisa possessed in
the first and second centuries A. D. the right of coining money in
their own names. There are also Imperial — Domitian to Sulpicius
Antoninus. Inscr., eMICHNUN and from Caracalla's time €MICnN
KOAHNIAC, or MHTPO KOA CMICnN, and under Sulpicius Anto-
ninus coins reading AHMAPX. £ZOYCiAC €MICA. S. C. Dates accord-
ing to the Seleucid era. Ti/jjes — Eagle on sacred conical stone, some-
times within a temple ; Head of the Sun-god or lofty lighted altar
of the Sun, richly adorned with arches containing statues. Games —
HAIA nYOIA.
Epiphaneia, on the Orontes, the Hamath of the Old Testament, was
renamed by Antiochus Epiphanes.
Autonomous bronze with Seleucid dates corresponding to B.C. 161-134.
/«*f;-,, Eni(t)ANEnN,orEni<J)ANEnN THZ lEPAZ KAi AZYAOY, Ti/jyes—
Head of City, reiK Zeus Nikephoros seated ; Head of Pallas, rev. Apollo
standing. Imperial — Tiberius to Gallienus. Inscr. ^ ^YW'^KH^Cl^. Dates
according to the Pompeian era (b. c. 64). Ti/j^ies — Dionysos and panther ;
Pallas standing ; Demeter standing, etc.
Gabala, a coast-town south of Laodiceia. Autonomous bronze. Inscr.,
rABAA€jQN, sometimes with name of the Roman governor of Syria,
€m CIAANOY, Imperial — Augustus to Julia Soaemias. Dates according
to a local era commencing B. c, 47, with addition sometimes of another
date, reckoned either from B.C. 32 or B.C. 18. Tj/pes — Female figure
seated holding poppy and corn, at her feet, Sphinx ; Bust of Pallas before
a Sphinx-like simulacrum of some Phoenician divinity ; Seated male
figure wielding bipennis and holding shield. Inscr. on some specimens
ANNA or TYXH, the former of uncertain signification; Sphinx and Owl
face to face, etc.
u u 2
660
SELF.UCI8 AND PIERIA.
Laodiceia ad Mare, so called by Seleucus I in honour of his mother
Laodice. Kegal bronze with heads of Antiochus IV, Alexander Bala, and
Antiochus VIII. Inscr., AAOAIKE^N 1D.H HPOZ OAAAZZHI, or
AAOAIKEHN THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY. %;^^— Poseidon or Ar-
temis. See also the coins reading AAEAOnN AHMflN, described under
Antioch, p. 6^6.
At a later period Laodiceia struck autonomous silver tetradrachms
bearing dates reckoned from the Pharsalian era (b. c, 48), ranging from
B.C. 39 to 17.
Head^of City, veiled and turreted.
AAOAIKEflN, AAOAIKEHN THZ
lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY, or
lOYAIEHN THN KAI AAOAI-
KEjQN Zeus Nikephoros, enthroned.
All in wreath . . M, 230-220 gra.
There are also bronze coins dated according to the same era, ranging
from B.C. 47 to A.D. 83, sometimes with Inscr., lOYAIEHN THN KAI
AAOAIKEHN.
Imperial M Tetradrachms — Augustus to Hadrian, and M Augustus to
Caracalla, dated from B. c. 48. Honorific titles — MHTPOTTOAenC, NEH-
KOpnN np[nTnN]CYPiAC, ioya. aaoai. ceoYH. MHTPonoAenc,
etc. Types — Bust of City turreted ; Temple, etc.
Imperial colonial — Severus to Valerian, with Latin inscription. COL.
LAOD. METROPOLEOS, C. M. L, SEPT. COL. LAOD. METRO.,
COL. LAO. P. S. METROPOLEOS ( = Colonia Laodiceia Prima
Syriae, etc.), or blundered legends, LAODICEON, LADICEON, LAV-
DICEON, etc. Types — various. Among the more remarkable is that
of an armed goddess (Artemis Brauronia, cf. Pans., iii. 16, 8) standing
between two stags ; also Laodiceia seated with River-god at her feet and
attended by four female- figures, dependent cities (?).
Alliance coins with Aradus.
Larissa, on the Orontes. Autonomous bronze coins only. Inscr., AA-
PiZAinN THZ lEPAZ. %5f.?— Head of Zeus, r6'^7. Throne ; Head of City,
rev. Horse walking ; Head of Apollo, rev. Artemis huntress.
Mjrriandrus, on the gulf of Issus. Imperial bronze of Ant. Pius
and M. Aurelius. Inscr., MYPI ANAPITHN. 7^^//;^— Tyche, etc. (Mion.,
V. %6^).
Nicopolis, perhaps also on the gulf of Issus. Imperial bronze — Com-
modus to Philip Jun. Inscr., NeiKOnOAEITHN CEAEYKIAOC, or THC
CeACYKIAOC THC KPAC. %j^5— Veiled goddess in distyle temple;
Two figures advancing with Eros flying above, about to crown a River-
god who swims in front.
LAODICEIA AD MARE—SELEUCIA.
661
Paltus, a coast-town between Gabala and Balanea. Imperial bronze —
Commodus to Elagabalus. /;wcr., TTAATHNnN. Dates according to two
eras, one calculated from b. c. 239, the other, according to Pellerin {Ilel.,
ii. '^'^s)-> from some time between B. c. 97 and 81, Ti/j^es — The Dioskuri ;
Bust of goddess wearing modius, etc.
Raphanaea, some five and twenty miles south-west of Epiphaneia and
west of Arethusa. Imperial — Elagabalus and Severus Alexander. Inscr.,
PA0AN€nTaN, Pe0AN€nTnN, P€0ANeATnN or PeOANenN, Tyche
of City standing or seated crowning a bull ; in field, right and left, an
eagle.
Rhosus, on the gulf of Issus. Autonomous bronze. Inscr., PHCCnN
or PncenN THC I€PAC KAI ACYAOY, with addition sometimes of KAI
AYTONOMOY. Imperial — Claudius to Severus Alexander, Dates ac-
cording to the Caesarian era, B.C. 48, and the Actian era (b. c. 31).
T^pes — Head of Zeus ; Head of Tyche ; Oriental divinity facing standing
on base placed between two bulls : his head is horned and he holds a
fulmen and an ear of Corn (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 440}.
Seleucia, the port of Antioch situate at the foot of Mount Pieria.
Regal bronze, with heads of Antiochus IV, Alexander Bala, or Anti-
ochus Vn and Vlll. Inscr., ZEAEYKEflN inN EM HIEPIAI. See
also coins inscribed AAEA<t>jQN AHMnN (p. 656), some dated according
to the Seleucid era. Autonomous bronze, mostly of the first century
B.C. Inscr., ZEAEYKEnN, ZEAEYKEnN THN EM niEPIAI, ZEAEY-
KEHN niEPIAZ, or THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY, or AZYAOY.
Ty2^e — Head of Zeus, rev. Fulmen, sometimes lying on throne of Zeus.
Some of the later specimens are dated according to the Pompeian era
(b. c. 64) and the Actian era (b. c. 31).
There are also autonomous silver tetradrachms and drachms of the
following types, bearing dates ranging from 4 to 26, computed pro-
bably from the era of the autonomy of the town, B. c. 108 ( = b. c.
104-82) : —
Head of Tyche^ turreted.
Id.
Head of Zeus.
(^./. .v., iii. 350.)
ZEAEYKEHN THZ lEPAZ KAI
AYTONOMOY Fulmeu on throne
M Tetradr. 230-215 ^rs.
ZEAEYKEnN THZ AYTONOMOY
Nike, or Fulmen JR Drachm, and^ Dr.
ZEAEYKEnN THZ AYTONOMOY
Fulmen M, Diobol.
Imperial — M Tetradrachms of Augustus and Tiberius only, and M to
Severus Alexander. Usual types — Fulmen on throne; Conical stone in
temple, usuaUy inscribed ZCYC KACIOC or Z€YC KEPAYNIOC. The
thunderbolt was worshipped at Seleucia as the emblem of Zeus, who
guided Seleucus in his choice of a site for the city.
662
COELE-SYRIA.
VII. COELE-SYRIA.
Coele-Syria, in its more restricted sense, comprised the small tract of
country between Mounts Lebanon and Antilibanus ; but in a more general
way the name was applied to all the country east and south-east of the
latter range of mountains.
Capitolias, about sixteen miles east of Gadara. Imperial bronze —
M. Aurelius to Macrinus. Inscr., K ATIITUUMCUUN, often with abbrevi-
ated titles leP. ACY. AY, etc. Local era reckoned from A. D. 97. Preva-
lent type — Astarte in temple.
Damascus, the capital of Coele-Syria, not far from the base of the
Antilibanus, and copiously supplied with water from the streams which
took their rise in the mountain, had been from remote times a populous
and wealthy city. Under the Seleucid and Roman rule it was, however,
eclipsed by Antioch. Its earliest coins, if we except certain tetradrachms
of Alexander, probably struck there (Miiller, Nos. 1338-46), are autono-
mous bronze with Seleucid dates ranging from b. c. 138 to 135 and from
B. c. 69 to A. D. 6^. Liscr., AAM ACKHNnN. There are also some bronze
coins of Aretas III reading BAZIAEHZ APETOY 0IAEAAHNOZ. Tj/j^e—
Nike, circ. b. c. 85-62, struck at Damascus, (see Arabia, p. 686). Im-
perial— Augustus to Severus Alexander, dated. Inscr., AAMACKHNflN,
AAMACKOY MHTPOnOACnC, AAMACKOY MHTPOH. KOAHNI,
or AAMACKOY lePAC KAI €NAOZOY. Games— QEE KC tA\ k OAYM-
niA, or APIA lePA CEBACMIA. River-gods— X?y CO? OK, probably
the Adana and the Pharpar of Scripture, and TTHrAI, their sources
(Fig. 348).
y-'
(/v- ■) p ,-
^ ^^ V^^v
Fig. 34S.
Also bronze with Latin or mixed Greek and Latin inscr., Elaga-
balus to Gallienus. The most frequent types are a bust of Tyche
within a temple ; Tyche seated on rock with River-god at her feet ;
Ram, etc.
Demetrias, site unknown, but conjecturally attributed to Coele-
Syria. Autonomous bronze and Imperial — Augustus. Inscr., AHMH-
TPieilN THC l€PAC. Types — Tyche seated with River-god swimming
TRACIIONITIS. 663
at hor feet ; naked male figure holding spear ; others of no special
interest. Era probably dates from B.C. 312. See also Demetrias in
Phoenicia.
Heliopolis [BaalheJc). Imperial colonial — Augustus, and Nerva to Galli-
enus, COL. HEL.; COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. HEL.; also in addition I. O.
M. H. (lovi Optimo Maximo Heliopolitano). Type — Temple. Games —
CERT. SACR. CAP. OECV. ISELASTI HEL. = Certamina Sacra
Capitolina Oecumenica Iselastica Heliopolitana, concerning which see
Eckiiel, iv. 443. Prevailing types — Tyche standing; Temple of Jupiter
Capitolinus.
Laodiceia ad Libanum, on the Orontes, Imperial — Antoninus to Ca-
racalla. Inscr., AAOAIKenN FTPOC AIBANH, etc. Prevailing type —
MHN, the God Men holding a horse by the bridle ; also TYXH, Tyche of
the city seated between two river-gods. Era dates from b. c. 313, that
of the Seleucidae.
Leucas or Abila, was the chief town of the tetrarchy of Abilene, under
the government of Lysanias II (Luke, iii. i). It stood on the banks of
the Chrysoroas, above Damascus. Autonomous bronze and Imjjerial —
Claudius to Gordian. Inscr., AEYKAAinN, ACYKAAinN THN KAI
KAAYAIAinN, or KAAYAienN inN KAI AGYKAAinN, etc. Dates
according to two eras, the first reckoned from b. c. 37, the second from
A.D. 48. Ty2)es — XPYCOPOAC, Eiver-god swimming (De Saulcy, iVw^?.
de la Terre Sainte, p. 30).
VIII. TRACHONITIS.
In B.C. '^6 Auranitis, Trachonitis, Batanea, and Paneas were in the
possession of Cleopatra^ but after her death, b. c. 30, they were farmed
out to Zenodorus, possibly a son of the Tetrarch Lysanias I of Chalcis,
and half brother of Lysanias II of Abilene. In B. c. 34 all these districts
were taken away from Zenodorus except Paneas. Zenodorus died in
B.C. 30 or 19.
Zenodorus. Bronze probably struck between b. c. 30 and 37. Dated,
year 87 of an era commencing between b. c. 118 and no.
Head of Octaviau. | ZHNOAHPOY TETPAPXOY KAI
(Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 124.) | APXIEPEHZ Portrait of Zeuodorus.
Caesareia Faneas, founded by Philip the Tetrarch, stood on the
Upper Jordan, near the frontiers of Galilee. Its name Paneas, Pa-
neias, or Panias, was derived from a grotto of Pan at the foot of
Mount Paneium (Steph. Byz., s. v. Ilavia), After A. D. ^^ the town
was called Neronias, in honour of Nero. The coins consist of
Regal bronze of Agrippa I, Inscr., KAI2APEIAZ ASYAOY ATP inn A
664 DECAPOLIS.
BASIAEYZ. Autonomous and Imperial bronze — Aurelius to Aquillia
Severa. Inscr., KAIC CCB. ICP. KM ACY. YHO nAN€l\JU, KAICAPCIA
TTANIAC or riANlAAOC, etc. The era dates from b. c. 3. Types—
Zeus ; Pan ; and, on coin of Diadumenian, the famous grotto of
Pan surrounded by a balustrade with the statue of the god in the
centre.
A regal coin of Agrippa II has the inscr,, £171 BACIAC. ArPiniT.
N€PnNie, For other varieties, see De Saulcy {Terre Sainte, p, 313).
Gaba, site uncertain, but probably in Trachonitis or Ituraea (De
Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 339). Autonomous and Imperial — Titus to Cara-
calla. Inscr., TAEHNnN or KAAYAI (DIAin rABHNHN. Era dates
from B. c. 61. The only noteworthy type is the god Men.
IX. DECAPOLIS.
Abila, about twelve miles east of Gadara, is to be distinguished from
the Abila Leucas of Lysanias on the Chrysoroas, about seventy miles
farther north. The inhabitants called themselves Seleucians (De Saulcy,
Terre Sainte, p. 308). Imperial — Aurelius to Elagabalus. Inscr. C€. AB-
lAHNnN I. A. A. r. Koi.CY.(=ceAeYKenN abiahnhn lepAC acyaoy
AYTONOMOY rNfiPIMOY (?) KOIAHC CYPI AC),also CCAeY. ABIAAC, etc.
Era commences B.C. 64 (Pompeian). The types relate chiefly to the
cultus of Herakles.
Autiochia ad Hippum, opposite Tiberias, on the sea of Galilee, so
called from its proximity to Mount Hippus. Imperial— l^ero to Com-
modus. Liscr., ra,rely, ITTTTHNnN ; type, Horse (Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 293);
but more frequently, ANTIOXEfiN inNTTPOC iniTuu, with addition
sometimes of THC 16 P. K. ACYAOY. Dates according to the Pompeian
era, b. c. 64. Types — Tyche of the City holding a horse in allusion to
Mount Hippus, or Tyche seated on mountain.
Canata (El-Kerak), about twenty miles north-west of Bostra. Im-
perial— Claudius, Domitian, Elagabalus (?). Inscr., KANATHNflN or
KANATA. Era, Pompeian B.C. 64, (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 400). The
Seleucid era, B.C. 312, appears to have been also used (Eckhei,
iii- 347).
Canatha [Kviiawdt), about twenty miles north-east of Bostra. Impe-
rial— Antoninus and Commodus. /«^cr., KANAOHNHN. Type — Bust of
Pallas. Era uncertain (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 400).
Dium, near Gadara, named after Dium in Macedonia. Imperial —
Caracalla and Geta. Inscr., AEIHNnN. Era, Pompeian (b. c. 64).
PHOENICIA. 665
Ti/pes — Naked female figure with a Kiver-god at her feet ; Divinity-
wearing modius standing between two recumbent bulls, holding Nike
and Sceptre surmounted by Eagle.
Gadara, the capital of Peraea, on the Hieromax, near the southern
end of the sea of Tiberias. Autonomous and Imperial — Augustus to
Gordian. Inscr.,V kLk?k, TAAAPeiC, TAAAPenN, with addition some-
times of I. A. A. r. K. CY., as on coins of Abila, also TTOMrTHITenN
TAAAPenN, in honour of Pompey who restored it (Josephus, xiv, 8).
Dates according to the Pompeian era (b. c. 64). Types — Head of Herakles ;
Divinity standing between two lions or hurling a spear (?); Zeus in
temple, etc. Games — NAYMA[XIA].
Gerasa, about thirty-two miles south-east of Gadara. Imperial — Ha-
drian to Sev. Alexander. Inscr., APTeMIC TYXH rePACujN or AP-
TCMIC rCPACuuN. Types relating to the cultus of Artemis.
Kippus. See Antiochia ad Hippum.
Fella, about twenty miles south of the sea of Tiberias, like the
neighbouring Dium, was a Macedonian foundation. Imperial — Com-
modus and Elagabalus. Inscr., FFCAAAIUUN. Dates according to the
Pompeian era (b. c. 64). Types — Pallas; Divinity with patera and
sceptre ; Statue of temple.
FhiladelpMa {Rabbath-Ammo7i), so called in honour of Ptolemy Phila-
delphus, was situate near the source of the Jabbok, a tributary of the
Jordan. Autonomous and Imperial — Claudius to Sev. Alexander. Inscr.,
<t>IAAAeAct)enN or OIA. KOI. CYP., etc. Era, Pompeian (b. c. 64).
Types — Tyche of city, TYXH ; others relating to the cultus of Herakles,
with legend HPAKAEION, and with addition of letters of doubtful mean-
ing, P. M. A. or AFFAAA ; also a small shrine on a car drawn by four
horses.
X. PHOENICIA.
^^ORNI
For some general introductory remarks on the coinage of Phoenicia,
see above, p. 650.
Aradus was built on an island about twenty stadia from the mainland
off the northern coast of Phoenicia. Its coinage begins about the same
time as that of Tyre and Sidon in the latter half of the fifth century
B.C., but unlike those cities Aradus made use of the Persic standard
for its silver staters, probably on account of its proximity to and
commerce with the island of Cyprus, where that standard was then
alone in use.
666
PHOENICIA.
The early coinage of Aradus has been arranged by M. Six {Num.
Ckron., 1877) in the following classes : —
Before b. c. 400 to 370.
Head of Melkarth, laureate, of archaic
style.
{Rev. Num., 1855, PI. III. 4-)
No inscr. or NO, standing for Melek
Arad, Galley on waves
iR Stater 165 grs., M, Divisions,
53, II, and I grs.
Circ. B.C. 370-350.
Id. (Fig. 349.)
Fig. 349.
ND and Phoenician numerals 10-17
(regnal years), or letters. Galley on
waves M Stater
Circ. B. C. 350-330.
NO Phoenician fish-god, Dagon holding
dolphin in each hand.
NO Upper half of Dagon.
Dagon.
Galley with seahorse beneath ^R 53 grs.
iR 2 7 grs.
Prow with dolphin beneath .^11 grs.
NO Galley on waves . . .. ^ -55
Circ. B.C. 330-260.
On the Macedonian conquest Aradus abandoned its ancient standard
of weight for the Attic, and struck gold staters, silver tetradrachms, and
bronze of the Alexandrine types (Miiller, CI., ii., iii. and iv., Nos. 1360-
79) distinguished by the monogram AP (B. M. Guide, PI. XXVII. 3, 4).
In this period the monogram of Aradus is also met with on some of the
tetradrachms of Antiochus I.
Circ. B.C. 259-183.
The era of Aradus commences in b. c. 359, according to which all the
subsequent coins of the city are dated. These fall into the following
classes : —
(i) Tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Midler, CI. V.), distinguished by the
emblem of a Palm-tree and the monogram AP. (a) AVith Phoenician
dates corresiionding to B.C. 244-214 and (/3) with Greek dates, B.C. 202-
183.
ARADUS.
667
The contemporary smaller coinage consists of half drachms and bronze with
Phoenician dates.
Head of Tyche.
Head of Melkarth or Zeus.
Head of Tyche.
Id.
Prow . . M\T>v.
Pallas in attitude of combat on prow of
galley . ^ i Dr.
Id. or Prow without Pallas . M -6^
Melkarth (?) seated on i^row, crowning
figure of fighting Pallas . ^E -8
Circ. B.C. 170-147.
(ii) Attic drachms with Ephesian types, adoj)ted, there can be little doubt, in
consequence of a monetary alliance contracted about this time between
these two flourishing seaports.
Bee and Greek dates (=b.c. 170-147).
Head of Zeus.
APAAinN Stag and palm-tree . . .
M Attic dr.
Prow of war-galley and Phoenician
dates M -6
Circ. B.C. 136-46.
Some time in the reign of Alexander Bala (b. c. 152-144) Aradus,
which had been long at feud with its neighbour Marathus, succeeded
in destroying that town, and probably obtained thenceforth a consider-
able accession of wealth and power, for we find it, shortly after that
event, in a position to send into the market vast quantities of dated
tetradrachms, the series of which extends from B.C. 136 down to B.C.
46. The weight of these tetradrachms is peculiar, being intermediate
between the Attic and Tyrian standards.
Fig. 350.
Veiled and turreted head of the Tyche
of Aradus. (Fig. 350.)
Head of Zeus,
Head of Tyche.
Head of Medusa, facing.
Head of Tyche.
Jugate male and female heads.
Veiled head of Astarte, wearing
stephane.
APAAinN Nike standing, holding
aplustre and palm. In field, Greek
date, and Phoenician and Greek
letters . . . M Tetradr. 230 grs.
Prow with Pallas as figure-head, Plioe-
nician date . . M Tetrob. 36 grs.
Prow M^ Dr. 27 grs.
Aplustre . . . . M Diob. 18 grs.
Poseidon (1) seated on prow . . ^ .85
Prow ^ .65
Punning bull J^ .85
668
PHOENICIA.
Imperial — Tiberius to Gordian. Inscr., K?K^\O.H. Usual types — Head
of Astarte wearing stephane and veil, before which is the head of the
Emperor smaller in size than that of the goddess, rev. Running bull ;
Tyche seated on rudder ; Vase between two sphinxes ; Cypress-tree
between lion and bull, each accompanied by legionary standard.
Berytus {Beyroid^ a coast-town between Byblus and Sidon. Auto-
nomous bronze of Imperial times with Greek inscription, BHPYTinN,
BHPY, etc.; Heads of Poseidon or of City turreted, rev. Poseidon drawn
by sea-horses, etc. Colonial — Augustus to Salonina, COL. BER., COL.
IVL. BER., COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. BER., COL. IVL. ANT. AVG. FEL.
BER., etc. Types — Ordinary colonial, or relating to the cultus of
Poseidon, Astarte, and Dionysos, whose statues are represented in
their respective temples ; Poseidon dragging to himself the un-
willing nymph Beroe (Eckhel, ii. 358). The era of Berytus dates from
B.C. 197.
Botrys, between Byblus and Tripolis. Imperial — Aurelius to Julia
Soaemias. Inscr., BOTPYHNnN. Era begins B.C. 50. Type — Astarte
in temple.
Byblus, a coast-town at the foot of Mount Lebanon, between Botrys
and Berytus, famous as the scene of the myth of Adonis, who was here
worshipped under the name of Thammuz. Isis also was fabled to have
come to Byblus, where she sought and found the chest containing the
corpse of Osiris slain by Typhon. The earliest coins of Byblus are
autonomous silver pieces of the kings of Byblus, Elpaal, Ainel or
Enylus, the contemporary of Alexander the Great, b. c. 333 (Arrian,
ii, 20. i); Azbaal, and Adramelek, b. c. 315 C?) (Six, Num. Chron., 1877,
p. 182). There are two other kings, Adommelek, (circ. b. c. 300?) and
Jehawmelek (circ. b. c. 280 ?), but if they struck coins none have yet
been identified.
Phoefnician Standard, circ. B.C. 400-315 (?).
Galley manned by three armed men,
with horse's head as figure-head :
beneath, hippocamp.
Id., but galley with lion's head (?).
Id.
(De Luynes, Satr., PI. XV. 45.)
Vulture standing on an incuse ram
iH Tetrad r. 218 grs., Dr. 54 grs.
(De Luynes, Satrap., PL XVI. 46, 47.)
Lion devouring a bull, of which the
head is in relief and the body incuse.
Inscr. in Phoenician letters ?yD7X
b2: i?D ( = Elpaal Melek Gebal) . .
M 223, 56, 13 and 6 grs.
Lion devouring bull. Inscr. in Phoeni-
cian letters bli "J^» bn:""]} ( = Ainel
Melek Gebal); b2: i?10 ^ynty ( =
Azbaal Melek Gebal); or l^fillN
ijna ^^J^( = Adramelek Melek Gebal)
.K 213 grs. and 13 grs.
BERYTUS^BORA. 669
Second and first centuries B. c.
The next coins of Byblus are bronze of the time of Antiochus IV and
V, rev. Phoenician god Kronos represented as a standing figure with
six wings and a horned head-dress (cf. Rev. Num., 1856, p, 394, and
Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 442).
There are also autonomous bronze coins, obv. Head of Tyche, rev.
Kronos ; Isis Pharia ; Harpocrates ; etc. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p, 442). /^/^-
jierial hronze — Augustus to Valerian. Inscr., BYBAIflN, BYBAOY ICPAC,
etc. Usual types — Temple of Astarte, in which her statue standing with
one foot on Prow ; Isis Pharia, etc. Era commences either in b, c. 20 or
B. c. 6 (Eckhel, iii. 360).
Caesareia ad Libannm, at the north-west foot of Mount Lebanon.
Imperial — Antoninus Pius to Aurelius, Inscr., KAICAPCIAC AIBANOY
or KAICAPenN TflN €N TH Al B A Nn, with Seleucid dates. Colonial—
Elagabalus to Severus Alexander, COL. CAESAREA LIB., etc. Type —
Half-length simulacrum of Astarte in temple. Dates according to the
Seleucid era.
Carne or Carnos. To this place, the port of Aradus (Strabo, 753),
coins have been attributed with Phoenician dates reckoned from the
era of Aradus, B.C. 259, ranging from B.C. 225-1 to, Inscr., y\\>. Types —
— Head of Zeus, rev. Cornucopiae ; Head of Tyche ; Prow, etc. Imperial
of Valerian. Inscr., CORNV PHENICES {Num. Chron., N. S., xii. 67
and 221).
Demetrias C?). Autonomous bronze, obv. Turreted female head, rev.
AH, Nike with palm. Date L B of uncertain era [Num. Chron., 1862,
p. 106). Imperial Tiberius to M. Aurelius, Inscr. AHMHTPI€nN [Rev.
Beige, ser, iii. vol. iv. 22.) Types — Tyche ; Figure holding ears of corn,
etc. It is quite possible that these coins may belong to Demetrias in
Coele-Syria.
Dora, a coast-town in the south of Phoenicia. Regal bronze of Try-
phon, B.C. 142-139, rev. AHP. 16. KAI A. Autonomous and Imperial—
Vespasian to Aquillia Severa, with Greek dates computed from the
Pompeian era, B.C. 64. Inscr., AHPITuuN AUUPieuuN, AUUPHNlTuuN
(sic), AUJP. leP. ACYA. AYTON. NAYAPX[i8os]. %j^5— Head of Zeus or
Tyche, rev. Astarte standing holding vexillum.
Gebal. See Byblus.
Marathns. This important city was the most northern coast town of
Phoenicia. It was continually at feud with its near neighbour Aradus,
which appears to have succeeded in destroying it between B. c. 149 and
1 45, in the reign of Alexander Bala.
670
PnOENIClA,
Its earliest coins are tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Miiller, 1396 ;
Spiibol, Palm-tree), dated in the 30th year of the era of Aradus (b. c. 259)
= B. c. 229. Shortly after this the series of the Marathenian coins begins,
and extends down to circ. b. c. 150. The silver coins have Greek
legends and the bronze Phoenician, all being dated in the usual Phoeni-
cian manner, e.g. Ill II — NNNN/Iti^ (=Shenath, 95).
Fig. 351.
Attic Standard.
Head of the city, turreted. (Fig. 351.)
Head of Queen Berenice II (1), veiled.
Id.
Id.
Head of Ptolemy V, as Hermes.
Head of Tyche.
MAPAOHNnN Male figure, hold-
ing aplustre and palm, seated on
shields. In front, Phoenician date
33 (=B.c. 226)
M. Attic tetradr. 258 grs.
MAPAGHNnN Male figure standing
beside column, holding aplustre.
Phoenician date 34 ( = b.c. 225) . .
-51 36 grs.
mo Id. (B.C. 198) .... ^ .85
„ Prow (B.C. 189) .... ^ .55
,, Male figure standing beside column.
Phoenician date ( = b.c. 188) M -8
„ Id. (B.C. 156) ^ .6
Orthosia, between Aradus and Tripolis. Autonomous bronze. Inscr.,
OPOnZIEnN, and Imjierial — Tiberius to Severus Alexander, with or
without dates of the Seleucid era (b. c. 312). T^j^es — Zeus; Nike;
Prow ; Simulacrum drawn by two griffins, etc.
Sidon. To this great maritime city, the ancient metropolis of Phoe-
nicia, M. Six [Num. Ckron., 1877, p. 195) attributed a whole series of
large silver octradrachms and smaller divisions of the Phoenician stan-
dard. In date these coins seem to range from the latter half of the fifth
century (with intervals) down to the age of Alexander the Great. The
attribution to Sidon is, however, only conjectural, and M. Six [Num. Cliroii.,
1884, p. 149) has himself suggested that the actual place of mintage may
have been farther north at Tripolis (chiefly on the ground that the forms
of the letters are Aramaic rather than Phoenician) though probably the
money was struck in the Sidouian quarter of that city (Diod., xvi. 41).
MARATHUS—SIBON.
671
The following are the classes into which the series falls : —
Class I. Temp. Darius II {% b.c. 424-405.
Fig. 352.
Galley in full sail. (Fig. 352.)
Id. (B. V. Head, Coins of lydia and
Persia, PL II. 2.)
Id. {Ibid., Fig. 3.)
Id.
Incuse square. King of Persia or of Sidon
in chariot, driven by his charioteer.
In field, Fore-part of goat, incuse
M 422-8 grs.
King standing, drawing bow, with
incuse bearded heads of goat before
and behind . . . . M 104-9 g^'S-
Id iE no grs.
King kneeling, drawing bow M i3-ogrs.
Class H. Temp. Artaxerxes II {% B.C. 405-359.
Fig. 353-
Galley before the fortified wall of a
city. In exergue two lions. (Fig.
Id. ' {Ihid., Fig. 7.)
Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven
at full speed by his cliarioteer : be-
neath, a goat, incuse . -51 425 grs.
Incuse square. King contending with
lion, which he is about to slay with
a short sword . . . . J^ 107 grs.
Class III. Tem}^. Artaxerxes II {% B.C. 405-359.
Galley with rowers, at sea: above,
Phoenician letter 3.
(B.V. Head, I.e., PI. II. 15.)
Id.
Id.
{Ihid., Fig. 16.)
{Ihid., Fig. 17.)
King driven slowly by charioteer : be-
hind him walks an attendant in
Egiijytian costume, holding a bent
sceptre ^432 grs.
Similar, but no attendant iR 97-3 grs.
King contending with lion -51 13 grs.
672
PHOENICIA.
Class IV. With dates first to thirteenth year of Artaxerxes HI (T) {Ochus)=B. c.
359-338.
Fig. 354.
Galley with rowers, at sea : above,
Phoenician dates ranging from i to
13 (Fig. 354).
Id.
PI,
Id.
Id.
Id.
(B. V. Head,
III. 2.)
Lyd. and Pers.,
{Ibid., Fig. 3.)
{Ibid., Fig. 4.)
{Ibid., Fig. 8.)
King driven slowly by charioteer, be-
hind him walks an attendant in
Asiatic costume, carrying sceptre and
flask. In field, letters 3y, yn or VV
M 398 grs.
Similar, but no attendant JR 94-8 grs.
Id ^49 grs.
King contending with lion JR 10-4 grs.
King in half-kneeling posture, as on
the dai'ics M -6
Class V. With the name of the Satrap Mazaeus, b. c. 350 (?)-333.
Imitations of the above-described octadrachms of Class IV struck
apparently in the district north of Phoenicia, and distinguished by the
name of the Satrap Mazaeus, HTD, in the Aramaic character on the re-
verse, and the dates 10 or 11 C?) of Ochus, B. c. 350 or 349 (?) ; 19, 20 and
21 of Ochus, B.C. 341-339; and i and 2 either of Arses, B. c. 338-7, or
of Darius III, B. c. 'i'^(>-'i'iS (B. V. Head, Coi7is of Lydia and Persia^
PI. III. 5). See also J. P. Six {Num. Chron., 1884, p. 144 sqq.).
Circ. B.C. 312-113.
In this period the coins struck at Sidon are all regal.
Staters of Alexander's types, "j
Tetradrachms. (Muller, Alex., Class III.) >b.c. 312-266 (?).
Tetradrachms. (Muller, Alex., Class IV.) )
Tetradrachms of Ptolemy II (dated), B.C. 261-247.
Octadrachms of Arsinoe Philadelphi (dated), B.C. 249, 248, 243.
Tetradrachms of Ptolemy III (dated), B.C. 245-242.
Tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Muller, Class V.) circ. B.C. 242-
222(?).
Tetradrachms of Ptolemy IV (undated), circ. B.C. 222-205.
Antiochus IV and Demetrius I, B.C. (undated), 175-150.
Tetradrachms of Seleucid kings, Alexander I to Antiochus IX, B.C.
151-113-
(i)
R
(ii)
M
(iii)
M
(iv)
M
(V)
R
(vi)
A\
(vii)
M
(viii)
Al
(ix)
JVZ
(X)
M
SI J) ON— TRIP OL IS.
673
Circ. B. c. 11 1-A. D. 117.
Silver. Phoenician Standard.
In B. c. Ill the autonomous era of Sidon commences, and a long series
of dated silver and bronze coins of which the following are the chief
varieties : —
Fig. 355-
Head of city turreted and veiled.
(Fig- 355-)
ZlAnNinN, with addition on later
specimens of THZ lEPAZ KAI
AZYAOY Eagle on rudder . . .
M, Teti'adr. 220 grs.
M, Didr. 100 grs.
The bronze coins read SIAnNinN, IIAHNOZ GEAZ (the goddess
Sidon), ZIAHNOZ OEAZ lEPAZ KAI ASYAOY, etc., or else they
have the name of Sidon in the Phoenician character. T^2}es — Head
of Tyche ; Heads of Zeus and Tyche jugate ; Dionysos, etc., rev. Astarte
standing on prow ; Galley ; Rudder ; Aplustre ; Europa with inflated
veil riding on bull (cf. Lucian, Be Dea Syr., 6, Kal to voixiajjia, roJ
St8coi;tot \peovTai, ti]v EvpcoTTrjv e(f)eCoix4vr]V e'xet t(5 ravpc^ rw Att); Cista
mystica ; Temple ; Car with four small wheels containing an imao-e
of Astarte, etc.
Imperial — Augustus to Hadrian. Inscr., ZIAHNOZ OEAZ, ZlAnislOZ
lEPAZ, ZIAHNOZ NAYAPXIAOZ, etc. %;e*— Europa on bull; Zeus
enthroned ; Sacred car of Astarte, etc.
Imperial colonial — Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., COL. AVR.
PIA METROP. SIDON, etc., also in addition, AETERNVM BENEFICIVM
or CERT. SAC. PER. OECVME. ISELA. ( = 'Certamina sacra periodica
oecumenica Iselastica '). Tyjies — Agonistic Table ; Sacred car of Astarte ;
Corn measure ; Astarte in temple ; Roman legionary standards ; Ship
Argo with legend APTONAYT, etc.
Tripolis, a joint settlement, whence its name, from Sidon, Tyre, and
Aradus, established before the time of Alexander the Great, It was
situated on the coast between Aradus and Byblus. M. Six {N^im. Chron.,
1884) suggests that the Sidonians may have struck at Tripolis the series
of large octadrachms described under Sidon. The earliest coins which
bear the name of Tripolis are autonomous bronze of the second and
X X
674
PHOENICIJ.
first centuries B.C. Inscr., TPITTOAITHN. Dates reckoned from the
Seleucid and Pompeian eras, B.C. 312 and B.C. 64. Usual tijjyeH — Heads
of the Dioskuri, rev. Nike standing on Prow. Tripolis was also for a
short time one of the mints of Ptolemy V (b.c. 204-198, B. M. Cat.,
Ffol.,-^. 72), and apparently of Antiochus IV of Syria, B.C. 165. Its
chief coins are, however, autonomous tetradi'achms of the second and first
centuries B.C.
Silver. Phoenician Standard.
Busts of the Dioskuri surmounted by
stars.
TPinOAITnN THZ lEPAZ KAI
AYTONOMOY City standing rest-
ing on short sceptre, and holding
cornucopiae. The whole in wreath
iH 213 grs.
Imperial — Augustus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., TPIfTOAITriN ; TPI-
nOAIT. NAYAP.or NAYAPX. NEHK. Ty^j^'*— Busts or figures of the Dios-
kuri; Astarte standing with one foot on prow ; HAIOC CeAHNH, Sun and
Moon; AIOZ APIOY, Two temples {Bev. Num., 1861, PL V. 10). The
Imperial money is all dated according to the Seleucid era, and ranges
from B.C. 32 to A. D. 221.
Tyrus, a colony of Sidon, which rivalled the mother city in wealth
and splendour. It appears to have begun to coin silver tetradrachms
and small coins in the latter half of the fifth century b. c.
Phoenician Stavidard, circ. B.C. 450-332 or later.
Dolphin swimming above waves; be-
neath, murex.
(Brandis, p. 513.)
Incuse square, within which Owl ac-
companied by crook and flail, Egyp-
tian symbols of royalty
Ai Tetradr. 220 Q:rs.
Fig.
Melkarth holding bow and riding over
the waves upon a sea-horse; be-
neath waves, a dolphin.
Dolphin and murex, or seahorse and
dolphin.
Owl with crook and flail ; Phoenician
letters sometimes in the field. (Fig.
356.) . . . iK Tetradr. 210 grs.
Owl with crook and flail . . Al Obol.
TlilPOLIS—TYRUS.
675
Attic Standard, circ. B.C. 312-275 a7id later.
The last-mentioned series was probably continued for a time after the
capture of Tyre by Alexander, the weight of these latest specimens being
reduced to that of the Attic didrachm. They bear Phoenician dates
reckoned from the Seleucid era, B.C. 312, viz. years 3, 3, 23, 34, 26, 28,
29' 3O' 32, 33^ 34, 35 and 37. In year 38 (b. c. 275-4) the era of Tyre
commences, but the Attic didrachms of the Melkarth and Owl type do
not immediately cease, for specimens occur with the dates 2 and 3 of
what seems to be the Tyrian era, preceded by the initial letter of the
name of Tyre (if). (See Six, N/im. Citron., 1886.)
Circ. B.C. 274-126.
The first era of Tyre began in b. c. 275-4, and from this time until
B. c. 1 26 the following regal coins were issued from the Tyrian mint : —
(i) B.C. 266-247. Coins of Ptolemy II, with the years of bis reign (20-39).
(ii) B.C. 247-228. Coins of Ptolemy III, with yeai's of his reign (2, 3, 4. 5,
8, 20).
(iii) B.C. 228-205. Coins of Ptolemy III and IV, with dates 48, 50 and 56
of the era of Tyre,
(iv) B.C. 205-159. Coins of the Ptolemaic types, without monogram of Tyre,
but with dates according to the Tyrian era, ranging
from 71-90, and from 100-117. (^^^ ^^^» Num.
Chron., 1886.)
(v) B.C. 159-126. Bronze coins with Seleucid dates of Demetrius I and silver
of Alexander Bala, Demetrius II, Antiochus VII, and
Demetrius II restored.
In addition to these consecutive series of dated coins there are also
tetradrachms and bronze of Alexander's types (Miiller, CL V. No.
1423), probably struck about B.C. 338, and here and there a coin with the
Tyrian monogram under Antiochus III and IV.
Phoenician Standard, circ. B.C. 126-A.D. 57.
The second era of the autonomy of Tyre began B. c. 1 26, and from
this time down to the reign of Vespasian we possess a plentiful series of
Tyrian tetradrachms and didrachms and a single specimen of the gold
dekadrachm now in the Berlin Museum.
676
GALILAEA.
Head of the city turreted and veiled.
(Z«V./. X, vi. 4.)
Head of Herakles, laureate. (Fig
357-)
TYPOY I ERAS KAI AZYAOY Double
cornucopiae. Year 23 K Dekadr.
TYPOY lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY Eagle
on rudder. In field, dates and
symbol, a club . . . JR 220 grs.
A\ 110 grs.
In part contemporary with this series of silver are dated autonomous
bronze coins extending down to the reign of Sept. Severus. Tj/pes — -
Astarte standing in galley ; Club ending in monogram composed of the
letters TY ; Palm-tree, etc. Liscr., TYP in monogi'am, often with addi-
tion of leP. ACY. MHTPOnOAeuuC. Imperial colonial — Sept. Severus to
Gallienus, with legend COL. SEP. TYRVS METROP ; SEP. TYRO. ME-
TROP. COL. PENIC (-«V) ; COL. TYRO. METRO; or TYRIORVM, etc.
Among the types are some of more than ordinary interest, such as
AlAuu, figure of Dido superintending the building of Carthage; AM-
BPOCie nCTPC, the Ambrosial rocks (Eckhel, iii. 389); uuKGAN.; Okea-
nos recumbent with crab-shell head-dress ; CYPuuTTH, Europa gathering
flowers while the Bull approaches her out of the sea (Kenner, Stiff . St.
Florian, 175); KAA[MOC], Kadmos presenting the Greeks with the
alphabet (1) ; Kadmos hurhng stone at serpent ; GHBC (?), Kadmos founding
Thebes ; Herakles ; Astarte ; Temple, etc.
The murex shell is an almost constant symbol in the field.
Games— ^0\^0^ <DOINlKHC, AKTIA KAICAPIA, AKT[IA] KOM-
[OACIA].?, HPAKAIA OAYMHIA, ACKAHHEIA, etc.
Uncertain Satraps of Syria or Phoenicia.
It is probably to some district either of Syi'ia or northern Phoenicia
that a series of uncertain Satrapal coins should be attributed which may
be thus described : —
Circ. B.C. 350-330.
The King of Persia as an archer,
kneeling r. and drawing bow. Va-
rious symbols in the field and
sometimes Aramaic letters. (B. V.
Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. Ill, 14.)
Similar. [Ibid., Fig. 16).
Horseman wearing the low tiara of the
Satraps, galloping r. armed with
spear . . . . M Stater 232 grs.
Similar -^ '5
XI. GALILAEA.
Ace-Ptolemais. Although this city is included in Galilee by Eckhel,
it was strictly speaking a Phoenician port, and never belonged to the
Jewish kings. It received the name of Ptolemais from Ptolemy Phila-
delphus, but down to b. c. 266 the name Ace alone occurs on the coins.
ACE-PTOLEMAIS— TIBERIAS. 677
Its earliest coins are gold staters and silver tetradrachms of Alexander's
types (Mliller, Nos. 1426-63), with the name of the town IJ? in Phoeni-
cian characters in the field, and dates reckoned from the Seleucid era,
B.C. 312, ranging from year 5 ( = 308) to year 46 ( = 267). Next follow
coins of Ptolemy II, at first without dates, but with the mint-mark of
Ptolemais in the field, and from b. c. 261 to 248 dated, and with the
title ZriTHPOZ in place of BAZIAEflZ. A few coins with the mono-
gram of Ptolemais also occur under Ptolemy IV. The coins of the
Seleucids, struck at Ptolemais, are of Antiochus IV, reading ANTI-
OXEnN TnN EN niOAEMAIAI, of Antiochus V, Demetrius I, and
Alexander Bala (b. c. 175-144), and of Cleopatra and Antiochus VIII
(B.C. 125-123).
After an interval of somewhat less than a century the autonomous
bronze coinage begins, dating from the Caesarian era, reckoned from
B.C. 47. /«*(v., AKH. lEP. KAI AZ. %jg— Palm-tree ; or niOAE MAI -
EnN lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY, variously abbreviated. The prevailing
type is ol/v. Head of Zeus, rev. Tyche standing on rudder, on the tiller of
which she rests her hand, in which she holds an aplustre.
Imj^erial — Claudius to Salonina, usually Colonial with Latin inscrip-
tion, COL. PTOL.; COL. CLAVD. PTOL.; COL. CLAVD. NERONIA
PTOLEMAIS, etc. T^j^es — Tyche seated on rock with river Belus at her
feet ; with others of no special interest. A coin of Claudius bears the
remarkable inscr., [ nTOjACMAIAI r€PMANI {BerL
Bldtt., V. 25).
Diocaesareia-Sepphoris, about five miles north of Nazareth. Ii/?perial of
Trajan, with the remarkable inscr., TPAIANOC AYTOKPAinP EAIiKEN,
rev. ZEn<l>nPHNnN, Palm-tree ; and of Antoninus Pius to Elagabalus,
Inscr., AlOKAICAPei AC. Tj/pes — Temples of Zeus ; Pallas and other divi-
nities. On some specimens is the following enigmatical inscription,
AIOK. IGP. ACYA. AYT. n. O. C. ICP. B. C. K. A. P., which has been con-
jecturally restored by De Ssmlcj {Terre Sainie, p. 329), AIO[KAICAPCI AC'
ieP[AC] ACYA[OY] AYT[ONOMOY] n[OAenC] 0[IAHC] C[YMMAXOY^
ieP[AC] B[OYAHC] C[YrKAHTOY] K[AI] A[HMOY] P[nMAinN]. A coin
of M. Aurelius (Caesar), engraved in the Zeit. f. Num., 1885, PL IV. 9,
reads AlOKAICAPCflN OABOC ; on the reverse is Zeus contending with
a giant. This coin belongs, however, to Diocaesareia in Cilicia.
Tiberias, founded by Herod Antipas, on the shores of the Lake of
Gennesareth. Bronze of Herod Antipas. /«^cr., HPriAOY TETPAPXOY,
etc., rev. TIBEPIAC, with dates of his reign corresponding to A. d. 29-34;
also of Herod Agrippa I under Claudius. Inscr., ETTI BAZIAE. AfPITT.
TIBePIEnN. Imperial— Cld^udawQ to Hadrian. Inscr., TIBePi€HN or
KAAYAIO TIB€PienN. Era begins A.D. 20 (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte,
P- 334)-
678 SA3IARIA.
XII. SAMARIA.
Caesareia, a splendid city and seaport founded by Herod the Great.
The town was called Kaia-apua, and its port Se/Saoros knxriv. Regal
bronze of Agrippa I (Madden, Coins of the Jews, 133), and autonomous
bronze. 'Fyp'^ — Anchor. Imioerial — Augustus to Nero, with inscr.,
KAIZAP£nN or KAIZAPIA H nPOS ZEBAZTH AIMENI. Imperial
colonial — Vespasian to Gallienus. Inscr., COLONIA PRIMA FLAVIA
AVGVSTA FELIX CAESARENSIS, or CAESAREA METROPOLIS PRO-
VINCIAE SYRIAE PALAESTI N A E, variously abbreviated. IJ/^;^^ numerous,
but of no special interest. Among them, the Head of Serapis ; Dionysos
riding on lion ; Astarte in temple, etc. (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 1 1 3 sq.)
Diospolis-Lydda, near Joppa. Imperial — Severus to Caracalla. Inscr.,
A. Cen. C€OY. AlOCnOAIC (Lucia Septimia Severiana). 7>/>(?5— Heads
of Serapis and Demeter ; Astarte in temple, etc.
Joppa, the port of Jerusalem, the scene of the myth of Andromeda.
It was one of the mints of the tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Mliller,
Class IV., Nos. 1468-1469), and Ptolemies II and III also struck money
there, distinguished by the letters lOTT; symbol, sometimes, harpa of
Perseus. Its later coins are autonomous bronze reading lOflH, Poseidon
seated on rock. Imperial of Elagabalus. Inscr., <t)AA. lOrTTTHC (De
Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 177).
Neapolis, situate nearly in the centre of Samaria between two hills,
Ebal and Gerizim. Imperial — Titus to Maximinus. Inscr., OAAOYI.
NEAnOA. ZAMAPE or 0A. NeAC nOAenC CYPIAC nAAAICTINHC
Era dates from A.D. 72. Imperial colonial — Philip I to Volusian. Inscr.
COL. NEAPOLI.; COL. IVL. NEAPOL.; or COL. SERGIA. NEAPOL.; COL
NEAPOLI NEOCORO, etc., and on the late issues <DA. NCACnOACHC
em CHM 0 Y N euuK OPOY. There are two principal types — (a) a representa-
tion of Mount Gerizim with two summits, on one of which is the temple
of Zeus approached by a flight of steps (cf. Damascius, ap. Phot. Bibl.,
1055), and on the other a small edifice or altar of somewhat uncertain
form ; (/3) Simulacrum of a goddess resembling the Ephesian Artemis
standing between two bumped bulls ; she usually holds in one hand a
whip, and in the other ears of corn. Among the other types are Serapis,
Asklepios, Apollo, etc.
Nysa Scythopolis, on the northern frontier of Samaria, close to the
Jordan. Imperial— Naro to Gordian. Inscr., NYCAICUUN, NYCAI£UUN
TuuN KAI CKYeonOACITuuN, or NYC. CKYGOnOACIHjuN lePAC.
Era uncertain (perhaps B.C. 48). Type — Nysa nursing infant Dionysos
with others of less interest.
Sebaste, the ancient Samaria, fortified by Herod, and renamed by him
Sebaste. (T?/7> ^afxdp^iav (Trevorjo-ev eTriretX'""/^^' '<«^e'a"«!>" lJ.€v avTijv '^€l3a<TT'i]r,
Joseph., Anl. Jud., xv. 8, 5.) Imperial limes— l>ievo to Severus Alexander.
JUDAEA. 679
Inscr., CeBACTHNnN, C€BACTHNuuN CYPIAC, etc., and colonial after
Sept. Severus. Inscr., COL. L. SEP. SEBASTE, Colonia Lucia Septimia
Sebaste. Era dates probably from b. c. 35. T^j)es — Rape of Persephone,
etc. (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 275.)
XIII. JUDAEA.
Aelia Capitoliua, the ancient Jerusalem, rebuilt by Hadrian, A. d. 136,
after the suppression of the second revolt of the Jews under Simon
Barcochab. The new temple of Jupiter Capitolinus occupied the site of
that of Jehovah. Imperial colonial — Hadrian to Valerian. Inscr., COL.
AEL. CAP., with addition, after the reign of Commodus, of the title
COMM[odiana]. The most interesting types are Astarte, or perhaps the
Tyche of the city, standing in her temple, and Zeus enthroned in temple
(Madden, Coins of the Jetcs, p. 247). For coins struck at Jerusalem before
its destruction see p. 681.
Anthedon or Agrippias, a coast-town, the name of which was changed
by Augustus to Agrippias, but the old name Anthedon was subsequently
restored. The coins with the head of Livia, rev. Prow, formerly attributed
to this place under the name of Agrippia, are now assigned to Agi'ippia
Caesareia in Bosporus or to Phanagoria (see p. 422). Imperial — Elagabalus
to Severus Alexander. Inscr., ANOHAONOC. Era begins A. d. 71.
T^j^es — Astarte in temple; Winged Genius wearing short chiton, raising
one hand, and holding a wheel over an altar with the other.
Ascalon. This ancient seaport would appear to have been one of the
places of mintage of gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexander the
Great (Mliller, CI. HI. and IV., Nos. 1472-1484). Subsequently it struck
Seleucid regal coins from Antiochus V to Antiochus IX, circ. B.C. 164-
104, when the era of its autonomy commences. Next in order of date
Fig. 358.
follow some tetradrachms bearing the portraits of Ptolemy Auletes, dated
B. c. 64, Cleopatra b. c. 50 (Fig. '^S^), and Ptolemy Dionysos b. c. 49 ;
rev. ASKAAnNlinN lEPAZ ASYAOY, Eagle on fulmen (B.M. Guide,
PL LXII. 18, 19), and small autonomous silver coins with head of Astarte
and on the reverse a dove. Imperial — Augustus to Severus Alexander,
with or without the head of the Emperor, consisting in the main of
bronze, but silver pieces are known of Claudius and Messalina. Ti/pe —
680 JUDAEA.
Zeus Nikephoros enthroned. The usual types of the bronze coins are —
Head of Tyche, rev. Galley ; the goddess Derceto, or perhaps the Tyche
of the cit}^ standing holding aplustre and trident, with a dove beside
her; Warlike divinity standing facing, brandishing sword above his
head, and holding round shield or branch in his left ; Divinity of
Egyptian aspect, and with head-dress of Osiris, standing on the backs
of three lions, and carrying flail [Num. Zeit., 1884, p, 293). For other
types and varieties see De Saulcy, Terre Semite, P- I7^ sqq. The Im-
perial coins of Ascalon are dated from the era of its autonomy, b. c.
104. A coin of Augustus has also a second date which is reckoned
from B. c. 58.
AzotusC?), (Ashdod), To this city G. Hoffmann [Zeit. f. Num., ix. 96)
would attribute two bronze coins, which he thinks were struck in the
name of a ruler called Hirom, but see above (p. 635), where they are
with greater probability assigned to Anisades of Armenia.
The Imperial coins erroneously attributed to Azotus have been restored
by De Saulcy [Terre Saiute, p. 283) to Laodiceia.
Eleutheropolis, about twenty miles south-west of Jerusalem. Imperial
— Severus to Elagabalus. Inscr., A. CEFT. C€OYH. EAeYOe (Lucia Sep-
timia Severiana Eleutheropolis). Era begins between A. d. 202 and 208.
Type — Divinity resembling the Ephesian Artemis (cf. Coins of Neapolis
Samariae).
Q[2jz3i, an ancient city about twenty miles south of Ascalon, which
Herodotus (iii. 5) mentions as scarcely inferior in size to Sardes, the
capital of Lydia. Its coinage in the fifth and fourth centuries b. c. has
been identified by M. Six [Num. Chron., 1877, P- 221), and consists of
drachms and smaller coins of Attic weight and of various types, of which
the following are the most usual : —
Silver. Attic Standard.
.Taniform diademed male and female
heads, or head of Pallas as on coins
of Athens, sometimes closely imi-
tated from Athenian coins, even
with letters AOE.
njy in Phoenician characters, Owl in
incuse square, sometimes before the
fortified wall of a city . . M. Dr.
After its capture by Alexander regal coins were struck there with the
monogram PA, both under Ptolemy II and III, and under Demetrius I
of Syria.
The autonomous bronze money of Gaza dates from an era commencing
B.C. 61. Inscr., TA, TAZA, AHMOY TAZAinN, AHMOY TuuN €N
TAZH, rAZAITHN, TAZeATriN, etc., with addition sometimes of honorific
titles, I eP. ACY. Imperial — Augustus to Gordian, dated after Hadrian's
time, according to a new era commencing in A.D. 1 29. laser., f AZ AinN,
TAZ A, etc., usually with the addition of the Phoenician letter Q, perhaps the
initial of the divinity MAPN A, whose name, as well as those of MEINUJ
and eiuu, is met with on coins of this city. The temple of Marna at Gaza
called the Marneion was identified with that of the Cretan Zeus, (De
Saulcy, Terre Sainfe. 210) and Meino and Eio are clearly Minos and lo.
AS3I0NAEAN PRINCES.
681
There is reason to suppose that these divinities were originally introduced
into Crete and Greece from Phoenicia. Among the types of the coins
of Gaza we may mention a temple containing statues of Artemis and
Apollo ; Turreted bust of Tyche, or her entire figure, standing, with a
bull at her feet ; Tyche and lo joining hands, etc. (see also Nu7n. Chroti.,
1862, 120).
Nicopolis-Emmaus, at the entrance of the plain some miles north-
west of Jerusalem, received the name of Nicopolis a.d. 70 or 71, from
which its era dates, after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.
Imperial of Elagabalus. Inscr., N€l KOTTOAIC.
Baphia, on the sea-coast between Gaza and Ehinocolura, an ancient
city restored by Gabinius b. c. 58, the year from which its era dates.
Imjpenal — M. Aurelius and Commodus to Philip Junior. Liscr., PA0IA.
Ti/pes — Artemis standing ; Female figure seated between two small
figures, on the head of one of whom she places her hand.
KINGS, PRINCES, AND ROMAN PROCURATORS OF
JUDAEA.
The history of the coins of the Jews has been of late years so
thoroughly investigated by Madden [Coins of the Jews^ 1881), and Merz-
bacher {Zeit.f. Num., 1878), not to mention older works, such as those of
De Saulcy and Cavedoni, that the barest outline will sufiice in the
present work.
(a) Asvionaean Family.
Simon Maccabaeus, B.C. 143-135. The earliest native Jewish money
consists of the silver shekels and half shekels of Simon Maccabaeus,
struck on the Phoenician standard, and weighing respectively 220 and
110 grs.
Fig. 359.
^Ni::'"' ^pB' {Shekel Israel), a cup or
chalice, above which N, 3, J, T or n
(numerals i to 5), referring to the
official years of Simon's rule cor-
responding to B.C. 141-137. On
the coins of years 2-5 the numeral
is preceded by ?J> (for Shenath, year).
Hii'Tp DX'n^ {Jerushalem KedosliaJi), or
ncnpn DvC'n"' {Jerushalaim ha-kedo-
shah), ' Jerusalem the Holy,' Branch
with three buds (Aaron's rod ?).
(Fig. 359-)
iil Shekel 220 grs.
682 JUDAEA.
The half shekels are similar, but read 7\Wr\ "^lU, Chatzi ha-shehel (half
shekel).
The epithet ' Holy ' on these coins may be compared -with the ordinary
Greek coin-legend lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY on the contemporary money of
many Syrian cities.
There are also bronze coins of the fourth year of Simon, bearing the
legends ^^n ;?n-|^* rslV {S/iemth arba Chatzi), y'^D V'^~\'i^ n^D {Slienath arba
Behia\ or '}^1'\'^ TSW {Shenath aria) ; rev. P''2i r\b^:b {LlguUaih Zion). 'In
the fourth year, one half or one quarter — The Redemption of Zion'
(Madden, p. 71).
John Hyrcanus I, B. c. 135-106. Small bronze coins only, usually with
hiscr.^ □mn'Tf nim 'Pljin \TV2r\ pmrr' (JekocJianan HaJckoJieu Haggadol
TecJieber HojeJi ucl i II)), Johananthe High Priest, and the Senate of the Jews,
rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy-head. (For varieties see Madden,
p. 76.)
Judas Aristobulus, B. C. 106-105. Small bronze, with inscr.,
ry'^'\r^''7\ inm b^b:i PD TV^TW Je/mdak Ko/ieu Galul (for GadolVj Vecheher
liajehndiiii, Judas the High Priest and the Senate of the Jews, rev.
Double cornucopiae and poppy (Madden, p. 82).
Alexander Jannaeus, B.C. 105-78. Small bronze of three classes
(a and /3) Regal, with Hebrew and Greek inscr., ']bt2ir\ \r\Ti)T {Jehona-
than Hammeiek), 'The King Jehonathan,' o-ev. BAZIAEHZ AAEZANAPOY.
Ti/2ies — Flower and Anchor, or Star and Anchor, (y) Pontifical coins
resembling those of his predecessor, but reading 7i:in pDrT ]r\y\7V
□nilTT "lUm, Jonathan or Jehonathan Hakkohen Haggadol J echeber Haje-
hudim.
Alexandra, B.C. 78-69, widow of Alexander Jannaeus. Small bronze
with Star and anchor. Inscr,, BAZIAIZ. AAEZANA.
John Hyrcanus II, B. C. 69, 63-57 and 47-40. Small bronze, with
Star and anchor, and bilingual inscr. (Madden, p. 93). Also bronze, obv.
Flower, o-ev. Palm {lb., p. 96). Inscr., IH^H -)in7i blT\ pDH pmn^
{Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Hacheber IIajehud[ini]).
Alexander II (?), B. c. 65-49. To this prince M. Reichardt would attri-
bute small bronze coins of the Star and anchor type, reading BAZI AEHZ
AAEZANAPOY and. ...(?) J i:^;?"li:i':';> {Alcxadras GadoH), (MuCuXqh,
V- 97-)
Antigonus (JMattathias), B. c. 40-37. Bronze ; obv. Flower, rev. Palm.
Inner., l.TH "^linn ^1T\ pDH H^JinO {Mattathiah Hakkohen Haggadol
Hacheber lhjWn'(///n), am] bilingual coins with BAZIAEHZ ANTITONOY,
and similar Hebrew legend equivalent to ' Mattathias the High Priest
IBUMAEAN PRINCES. 683
and the Senate of the Jews.' Types — Wreath and double or single
cornucopiae.
(/3) Idumaean Princes.
Herod the Great, B.C. 37-4. Bronze. Inscr., BAZIAEnZ HPHAOY.
Ti/pes — Helmet, rev. Tripod or shield ; Caduceus, rev. Pomegranate ;
Aplustre, rev. Palm ; Tripod, rev. Wreath ; Anchor, rev. Two cornuacopiae,
etc. (Madden, p. 105 sqq.)
Herod Archelans, B.C. 4-A.D. 6. Bronze. Liscr., HPuuAOYeGNAPXOY,
often abbreviated. Tt/jjes — Anchor, rev. Wreath ; Prow, rev. Wreath ;
Double cornucopiae, rev. Galley ; Grapes, rev. Helmet, etc. (Madden,
p. 114 sqq.)
Herod Antipas, B.C. 4-A.D. 40. Bronze. Inscr., HPUJAOY TeiPAPXOY,
Palm-branch, rev. TIBEPI AC, Wreath; or HPHAHC TETPAPXHC, Palm-
branch, with name of Emperor Caius (Caligula) on reverse in a wreath.
These coins were struck at the city of Tiberias, built by Antipas, and
named after the Emperor Tiberius (Madden, p. 131).
Herod Philip II, B.C. 4-A. D. o,'^. Imj)erial — Ni Augustus and Tiberius,
rev. (t)IAinnOY T€TPAPXOY, %;e— Temple (Madden, p. 125).
Herod Agrippa I, A. D. 37-44. Bronze, without or with heads of
Emperors, Caius and Claudius. Inscr., BACIAEUJC ATPITTA {sic\
Umbrella, ;ry. Ears of corn; BACIA€YC MEfAC ATPinnAC cDIAOKAICAP,
Head of Agrippa, r^r. KAICAPIA H HPOC [CeBACin] AIM€NI, Tyche
standing, struck at Caesareia.
On some specimens the alliance of Agrippa with Claudius, when all
Herod's kingdom was given to him, seems to be commemorated by the
following inscription, which is, however, only partly legible — AHM . .
PHMAinN K. CYM. XI. AY. BAC. APPIHA . . . KAHTON— and of
which no entirely satisfactory reading has been yet suggested (see
Madden, p. 137).
Agrippa I and II. Bronze ; obv. Head of Agrippa I, rev. [BAZI]AEYC
ATP ArPinrTA YIOY BAZIAEnC, AgTippa H on horseback.
Herod, brother of Agrippa I, was king of Chalcis A. D. 41-48. M
Inscr., BAZIA. HPHAHC (DIAOKAAYAIOC (Imhoof, Porfratkojife, PI. VI.
20), Q-ev. Name of Claudius.
Agrippa II, A. D. 48-100. Small bronze coin struck at Agrippias.
7«5CT., [BAZIAEnZ] ArPinnA ArPinn[EnN], Head of Agrippa II L. E.
(year 5). m-. (BAI ArPin]nA <J)IAOKAIZA[POZ] (?), Two cornuacopiae
crossed [Z. f. N., xiii. PL IV. 17). Also bronze, without or with heads of
684 JUDAEA.
Emperors, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. Insc7\, BACIACHC
ArPinnOY, etc., and various types, among which is Tyche holding cornu-
copiae and ears of corn ; Nike holding wreath and palm, or inscribing
shield, etc.
Aristobulus, son of Herod king of Chalcis and great-grandson of
Herod the Great, was king of Chalcis and parts of Armenia, A.D. 70-92 (?).
M BAZIAEnZ APIZTOBOYAOY, with the name of Vespasian on reverse
[Rev. Num., 1883, p. 145).
Aristobulus and Salome, a.d.7o-92(?). M BACIAEHC APICTOBOYAOY.
rev. BACI AICCHC: CAAXIMHC, with portraits. Ivahooi {Portratkojfe, PI. VI.
21 and 22).
(y) Roman Procurators of Judaea, A. D. 6-66.
On the occasion of the banishment of Herod Archelaus, a.d. 6, Judaea
was added to the province of Syria, and the government administered by
a Procurator subordinate to the Praefect of Syria. Of these Procurators
(a. d. 6-66) there is a numerous class of small bronze coins resembling
in style and fabric the contemporary small money of the Idumaean
Princes, and dated according to the regnal years of the emperors.
Augustus (years '^'^, '^^, '^6, 39, 40, 41, under the Procurators Coponius,
Ambivius, and Rufus) ; Tiberius (1(1), 3-5, 11, 16-18, Procurators
Valerius Gratus and Pontius Pilate, year 18 is that of the Crucifixion) ;
Claudius (13, 14, Procurator Felix) ; and Nero (year 5, Procurator Felix).
These coins bear, as a rule, the representation of a plant, the name
of the reigning emperor, and the year of his reign in Greek characters
(Madden, Coins of the Jeivs, pp. 173 sqq,).
(S) Coins of the First Revolt of the Jews, a. d. 66-70.
Silver and bronze bearing the names of Eleazar, Simon, and Eleazar
and Simon together, viz. |mDn "ll'^'?>i, Eleazar Hakkohen ; p^Dti', Simeon ;
b^~\W^ ^^''Vl \'\V^^^, Simeon Nasi Israel ; and ]TVi2T\ 'Sl^hik Vi^nV, Simeon,
Eleazar, Hakkohen. T^pes — Vase or Palm-tree, rev. Grapes or vine-
leaf; and Palm, rev. Lyre; and large silver shekels of the Phoenician
standard with the name Jerusalem, rev. ' First year of the Redemption of
Israel', ^'^'W rh'^'b JlHi^ nW \ obv. Temple, rev. Ethrog and Lulab.
Also large bronze of Simon Nasi, rev. Vase ; and bronze of the second
and third years of the revolt. Tyj^e — Vase, rev. Vine-leaf.
(e) Coins struck in Palestine commemorating the Capture of Jerusalem, a.d. 70.
After the successful termination of the Jewish war Vespasian and Titus
caused coins to be struck in Judaea with the legend lOYAAIAZ
EAAUUKYIAS, and in Rome with the Latin legend IVDAEA CAPTA,
IVDAEA DEVICTA, etc. Full descriptions are given in Madden (p.
207 sqq.).
ARABIA.
685
(0
Coins of the Second Revolt of the Jews under Simon Barcochah, a. d. 1 32-1 35.
Fig. 360.
Silver of the Phoenician standard and bronze bearing in the old
Hebrew character the name of Simon on the obverse WD'i?, and
nbm-^' min'? Lacliemtli Jemshdem (the Deliverance of Jerusalem), or,
br^i::;^ rrnnb, Lacheruth Israel (the Deliverance of Israel) on the reverse.
r,«..-Vase, Lyre, Grapes, Vine-leaf, Palm-tree, Palm-branch, Two
TvnTYir.Pts Temnle (Fig. q6o), Ethrog and Lulab, etc.
The^ seriesT the cL^s of Jerusalem closes with those of the Roman
colony, Aelia Capitolina described above (p. 679).
ARABIA.
The coinage of Arabia begins with the issues of the Nabathaean kings.
These, about the time of Hadrian are superseded by the Imperil coins
of the principal towns of Arabia Petraea. The coinage of Arabia Felix
forms a separate and distinct class.
I. KINGS OF NABATHAEA.
Very Httle is known concerning the kings of this district of Arabia ;
but see Bev. Num., 1858, p. 292; i«68, p. ^53 ; ^"'^- /^^'^•'. ^^^ 445 ;
ZLre de Num., 1873, i ; and 1881, p. 46.. The foUowing lis of the
kings of whom coins are known is from De Saulcy {Auu. de Num., ibSi,
p. 31 sq.), whose paper contains ^ rSsmnS of the present state of oui
knowledge of the coinage of this region.
MalchusI, circ. B.C. 145. ^ Didr. of the Ptolemaic standard wt
ioo!^5 grs. Head of King with hair in ringlets, rev. Ptolemaic Eagle and
Nabathaean inscr., Malhi king, king of Nahatn.
John Hyrcanus, circ. B.C. 134, Prince of the Je^«'/PP,^^^%^^^^^^^^
struck a few bronze coins in the cities which he had taken from the
Nabathaeans {Ann. de Num., 1873, 30).
686 ARABIA.
Obodas I, circ. B. 0. 97-85. M. Didr. of the Ptolemaic standard,
wt. 104 grs. Head of King with hair in ringlets, rev. Ptolemaic
Eagle and Nabathaean inscr., Obodath king, king of Nabatic [Num. Zeit.,
Aretas III {Philkelleti), circ. B. c. 85-62. M (in Damascus) with
Greek i7iscr., BAZIAEnS APETOY (DIAEAAHNOZ. Head of King, rev.
Nike. City seated on rock with Eiver-god at her feet, etc., and M wt.
74-63 grs., with Nabathaean ri/scr., llaretath melek Nabatu. Heads of
King Aretas and Queen (De Saulcy, op. cit., p. 13).
Obodas II, circ. B.C. 3o('?)-7. M wt. 70 grs., with Nabathaean inscr.,
Ohodath melek Nabatu, and busts of King and Queen, also M (De Saulcy,
oj:). cit., p. 19).
Aretas IV (Philodemos), circ. B. c. 7-A. D. 39. M with Nabathaean
inscr., and M and M^ with heads of Philodemos and Hulda, his first wife,
or Seqai'lat his second ; also M of Philodemos with his children Mal-
chus III and Seqilath.
Malchus III, circ. A. D. 6j. M and M, with Nabathaean inscr., with
his head on the obverse, and that of his sister Seqilath on the reverse.
Zabel. Date uncertain. M and M ; Heads of Zabel and Queen Seqi-
lath, rev. Double cornucopiae, and M of Zabel and Gemilath, with Naba-
thaean inscriptions.
II. CITIES OF ARABIA PETRAEA.
Adraa, about thirty miles north-west of Bostra. Imperial — M. Aure-
lius to Gallienus. luscr., AAPAHNnH or AAPAHNnN TYXH. Types—
Astarte in temple ; Agonistic table with urn, referring to games called
AOYCAPI A, in honour of Dusaris the Arabian Bacchvis ; Herakles seated
on rock, etc. According to De Saulcy {T. S., p. 374) the era of Adraa
dated from b. c. 83.
Bostra, the capital of Roman Arabia, was situate in a fertile oasis
about seventy miles south of Damascus. Impjerial — Hadrian to Elaga-
balus. Inscr., APABIA on coin of Hadrian, and subsequently TYXH
NEAC TPAIANHC BOCTPAC, or BOCTPUUN, BOCTPHNuuN, etc. Era
commences A. D. 105-4 (Waddington, Melanges, 1867, p. 158, and liev.
Arch., 1865, i. 26^^). Colonial — Sev. Alexander to Treb, Gallus. Inscr.,
COLONIA BOSTRA, COL. METROPOLIS BOSTRA or BOSTRENORVM.
Tijpes — Tychc of the city ; Agonistic table referring to games, AOYCAPI A,
AKTIA AOYCAPI A or ACTIA DVSARIA. 7>y>^w— Camel or Arab on
Camel ; Temples of various divinities, etc.
. ARABIA. 687
Eboda (Ptol. v. 17, 4), south of Gaza and south-west of the Dead Sea,
now called Ahdeh. Imjjerial of Nero. Liscr., EBuuAHZ. Ti/pe — Nike
Apteros (Imhoof, Moti. Gr., p. 450).
Esbus, (Heshbon), some twenty miles north-east of the Dead Sea.
/wy^ma/ of Elagabalus only. ///^c>-. CCBOYC or AYP. eCBOYC. T^pes —
Astarte ; Men (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 393).
Moca. The coins attributed to this city are wrongly read (Muret,
Melanges de Nnmis))iati([He, ii. 7).
Fetra, the metropolis of the Nabathaeans, adopted the surname Adri-
ana in consequence of favours conferred upon it by Hadi'ian. Imperial —
Hadrian to Elagabalus. lHscr.,T\^l?k MHTPOTTOAIC, AAPIANH n€TPA
MHTPOnOAIC, etc. Tj/jjes — Tyche of city seated on rock ; Figure sacri-
ficing, etc. Era commences A. D. 105-4.
Philippopolis, founded by the Emperor Philip, a native of Bostra,
from which place it was distant about twelve miles. It was constituted
by him a Roman colony. Impterlal colonial of Phihp, Otacilia, and Philip
Jun., and posthumous coins of Marinus, Philip's father, reading G€n
MAPINn. Inscr., (DIAinnonOAITHN KOAHNIAC. S. C. %;tf*— Roma
seated or standing, etc.
Rabbath-Ililoba (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 354). In/perial — Antoninus Pius to
Gordian. Inscr., PABBAOMUUBA, PABBAOMUUBHNujN, etc., usually
of very barbarous work and blundered. Era dates from A. d. 90 or 91.
Tj/pes — Ares, Astarte, Poseidon, etc. That of Ares confirms the state-
ments of Stephanus and Eusebius that the later name of this city was
Areopolis.
III. ARABIA FELIX.
The coins of South Arabia (Yemen) have only been identified within
the last few years. See Mordtmann, N/nn. Zeif., xii. 28; B. V. Head,
JYiim. C//ron., 1878, 373, and 1880, 303; Schlumberger, Trhor de SaiCd,
1880; Prideaux, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 95; and Erman, Zeit. f.
Niim., ix. 296.
The Sabaei and Homeritae (Himyarites) were from very early times
down to the sixth century a. D. a powerful and prosperous people,
governed by their own kings, and dwelling in the most fertile district of
Arabia, which faces the Indian Ocean, and extends as far as the Persian
Gulf. The highest point of their wealth and power was attained by the
Himyarite dynasty, which ruled the land between the fourth century
B. c. and circ. A. D. 1 20. Their earliest coins belong to the fourth and
third centuries b. c, and consist of imitations of the older Athenian silver
money, which probably found its way across the desert by the caravan
688 MESOPOTAMIA.
route from the prosperous seaport of Gaza, where, as we have already-
seen, the money of Athens was also imitated. Most of these coins which
come to us from Southern Arabia bear, in addition to the Athenian
types, Himyarite letters or inscriptions. In the second century b. c. the
Athenian t}'pes appear to have been temporarily superseded by those of
Alexander the Great, then predominant in all the markets of the ancient
world, a tetradrachm having been recently discovered by me, which
bears, in the Himyarite character, the name of a king called Abyatha
{Num. Ckron., 1880, PL XV. 3).
In the second half of the first century B. c. the Athenian tetradrachms
of the new style, with the Owl seated on an Amphora, served as models
for the coinage of the Sabaean kings, as is proved by the important Find
of Sana (B. V. Head. Num. Chron., N.S. xviii. 273). Of this later gold
and silver currency there are several series, the earlier bearing on the
obverse the head of a native king whose hair is arranged in ringlets after
the Nabathaean fashion (cf. the coins of King Malchus), while the later
have a head of Augustus, and are doubtless copied from Roman coins,
which must have become known in Southern Arabia at the time of the
expedition of Aelius Gallus into that country in b. c. 24. The inscrip-
tions on these coins consist of monograms in the Himyaritic character,
and of a second legend in an unknown character. After the Christian
era the Himyarite coinage loses much of its importance, and the execution
becomes more and more barbarous.
Although the Southern Arabians seem to have been content to copy
the well known money of the Greeks, it is remarkable that they did not
adopt the Attic standard of weight. The Himyarite drachm, like the old
Persian siglos, weighed 84 grs.
MESOPOTAMIA.
Anthemnsia, between the Euphrates and Edessa. Imperial — Domi-
tian, Caracalla and Maximinus. //z^t-r., ANOeMOYCIIlN or ANOeMOY-
CIA. Type — Head of City turreted (Sestini, Lei fere di Continuazione^
i. 6i).
Carrlxae, south-east of Edessa, celebrated for its cultus of the Moon,
both in male and female form. Autonomous and Imperial bronze —
M. Aurelius to Tranquillina. Inscr., AYR. KAPPHNnN (DIAOPHMAinN
KOAHNIA, variously arranged or abbreviated, also GEinN AYPHA.
KAPPHNnN; KOA. MHTPOnOAIC KAPPHNnN; KAPPA KOA. MHT.
M€CCOn., and rarely COL. CAR.; COL. AVR. METROPOL. ANTONl-
NIANA CA. ; COL. MET. ANTONlNlANA AVR. ALEX. etc. Types—
Crescent and Star; Tyche seated with River-god swimming at her
feet, or Bust of Tyche surmounted by crescent, before Avhich is the
figure of a divinity standing on a column. The city was colonized by
M. Aurelius.
Edessa, in Osrhocnc, the chief city in Mesopotamia, was situate near
the source of a mountain stream which flows from Mount Masius south-
MESOPOTAMIA. 689
wards towards the Euphrates. It was built probably by Seleucus, and
named after the ancient Macedonian town Edessa or Aegae.
In the time of Antiochus IV it appears to have temporarily assumed
the name of Antiochia ad Callirrhoen, and coins with his portrait struck
there read ANTIOXEnN THN EHI KAAAIPOHI. After the break up of
the Seleucid Empire Edessa was ruled by its own princes, who bore the
names of Val, Mannus, and Abgarus. The earliest of these coins, those
attributed by Lenormant [Alphabet PJienicien, ii. 6) to Mannus VII and
VIII, contemporaries of Trajan and Hadrian, and to King Val, A. D. 138-
139, bear inscriptions in the Estranghelo character. From the time of
Hadrian downwards the head of the Roman emperor appears on one side
of the coin, and that of the reigning Abgarus or Mannus, wearing a lofty
tiara, on the other, with the legend ABTAPOCorMANNOC BACIAeYC,
and with the addition sometimes of 4>IA0PnMAI0C.
Under Aurelius and his family denarii were issued probably at Edessa,
but without the name of the city. These read YTTeP NIKHC PHM AlflN,
vnep NIKHC TnN ceBAC[TnN], vnep nikhc inN KYPinN, etc.
There are also Imperial colonial from Caracalla to Trajan Decius. Inscr.,
eA€CCA; KOA. eA€CCA; KOA. MHT. M€[CCOn] CAeCCA; MHT. KOA.
€AeCCHNl^N, etc, often with addition of honorary titles, such as MAP.
AYP. ANT. for Marcia Aurelia Antoniniana; A. 0. M. for Aurelia Opel-
liana Macriniana ; MAK. AYP. for Marciniana Aurelia, etc. The usual
types are the Tyche of the City seated with a River-god swimming at
her feet ; and the Bust of Tyche, before which is the figure of a divinity
on a column.
Nicephorium, on the Euphrates, about sixty miles south of Carrhae.
Imperial oi GovdiisiG. Qjud Gallienus. Lisa'., NIKH<t)OPinN. Ti/j)es — Zeus
Nikephoros enthroned ; Concordia.
Nisibis, the chief town of the district called Mygdonia. Under Anti-
ochus IV it received the name of Antioch, and struck coins with his
portrait, reading ANllOXEnN TnN EN MYPAONIAI (B. M. Cat.,
Selene., p. 42). Imperial — Elagabalus to Trajan Decius. Inscr., KOA.
NeciBi., cen. koah. necibi mht., ioy cen. koah. NeciBi, etc.
The titles Septimia and Julia are respectively in honour of Sept. Severus,
probably the founder of the colony, and of Philip senior. The title
Metropolis seems to have been conferred upon the colony by Severus
Alexander. T^pes — Head of Tyche surmounted by constellation Aries,
or Tyche seated surmounted by Aries, with River-god swimming at her
feet. On the coins of Philip this statue is rudely represented facing in
a temple.
Rhesaena, a considerable town between Edessa and Nisibis. Imperial —
Caracalla to Etruscus. Inscr., PHCAINHCIUUN or CeO. KOA. PHCAINH-
ClUUN. :Z^7J(°*— Constellation Sagittarius ; Eagle sometimes in Temple,
or as an adjunct combined with various types ; Colonist ploughing ;
Figure sacrificing, etc. In the exergue is frequently a River-god
swimming.
Seleucia ad Tigrim, founded by Seleucus I at the point where the
royal canal connected the Euphrates with the Tigris. Subsequently the
town rose to great commercial importance, even rivalling Alexandria
Y y
690 BABYLONIA— ASSYBIA.
and Antioch. Under the rule of the Parthians, b. c. 250-A. d. 226, it
seems to have been the chief place of mintage of that Empire, This ex-
plains the almost entire absence of autonomous money. Of the few
specimens which exists one bears the date 270 of the Seleucid era (=b. c.
42), and reads SEAEYKEnN TXlN HPOZ TITPEI. %j6?— Head of
Tyche, rev. Tyche seated with River-god at her feet.
Singara, on the river Mygdonius, south-east of Nisibis. Imperial — Sev.
Alexander to Philip. Inscr., AYP. Cen. KOA. ClNTAPA (Aurelia Septimia
Colonia Singara) ; MHT. KO. AY. C. Ce. ClNTAPA (Metropolis Colonia
Aurelia Septimia Severiana Singara); or under Philip, lOY. CeTT. KOAHN.
ClNfAPA (Julia Septimia Colonia Singara). T^j^es — Head of Tyche sur-
mounted by constellation Sagittarius, or Tyche seated with River-god
swimming at her feet.
Zautha or Zaitha, on the Euphrates, a few miles below Carchemish.
Inqierial — Trajan and Severus. Inscr., KOAuuNlAC ZAYGHC or ZAY-
GHATujN. T^pe — Dionysos seated.
BABYLONIA.
For the coinage of Mazaeus of Babylon under Alexander the Great
see under Tarsus (p. 615), and for that of the revolting Satraps Molon,
B.C. 222-220, and Timarchus, B.C. 162, see the series of the Kings
of Syria, (pp. 640, 642).
ASSYRIA.
Atusa, on the river Caprus, an affluent of the Tigris, which it joins
about 100 miles south of Niniva. Small autonomous bronze coins of the
Parthian period.
Head of Tyche.
(MilHngen, Sylloge, 82, PI. II. 64.)
Head of Tyche.
(Gardner, Parthian Coins, PL VII. 22.)
ATOYZIEHN T. HPOZ T. KAHPON
Pahn and arrow . . . . -<E -55
AT (in raon.)nOAIZ The city seated
on a rock from which issues a swim-
ming River-god, the Caprus, with
long goat's horns . . . . -^ -5
Demetrias ad Tigrim, near Arbela. Autonomous bronze.
Head of Tyche. I AHMHTPIEHN THN HPOZ THI
(Millingen, ,92/%e, 84, PI. IV. 65.) I TITPE I Tripod yE -6
Niniva Claudiopolis. The Roman colony of Niniva, on the Tigris,
was situated about fifty miles east of Singara. Its coins are of the Colo-
nial class, with Latin legends — Trajan to Gordian. Inscr., COLONIA
IVL. AVG. PEL. NINIVA CLAVDIOPOLIS, variously abbreviated. Ti/pes—
Divinity in Temple ; Colonist driving oxen ; Dionysos in biga di'awn by
panthers, etc. {Nvm. Chron., xix. i, and Zelf.f. Num., vi. 12 and xi. 52).
FARTHIA.
691
PARTHIA.
Between the time of Alexander the Great and the revolt of Arsaces
from Antiochus II, circ. b. c. 250, Parthia, though subject to the Seleu-
cidae, appears to have been governed by two different semi-independent
Satraps bearing the name of Andragoras. The first was made Satrap of
the country by Alexander (Justin, xii. 4), the second was slain by
Arsaces, cii'C. b. c. 250. To one or other of these rulers must be attri-
buted the gold staters and the silver tetradrachms reading AN APATOPOY,
recently published by Prof. Gardner [Num. Chron., 1879, i and 1881, 8).
^Mi?^
Fig. ',61.
Attic Standard.
Head of Zeus. (Fig. 361.)
Head of City Aveariiig turreted crown.
{Num. Chron., 1881, PI. II. i.)
ANAPATOPOY Satrap in quadriga
accompanied by Nike, who drives the
horses A 131-9 grs.
ANAPArOPOY Pallas standing, hold-
ing owl and resting 1. hand on shield
adorued with Gorgon's head. Her
spear leans against her left side .
JR Attic tetradr. 255-8 grs.
PARTHIAN KINGS.
Although the coins of the Arsacidae can hardly be said to belong to
the Greek series, they cannot be altogether passed over in a work which
professes to deal with all branches of Greek numismatics, as both in their
types, their weight (Attic debased), and in their use of the Greek language
they betray their Hellenic origin.
The latest and most trustworthy work on the coins of the Arsacidae is
Gardner's Farthian Coinage, London, 1877, from which the following
system of classification is taken : —
' All the drachms,' says Professor Gardner (p. 1 8), ' issued by the
Arsacidae, from first to last, as well* as the earlier tetradrachms, bear a
uniform type — Arsaces the Great, founder of the empire, seated to rights
holding in his hand a strung bow. After the reign of Mithradates I the
object on which he is seated is a throne with a back, such as Zeus occu-
pies on the coins of Alexander the Great, but on the earlier drachms it is
clearly the omphalos of Apollo, that conical stone at Delphi which was
supposed by the Greeks to be the centre of the world. The introduction
of this stone indicates at once whence the Parthians borrowed their type.
Yy 2
692
PARTHIA.
It is clearly taken from the coins of the Seleucid kings of Syria, on which
Apollo usually appears seated on the omphalos, and holding out a strung
bow, just as Arsaces himself does. The tetradrachms show more variety,
or at least begin to do so, at the beginning of the Christian era, while
the copper coins present to us a multitude of types.'
Among the other reverse types the following are of frequent occurrence :
— Tyche standing with coruucopiae in her hand and offering a wreath to
the seated monarch ; Nike stephanephoros ; A horse or horse's head, etc.
The chief points of interest offered by the coins of the Arsacidae are,
first, the portraits which they bear, and secondly the dates. The era
used by the Parthians in dating their money is that of the Seleucidae,
commencing B.C. 312, and many of the tetradrachms bear not only the
year of their issue but the month
The names of the Parthian months were as follows : — Dius (October),
and the rest in the following order, Apellaeus, Audynaeus, Peritius,
Dystrus, Xanthicus, Artemisius, Daesius, Panemus, Loius, Gorpiaeus,
Hyperberaetaeus, together with an intercalary month inserted occa-
sionally, called Embolimus.
The earlier Parthian monarchs made use only of the dynastic name of
Arsaces, the epithets and titles by which the later coins are distinguished
are very numerous, and the royal style increases in length and grandilo-
quence as time goes on. The most interesting title is that of <t)IAEAAHN,
adopted, as Professor Gardner has pointed out, for the purpose of con-
ciliating the good opinion of the great Greek cities scattered through the
Parthian empire.
The following is a list of the Parthian kings, with the titles which
they adopt on their coins. For engravings of the types the student is
referred to Professor Gardner's work already cited.
Arsaces I.
B.C. 249-247.
APZAKOY or BAZIAEnZ APZAKOY.
Tiridates I
B.C
^^Zl'o, iBAZIAEni METAAOY APSAKOY.
.247-214. j
Artcibanus I.
I
B.C. 214-196, j
BAIIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY.
Phraapates or
Priapatius.
B.C. 196- 1 81.
/BAZIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY.
(DIAEAAHNOZ.
4>IAAAEAct)0Y.
■ f^ m
r' O I'
Fig. 362.
ARSACIBAE.
693
Phraates I.
B.C. 181-174.
Mithradates I.
B.C. 174-136.
Phraates II.
B.C. 136-127.
Artabanus II.
B.C. 127-124.
Himerus.
Coin dated B.C.
124.
Mithradates II.
B.C. 124-76 (X).
Sinati'oces.
Circ. B.C. 76-69.
Phi-aates III.
Circ. B. c. 69-
60 (?).
j-BAZIAEnZ APZAKOY.
\ BASIAEnZ METAAOY APEAKOY.
( „ „ „ OEOnATOPOZ.
/BASIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY.
Eni<J)ANOYZ.
0IAEAAHNOI
(Fiir. .^,62.)
BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEHN METAAOY APZAKOY EHI-
cDANOYZ.
BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPTETOY
AIKAIOY KAI (DIAEAAHNOZ.
BAZIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY OEOHATOPOZ
EYEPTETOY.
BAZIAEnZ MEPAAOY APZAKOY OEOnATOPOZ
EYEPFETOY EHIOANOYZ <DIAEAAHNOZ.
BAZIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY OEOHATOPOZ
NIKATOPOZ.
BAZIAEnZ MEfAAOY APZAKOY NlKH<DOPOY.
^BAZIAEnZ MEfAAOY APZAKOY EYEPTETOY EHI-
(DANOYZ <t)IAEAAHNOZ.
BAZIAEnZ METAAOY- APZAKOY EYEPTETOY EHI-
(DANOYZ KAI (DIAEAAHNOZ.
BAZIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY OEOY EYEPfE-
TOY Eni0ANOYZ DIAEAAHNOZ.
I BAZIAEnZ MEPAAOY APZAKOY AYTOKPATOPOZ
I 0IAOnATOPOZ EnicDANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
/BAZIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY OEOOATOPOZ
EYEPPETOY EHKDANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
BAZIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY GEOnATOPOZ
EYEPTETOY EHKDANOYZ KAI (DIAEAAHNOZ.
BAZIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY (DIAOHATOPOZ
EYEPTETOY EHKDANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
Mithradates III.
B.C. 60-56 (1).
BAZIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY EHIOANOYZ
AIKAIOY OEOY EYHATOPOZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
BAZIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY EHKDANOYZ
AIKAIOY OEOY EYHATOPOZ KAI DIAEAAH-
NOZ.
BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN MEfAAOY APZAKOY AI-
KAIOY EHKDANOYZ OEOY EYHATOPOZ
(DIAEAAHNOZ.
BAZIAEYONTOZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYnATO-
POZ AIKAIOY Eni(DANOYZ KAI (DIAEA-
AHNOZ.
694
PARTHIA.
Orodes I.
B.C. 56-37.
/BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEXiN METAAOY APSAKOY KAI
KTIZTOY.
BAZIAEHZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY 01 AOnATOPOS
AIKAIOY Eni0ANOYZ KAI ct)|AEAAHNOI.
{ BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPTETOY
AIKAIOY EnitDANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
BAZIAEnS BAIIAE^N APZAKOY AIKAIOY.
. „ „ (DIAEAAHNOS.
^ „ ■ „ „ OPnAOY.
Orodes I and
Pacorus.
Pacorus I.
B.C. 51-38 (?
Phraates IV
B.C. 37-B.C. 2
BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY
KAI APZAKOY HAKOPOY.
(DIAEAAHNOZ
. }
BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY EYEPTETOY
AIKAIOY Eni<t)ANOYZ 0IAEAAHNOZ.
' \
, BAZIAEHZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPTETOY
\ AIKAIOY Eni0ANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPfETOY AY-
TOKPATn(sic) EnicDANOYZ 4)IAEAAHN0Z.
Tlridates II.
Circ. B.C. 33.
Phraataces.
B.C. 3-A.I). 4.
Phraataces and
Musa, his mother.
Orodes II.
A.D. 4-8.
Vonones I.
A.D. 8-1 1.
^''Si,
Fig. 363.
) BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPTETOY Al-
/ KAIOY Eni0ANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
) BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPTETOY Al-
J KAIOY Eni<t)ANOYZ 0IAEAAHNOZ.
\ Rev. 0EAZ OYPANIAZ MOYZHZ BAZIAIZZHZ.
I^BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPTETOY Al-
j KAIOY Eni0ANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
Obv. BAZIAEYZ BAZIAEnN ONnNHZ.
Rev. BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPTETOY
AIKAIOY EHKDANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ, or BA-
ZIAEYZ ONnNHZ NEIKHZAZ APTABANON.
Artal)anus III.
A. D.
s HI. \
10-40. r
BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN EYEPPETOY APZAKOY.
AIKAIOY EHKDANOYZ.
Coins dated A.D. j „ „ APZAKOY EYEPTETOY Al-
io, t i & 22-26. j KAIOY Eni(t)ANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
ARSACIBAE.
695
Vardanes I.
A.D. 41-44.
( Inscr. as last. Some of the bronze coins of this king have
J the word BOYAH upon them, showing that they
\ were issued by some Greek city, perhaps Seleucia.
BASIAEaZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY Eni*ANOYS
AIKAIOY EYEPrETOY mTAPZOY,
Goterzes. 1 BAZIAEHZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY EYEPPETOY Al-
Coins dated A.D. ^ KAIOY EniOANOYZ 01 AEAAHNOZ.
40 and 44-50- lpQTEp2HZ BAZIAEYZ BAZIAEHN YOZ KEKAA-
OYMENOZ APTABANOY.
Vonones II. | xr . „
> No coins.
A.D. 50. J
Vologesesl. ) BAZIAEHZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY EYEPfETOY AI-
Coins dated A.D. > KAIOY ETTIOANOYZ (t)l AEAAHNOZ.
50-53- )
Yardanes II. \
Coins dated A.D. > Same inscription.
55-57- )
Vologeses II. ^ .
Coins dated a.d. > Same inscription.
62-67, j
PacorusII. ) BAZIAEHZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY HAKOPOY Al-
Coins dated A.D. V KAIOY EniOANOYZ <t)l AEAAHNOZ.
77-83 & 92-95. J
ArtabanusIV. ) BAZIAEHZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY APTABANOY
Coin dated a.d. V AIKAIOY En!<t)ANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
80. )
Chosroes. |
Coins dated a.d. >■ No inscr. except the dates.
106-127. j
''cSl"dA.D.)BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY OAAP^ZOY Al-
77-78 and 119- ( KAIOY EHKDANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ.
138. J
^''tSkr'^w?th)i?-.BACIAEYC MEPAZ CAN ABA (Gardner, PI. IV. 29)
Parthian types. ( or BACIAE JZANABAPHC.
Circ. A.D. 80, J
Mithradates IV. ) , . ir 7;
Coin dated A.D. VPehlvi m^cv.=Matradat Malka.
112.
Vologeses IV. 1 g.^^^^ -^g^^. ^^g Vologeses III. Otliers with Pehlvi legend =
Coins dated a.d. > ' Yohjasi ArsatMalkin Malha.
147-190. J
696
PERSIS.
Vologeses V.
Coins dated a.d. J> Pelilvi iiiscr.= Vohjasi Malka, and corrupt Greek legend.
190-208. .
Pehlvi inscr.= Vohjasi Malka, and corrupt Greek legend.
Vologeses VI, ]
Coins dated A.D. >
208-227. )
Artabanus V. ) Pehlvi imcv. = liar tabi Malka, and corrupt Greek legend.
J-CIUT). v-^cll'tlCQillcl. j
Artavasdes. ) p |^j^ 'm^c\\ = Artahazu Malka, and corrupt Greek legend.
Circ. A.D. 227. j
PERSIS.
The province of Persis, with its ancient and famous capital Persepolis,
seems to have enjoyed a partial independence from the time of the fu-st
break up of the 8yro-Greek kingdom in the reign of Antiochus II, and
to its rulers may be assigned a series of Attic tetradrachms, and even
a few gold staters, the latter bearing on the obverse the head of a king in
Persian tiara, and on the reverse the king in a quadriga and his name
Phahaspes ("?) Pad-i-pada (Lord of lords) in the Aramaic character {Num.
Chrou., 1879, PL I. 2). Others, with a similar legend, resemble in type
the gold staters of Alexander the Great [Nitvi. Chron., 1. c. fig. 3).
Fig. 364.
The tetradrachms show a king's head on the obverse, and on the
reverse, a Fire-altar, beside which is the figure of a king in the act of
worship (Fig. 364), or else a king enthroned, with a standard before him
[Num. Cliroji., 1866, p. 237 sq.), and a long inscription in the Pehlvi
character, which has never been satisfactorily explained. This series of
coins is usually called sub-Parthian, and there has been much difterence
of opinion as to the region to which they belong, Blau assigning them to
Susiana or Elymais {Num. Zeit., 1877), Mordtmann {lb., 1878) to Persis,
and Thomas {Nnw. Chron., 1867) to Armenia. The last hypothesis is,
however, hardly admissible, as the coins come almost always from the
noigh])ourhood of the Persian jrulf.
CHABACENE, ETC. 697
SASSANIDAE.
About A.D. 226 the Persian princes revolted against their Parthian
masters, and the long series of gold and silver coins begins, which
extends down to the Arab conquest. The coins of the Sassanian
monarchs are thin, flat, and neatly executed ; on the obverse is the head
of the king, and on the reverse, from first to last, the sacred Persian Fire
Altar. As, however, both types and inscriptions are purely Oriental
they need not further detain us in the present work.
The Sassanian dynasty lasted for four centuries and a quarter, down to
A. D. 652, and comprised thirty reigns.
For references see Friedliinder, Rej^ertorium, p. 354.
CHARACENE, ETC.
Characene was a district of Susiana, extending along the banks of the
Tigris. Its chief city was Charax Spasinu, near the head of the Persian
gulf. Characene, from about the time of Antiochus IV of Syi-ia, and of
Mithradates I of Parthia (circ. B. c. 160), may have formed a kingdom
independent of the rule of the Arsacidae.
At the head of the undoubted series of Characenian regal issues we may
provisionally place the coins of one or more kings bearing the name
of Kamnaskires : —
Attic Standard.
Head of king.
{Zdt. f. Num., viii. 208.)
Head of king and queen. Symbol :
• Seleucid anchor.
(Gardner, Parth. Coins, PI. VII.
25, 26.)
BAZIAEnZ KAMNISKIPOY Nl-
KH<})OPOY Apollo seated on om-
phalos JR Tetradr.
BAZIAEnS KAMNAZKIPOY KAI
BAZIAIZZHZ ANZAZHZ Zeus
Nikephoros seated. Date — 231 =
B.C. 82 . . M, Tetradr. 242 grs.
There are also tetradrachms of Hyspaosines, B.C. 124 {Zeit.f. N., iv. 6),
Apodacus, B.C. 109, and Tiraeus, B.C. 50. Inscr., BAZIAEHZ TIPAIOY
ZnTHPOZ KAI EYEPrETOY, %;e— Herakles seated on rock. These
are followed by a plentiful series of base metal and copper coins of
various kings named Attambelus, Abinerglus, and Theonneses, rangino- in
date down to about a. d. 120, or later. The types resemble those of
Tiraeus described above. On the later specimens the legends are no
longer Greek (Waddington, Mel., ii. 77, Knmismatique et Ckronologie des
Bois de Characene', A. von Sallet, Zeit.f. Num.,i\\. 249, and viii. 212).
Whether the bronze coin reading BAZIAEHZ XAPAZHOY, obv. Heads of
the Dioskuri, rev. Eagle on fulmen [Rev. Num., 1883, p. 146) belongs to
Characene or to some other region on the confines of the Seleucid empire
is doubtful.
698 PERSIA.
PERSIA.
It is generally supposed that the Persians, like the Medes and Baby-
lonians, were unacquainted with the use of coined money, or at any rate
that they possessed no coinage of their own before the age of Darius, the
son of Hystaspes. M. G. Bertin, in the Proceedings of the Society of
Biblical Archaeology (1883-4, p. 87), has, however, read the word Dariku
on a Babylonian contract tablet, dated in the twelfth year of Nabonidas,
five years before the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus; but there is no
evidence that the word there signifies a piece of coined money, though it
seems to stand for a measure of some sort. The existence of a measure or
weight called Dariku among the ancient Babylonians tells, however, against
the accepted derivation of the Greek word AapeiKos from the name Darius,
for Dariku has no etymological affinity with the old Persian form of the
name Darius, Daryavush ^. Whether the Persians coined darics before
Darius must, therefore, remain for the present a disputed point, but that
Darius coined gold money of the finest quality we are told by Herodotus
(iv. 166), ISapa,os fxev yap \pv(yiov Kadapcorarov aT:e\}/ri(ras e? to bwarcoTaTov
v6\xi(Tp.a iK6\j/aTo. Vast numbers of these royal gold coins were circu-
lating in the Persian dominions in Asia Minor as early as the time of the
expedition of Xerxes, for Herodotus (vii. 28) asserts that the Lydian
Pythius had in his own possession as many as 3,993,000 of them, a sum
which Xerxes increased to 4,000,000. Darics are also mentioned by
Thucydides (viii. 28); Xenophon [AnaJj., i. i. 9 ; i. 3. 21 ; i. 7. 18 ; v. 6.
18; vii. 6. i; Cyrop.,v. 2. 7); Demosthenes (xxiv. 129); Aristophanes
{Eccl., 602); Arrian [Anab., iv. 18. 7) ; Diodorus (xvii. 66) ; and by many
others. Unfortunately the great uniformity of style and the absence of
any inscription on the darics preclude the possibility of classifying them
according to the reigns in which they must have been issued, viz.
Cyrus (?) B.C. 558-529; Cambyses (?) B.C.' 529-521 ; Darius I, B.C. 521
-486 ; Xerxes, B. c. 486-465 ; Artaxerxes I (Longimanus), B. c. 465-425 ;
Darius II (Nothus), b. c. 425-405 ; Artaxerxes II (Mnemon), b. c. 405-359 ;
Artaxerxes III (Ochus), B. c. 359-338 ; Arses, B. c. '^'^^-'^'^6 ; and Darius
III (Codomannus), b. c. '^'^^-'^'^i. The varieties of the gold daric may be
thus described : —
* M. Oppert and M. Revillout {Ann. de Num., 1884, 119') are also of opinion that the word
6apei«(5s is unconnected with ^apnos. According to these authorities it conies from the Assyrian
n:o yn {daracf mana), ' degree (i.e. ■^) of the mina,' an expression from which the Greek word
Spax^i? may also have been derived, lint see Hult.sch (Metrologie, p. 131), who inclines to the
accepted derivation of ^paxurj from dpaaaofiat (cf Spdy/xa and dpa^, a handful) assigned to it by
I'lutarch (/>//v., 17) and Pollux (ix. 77).
ACHAEMENIDAE.
699
Irregular oblong incuse.
(Fig- 365.)
K i2>° grs.
King of Persia bearded, crowned
and clad in long robe, kneeling r.
on one knee; at his back, quiver;
in his r, long spear, and in his out-
sti-etched 1. a bow.
Of this type there are two rare varieties. On one of them the king
holds in his right hand a short arrow in place of the long spear ; and on
the other, instead of the bearded king, is a youthful Persian archer
kneeling, clad in a long close-fitting spotted robe, with sleeves to the
elbow, and trousers to the knee, of the same flecked material. He holds
a long spear and bow. In the incuse, on the reverse, is a small naked
seated figure, and beside it an incuse head of Pan (?) with stag's horns
(Head, Li/d. and Pers., PL I. 17).
The weight of the Persian daric is the sixtieth part of the light
Babylonian or Assyrian mina of 7800 grs. The royal Persian silver
coin is in every respect similar to the daric, and was even sometimes
called by the same name (Plut., Cim., x. 11, <^taAa? bvo, ti]v fxev apyvpeiiav
(IJLTTXy](rd[x€vov AapeiK(av, rrjv 8e xpva-Giv, but the ordinary appellation appears
to have been aiyXos Mt^Siko'?, or simply aiyko^.
Xenophon [Auai., i. 5. 6) gives the current value of the siglos in Attic
money at 7I obols. This gives us a weight of 84-37 English grains,
which is the full average weight of the sigli that have come down to us.
The normal weight may, however, be fixed at 86-45 S^^-> ^^^ it ^aay be
correctly designated as a drachm or half stater equivalent to the one
hundreth part of the Persic silver mina of 8645 grs.
With regard to the respective values of the daric and the siglos we
gather from another passage of Xenophon {Anab., i. 7. 18) that 3000 gold
darics were considered by Cyrus to be equivalent to 10 talents, or, in
other words, to 60,000 silver sigli, hence i daric was worth 20 sigli.
The relative value of gold to silver in Asia must therefore have been,
as in earher times, 13.3 : i, hence
I Persic talent.
I Persic mina.
I o Staters of 1 7 2 • 9 grs.
20 Sigli of 86-45 g^'s-
1 5 Phoenician di-
drachms of 115 gi's.
30 Phoenician drachms
of 57 grs.
There are several varieties of the siglos, on one of which the king holds
a dagger instead of a spear ; on another he is drawing his bow ; and on a
third he is represented as a half-length figure holding a bow in one hand,
and two arrows in the other (B. V. Head, Lj/dia and Persia, PL I. 25-29).
In addition to the royal coinage in gold and silver as above described,
the Persian satraps and subordinate kings were allowed to issue silver
money in various parts of Asia Minor, according to their several necessi-
ties. These will, be found duly described under the districts to which
they belong, e.g. Cilicia, Phoenicia, etc. The capital punishment inflicted
by Darius upon Aryandes, the Satrap of Egypt, must not be taken as
evidence that the great king reserved for himself the sole prerogative of
striking silver as well as gold, for Aryandes was punished with death
300 K Darics of 130 grs. x 13-3 = 518700 grs. M =
5 K Darics of 130 grs. x 13-3 = 8645 gi's. M =
I N Daric of 130 grs. x 13-3 = 1729 grs. JR=
700
PERSIA.
not for coining silver, but for coining it of finer quality than the money
of the king himself, and even this offence was not considered sufficient
to warrant his execution, for Darius brought another and far more
serious charge against him, viz. that he was planning a rebellion (Herod.,
iv. 166). The silver money struck by Aryandes was still circulating in
the time of Herodotus (^. <?.), koXvvv eori apyvptov KaOap^ararov to ^ ApvavhiKov,
but no specimens are now known, or, at any rate, none have been
identified.
After the Macedonian Conquest.
Double Darics. On the break up of the Persian empire after the battle
of Arbela, b. c. 331, when Alexander found himself master of all Asia, it
is probable that he permitted for a time the circulation of the Persian
gold darics before introducing his own money, and that he even went so
far as to cause to be struck a new denomination, the double-daric or
gold tetradi-achm. Of this, until lately, rare coin numerous specimens
have recently been discovered, and it is worthy of remark that nearly all
the specimens in the British Museum have come to us from the Panjab.
The following are the varieties with which I am acquainted : —
Fig. 366.
King kneeling, as on the darics, hold-
ing spear and bow.
I. Behind, club.
2.
>5
wreath.
3-
J>
wreath. In front, M.
(Fig. 366.)
4-
J!
wreath. In front, X or A.
5.
6.
)5
))
A.
AY.
7.
J J
01.
8.
5>
0^0.
9-
10.
II.
X-.
„ and fulmen.
12
))
., and wreath.
13-
14.
<t> beneath grapes,
'XI K beneath MNA.
15-
16.
In front $.
0. ^
Irregular incuse, crossed by wavy lines
in relief A 260 grs.
On some specimens the lines within
the incuse assume the form of a con-
ventional though meaningless pattern.
It is evident that the presence of Greek letters and symbols on all the
double darics precludes the possibility of their having been issued before
the Macedonian conquest. By far the most remarkable of the above
inscription is :?TA MNA, which it is tempting to render by 2 staters =
BACTRIA AND INDIA. 701
I mina, a valuation which, if the double daric could be called a stater
(for which, however, there is no authority), would be approximately-
correct, for the weight of the coin is 2627 grs., equivalent, at the rate of
12^ : I, to 3283-75 grs. of silver, which is very nearly half an Attic mina
of 6750 grs.
The silver coins which seem to correspond to the double darics both in
fabric and mint-letters are the Lion tetradrachms of Tarsian type and
Attic weight first struck by the Satrap Mazaeus, probably while he was
governor of Babylon, between b. c. 331 and 328 (p. 61 6), and continued
anonymously with Greek letters, monograms, or symbols in the field, of
which the wreath, M, A Y, i/^and fif occur also on the double darics. The
Indian provenance of both these classes of coins is not inconsistent with
their supposed Babylonian origin, which is rendered still more probable
by the fact that Seleucus, presumably when he recovered his old satrapy
of Babylon in b. c. 312, continued the issue of the Lion tetradrachms with
the addition of his signet, the Anchor,'and at the same time replaced the
double darics by the following anonymous gold distaters : —
Head of Alexander in elephant's skin. Nike standing, as on Alexander's gold
{Rev. Num., 1883, PI. IV. i.) staters. In field a head of the horned
I horse, and A I . . . K 2^6 grs.
Of this type bronze coins are also known reading AAEZANAPOY,
which, like the rest, always come from the far East.
BACTRIA AND INDIA.
Among the successors of Alexander in the far East, the Graeco-Lidian
kings, who ruled over the countries between the Oxus and the Ganges,
have left us a most remarkable and interesting series of coins, which
supplies us with all that we are ever likely to know of the history of
those regions, from the time when Alexander with his conquering hosts
first introduced into Bactria and India the language, religion, and civili-
zation of the Greeks, down to the irruption of the Scythian barbarians,
and the final extinction of all traces of Greek influence in India, in the
second century of our era.
In the present work I shall not attempt to trace the history of the
Graeco-Indian coinages beyond the reign of Hermaeus (circ. b. c. 50), the
last of the long series of kings bearing pure Greek names. Of these
kings, beginning with Diodotus (circ. b. c. 250) and ending with Her-
maeus, there are about thirty, and it would appear that some of them
were contemporary with one another, ruling over different districts
between the upper waters of the Oxus in the North, the Jumna in the
East, and the mouths of the Indus in the South. For about a century
(b. c. 250-150) the tetradrachms follow the Attic standard, and are purely
Hellenic in character, the portraits of the kings are strikingly realistic,
and the figures of the various Greek divinities which form the reverse
types betray the skilful hand of the Greek artist, but in the reign of
Heliocles, the son of Eucratides the Great, a change takes place. The
Attic standard gives way to a native Indian standard, which may be
702 BACTBIA AND INDIA.
identical with the old Persic standard somewhat reduced. The stater
from this time onwards weighs no more than about 152 grs., and the
quarter-stater (or drachm (?)) about 38 grs. At the same time a Prakrit
translation of the Greek inscription on the obverse is placed upon the
reverse, and new and strange divinities begin to make their appearance
from time to time as reverse types. From this time, too, we lose touch
of the slender thread of historical data, which down to this point helps
us to fix the order of the succession of the kings with approximate cer-
tainty. From Heliocles to Hermaeus the order is altogether hypothet-
ical. The classification which I have adopted in the following pages is
that in which from analogy of types, style, and epigraphy, the coins have
been arranged in the British Museum Cabinets by Professor Gardner.
The student who would pursue the subject farther may be refeiTed to
Gen. Cunningham's articles in the Numismatic Chronicle on the Coins
of Alexander's successors in the East, to von Sallet's Nachfolger Alexan-
ders d. Gr. in Bactrien und Indien in the Zeit.f. Num., and especially to the
Catalogue of the Coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India, in
the British Museum, by Prof. P. Gardner, 1886.
Alexander the Great, B. c 32^-^2^. Square bronze coins {Zeit.f. Num.,
vi. PI. IV. i), obv., Head of Herakles, rev., Club and Bow.
Sophytes, after b. c. 306, vassal under Alexander and Seleucus in the
Indus region. M Attic drachms. Inscr., Zn<t)YTOY, rev. Cock (B. M.
(?^/«V/^, PL XXVIII. 17).
Antiochus II, of Syria, before B.C. 250. M Tetradr. and drachm,
BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY. Zeus hurling fulmen, at his feet Eagle.
Diodotus appears to have revolted from Antiochus, or to have been
acknowledged as king by him about b. c. 250.
Fig. 367.
Inscr., BAZI AEHE AIOAOTOY. K and M Zeus hurling fulmen, at his
feet Eagle (Fig. '^6']); M Artemis running with torch, dog beside her
(B. M. Cat., PI. I. 9).
Euthydemns I, contemporary with Antiochus III of Syria (b. c. 222-
187). M and M BAZIAEHZ EYGYAHMOY, Herakles naked seated
on rocks ; Heads of bearded Herakles and of Zeus, rev. Prancing horse
(B. M. Cat., PI. II. 7).
Demetrius, son of Euthydemus I, extended his dominions into India,
^l Tetradr., (h-., and obol,BAZ I AEnZ AHMHTPIOY, Head of King dia-
demed, rev. Pallas standing, and more frequently King's head in Ele-
phant's skin, rev. Herakles standing crowning himself (Fig. 368).
BACTlilA AND INDIA.
703
/
Fig. 368.
M Head of Herakles, rev. Radiate Artemis standing ; Shield, rev. Tri-
dent; Elephant's head, rev. Caduceus ; also square M BAZlAEIiZ ANl-
KHTOY AHMHTPIOY, rev. Fulmen, and Indo-Bactrian inscr. (B. M. Cat.,
PI. II. 9-12 ; III. I, 2 ; XXX. I, 3).
Euthydemus II, son of Demetrius. M Tetradr. and dr., BASIAEflS
EYOYAHMOY, Boyish head of King, rev. Herakles facing (Fig. 369) ;
Fig. 369.
bronze and nickel. Head of Apollo, rev. Tripod ; Bearded head of Hera-
kles, rev. Horse (B. M. Cat., PL III. 3-7).
Fantaleon, contemporary with or successor of Euthydemus II. M
Tetradr., BAZIAEHZ flANTAAEONTOZ, Zeus enthroned holding statu-
ette of Hekate (B. M. Cat., PI. XXX. 4) ; JE square, Greek and Indian
Pali inscr., Dancing figure, rev. Lion (op. cit., PL III. 9) ; Nickel and M
round. Head of Dionysos, rev. Panther.
Agathocles, contemporary with or successor of Pantaleon. M Tetradr.
in commemoration of his predecessors, (i) of Alexander the Great, AAEZ-
FiG. 370.
704
BACTRIA AND INDIA.
ANAPOY TOY (l)IAinnOY, Head of Alexander in lion's skin, rev. BAZIA-
EYONTOZ ATAOOKAEOYZ AIKAIOY, Zeus aetophoros enthroned {Num.
Chron., 1880, PI. X. 1) ; (ii) of Anliorlnis 1I{1), ANTIOXOY NIKATOPOZ,
rev. same ii/scr. as last, Zeus 1. wielding fulmen (B. M. Cat., PI. XXX. 5) ;
(iii) of Lioihfiis, AIOAOTOY ZflTHPOZ, rev. as last (Fig. 370); (iv) of
Euthydewns, EYOYAHMOY OEOY, rev. same inscr. as last, Herakles seated
on rock (B. M. Cat., PI. IV. 3). Also M Tetradr., dr., and \ dr., with
name of Agathocles only, BAZIAEnS ATAOOKAEOYi:, Zeus standing
holding Hekate {op. cit., PI. IV. 4). Nickel'and M (round). Bust of Dio-
nysos, rev. Panther. Square M, with bilingual (Greek and Indian Pali)
inscrr., Dancing figure, i-ev. Lion, etc. {op. cit., PI. IV. 9) ; M Arian Pali
inscr., Buddhist tope, rev. Sacred tree {op. cit., PL IV. 10).
Antimachns, contemporary with Agathocles. M Tetradr. in comme-
moration of his ancestor Diodotus, AIOAOTOY SHTHPOZ, rev. BAZIA-
EYONTOZ ANTIMAXOY GEOY, Zeus 1. wielding fulmen (B. M. Cat.,
PL XXX. 6). Also Al Tetradr., dr., \ dr., and oboL, Head of Anti-
FiG. 371.
machus in broad Macedonian kausia, rev. BAZIAEflZ GEOY ANTI-
MAXOY, Poseidon standing holding trident and palm (Fig. 371); M
Elephant, rev. Nike on Prow (B. M. Cat., PL XXX. 7).
Eucratides, king of Bactria and India, circ. B. c. 200-150. N Medal-
lion of 20 staters' weight, the largest ancient gold coin in existence, now
in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, otjv. Bust of king with helmet
adorned with bull's horn and ear, rev. BAZIAEnZ METAAOY EYKPA-
TIAOY, The Dioskuri on horseback {Bev. Num., 1867, p. 382. Also S.
staters with the same types. M Tetradr. and dr. Inscr., BAZIAEHZ
EYKPATIAOY, sometimes with addition of METAAOY, Bust diademed
.\V'
Fig. 372.
or helmetcd. rev. The Dioskuri on horseback (Fig. 372), or Apollo
BACTEIA AND INDIA.
705
standing. M Obols, Pilei of the Dioskuri. Of the coins of this king
.there are numerous barbarous imitations. There is also a \ dr. with a
bilingual (Greek and Arian) inscription, (y/je— Dioskuri standing (B. M.
Cat., PI. XXX. 9) ; M Circular with Greek, and square with bilingual
inscr., ohv. Head of king or head of Apollo, rev. Horse ; Horseman ; The
Dioskuri; The Pilei of the Dioskuri; Nike; Zeus seated (B. M. Cat.,
PI. VI. 1-8; XXX. 10-12).
Eucratides with Heliocles and Laodice.
HAIOKAEOYZ KAI AAOAIKHZ
Busts of Heliocles bare and Laodice
diademed . . M Tetradr. aud dr.
BAZIAEYZ METAZ EYKPAT-
lAHZ Helraeted bust of Eucratides.
(B.M. Cat., PL VI. 9, 10.)
In all probability the word vlos is to be understood as the connecting
link between the obverse and reverse legends of these coins, and that con-
sequently Heliocles and Laodice were the father and mother of Eucra-
tides. Von Sallet, however, conjectures that Eucratides caused these
pieces to be struck on the occasion of a marriage of a son of his, by
name Heliocles, with a princess named Laodice, who may have been a
grand-daughter of Antiochus III of Syria.
Plato, contemporary with Eucratides. Unique dated tetradrachm in
the British Museum. Bust of King with helmet resembling that of
Eucratides, r^v. BAZIAEHZ EHIcDANOYZ FlAATaNOZ, Helios in quad-
riga facing. Date, [PJMI, 147 of the Seleucid era = B. c. 166 (B.M. Cat.,
PI. VLii).
Heliocles, circ. B. c. 150-1 25, son and successor of Eucratides, probably
the last Greek king who reigned over the country to the north of the
Indian Caucasus.
Fig. 373.
Bust of Heliocles, diademed.
(Fig.2 73,andB.M.Cat.,Pl.XXXLi.)
BAZIAEnZ HAIOKAEOYZ Al-
KAIOY Zeus standing, liolding ful-
men and sceptre, or seated, holding
Nike and sceptre . . M Tetradr.
^Dr.
The bronze coins are usually barbarous. Bev. types — Zeus standing;
Horse. In this king's reign, or in that of a second Heliocles, the Attic
standard was superseded by a native silver standard, of which the stater
weighs 150 grs. and the \ stater 38 grs.
z z
706 BACTRIA AND INDIA.
BAZIAEHZ AIKAIOY HAIOK-
AE0Y2: Bust of Heliocles.
Arian inscr., Zeus standing, as above.
(B. M. Cat., PL VII. 5,6.). . . .
JK. 146 and 34 grs.
The bronze coins are square with bilingual legends, rev. Elephant or
Indian Bull (B. M. Cat., PI. VII. 7, 8).
Antialcidas, circ. B. c. 150. M Attic tetradr. and Indian quarter
staters, the latter bilingual.
Bust of king, diademed.
(B. M. Cat., PI. VII. 9.)
BAZIAEnZ NIKHOOPOY ANTI-
AAKIAOY Zeus Nikephoros en-
tlaroned, with forepart of elephant
raising his trunk to Nike JR. Tetradr.
Id. but elephant in various positions
M, Indian 4 stater.
Id. king sometimes helmeted or wear-
ing kausia.
Round and square bilingual M ; Bust of Zeus, rev. Pilei of the Dios-
kuri ; or Bust of King, rev. Elephant (B. M. Cat., PI. VIII. 1-4).
Antialcidas and Lysias. Bilingual square M, ohv. BAZIAEHZ ANl-
KHTOY AYZIOY, Bust of bearded Herakles, rev. Arian inscr. containing
name of Antialcidas. Type — -Pilei of the Dioskuri (Bodleian Library).
Theophilus. Bilingual M, j staters of Indian wt., BAZIAEHZ AI-
KAIOY BEO0IAOY, Bust diademed, rev. Herakles crowning himself.
Ni square — Bust of Herakles, rev. Cornucopiae (B. M. Cat., PI. XXXI.
3>4)-
Lysias, circ. B.C. 150. Indian standard, \ stater, BASIAEfiZ
ANIKHTOY AYZIOY, Bust diademed or in Elephant's skin, rev. Arian
inscr., Herakles crowning himself.
Round and square M, Bust of bearded Herakles, rev. Elephant (B. M.
Cat., PI. VIII. 5-9).
Diomedes. Bilingual M quarter staters, BASIAEHZ SHTHPOS AIO-
M H AOY, rev. The Dioskuri standing or riding. M The Dioskuri standing,
rev. Humped bull (B. M. Cat., PI. VIII. 10-14).
Ai^chebius. Bilingual M staters and \ staters, Indian wt., Bust of
kingdiademed or helmeted, re?7.BAZIAEnS AIKAIOY NlKH<t)OPOY APXE-
BIOY, Zeus facing holding sceptre and wielding fulmen. M (round),
Nike, rev. Owl ; (square), Elephant, rei\ Owl ; and Bust of Zeus, rev.
Pilei of the Dioskuri (B. M. Cat., PL IX. 1-^7 and XXXI. 5).
Apollodotus. There may have been two kings of this name. The
coins are always bilingual and follow the Indian standard. M \ staters,
round or square, BAZIAEHZ ADOAAOAOTO.Y SfiTHPOZ, Elephant, rev.
Humped bull ; and square M Apollo standing, rev. Tripod (B. M. Cat.,
PI. IX. 8-13). Later style (perhaps Apollodotus II), M staters, AHOAAO-
AOTOY BAZIAEnZ METAAOY ZHTHPOZ KAI (DIAOHATOPOZ, rev.
Pallas fighting (Fig. 374). \ staters similar, but without the word
METAAOY, others with BAZIAEHZ ZHTHPOZ AHOAAOAOTOY. M
BACTRIA AND INDIA. 707
Fig. 374.
round and square, Apollo standing or seated, rev. Tripod; BAZIAEHZ
SnTHPOZ KAI (t)IAOnATOPOZ AHOAAOAOTOY, similar (B. M. Cat
PL X. 1-9). . ' ■'
Strato I, a contemporar}^ of Heliocles. Bilingual M staters and ^
staters of Indian wt., and M BAZIAEnZ EfllOANOYZ (or AIKAIOY)
ZnTHPOZ ZTPATHNOZ, Bust helmeted or diademed, m-. Pallas fio-htino-
(B. M. Cat, PL X. 10-13 ; XL I ; XXXI. 6). Square JE Bust of HeJakles",
rev. Nike ; Apollo standing, rev. Tripod. Bound JE Bust of Apollo rev
Quiver (B. M. Cat., PL XL 2-5). ' '
Agathocleia, wife (?) of Strato I. Square bilingual JE BAZIAIZZHZ
OEOTPOnOY ArAOOKAEIAZ, Helmeted bust, rev. Herakles seated on
rocks (B. M. Cat, PL XL 6).
Strato II, son of Strato I. Bilingual M ^ staters of Indian weight
BACIA€nC CniHPOC CTPATHNOC YIOY CTPATHNOC, Diademed bust^
r(?t;. Fighting Pallas ; others read BAZIAEHZ ZD.THPOZ ZTPATHNOZ
(B.M. Cat., PLXXXL 7).
Menander, mentioned by Strabo (xi. 11. i) as having extended his
sway as far east as the Isamus (a branch of the Ganges, perhaps beyond
the Jumna). Bilingual M staters and | staters of Indian weight,
BAZIAEnZ ZHTHPOZ MENANAPOY. Usual tt/pes—Bnsi di&demed or
helmeted, rev. Pallas fighting; oIjv. Head of Pallas, rev. Owl. Square M,
oh: Bust of king, rev. Pallas fighting ; obv. Bust of Pallas, rev. Prancing
horse, Nike, Shield, Owl ; odv. Bull's head, rev. Tripod ; obv. Elephant's
head, rev. Club ; obv. Wheel, rev. Palm ; obv. Young male head, Humped
camel, Elephant, Boar's head, rev. Dolphin, Bull's head. Elephant goad,
Palm branch. Also square ^, with BAZIAEnZ AIKAIOY MENANAPOY,
obv. Pallas standing, rev. Lion (B. M. Cat., PL XL 7-13; XII. 1-7-
XXXL 8-12).
Epander. Bilingual M ^ staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEHZ NlKH-
(t)OPOY EflANAPOY, Diademed bust, rev. Fighting Pallas. Square ^,
Nike Stephanephoros, rev. Humped bull (B. M. Cat., PL XXXI. 13 and
XII. 8).
Dionysius. Bilingual M I staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEHZ
ZHTHPOZ AIONYZIOY, Bust of king diademed, rev. Fighting Pallas.
Square JE, Apollo standing, rev. Tripod ; Royal diadem (B. M. Cat.,
PL XII. 9 : XXXL 14).
z z 2
708 BACTRIA AND INDIA.
Zoilus. Bilingual iR i staters of Indian weight, B AS I AEnZ AIKAIOY
(or ZnTHPOZ) ZniAOY, Bust of king diademed, rev. Herakles standing
or Pallas fighting.
Bound and square M, ohv. Apollo standing, rev. Tripod; ohv. Head of
Herakles, rev. Bow and bow-case within ivy-wreath (B. M. Cat., PI. XII.
10-13; xxxn. I, 2).
ApoUophanes. Bilingual M \ staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEjQZ
ZnTHPOZ AnOAAO0ANOY {sic). Bust helmeted C?), rev. Pallas fighting
(B. M. Cat., PI. XIII. i).
Artemidorus. Bilingual M staters and \ staters of Indian weight,
BAZIAEHZ ANIKHTOY APTEMIAHPOY, Bust diademed or helmeted,
rev. Artemis shooting with bow {iype parlatif) ; Nike stephanephoros
(B. M. Cat., PL XXXII. ^s).
Square M, Artemis standing facing drawing arrow from quiver, rev.
Humped bull (B. M. Cat., PL XIII. 2).
Antimachus II (Nikephoros). Bilingual M | staters of Indian weight,
BAZIAEnS NiKHcDOPOY ANTIMAXOY, Nike stephanephoros, rev. King
on horseback.
Square M, ohv. Aegis, rev. Wreath and Palm (B. M. Cat., PL
XIII. 3, 4).
Fhiloxenus. Bilingual M staters and square \ staters of Indian
weight, BAZIAEnS ANIKHTOY 0IAOZENOY, Bust diademed or hel-
meted, rev. King on horseback. Square M, ohv. Tyche or City, standing
with cornucopiae, rev. Humped bull ; ohv. Helios standing, rev. Nike
stephanephoros (B. M. Cat., PL XIII. 5-10).
Nicias. Bilingual M. \ staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEflZ SHTH-
POZ NIKIOY, Bust diademed, rev. Figure standing holding palm (B. M.
Cat., PL XXXII. 6).
Square iE, ohv. Bust diademed, rev. King on horseback or Anchor with
dolphin twined round it (B. M. Cat., PL XIII. 11, 12).
Hippostratus. Bilingual M, staters and \ staters of Indan weight,
BAZIAEnZ ZnTHPDZ innDZTPATDY, Bust diademed, rev. Tyche or
City standing. Others often with additional title, METAADY, rev. King
on horseback (B. M. Cat., PL XIV. 1-5).
Square yE, ohv. Triton holding dolphin and rudder, rev. Turreted female
figure holding palm ; ohv. Apollo standing, rev. Tripod ; ohv. Figure en-
throned facing, rev. Horse (B. M. Cat. PL XIV. 6-8).
Amyntas. Bilingual M staters and \ staters of Indian weight, BAZI-
AEnZ NIKATOPOZ AMYNTOY, Bust helmeted, diademed, wearing
kausia, or bare, rev. Pallas fighting or Zeus Nikephoros enthroned facing
(B. M. Cat., PL XIV. 9, 10).
Square M Bust of bearded deity radiate, wearing Phrygian cap or
tiara, rev. Pallas standing (B. M. Cat. PL XIV. 11).
BACTIUA AND INDIA. 709
Telephus. Bilingual M \ staters of Indian weight, BASIAEQZ EYEP-
TETOY THAEct)OY, Giant Skythe3(?) serpent-footed, holding hammer in
each hand, rev. Helios radiate and male figure wearing wreath or horned,
standing facing (B. M. Cat., PI. XXXII. 7).
Hermaeus. Bilingual M staters and \ staters of Indian weight, BAZ-
lAEnZ ZnTHPOZ EPMAIOY, Bust diademed or helmeted, or King on
horseback, rei\ Zeus enthroned facing (Fig. 375). Square and round
Fig- 375-
M resembling M, or olv. Head of bearded deity radiate or wearing
Phrygian cap or tiara, rev. Horse or Zeus enthroned (B. M. Cat., PI.
XV. 1-7).
The coins of this king are imitated by the non-Greek king Kadphises,
with the blundered legend ZTHPDE ZY EPMAIDYfor ZHTHPOZ EP-
MAIOY. Some of these imitations have Nike on the reverse (B. M. Cat.,
PL XV. 8 ; XXXII. 8).
Hermaeus and Calliope. Bilingual M \ staters of Indian weight,
BAZIAEaZ ZnTHPOZ EPMAIOY KAI KAAAIODHZ, Busts of King
and Queen diademed, rev. King on horseback (B. M. Cat., PL XV.
9, 10).
Epigraphy. The Indian inscriptions on the reverses of the above-de-
scribed coins are of two kinds, (a) Indian Pali, which occurs onl}^ on the
coins of Pantaleon and Agathocles, and (/3) Arian Pali on those of all the
other monarchs. The legend almost always begins with the word
^^^'^y^, MaIiarajasa = ^K'Z\KED.'L. This is followed by one or more
high-sounding epithets, such as T 'l'l\, fradafasa = 'ZajW?0'Z ; TT^M'l'
(Ihramikasa = AIKAIOY; T^?AIJ, ja>/a(Uiarasa = NIKHOOPOY;
^^^^1/7 7, apacUhdtma = ANIKHTOY; T^*^*^, mahafasa = META-
AOY; y^^tL^^praiicliham - Eni(t)ANOYZ; T'^Z'C,<iA pahnakra-
w?r/.!Jfl=EYEPrETOY; T^^^^^ rajadlrajasa = BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN.
Other words are also occasionally met with which cannot be rendered
by Greek equivalents. Last of all follows the king's name, transliterated
as nearly as possible from the Greek, though sometimes hardly recog-
nisable in its Indian form, e.ff. y^*^77^/, Fv2(h-atidasa=EyKPM\-
AOY; y'lZ,Sf:rafasa=-ZJ? MClt^OZ; T .\Z^, Menad rasa = hAEt^ AH -
APOY; TAv-'^'O, Heramai/asa = £?N\K\Oy, etc. For a complete list of
these Prakrit legends, with their Greek and English renderings, the
student is referred to Prof. Gardner's Catalogue, already so frequently
cited.
710 BACTRIA AND INDIA.
The series of kings bearing Greek names comes to an end with Her-
maeus, Avho probably reigned in the course of the last half century before
the Christian era. The Greek character continued, however, to be used
on the coins of the conquering Scythian kings, Kadphises I (with types
of Hermaeus), Kadaphes, Kadphises II, Kanerkes (a. d. 87-106 ^),
Hooerkes (circ. A. d. 111-129), and Bazodeo, or Vasu Deva (a. D. 122-
176), for more than a century after the Christian era. Among these the
series with the names (in Greek letters) and the figures of a large number
of divinities borrowed from various mythologies are of considerable
interest.
Among these the following may be here mentioned: — HAIOC, CAA-
HNH, NANAIA, NANA and NANA PAO, HPAKIAO, PAO PHOPO, PIOM,
CAP ATT 0, uuPON, which may be perhaps identified with Helios, Selene,
Artemis (?), Herakles, Ares (?), Roma (?), Serapis, and Uranos (?).
Many other names of divinities occur which appear to be of Persian
and Indian origin. Of these the following may be noted, AOPO, APA€I-
XPO, APOOACnO, MANAOBArO, MAO, MEIPO, OANlNAA, OAAO,
OPAArNO,0APPO (Persian), and APAOXPO, MAACHNO, OKPO, CKAN-
AO KOMAPO, BIZArO, BOAAO, BOYAAO and OAYO BOY CAKAMA
(Indian), concerning all which, students who are inclined to pursue the
subject further will find full information in the British Museum Cata-
logue, Introduction, p. Ixii. sqq.
Meanwhile, in the neighbouring non-Greek kingdom, in the region of
the Panjab, and east of the Indus, the coinage commencing with Ranja-
bala and Maues, probably soon after b. c. 100, runs parallel with that of
the Greek kings from the time of Menander to that of Hermaeus, and is
continued considerably later. The principal kings of this Saka dynasty
are Maues (circ. b. c. 100), Azes, Azilises, Vonones, Spalirises, Spalahores,
Spalyris, etc. Another contemporary dynasty (B.C. 50-A.D. 50) furnishes
the names of Gondophares, Abdagases, Orthagnes, Arsaces, Pacores, Zei-
onises, etc., and Sanabares. Their silver and copper money bears a close
resemblance, both in inscription, tj'pes, and standard of weight, to that of
the later Greek kings, while at the same time it exhibits certain affini-
ties to the coinage of the Arsacidae. Cf. the formula BAZIAEHS BAZ-
lAEflN, the names Arsaces and Pacores, and above all the Parthian coin-
types of Sanabares (see p. 695), leading us to infer that one of these
dynasties was an ofishoot from the Parthian.
' The Saka era, starting from a.D. 78, probably commences from the date of the establis-hment
of the Saka empire in India by Kanerkes. •
EGYPT. 711
EGYPT.
It is a remarkable fact that throughout the period of the Persian rule no
coins whatever appear to have been struck in Egypt. It is true that
Aryandes, the Satrap of Egypt under Darius, the son of Hystaspes, is
said by Herodotus (iv. i66) to have issued silver coins which rivalled in
purity those of the king of Persia, but none of these coins have been
handed down to us, or, at any rate, numismatists have failed to identify
them. . The coinage of Egypt may therefore be said to begin in the time
of Alexander, who undoubtedly established mints in Egypt. His
Egyptian coins are gold staters and silver tetradrachms, which are only
to be distinguished from those struck in other parts of his empire by the
occurrence upon them of Egyptian symbols or monograms, found also on
the subsequent coins of Ptolemy I. The long series of the coins of the
Ptolemies is generally acknowledged to be the most difficult to classify m
the whole range of Greek numismatics, so much so indeed that Mr. E. H.
Bunbury, in Smith's Bictionary of Greek and Boman BiograpJij/, remarks
that ' most of them can only be assigned to the several monarchs by
conjecture, very few of them bearing any title but those of niOAEM AIOY
BAZI AEnZ, hence they are of little or no historical value.'
Much, however, has been done since this was written towards clearing
up the difficulties which beset the numismatist in his endeavours to
arrive at an exact classification of the coinage of the Ptolemaic kings of
Egypt, notably by Mr. R. S. Poole and M. F. Feuardent, who have devoted
much minute study to the Ptolemaic series, and have embodied the
results at which they have arrived in two works, to which we must refer
those who have time or inclination to pursue the subject further. These
are B. M. Cat., The Ptolemies Kings of Egi/pt, i^^^, by R. S. Poole, and
Nionismatique — ^gypteancienne, V j'tartie. Ilonnaies des rois, by F, Feuardent.
M. J. P. Six's articles in the Nnmismatic Chronicle, 1877 and 1886, must
also be consulted.
Ptolemy I (Soter), governor for Philip Aridaeus and young Alex-
ander IV, B.C. 323-311 ; Independent, B.C. 311-305; King, B.C. 305-
384. At first Ptolemy strikes coins in the name either of Phihp III or
of Alexander, with the usual types of Alexander the Great. These,
perhaps on the death of Philip, B.C. 316, were replaced by tetradrachms
(still of Attic weight), with the usual reverse, Zeus enthroned, but with a
head of Alexander on the ohverse, covered with an Elephant's skin.
712
EGYPT.
(^ig- 31^-) Shortly after this innovation the reverse type was also
changed, Zeus being superseded by an archaistic figure of the Macedonian
Athena Alkls hurUng a thinuhrbolt, and armed with a shield; the badge of
Ptolemy, an eagle standing on a fulmen, being added in the field as
a^ permanent symbol. Next follows a change of standard, the Attic
giving place to the Rhodian (Tetradr. 340 grs.). (Fig. 377.) All these
Fig. 377.
changes in the coinage took place before Ptolemy assumed the title of
king, the inscniitions on all the varieties being AAEZANAPOY, with a
single exception of Attic weight, which reads AAEZANAPEION HTOAE-
MAIOY {Zeit. f. Num., xiii. PL III. 5), which may be translated ' Coin of
Alexander struck by Ptolemy.'
When Ptolemy became king, in b. c. 305, a final reform in the currency
was effected, the Phoenician standard (Tetradr. 324 grs.) being now
adopted in place of the Ehodian, and the following types being
chosen : —
Fig. 378.
Head of Ptolemy diademed, with aegis
about his neck.
niOAEMAlOY BAZIAEnZ Eagle
on fuhnen. (Fig. 378.) Jtl 224 grs.
These types, the head of Soter and the Eagle, were generally
adhered to by the Lagidae down to the age of the Roman occupation of
Egypt, and the tetradrachms of the successive reigns can only be attri-
buted by a careful study of the dates, which are usually reckoned from
the year of accession of the various kings. The coins thus fall into
numerous consecutive series, some of which may be positively assigned,
wlule others are of doubtful date. Ptolemy I struck money, not only in
Egypt, but in Cyprus and Cyrenaica, and coins of all three metals are
known. The gold money of the Cyrenaica has on the reverse HTOAE-
MAIOY BAZIAEnZ, and a quadriga drawn by Elephants and driven by
Alexander in the guise of the son of Annnon (B.M. Cat.. PI. II. 10). The
usual fi/pes of the Ptolemaic bronze coins which correspond in size with
the tetradrachms are —
THE PTOLEMIES.
713
Head of Zeus, laureate.
(B. M. Cat., PI. III. 3.)
niOAEMAlOY BAIIAEHZ Eagle
with wings opeu, standing on fulinen
jEi I On
On the smaller bronze coins is the head of Alexander wearing the
elephant's skin, or a head of the youthful Zeus Amnion (B. M. Cat.,
PL III. 7).
Ptolemy II (Philadelphus), B. c. 285-247. The earlier coinage of
this king resembles that of Ptolemy I, but octadrachms in silver also
occur. In the twenty-fifth year of his reign, B.C. 261-260, the worship
of the first Ptolemy under the title of Soter was instituted, and the
alternative coin legend, flTOAEMAlOY SHTHPOZ, was henceforth
usually employed on coins minted in Phoenicia, not only by Phila-
delphus, but also by his successors. To the reign of Philadelphus must
likewise be assigned the first issue of two series of coins of a medallic
character. The first of these shows on the reverse the deified heads of
Ptolemy I and his Queen Berenice.
AAEA(t)nN Heads of Philadelphus
and Queen- Arsinoe II.
Fig. 379.
GEnN Heads of Soter
nice I. (Fig. 379.)
K Octadr. and tetradr. and M hemidr.
and Bere-
APZIMOHZ 0IAAAEA<J)OY Double
-cornucopiae . . . K Octadr. and
tetradr., and yR Decadr.
The second series may be thus described: —
Head of Arsinoe II, wife of Phila-
delphus.
(B. M. Cat., PI. VIII.)
In the reign of Philadelphus there begins also, both in Egypt and in
Phoenicia, a series of very large and heavy bronze coins, of which the
highest denominations are about equal in weight to an Egj^ptian pound
(uten, wt. 1400 grs.). These are continued by subsequent kings down to
Ptolemy VIII 1.—
Head of Zeus Ammon. _ iriTOAEMAiOY BAZIAEHS Two
(B. M. Cat., PI. V. 7 ;^VI. 4.) 1 eagles on fulmen, or Eagle with open
wings on fulmen . . . . yE i-8
I Wt. circ. 1400 grs.
^ M. Revillout's recent researches among the Demotic Papyri have led to the discovery that
down to the reign of Philopator bronze was only monej' of account in Egypt, that Philopator
was the first king who permitted bronze to be used in large payments at the rate of 1 20 : i as
compared with silver, and that finally Epiphanes substituted a bronze standard for the old silver
standard, retaining, however, the same proportion between the two metals, and striking coins of
the same weight in both, ' monnaies isonomes.' Thus i silver coin would be equivalent to 120
bronze pieces of the same weight.
714
EGYPT.
Some of the smaller bronze coins struck in the Cyrenaica have a head
either of Ptolemy Soter or of Magas, king or governor of Cyrene on the
obverse, and, on the reverse, a head of Libya with her hair arranged
according to the African fashion in formal curls (B. M. Cat., PI. VI. 8),
the inscripfioii on the coins of Magas being BAZIAEHZ MATA.
The silver coins of Ptolemy II, struck at the Phoenician cities Sidon^
Tyre, Ptolemais, Joppa, and Gaza (b.c. 266-247), regularly bear the regnal
years of the king, b. c. 20-39, in the field of the reverse.
Ptolemy III (Euergetes), B, c. 247-222. The t9/pes of the coins of this
king resemble for the most part those of his predecessor. He struck
money in Cj^rus, Phoenicia, Egypt, and Cyrenaica. Some of his coins
bear his own portrait, of which the following gold pieces of Egyptian
fabric are the most important : —
M\
%:
Fig. 3S0.
Radiate bust of Euergetes wearing
aegis, and with trident-sceptre over
his shoulder.
HTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEHZ Eadiate
coruucopiae. (Fig. 380.) ....
K Octadr. 430 grs.
N. Tetradr. 215 grs.
The Phoenician silver coins struck in the reign of Euergetes at Tyre
bear the dates r, A, E, H, and K, the years of his reign down to B.C. 228,
from which time onwards they are dated according to the Tyrian era, b. c.
275-274, viz. MH, 48 = 6. c. 228, and N, 50 = 6. c. 226.
Berenice II, daughter of Magas of Cyrene, Queen regnant of Cyre-
naica, and Queen Consort of Egypt. K, M, and M of various denomina-
tions. T^j^es — Head of Berenice, usually veiled, rev. BEPENIKHZ
Fig. 381.
BAZIAIIZHZ
Ephesus {s^ii
XIII).
; Cornucopiae (Fig. 381); Club; Oar-blade, etc. M'mis —
'Ijol, Bee) ; Cyrene, Euesperides, etc. (B. M. Cat., PI.
THE PTOLEMIES.
715
Ptolemy IV (Philopator), B. c. 222-204. Coins of the ordinary
Ptolemaic types and legends, struck in Cj'prus, Egypt, and Phoenicia.
Others, with his own head diademed, sometimes with the legend flTOAE-
MAIOY <t)IAOnATOPOS, R (Fig. 383) and M. This king was also the
Fig. 382.
originator of a series of silver coins of Cyprian fabric and Dionysiac
types, which was continued by Ptolemies VI, VIII, and IX : —
Bust of king as Dionysos, wearing
diadem entwined with ivy- wreath,
and with the thyrsos at his shoulder.
RTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEHZ Eagle
on fulmen, wings open. (B. M. Cat.,
PI. XIV. 6.) . . M Didr. and dr.
Arsinoe III, wife and sister of Philopator.
Fig. 383.
Bust of Arsinoe, wearing stephane.
APZINOHZ (DIAOnATOPOS Cornu-
cojiiae surmounted by star. (Fig. 383.)
K Octadrachra.
Also small M, with similar t^pes, but with her husband's name,
njOAEMAlOY BAZIAEHZ (B. M. Cat., PL XV. 7).
Ptolemy V (Epiphanes), B.C. 204-181. This king's reign is memorable
for the disastrous loss of Phoenicia, b. c. 198, in conseq.uence of which his
issues after that date were limited^ to Egypt, Cyrenaica, and Cyprus, in
^ Although Epiphanes lost Phoenicia in B. c. 198, there can be little doubt that the Ptolemaic
currency was continued in Phoenicia, the coins being dated according to the Tyrian era B.C. 275-4.
A long series of such coins exists, bearing the dates 71-90 of the era of Tyre, with the legend
njOAEMAlOY ZriTHPOZ, and 99 ?-ii7 with the legend mo AEMAIOY BAZI-
AEflZ. In this last year, 117 of Tyre corresponding with 154 of the Seleucid era, the Ptole-
maic coinage in Phoenicia is superseded by that of Syrian kings, as the bronze coinage of
Demetrius I struck at Tyre begins with the date A N P, 1 54. ^See J. P. Six, Num. Chron., 1 886.)
716
EGYPT.
which island there now begins a series of dated tetradrachms marked
with the symbol L, standing for Year (see p. 71H). These are continued
with little interruption down to the time of Ptolemy Lathyrus. They
are of the usual type, but bear the mint-marks of Paphus, Salamis,
and Citium, PA, ZA, and Kl or K. Specimens are also known with
Epiphanes' own portrait on the obverse (B. M. Cat., PL XVI. i), a variety
which also occurs occasionally both in Phoenicia and Egypt. The
most remarkable coins of Epiphanes are, however, the splendid gold
octadrachms also bearing his own portrait, and a silver tetradrachm
with the title eTn^avrjs.
Bust of Epiphanes radiate, with spear
at his shoulder.
(B. M. Cat., PI. XVII. I.)
nrOAEMAlOY BAZIAEnZ Radiate
cornucopiae between stars ....
K Octadr.
Fig. 384.
Bust of Epiphanes diademed.
Bust of Epiphanes diademed.
{Ibid, PI. XXXII. 7.)
niOAEMAlOY BAZIAEnZ Eagle
on fulmen. (Fig. 384.) K Octadr.
niOAEMAlOY Eni0ANOYZAVing-
ed fulmen between two stars . . .
M Tetradr.
Ptolemy VI (Philometor), B.C. 181-146. The coinage of this king is
very much involved with that of his brother, Ptolemy VIII (Euergetes),
surnamed Physcon, whose reign was in part contemporary (b.c. 170-
117)-
The reign of Philometor is divided by Mr. Poole into the following periods :
(i) Regency of his mother Cleopatra, B.C. 181-174. JE, with her head.
Inscr., BAZIAIZZHZ KAEOnATPAZ, rev. HTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEHZ,
and M Tetradr., with jugate busts of Zeus Serapis and Cleopatra as Isis.
(ii) Regency of Eulaeus and Lenaeus»B.c. 174-17 1. M and M. Tj/pes,
ordinary, (iii) Usurpation of Antiochus IV of Syria {M of Egyptian
types, with name of Antiochus), and succession of Ptolemy VIII during
his brother's imprisonment, (iv) Joint reign of Ptolemies VI and
VIII (B.C. 16H-164); M only, (v) Sole reign of Ptolemy VI (b.c.
164-146), dated A\ of Cyprus, (vi) Joint reign of Ptolemy VI and
his son Ptolemy VII (Eupator), b.c. 146. A\ dated L. A9. KAI. A.=
year 36 of Philoraetor and i of Eupator (B. M. Cat., PL XXXII. 9).
Ptolemy Philom'etor also struck silver coins in Phoenicia B.C. 148-146,
with his portrait and inscr., HTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEHZ <t)IAOMHTOPOZ
OEOY (B. M. Cat., PL XXXII. 8).
THE PTOLEMIES. ' 717
Ptolemy VIII (Euergetes), surnamed Physcon, b. c. i 70-1 17. Besides
the coins which this king struck in Cyprus, Egypt, and Cyrenaica,
jointly with liis brother Philometor, he also issued money as king in
Cyrenaica (b. c. 164-146), and after his brother's death as sole king of
Egypt down to B. c. 127, and from B, c 127 to 117. M. and Na, the latter
often with the heads of his successive wives, Cleopatra II, his brother's
widow, and her daughter Cleopatra III, covered with elephant's skin.
Z/i^cr., BAIIAISZHZ KAEOnATPAZ. Some of his large ^ coins bear the
i«5c;-., BASIAEnZ niOAEMAlOY EYEPTETOY.
Ptolemy IX (Neos) (Philopator II), was co-regent with his father,
B, c. 1 21-1 1 7. iR, of the usual types.
Ptolemy X (Soter II), surnamed Lathyrus, b. c. i 17-81.
Ptolemy XI (Alexander I), and
Ptolemy (Apion), king of Cyrene.
These three, sons of Physcon, struck money in various parts of the
empire of the ordinary types, sometimes in conjunction with their mother,
Cleopatra III (B. M. Cat., PL XXVI. 7).
Ptolemy XII (Alexander II) reigned only 19 days, B.C. 81.
Ptolemy XIII (Neos Dionysos), surnamed Auletes, B.C. 81-58 and
55-52. The coinage of this king is not difficult of attribution. It is
characterized by the base quality of the metal, and it falls into two dated
Fig. 3S5.
series with a break of four years between them, corresponding with the
period of his exile, b. c, 58-55. Fig, 385 belongs to the second series,
the date KI corresponding with b. c. 55-54.
Ptolemy, king of Cyprus, b. c. 81-58, younger brother of Auletes. To
this king M. Feuardent has attributed a series of dated coins of Cyprian
fabric, running parallel with the Egyptian coins of his brother down to
B.C. 58.
Cleopatra VII (Philopator), b. c. 52-30. Of this illustrious princess
there are Egyptian silver drachms and Cyprian and Egyptian bronze
coins with her portrait and the reverse inscr., BAZIAIZZHZ KAEOTTA-
TPAZ (B. M. Cat., PI. XXX. 7). Sometimes she is in the character of
Aphrodite bearing the infant Ptolemy XVI (Caesar) as Eros in her arms
(B. M. Cat., PL XXX. 6).
718 EGYPT.
Ptolemy XV and Arsinoe IV. (?), b. c. 47. M of Cyprus (B. M. Cat.,
PI. XXX. 4).
Ptolemy XVI (Caesar), B.C. 45-30, son of Cleopatra and Julius
Caesar. To this kinsj a single bronze coin has been ascribed reading
niOAEMAlOY (t>IAOMHT (B. M. Cat., PL XXX. 9), and here the long
and for the most part uninteresting series of the coins of the Ptolemies
closes.
GREEK CITIES OF EGYPT.
Naucratis. The recent excavations conducted under the auspices of
the Egypt Exploration Fund, by Mr. Flinders Petrie, have not only led
to the final identification of the site of this famous Greek emporium, but
have resulted in the discovery of the only known coin bearing its name.
It dates probably from the time when Ptolemy Soter was ruling Egypt in
the name of Alexander TV, between the death of Alexander the Great,
B.C. 323, and the assumption by Ptolemy of the title of ' king,' b. c. 305.
Female head r., with short flying hair;
beneath, AAE.
Head of Aphrodite r., wearinar earring
and necklace ; beneath, NAY. M -6
{Num. ChroH., 1886, PL I. 9.)
Alexandria. The money of this illustrious city, after its submission
to the Romans, consists of a very long and highly interesting series of
dated coins ranging from the time of Augustus down to that of Domitius
Domitianus, a. D. 296, including certain rare coins of Aurelian with Va-
ballathus the son of Zenobia, of Vaballathus alone under the name of
Athenodorus, and of Zenobia herself, a. d. 270-271.
During the reign of Augustus bronze money only was struck at
Alexandria, but from the time of Tiberius to that of M. Aui'elius tetra-
drachms of base silver were issued in large quantities side by side with
the bronze money. These tetradrachms were tariffed by the Romans as
only equivalent to the denarius. From the reign of Comraodus down-
wards the alloy of which the tetradrachms were composed is of very base
quality, caAled pofiti by numismatists.
The Alexandrian coins have on the obverse the head of the Emperor,
and on the reverse his regnal year, preceded by the symbol L, an
Egyptian sign which in papyrus inscriptions stands before numerals^,
thus, LA, LB, Lr, etc., or L AEYTEPOY, LTPITOY, etc. Occasionally,
however, the L is replaced by the word ETOYZ. and LI, very rarely,
bynEPIOAOS AEKATH, etc., or AEK AETHPIZ K YP I OY, on the occasion,
probably, of the J'ota deccnnaUa.
The types of the Alexandrian coins offer a vast number of sub-
jects borrowed from the Greek, Graeco-Egyptian, Eg^^tian, and Roman
mythologies. In the present work space permits us only to mention the
more important types and inscriptions.
' It wa.s fonnerly thoiiglit that L on Alexandrian coins ijtood for the rare word AvKaffas, nieaji-
ing year, but there i.s no doubt that this i.s a nii.staken exphmatinn. See Berl. Bliifl., iv. 145.
NAUCRATIS— ALEXANDRIA. 719
(a) Greek Types.
Kronos holding sickle.
Zeus. Bust or full length figure enthroned or recumbent on the back of a flying
eagle, with inscription (on coins of Nero), AIOZ OAYMTTIOY, ZEYZ
NEMEIOZ or ZEYZ KAniTHAIOZ.
Zeus Ammon. Bust, or figure in biga drawn by rams.
Hera. Veiled bust or figure. Inscr. on coins of Nero, HPA APFEIA.
Poseidon. Bust or figure drawn in biga by sea-horses, or standing, holding
dolphin. /?i5cr. on coins of Nero, TTOZE I AnN IZOMIOZ.
ApoUo. Bust. 7«scr., ATTOAAnN AKTIOZ or riYGIOZ on coins of Nero.
Apollo Didymeus holding stag in his hand and bow, sometimes between
two Nemeses. Apollo and Artemis. Apollo and Marsyas, etc.
Artemis as huntress, alone or with Apollo.
Athena, standing holding Nike, owl, or ears of corn ; sometimes before an
altar. /«5cr. sometimes AGHNA or AGHNA ZEBAZT[OY]. Athena
and Ares, etc.
Ares. Usually advancing or standing with Athena.
Demeter, alone or standing between the Dioskuri. Inscr. on coins of Nero,
AHMHTEP (sic).
Persephone carried off by Hades.
Helios and Selene. Heads, separate or combined. Helios on horseback.
/?zscr., sometimes HAI OZ ZAPATTIZ. See Serapis.
Kybele enthroned between lions.
Dionysos in car drawn by panthers.
Triptolemos in car drawn by serpents.
Asklepios and Hygieia with their usual attributes.
Hermes with caduceus.
Dioskuri on horseback or standing.
Eos. Inscr., Hfl (L. Verus), holding prancing horse by the reins.
Nike, frequently and variously represented, /wscr., rarely, NEIKH ZEBA-
ZT[OY].
Tyche with cornucopiae and rudder, standing, seated, or recumbent on couch.
Inscr. rarely, TYXH ZEBAZT[OYj.
Herakles on bronze of Antoninus . Pius. Various exploits — Nemean lion ;
Lernean hydra ; Keryneian stag ; Eryraanthian boar ; Stables of Augeas ;
Stymphalian birds ; Cretan bull ; Mares of the Thracian Diomecles : Oxen
of Geryon ; Gardens of the Hesperides ; Kerberos ; Antaeos ; Herakles
playing lyre before Centaur Pholos or Cheiron ; The slaying of the Amazon
Hippolyte, the monster Echidna, etc.
Perseus and Andromeda.
Orpheus playing lyre, surrounded by animals.
Paris, Judgment of.
Okeanos represented as a river-god. Inscr., flKEANOZ.
720 EGYPT.
(^) Egyiitian and Graeco-Egyptian Types.
Zeus-Serapis. Bust wearing modius. /jjscr. sometimes, ZEYZ ZAPAfTIS.
Hades-Serapis enthroned with Kerberos beside him.
Helios-Serapis wearing modius, and radiate. Inscr. sometimes, HAIOZ
ZAPAniZ.
Serapis. Pantheistic, combining attributes of Serapis, Zeus Ammon, Poseidon,
Helios, and Asklejiios.
Serapis and Isis, busts or figures of.
Isis. Bust wearing usual head-dress. Figure sometimes in temple or suckling
infant Horus.
Isis Pharia holding inflated sail before the Pharos lighthouse.
Isis Sothis riding on dog.
Harpokrates, infant or youth, standing or seated on flower, with his finger
raised to his mouth. Inscr. on a coin of M. Aurelius, APTTUUKPATHZ
(Zoega, p. 216).
Hermes-Anubis (?) standing holding palm and caduceus, jackal at his feet ;
or bust of,- — wearing modius, with caduceus at his shoulder and palm in
front. This tj'pe is thought by some to be meant for Antinous, and by
others for Bonus Eventus.
Apis, the bull.
Nilus. Bust crowned with reeds. Inscr. NIAOZ (on JR, of Titus), or figure
with cornucopiae and reed, recumbent or seated, accompanied by crocodile
or hippopotamus, or associated with nymph Euthenia (Abundantia).
Fig. 3S6.
Alexandria, Head of, covered with elephant's skin (Fig. 386), or figure of,
sometimes saluting emperor. Inscr. sometimes, AA€ZANAP€A.
'Canopic' vases with heads of Isis, Serapis, etc., sometimes'enshrined in temple
or in a vessel mounted on wheels.
Serpent coiled and erect. 7wscr., sometimes, N€0 ArAO0AAIM[nN].
Uraeus, coiled serpent with large body.
Animals and Birds. Elephant, crocodile, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, ibis, eagle,
hawk (if Ilurus, griftin with wheel (symbol of Nemesis), sphinx often with
three heads.
ALEXANDRIA. 721
Various objects. The light-house Pharos; Imperial galley, Inscr. ZEBA-
ZTO0OPOZ; Temples; Altars; Buildings, one inscribed BAAINHOY;
and other sacred objects ; e. g. Modius in car drawn by serpents, or on
pillar guarded by winged dragon.
(y) Astronomical Tyj^es.
Phoenix, with Inscr. AlUUN, referring to the commencement of the Sothiac
cycle, A.D. 139. Year 2 of Antoninus Pius.
Zodiac, the twelve signs of the, — in circle.
Jupiter in Aries. Head of Zeus over a Earn.
Venus in Taurus. Head of Aphrodite over a Bull.
(?) in Gemini (?). Turreted head over Apollo and Herakles.
Moon in Cancer. Head of Selene over a Crab.
Sol in Leo. Head of Helios over a Lion.
Mercury in Virgo. Head of Mercury over goddess holding torch and ears of corn.
Venus in Libra. Head of Aphi-odite over Scales.
Mars in Scorpio. Head of Ares over Scorpion.
Jupiter in Sagittarius. Head of Zeus over Centaur with bow and
arrow.
Saturn in Capricorn. Head of Kronos over a Goat.
Saturn in Aquarius. Head of Kronos over flying figure holding a vase
reversed.
Jupiter in Pisces. Head of Zeus over two Fishes.
The Zodiacal types were all struck in the eighth year of Antoninus Pius.
(5) Graeco-Roman Tyi^es.
AYTOKPAT[nP]. Various types.
PriMH. Variously represented.
Egypt or Africa recumbent, holding ears of corn and resting on sphinx.
AHMOZ PnMAinN. Populus Romanus.
A P M E N I A . Trophy between captives.
Wolf and twins.
TTATHP rFATPIAOZ. Two hands joined.
ANTINOOY HPnOZ. Bust of Antinous with Egyptian head-dress.
TIBEPIZ — 0 MONO I A. Rivers Tiber and Nile with hands joined.
(f) Personifications of abstract concejdions.
A<J>IEPnZIZ. Consecratio.
AlKAIOZYNH. Aequitas holding scales.
AYNAMIZ. Dominion holding helmet and shield.
EIPHNH. Pax holding caduceus and patera or ears of corn.
EAEYGEPEIA. Libertas holding wreath and resting on column.
EATTIZ. Spes holding flower and raising her dress.
EYfAAAIA. Bonae Nuptiae.
3 A
722 EGYPT.
EYOHNIA. Abundantia holding cornucopiae and ears of corn, usually associ-
ated with Nike.
[EYZEBEIA]. Pietas seated, holding patera and sceptre.
[EYTYXEI A]. Felicitas holding caduceus and ears of corn.
KPATHZIZ. Potestas or Virtus holding Nike and spear. (Eckhel, iv. p. 55.)
MONHTA. Moneta holding balance and scej)tre.
0 MONO I A. Concordia standing holding patera and cornucopiae, or seated
holding olive-branch or patera, or simply two hands joined.
riPONOIA. Providentia standing with r. hand raised and holding sceptre or
holding Ibis and sceptre.
ZHMASIA. Sign of victory. Female figure on galloping horse brandishing
sword.
The Nomes of Egypt. See De Rouge [Bev. Num., 1874, p. i, and
An7i. de Num., 1882, p. 145), also Feuardent {l^gypte anciome, ii.). The
series of bronze coins which bear on their reverses the names of the
various nomes or territorial divisions of ancient Egypt, together with
representations of the Egyptian gods (or their symbols) worshipped in
each locality, appear to have been all struck at Alexandria within a
period of fifty-four years ; not consecutively, however, even within the
limits of the period in question. The years in which these issues took
place were the eleventh of Domitian, the twelfth to the sixteenth of
Trajan, the eleventh of Hadrian, and the eighth of Antoninus Pius. The
coins are of considerable rarity and interest for the light they shed
upon the various local cults of Egypt under the Roman Empire.
The following is a list of the Nomes of which coins are known, arranged
in geographical order, proceeding along the banks of the Nile from south
to north. The predominant coin-types are added in each case after the
name of the Nome.
TJiyper EgyjH.
OMBITHC. Armed divinity Haroeris or Horus the Elder. Crocodile.
AnOAAUUNOTTOAITHC. Har-Hut, the Horus of Hut or Apollinopolis Magna,
standing holding sceptre and hawk.
AATOnOA[ITHC]. Num Ra holding spear and fish (latus). (Of. Strabo, xvii.)
Fish by itself.
ePMUJNO[ITHC]. The god Mentu {Mcov6) holding sceptre and butting bull.
Butting bull by itself.
AIOnOAei[THC] Me[rAC] (Thebes). Amen-ra holding sceptre and ram.
KOnT[ITHC]. Horus-Khem (ithyphallic Pan) as a veiled figure, holding
antelope and harpa. Antelope by itself.
T€NTYP[!THC]. Goddess Hathor standing holding the Hawk of Horus and
sceptre. Hawk by itself.
AIOnOA€ITHC M[IKP0C]. Solar god on horseback holding coiled serpent,
or i'cediiig serpent coiled round a tree, a symbol of the goddess
Nephthys.
OlNl[THC]. Onnris or Anhcr holding figure of Elpis (Spes), or Elpis l)y
herself.
THE NOMES. 723
rTANOFTTOAITHC]. Figure holding ichneumon and statuette of Horus-Khem
(ithyphallic Pan). Ichneumon by itself.
ANTAIOnOAITHC. Isis(?) holding sceptre and Nike. Isis(1) holding croco-
dile. Crocodile by itself.
YyHAI[THC]. Isis or Hathor holding sceptre or sistrum, and ram.
AYKO[nOAITHC]. Half-draped divinity standing holding jackal of Anubis.
A<t)POAI[TOnOAITHC]. Temple of Hathor {]). Hathor holding flower and
figure of Elpis (]). Elpis (?) by herself.
KYNOn[OAITHC]. Anubis half-draped holding jackal. Jackal seated.
ePMOnOAITH[C]. Hermes (Thoth) in temple holding caduceus and purse
or caduceus and cynocephalic ape. Bearded head and ibis. Cynocephalus
seated.
OZYPYNX€ITHC NOMOC. Goddess Tefnet as Pallas holding Nike and
bipennis. Nike. Bipennis.
HPAKAeOnOAITHC. Herakles in temple; HaiTDokrates-Herakles holding
club surmounted by hawk; Herakles holding club and griffin. Griffin
alone.
APCINOITHC. God Sebek-ra holding bust of Arsinoe. Bust of Arsinoe.
Crocodile.
Lovier Egypt.
M€M0l[THC] or NOMOC MEM<t)eiTHC. Isis holding serpent ; besideher,
the bull Apis. Head of Isis. Bull Apis.
HAIOnOAeiT[HC]. Sun-god Ra holding the bull Mnevis in his hand.
<t>APBAI[TITHC]. Figure holding sceptre and bull.
APABIA. Female figure, Supt-Sekhet, standing.
eniAKUUM. Horus Supt-akhom holding spear and hawk. Hawk by itself.
This legend is perhaps not the name of a Nome but the Greek form of
Supt-akhom, the chief divinity of the Arabian nome.
nHAOY. Head of Isis (?) ; Pomegranate. The coins with this legend belong
to Pelusium, an important city at the eastern angle of the Delta, which
does not appear however to have been the chief town of any Nome.
CeOPOeiTHC or CeOPUUlTHC NOMOC. Hawk-headed Horus holding
sceptre or sceptre and hawk. Hawk by itself.
T AN ITHC. Tj^aes resembling those of the neighbouring Sethroite nome.
NECYT[HC]. Apparently the Greek form of the Nome Neut. Female figure
holding ibis and ram.
MeNA[HCIOC]. God Mendes holding sceptre and goat or ram. Bearded
head of Mendes. Goat. Kam.
ACONT[OnOAITHC]. Horus holding sceptre and lion. Lion by itself.
BOYBAC[TITHC]. Goddess Beset holding cat. Cat by itself.
AGPI BITHC. Hathor holding hawk of Horus and sceptre. Hawk of Horus.
nPOCUU[niTHC]. Bust or figure of Harpokrates with finger raised to his
mouth. Harpokrates-Herakles with club surmounted by hawk.
3 ^^ 2
724 EGYPT— ETHIOPIA.
<l)OEM<t>0EY NOMOZ. Hathor holding lotus-flower, from which issues
infant Harpokrates. Harpokrates-Herakles on lotus-flower.
ZOIT[HC]. Divinity holding quadruped ; at liis feet Cynocephalus. Divinity
holding staff and uncertain object, between two rams (?) on bases. Female
figure holding ram and club. Eam by itself.
BOYCI[PITHC]. Osiris holding goat and serj)ent. Goat by itself.
C€Be[NNYTHC] or NOMOC C€BENNYTHC (Superior). Horus holding
sword and spear. Goat.
CeBe[NNYTHC] K[ATUU TOfTUUN] (Inferior). Divinity holding grapes
and spear. Bunch of grapes.
AIOn[OAITHC] K[ATUU TOTTUUN]. Amen-ra holding spear and ram.
Eam by itself.
0N0Y(1>I[THC]. Isis (?) holding crocodile. Crocodile, symbol of Sebek-ra.
<l)O£N£0Y[THC]. Horus naked holding hawk and ram. Two hawks face to
face. Harpokrates (infant Horus) issuing from lotus-flower.
CA€ITHC. Athena holding owl and shield. Cow, symbol of goddess Neith.
N AYKPAT[ITHC]. Serpent-headed divinity holding hawk and sceptre.
Female figure holding serpent. Serpent coiled and crowned with the
Pskhent.
K ABACI [THC]. Horus half-draped holding spear and hawk. Hawk of
Horus.
METH[AITHC]. Isis holding sistrum and hawk. Hawk by itself.
AHTOn[OAITHC]. Horus standing holding ichneumon, the symbol of the
goddess Beset (Leto). Ichneumon by itself.
TYN AIK [OTTO Al THC]. Isis holding ram, symbol of Amen. Ram by itself.
MCNCAACITHC. Nilus standing holding reed and infant Horus-Har-
pokrates, the lower part of whose body ends in a crocodile's tail. Infant
Horus-Harpokrates with crocodile's tail before an altar.
AAeZ[ANAPCUUN] X[UJPAC NOMOC]. Military figure, Horus (?), hold-
ing hippopotamus. Hippopotamus by itself.
MAP€[UUTOY NOMOC] or MAPe[UUTHC]. Chnuphis (?) holding ram
and fish (?) or ram and sceptre. Ram by itself.
AIBYH[C NOMOC]. Chnuphis(?) with ram's head (?) holding uncertain
object and ram. Ram by itself.
ETHIOPIA.
Axum. On tho coinage of the Axumite dynasty sec Prideaux [Nion.
Chron., 1884, p. 205), and E. Drouin {Rev. Arc//., 1882, p. 206).
The scanty numismatic relics of eastern Ethiopia (the modern Abyssi-
nia) consist of small gold pieces weigliing about 24 grs. and small bronze
coins. They bear inscriptions at first in Greek, or rather Graeco-Coptic,
and later in tho Ethiopia character. The Greek inscriptions were exe-
CYRENAICA.
725
cuted by engravers more or less ignorant of the Greek language, and are
frequently misspelt and blundered. The gold coins exhibit on the
obverse the bust of a king crowned and encircled by two ears of barley,
and on the reverse another bust, diademed, also encircled by two ears of
barley. Types, style, fabric, and the presence of the cross at the com-
mencement of the inscription, show that the coins of Axum are subse-
quent to the Christian era, but so little is known of the history of the
country that it is impossible to arrange the coins in strict chronological
order. We do know, however, that in A. D. 356 the Emperor Constan-
tius II addressed a letter, w^hich is still extant, to a king named Aizana
or Ezana, whose coins we also possess, and this gives us approximately
the epoch to which the whole series seems to belong. The use of the
Greek language in Ethiopia is doubtless due to commercial relations be-
tween Ethiopia and Eg3'pt.
Among the more legible coins bearing Greek inscriptions the fol-
lowing may be mentioned : — -
AphiLas. R. AcDIAAC BACIAeYC, rev. AZUUMITUUN BICIAIMHAH,
a word of unknown signification.
Ochsas. K. ►J.OXCAC BACIA€YC, rev. GCOY eVXAPICTIA. {Num.
Chron., 1884, PI. X. i.)
Bachasa. K. ►J* BAC ►!« CI l/I ►!- BAX ►!< ACA, rev. »I< I AN »I« AA<t) ►!« CUUN
>I< BIC. {Num Chron., 1884, PL X. 3.)
Aizana \^ ^ ^^^ ^ g^^ ^ ^^^ ^ g^^ ^^^ ^ HEZANA BACI-
-r.^^ I AeVC. (Num. Chron., 1884, PI. X. 10.)
lizana. ) ^ > t-> /
Aieb. K. ►I*»I<>J<AIHB BACIA€Y, rev. Blundered legend. {Num.
Chron., 1884, PI. X. 12.)
Ulzebas. M *if OVAZHBAC BACIAeYC, rev. TOYTO APCCH TH XUUPA.
{Num. Chron., 1884, PI. X. 18.)
CYRENAICA.
[See Miiller, Monnaies de Vancienne Afriqiie, R. S. Poole, Cat. of the Coins of the Ptolemies,
passim, and Bompois, Medailles grecques autonomes frappies dans la Cyrena'iqiie.']
Cyrene was founded by Dorians from the island of Thera, under the
leadership of one Battus, the ancestor of the dynasty called after him the
Battiadae, who ruled the country of the Cyrenaica from B. c. 6^ i to about
B.C. 450. Situate in a land of unexampled fertility, on the northern
slope of the high table-land of Libya, where it breaks into spacious
terraces descending step by step to the sea, and sheltered by the high
land in the rear from the parching winds of the desert, Cyrene rapidly
rose to wealth and splendour, the enterprising Hellenes becoming the
intermediaries between the native Libyan population of the interior and
the outer world.
726 CYRENAICA.
Of all the varied products of this beautiful country the far-famed Sil-
phium plant (now extinct) was the most important, and was highly
prized throughout the whole ancient world, both for its medicinal virtues
and for the perfumes extracted from its flowers.
The Silphium as a Cyrenean coin-type, like the Bee on the coins of
Ceos, was symbolical of the worship of Aristaeos, the protector of the
corn-field and the vine and of all growing crops and bees and flocks and
shepherds, and the averter of the scorching blasts of the Sahara. This
beneficent god was the son of Apollo and of the nymph Kyrene, and his
cultus in the Cyrenaica appears to have been closely allied to that of the
Libyan Ammon, who was also a pastoral god.
The bearded head with the ram's horn on the coins of Cyrene is that
of Zeus Ammon, while the youthful head, also with the ram's horn, is
probably intended for Aristaeos, The female head, of rarer occurrence, is
the nymph Kyrene.
Circ. B.C. 631-530.
The earliest money of Cyrene consists of extremely archaic electrum
and silver coins of the Euboic standard. This seems to point to com-
mercial relations between Euboea and the Libyan coast at a time when
the Euboean cities, Chalcis and Eretria, exercised a predominant influ-
ence in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea.
The very rare electrum coins which Miiller (o/;. cit.) has attributed to
Cyrene may be thus described : —
Double floral pattern. I Two obloDg incuse depressions . . .
El. 269 grs.
Id. (Miiller, Siq^pl-, PI. I. i.) One square and one oblong incuse .
El. 133-1 grs.
Triple flower. (Whittall, 1575.) | Incuse square . . . . El. 27-5 grs.
M. Babelon [Rev. Num., 1885, p. 390 sq.) disputes the attribution of
these electrum coins to Cyrene, and would assign them to Asia Minor.
He also publishes a coin of pure gold, which seems to be undoubtedly of
Cjnrenean origin. It is of the Phoenician standard.
Four silphium flowers in the angles of ; Kough incuse square . . i^^ no grs.
a cruciform pattern. | {Rev. A^im., 1885, PI. XV. i.)
The prevailing types of the earliest silver coins are —
(i) The fruit or seed-vessel of the silphium, resembling a heart in shape,
repeated on the larger denominations twice or four times.
(ii) The sprouting bud or slioot of the siljihium often rcjjeated, and arranged
in a conventional floral pattern. (Bompois, op. cit., PI. I. i.)
(iii) The leaf of the silphium.
(iv) The entire plant of the silphium, represented with a thick tall stem,
having at the top a round clustered head or blossom.
To these types are sometimes added accessories in the field, such as a
lion, a lion's head, or a boar (Bev. Nuw., 1885, Ph XV. 2), etc. The re-
CYRENE.
7^7
verses are in this period always incuse without any ornament. The
square is sometimes divided diagonally, as on the primitive coins of
Euboea, sometimes it is quartered and sometimes divided by a broad
band into two oblong parts.
Circ. B.C. 530-480.
Soon after his accession in B.C. 530, Arcesilaus III, having been ex-
pelled from his kingdom, took refuge in Samos, then ruled by Polycrates,
whence he shortly afterwards returned to Cyrene with a contingent of
Samian and Ionian auxiliaries, and by their aid regained possession of
his ancestral throne. The types of the following coin, indicating an
alliance about this time between Cyrene, Samos, and lalysus in Rhodes,
designate it as having been struck by Arcesilaus III for the payment of
his Samian and Rhodian allies.
Euhoic Standard.
Fig. 387.
Silpliium plant ; in field, fruit of the
silphium and lion's head. {Type of
Samos or Lindus.)
Incuse square, within which eagle's head
with serpent in his beak. {Type of
lalysus.) (Fig. 387.) . M Tetradr.
The other coins which may be assigned to this period are —
Silphium plant.
Id.
Id. (Miiller, No. 23.)
Nymph Kyi-ene seated 1. with silphium
plant before her and silphium seed
behind her. {Num. Chron., 1886,
PI. I. 6.)
Same type, r.
{Rev. Num., 1885, PI. XV. 5.)
Four silphium sprouts in floral pattern,
with bearded head above.
(Bompois, Cyr., i. 6.)
K Gazelle, silphium plant, and fruit,
all in incuse square M Tetradrachm.
Silphium fruit between two dolphins,
all in incuse square JR Tetradrachm
(Miiller, i. p. 11, No. 23.)
Incuse square. Herakles and nymph
standing on either side of the tree of
the garden of the Hesperides . . .
tK Tetradrachm.
Forepart of Pegasos 1. in dotted square.
M Tetradr.
Head of Zeus Ammon r. in incuse.
square M Tetradr,
Incuse square, containing floral star
M, Didrachm.
728
CYBENAICA.
Similar, but with horse's head in place
of bearded head.
Archaic bearded head with four or two
fi'uits of the silphium in the field.
Silphium plant.
(Baron de Hirsch.)
Lion's head facing and silishium fruit.
Fruit of silphium.
Id.
Three sprouts of silphium and forepart
of horse arranged in circle. (Miiller,
Fig. 19.)
Silphium plant.
Incuse square, containing floral star.
(Bompois, Cyr., PI. 1. 7.) JR Didrachm.
Incuse square, containing floral star in
incuse circle or square
M Didr. and dr.
Incuse square, containing dolphin and
hoof of fawn . . . . M. Drachm.
Incuse square, containing griffin's head
r M, Drachm.
Incuse square, containing archaic
bearded head or female head .
JR \ Drachm.
Incuse square, containing winged female
figure -51 ^ Drachm.
Incuse square, containing floral star.
M Diobol.
Incuse square, containing dolphin (?) or
star of four rays . . . M Obol.
In this period coins of Phoenician weight (drachms of 52 and half
drachms of 26 grs.) were introduced at Cyrene, and issued side by side
with the coins of the Euboic standard.
Phoenician Standard.
Two silphium fruits placed in oppo-
site directions.
Id.
Silphium plant.
Bee (symbol of Aristaeos).
Silphium plant.
Incuse square, containing siljjhium
fruit JH Dr. 52 grs.
Incuse square, containing lion's head,
facing ^-R Dr. 49 grs.
Incuse square, containing floral star.
M, Dr, 52 grs.
Id ^^Dr. 263 grs.
Incuse square, containing silphium
fruit . . . . M, \ Dr. 25-4 grs.
Circ. B. c. 480-431.
Euboic and Phoenician Standards.
Fig. 3SS.
CYRENE.
729
Silphium.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Head of nymph Kyrene, three-quarter
face.
Incuse circle. KYPA Head of Zeus
Ammon of early transitional style, in
dotted circle. (Fig. 388.) ....
JR Euboic tetradr. 265 grs.
Incuse square. K — Y — P — A, Id. .
JR Phoenician dr. 52 grs.
Id. ... .51 „ ^ dr. 25 grs.
Incuse square. K — Y — P — A, Archaic
head of nymph Kyrene with hair
turned up under her diadem .
M 52 grs.
Three silphium plants radiating from
one centre
iR Euboic trihemiobol I4'5 grs.
Circ. B.C. 431-321.
In B.C. 431 the rule of the Battiadae was replaced by a republican form
of government, under which Cyrene attained the highest point of her
prosperity, as is sufficiently evident from the plentiful issue of fine gold
pieces, as well as of silver tetradrachms in large numbers. The Euboic
standard was now almost entirely abandoned in the case of the silver
money for coins of the Phoenician weight of the Samian variety. Tetradr.
310-200 grs.
The gold coins, from the stater down to the half drachm, follow the
Euboic or Attic weight, but the smallest denomination is a piece of 13-5
grs., equivalent to one-tenth of the stater, a fraction which is foreign to
the Attic system.
^<?-^'
Fig. 389.
KYPANAION Victorious quadriga
driven by Nike, Kyrene, or male
charioteer, surmounted sometimes
by star.
K— Y— P— A— N Horseman.
Head of Athena.
Beardless male head with ram's horn,
Aristaeos (?) or bearded head of
Zeus Ammon.
Zeus Ammon standing or enthroned,
variously represented holding Nike
and sceptre, saci'ificing before thymia-
terion (Fig. 389) or with ram, eagle,
owl, or silphium beside him ;
magistrate's name . . K Staters.
Silphium K Dr.
Three silphium plants radiating from
one centre K ^ Dr.
Female head (Kyrene) ; Head of Libya
with formal curls ; or Ram's head .
K j^ stater 13-5 grs.
The magistrates' names, which occur either in full or in abbreviated
form in the nominative or genitive case, are APISTIOS, APICTATOPA,
730
CYRENAICA.
AAMnNAKTO^, OEY(t)IAEYS, lACHN, lASONOS, lA^IONlO^,
KYAIO^, KYO., POAIANOEY?, XAIPE^nN, XAIPIOS.
The silver coinage of Cyrene in this period consists in the main of
tetradrachms of 210-200 grs.
Head of Zeus Ammon, 1. or r., and
magistrate's name.
K — Y — P — A, etc., or no inscr. Sil-
pbium. (Miiller, i. p. 45, No. 140.)
M Tetradr.
Fig. 390.
Head of Zeus Ammon facing, all in
laurel wreath.
KYPANA Head of Zeus Ammon
facing.
{Z.f. Num., vii. PI. 1. 17.)
K— Y— P— A— N— A Silphium (Fig.
390.) M Tetradr.
Silphium, beside which, a gazelle on its
hind legs, nibbling the topmost leaf.
Magistrate, API^TOMHAEOS, .
M Tetradr.
The smaller denominations are drachms, \ drachms, trihemiobols, and
obols of the same standard. T^pes — Head of Zeus Ammon, or youthful
head with Ram's horn, rev. Silphium, or, on the trihemiobol, a triple
silphium.
The magistrates' names on the silver coins are APISTIO^, APISTO-
MHAEO^, GEY<t>l[AEYl], KYAIO^, AIBYCTPATO[^], and NIKIOt,
variously abbreviated. The following didrachms of Attic weight must
also be classed to the latter part of this period.
OEYct)IAEY^ Head of young Dio-
nysos ; behind, thyrsos.
[POAIAJNOEY^ Young head with
ram's horn.
POAIANGEY^ Id.
KYPA Silphium . . . iR 130 grs.
(Miiller, No. 176.)
» Id ^ 132 grs.
(Miiller, No. 142.)
Hermes standing; behind, AAMH-
KYPA2 . . . . . ^ Attic didr.
The bronze coins of the same time exhibit, among others, the following
types. Lisa:, KYPA (or none at all): —
Head of Zeus Ammon.
Head of nymph Kyrene.
Head of Artemis, inscr. AAMH-
KYPANA.
Young head with ram's horn.
Gazelle.
Head of Libya with formal curls.
Silphium ^ -85
Triple silphium iE -85
Nike ^ -75
Single or triple silphium . . ^ -6
Silphium -^ '75
Gazelle JE -55-35
Head of Zeus Ammon.
Horseman or free horse.
Wheel JE .9-8
Wheel M .8-5
CYRENE.
731
Circ. B.C. 321-308.
In this period, while the Cyrenaica was subject to Ptolemy Soter,
autonomous gold, silver, and bronze money was issued at Cyrene. The
gold coins are of the Attic weight, but the silver, like the money of
Ptolemy before he assumed the royal title (b. c. 305), follows the Rhodian
standard (Didr. 1 20 grs.)
Gold.
Head of Pallas, as on staters of
Alexander.
(B. M. Cat., Plol, PI. XXXII. i.)
Head of Pallas.
Id.
Horseman ; behind, star.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 39.)
Head of Zeus Ammon.
Id.
KYPANAIOI PTOAEMAin. Nike
standing, as on staters of Alexander.
A 133 grs.
[PTOJAEMAIOY Nike. Magistrate,
EY<DPIO^ A 67 grs.
[PTOJAEMAIOY Nike. Symbol,
AVheel A 65 grs.
KYPA Silphium . . . .A 43. 8 grs.
Fulmen between two stars A ii'2 grs.
Head of nymph Kyrene .An grs.
SiLVEK.
^ ^f )
"'X -'
Fig. 391.
Young head with ram's horn. (Fig.
39I-)
Head of Apollo, laureate.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 41.)
KYPA Silphium. Various symbols and
monograms in field
M Khodian didr. 120 grs.
KYPA Similar ... iR 105 grs.
Head of Zeus Ammon.
Head of Apollo.
Id.
Bronze.
KYPA Palm-tree. Various symbols and
letters M -6^
KYPA Lyre ^ -65
„ Prancing horse. Various sym-
bols ^ -65
Circ. B.C. 308-247.
In B. c. 308 Magas, the son-in-law of Ptolemy Soter, was made governor
of the Cyrenaica, and struck gold money there in the name of Ptolemy, with
the inscr., PTOAEMAIOY BASIAEHt (B. M. Cat., Ptol. Introd.). About
B.C. 280 Magas himself assumed the title of king, and struck bronze coins
73:2 CYBENAICA.
with his own portrait on the obverse, and the head of Libya on the reverse.
Inscr., BA^IAEn? MATA. The subsequent coins struck by his daughter
Berenice in the Cj-renaica have been ah-eady mentioned in the series of
the coins of the Ptolemies (p. 714).
Circ. B.C. 247-222.
In B.C. 247 Ptolemy III (Euergetes) succeeded to the throne of Egypt,
and by his marriage with Berenice, the daughter of Magas, who was
queen in her own right of Cyrenaica, united the diadems of Egypt and
tha,t country.
The evidence of the coins goes to prove that throughout the reign of
Euergetes the Cyrenaeans enjoyed an interval of autonomy, which was
not withdrawn until after his death. It was during this period that
they sent to Megalopolis in Arcadia to obtain the aid of the philosophers
Demophanes and Ecdemus, who had assisted Aratus in the liberation of
Sicyon from her tyrants.
These statesmen were entrusted with the government of the Cyrenaica,
which they appear to have reconstituted on the lines of the Achaean
League. So much, at least, we may infer from the language of Polybius
(x. 25) and Plutarch (Philop., i. i), and from the Federal coins in silver and
bronze, bearing the inscr., KOI NON, which are probably to be attributed
to this time.
Fig. 392.
Head of Zeus Ammon. ' KOINON Silpliium. (Fig. 392.)
M Didr, iiSgrs.
I M .9-7.
Circ. B. c. 222-96.
From the accession of Ptolemy IV (Philopator) down to the death of
Ptolemy Apion, B. c. 96, the coinage of Cyrenaica is regal of the Ptolemaic
type. It is discussed fully in the B. M. Cat. of the coins of the
Ptolemies.
Cyrenaica under the Romans, after B. c. 96.
Ptolemy Apion, on his death (b. c. 96), left Cyrenaica by his will to the
Romans, who at first granted the various cities their freedom ; but the
disorders which arose compelled them soon afterwards to reduce that
BARCE.
733
country to the condition of a Koman province (b, c. 74), Henceforth
bronze coins only were issued in Cyrenaica, and these l)ore the names of
the Eoman governors under Augustus, L. Lollius, A. Pupius Rufus, L.
Fabricius Patellius, Scato, Palicanus, and Capito, with various titles
in Greek or Latin characters, such as TAMI ACANTICTPA[THrOC],
PROCOS, or Q_[VAESTOR].
Among the tf/pes may be mentioned the heads of Ammon, Apollo,
Artemis, or the Emperor, a curule chair, camel, stag, ram, caduceus,
wreath, serpent, etc.
There are also later Imperial coins of Titus, Trajan, Faustina Senior,
M. Aurelius, and Severus Alexander, attributed conjecturally to Cyre-
naica (Mliller, i. p. 171), but these may have been struck at Alexandria.
Barce was founded from Cyrene about the middle of the sixth century.
Its coinage down to the age of the Ptolemies falls into the same periods
as that of Cyrene. In the archaic period it is generally impossible to
distinguish the issues of Barce from those of Cyrene, as they are, as a
rule, uninscribed. In the fifth century (b. c. 480-431) while Barce, like
Cyrene, was governed, by kings, its coinage consists of Euboic tetra-
drachms (270 grs.), and of Phoenician drachms and | drachms (52 and
26 grs.) Lisc)\, BAP, BAPKA, BAPKAION; ohv. Silphium or Silphium
fruits, rev. Head of Zeus Ammon, or Head of ram in incuse square. In the
Republican period, B.C. 432-321, Barce, like Cyrene, abandoned the
Euboic tetradrachm for the Phoenician of about 200 grs.
Silphium.
Gold. Circ. B.C. 431-321.
I Head of Zeus Ammon
K 26-4 grs.
This gold coin is attributed to Barce simply on account of the style of
the head of Ammon, which closely resembles that of some of the inscribed
tetradrachms of the town.
SiLVEE. Inscr. BAPKA I or BAPKAION on one or other side.
Head of Zeus Ammon in profile.
Head of Zeus Ammon facing.
Young head with ram's horn.
(Fox, Gr. C, Pt.n. PI. VIII. 167.)
Id.
Id.
Silphium, sometimes accompanied by
two jerboas (Miiller, 318) or by a
gazelle I'ecumbent (M., 322), or an
owl (M., 324) M Tetradr. 200 grs.
Single or trijile sili^hium, the latter
accompanied by accessory symbols,
chameleon, owl, and jerboa, in field .
M. Tetradr. 198-3 grs.
Silphium ^160 grs.
Id M 49.5 grs.
Id M 24.4 grs.
Magistrates' names on the coins of Barce, AKE^IOC (Doric genitive of
'AKeo-ta?), (DAIN, KAlNin, KYtEAH Tn (DIAHN (=KYtEAOY TOY
<DIAnN[OZ]).
734
CYRENAICA.
Bronze,
The bronze coins resemble those of Cyrene ; ohv. Horseman, rev. Wheel ;
symbol, silphium (Miiller, i. p. 82).
Under the rule of the Ptolemies Barce was eclipsed by its port, which
received the name of Ptolemais.
Euesperides, said to have been founded from Cyrene circ. b. c. 460, was
the farthest to the west of the five cities of Cyrenaica. It stood at the
mouth of a river called Lathon or Lethon.
Circ. B.C. 460-431. Phoenician Standard.
EC Silphium. EY Dolphin in incuse square . . .
M 48-6 grs.
The inscrijation on this coin begins on the reverse and is continued on the
obverse.
Silphium.
Silphium.
EY (?) Incuse square, within which dol-
phin and crab's claw JR \ Drachm.
EYEC Incuse square, within which
head of Zeus Ammon in circle of dots
M. Di*. 52 grs.
JR \ Dr. 2 7 grs.
Circ. B.C. 431-321. Phoenician Standard.
The only tetradrachm of Euesperides as yet known is in the library
at Turin.
Head of Zeus Ammon r. sun'ounded
by a triple circle.
EYECPEPITAN Silphium ^R 193 grs.
To the end of the Republican period, shortly before the conquest of
the country by Ptolemy Soter, may be ascribed the following Attic
didrachm in the De Luynes Collection. The bronze coins, with the
head of the same River-god seem to be somewhat earlier.
Attic Standard.
ECPEPI . . . Young horned head of
river Lathon.
AHGHN or AHTHNl Head of river-
god.
Head of Zeus Ammon.
TIM Amp A (sic) Deer before sil-
phium . . . . A\ Didr. 130 grs.
EY Silphium M -"J
EY Trident ^E -8
Under the Ptolemies the name of Euesperides was changed to
Berenice.
Teuchira, between Ptolemais and Euesperides, received under the
Ptolemies the name of Arsinoe.
LIBYA— SYRTICA. 735
Giro. B.C. 480-431.
3 T Silphium. l Head of Zeus Amnion in incuse circle .
(Bompois, ojp. cit., PI. I. lo.) | JR Dr. 52 grs.
LIBYA.
Macae (?). The Macae were a Libyan tribe inhabiting the coast between
Cyrenai'ca and Syrtica. It is, however, very doubtful whether the
following coins are correctly attributed to them by Miiller (i. 132): —
After circ. b. c. 200.
Head of young Herakles.
Id.
AlBYflN Lion walking; in field M
or "O in the Phoenician character .
iR 1 1 7 grs.
Lion above club . . . ^R 31 grs.
There are also bronze coins with the same head of Herakles, or else a head
of Zeus or Pallas on the ohv., and either a Lion or a Bull on the rev.,
also reading AIBYHN. Many of these appear to be restruck on coins of
Carthage.
SYRTICA.
Syrtica, also called Tripolitana, and now Tripoli, from the three chief
cities, Leptis Magna, Oea, and Sabrata, was the line of coast extending
from Cyrenaica on the east to Byzacene on the west.
Gergis, near the frontiers of Byzacene. Imperial bronze of Augustus
only, with Latin legend, rev. PERM. L. VOLVSI. PROCOS. GERG Head
of Pallas, struck by L. Volusius Saturninus, Proconsul of Africa b.c. 6-
A. D. 2 (Miiller, ii. p. 0,^.
Leptis Magna, a colony of Sidon, and one of the three chief cities of
Syrtica, was an emporium of considerable importance (Miiller, ii. p. 3).
It struck autonomous silver and bronze of the first century b. c, with
the Punic legend pH)'? (Lephki = Leptis), and types relating to the wor-
ship of Herakles and Dionysos. Also Imperial of Augustus, Tiberius,
and Livia.
Macaraea and Bilan (?). Bronze of Augustus (Miiller, ii. p. 36).
Inscr., "ip;^D and |'?U, rev. Head of Apollo. This is a doubtful attribution.
Oea, about midway between Leptis Magna and Sabrata. Autonomous
bronze and Imperial of Tiberius, with Punic inscr., n;?n (Miiller, ii. p. 15).
736 BYZACENE.
The predominant types are the heads and the attributes of Apollo and
Pallas : — Tripod, Lyre, Bow and Quiver, Shields and Spears, etc., and bust
of Livia as Juno or Ceres, with Peacock and ear of corn in field.
For coins of Oea, with Zitha and Zuchis. and with Macaraea and
Bilan (?), see Miiller, ii. p. 20 sq.
Sabrata, the farthest to the west of the three chief cities of Syrtica.
Autonomous bronze and Imperial of Augustus, with Punic ijiscr., ^^Dll^
(Miiller, ii. 26), and types referring to the worship of Phoenician gods
corresponding with Herakles, Dionysos, and Hermes; rev. Tetrastyle
temple, Capricorn, etc.
BYZACENE.
This region was the southern portion of the Koman province of Africa,
and bordered on the north upon Zeugitana. Coins exist of the following
towns : —
AchuUa, a colony founded from the island of Melita. Bronze coins,
with heads of Octavian, Divus Julius (Caesar), or the Roman Pro-
consuls, P. Quinctilius Varus and L. Volusius Saturninus. Latin inscr.,
ACHVLLA, etc. (Miiller, ii., p. 43).
Alipota. Bronze of late time. Head of Astarte, reverse Punic legend
hins'?;^ and Caduceus (Miiller, ii. p. 42).
Hadrumetum, a Phoenician settlement near the southern boundary of
Zeugitana. Under the Romans a libera civitas, and from Trajan's time a
colony, and the capital of Byzacene.
Bronze of the time of Augustus. Inscr., HADR, HADRVM, etc., some-
times with heads and names of the Roman Proconsuls, etc., or of Poseidon,
Helios, Astarte, and Serapis(?) (Miiller, ii. p. 51).
Leptis Minor, between Achulla and Hadrumetum, was declared free
by the Romans after the destruction of Carthage, but it does not appear
to have struck coins before Imperial times. There are bronze coins with
heads of Divus Julius, Augustus, Tiberius, and Agrippina Germanici.
Inscr., AEfTTIC, Bust of Hermes or turreted head (Miiller, ii. p. 49).
Thaena, a town of Phoenician origin, struck bronze coins shortl}''
before and during the reign of Augustus, with Punic inscr., Dy^ypi. Types—
Heads of Serapis or Astarte ; Tetrastyle temple, etc. (Miiller, ii.
p. 40).
Thapsus, memorable for Caesar's victory over Pompey, b. c. 46.
Imperial of Tiberius. liererse, THAPSVM, and head or seated figure of
Livia, with legend IVN[ONlJ AVG[VSTAE] (Miiller, ii. p. 47).
ZEUGITANA. 737
Thysdrus, between Hadrumetum and Thaena. Bronze of the age of
Augustus, with Punic hiscr., "W^l^i^ ( = Sthpsr). Ti/pes — Head of Astarte
diademed and veiled, rev. Lyre ; Head of Poseidon, rev. Capricorn
(Muller, ii. p. 58).
ZEUGITANA.
Carthago (Muller, ii. p. 66 sqq.). It is noteworthy that this wealthy
commercial state, with its population of some 700,000 inhabitants,
made no use whatever of coined money until the great invasion
of Sicily, B.C. 410, brought her armies for the second time into con-
tact with the Greeks of Sicily. Then and not till then does it appear
that the necessity arose for striking coins, and it may be assumed that
the payment of the troops employed in the devastation of the flourishing
Hellenic settlements in that island was the immediate occasion of the
coinage. That the use of coined money and the art of coining was
borrowed by the Carthaginians from their Greek enemies is obvious
from the adoption of the Sicilian type of the head of Persephone, and
from the unmistakably Greek style of the earliest Carthaginian coins.
The Punic inscription is the only indication that these series of coins
are not purely Greek, and there is every reason to think that they were
struck in Sicily and not in Africa, and that Greek artists were employed
to engrave the coin-dies. In several instances the names of Carthaginian
towns in Sicily occur upon the coins, such as Pnpbu ti^"), Resh Melkarth=
Heracleia Minoa, ^<rtD;2^ = Motya, V'ii = Panormus (1), ■|-l^< = Eryx, ^<1^D
Kfra (Kaphara^ Village) = Solus. These have been already described
under the cities whose names they bear (pp. 121, 124, 138, 141, and 149).
There are, however, several other series bearing the inscriptions
nti^injllp, Kart Chadasat ( = New city of Carthage) ; jn^nJD, Machanat
( = the Camp); JIJOD ZDV^ DJinDn D;?, or DIT]^ D^T'i^, Am Machanat, Am
he Machanat, or Sham Machanat (People of the Camp) ; DlliTID, Mech-
asbim (the Quaestors), etc., which cannot be distinctly classed to any
particular locality in Sicily. Such coins may therefore be appropriately
described as Siculo-Punic, that is to say, as coins struck in Sicily for
the payment of the Carthaginian armies. The following are the prin-
cipal varieties : —
Siculo-Punic Coins. Circ. B.C. 410-310.
Gold. Phoenician Standard.
Head of Persephone of fine early style.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXVI. 37.)
Id.
Date-palm tree {(poivi^).
Head of Persephone.
Prancing horse ; above A (symbol of
Baal) iy 1 1 8 grs.
Id N 23-8 grs.
Horse's head N 15-3 grs.
Date-palm tree . . . . A 36 grs.
SiLVEE. Attic Standard.
T\'^1T\ nip Forepart of horse, some- I njno Date-palm tree . M Attic tetradr.
times crowned by Nike. I
3 B
738
ZEUGITANA.
Fig. 393.
ncin nip Free horse, crowned by Nike.
„ Horse's bead.
„ or no inscr. Head of Perse-
phone, with or without dolphins
around.
Date-palm tree (Fig. 393.) A\ Tetradr.
Top of date-palm tree . M, Obol.
Free horse before palm tree JR Tetradr.
(B. M. Guide, PI. XXVI. 39 and
PI. XXXV. 37, 38.)
Fig. 394.
Deified head of Dido, wearing tiara of 1 DJno Dyti' Lion and palm tree. (Fig.
Oriental form. j 394-) M Tetradr.
'^^CS
Fig. 395.
Head of Persephone surrounded by
dolphins.
Head of the Tyrian Herakles, Mel-
kartb, in lion's skin.
njno Dy or n Horse's head and palm
tree. (Fig. 395.) . . M Tetradr.
njriO n Oy j Horse's head aud palm
njno Dye / tree . . M Tetradr.
or ( (B. M. (7mc?e, PI. XXXV.
D2c*no / 36.)
The resemblance of the head of Herakles on the coins of this series to
that on the earliest tetradrachms of Alexander the Great is a valuable
indication of date.
CABTHAGE.
739
The Siculo-Punic bronze coins of this period are not numerous.
Date-palm tree.
Id.
Head of Persephone.
Pegasos M -65
Horse's head ^ -8
Horse's head JE -9
During the reign of Agathocles of Syracuse it would seem that the
issue of Carthaginian money in Sicily came to an end.
Coins stntck at Carthage, circ.B.c. 340-242.
The money struck at Carthage itself consists wholly of gold, electrum,
and bronze, down to the time of the acquisition of the rich silver mines
of Spain, and the foundation of Carthago Nova in that country by Has-
drubal, the son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca, B. c. 242, when large silver coins,
both Carthaginian and Hispano-Carthaginian, appear to have been first
issued.
The gold and electrum money here referred to, which falls into the
interval between the age of Timoleon and the end of the first Punic war,
is as follows : —
Fig. 396.
Head of Persephone, wearing neck-
lace with pendants.
Id.
Id.
Head of Persephone.
Id.
Horse standing. (Fig. 396) i!i? 145 grs.
Horse and palm tree. . . i^Z' 73 grs.
Horse standing. . . . El. 118 grs.
(B. M. Cuide, PI. XL VII. 41.)
Horse and palm tree . . El. 58 grs.
Horse standing, looking back El. 27 grs.
These coins follow the Phoenician standard (drachm 59 grs.; ij dr.
88 grs. ; didrachm 1 18 grs. ; 2i di\ 147 grs.). The bronze coins resemble
the electrum drachms in size and types.
Circ. B.C. 241-218.
The interval between the first and second Punic wars is characterized
by the great influx of gold and silver from the newly-acquired Spanish
mines, and by the issue of large gold and silver coins.
3 B 2
740
ZEUGITANA.
Gold.
Head of Persephone.
(Muller, ii. fig. 76.)
Id. {Ibid., fig. 66.)
Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. LIX. 33.)
Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. LIX. 34.)
Id.
nV"iX3 Prancing horse and palm tree .
K 350 grs.
Horse standing, looking back ....
.¥ 193 grs.
Horse standing ; above, radiate disk
flanked by two uraei . ^175 grs.
Horse standing . . . . K ii2> grs.
Horse and palm tree . . i¥ 36 grs.
SiLVEE.
Head of Persephone.
Fig. 397.
Prancing horse. (Fig. 397.) . . . .
(Dodekadrachm) M 704 grs.
Fig. 398.
Id. (Fig. 398.)
Id. (MuUei*, ii. fig. 99.)
Id. {Ibid., fig. 129.)
Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. LIX. 36.)
Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. XLVII. 43 ;
LIX. 37.)
nriN3 Pegasos
(Dekadrachm) M SH gi"S-
Horse standing ; above, radiate disk,
flanked b}^ two uraei
^364 grs. (6 Dr.)
Horse's head . . iR 341 grs.
Horse ; above, star M 228 grs. (4 Dr.)
Horse and palm tree ; Horse looking
back ; Horse standing or trotting
M various smaller denominations.
CARTHAGE.
741
The standaixl of the above-described coins is the Phoenician, the
denominations being 12, 10, 6, 4, 3, 2I, 2, i\, i j, and i drachm, together
with certain smaller divisions. The metal is not always of the purest
quality. The inscription nii"l^^l is supposed to stand for Byrsa, the
citadel of Carthage. Some of the bronze coins, which for the most part
resemble the silver in type and style, are of very large size, exceeding in
weight the heaviest bronze coins of the Ptolemies and equivalent to
about two of the contemporary Eoman asses of the so-called Sexiantal
reduction. (See p. 16 note.)
Circ. B.C. 218-146.
From the beginning of the second Punic war the Carthaginian money
becomes rapidly debased, both in quality of metal and in style of art.
The loss of Carthago Nova (b.c. 210), with its prolific mines, probably
accounts for the poverty of the metal henceforth employed. The types
are mere varieties of those of the previous period (B. M. Guide, PL LIX.
38, 39)-
Electbum and Potin.
Head of Persephone of flat poor style.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Horse El. 46 grs.
Id. K 2g grs.
Horse and palm tree . PoT. 170 grs.
Horse and star . . . Pot. 44 grs.
With these last electrum coins of Carthage we may compare the con-
temporary electrum coins of Capua struck during the revolt of that city
from Pome in the Hannibalic war (b. c. 216-211). See p. 28.
The similarity of the Capuan coins to those of Carthage, both in weight
(46 grs.), style, and the base quality of the alloy of which they are com-
posed, renders it highly probable that Capua, while the army of Hannibal
was wintering there, e.g. 216-215 (Livy, xxiii. 18; Strabo, v. 4. 13),
assimilated her coinage to that which was current among the Carthagi-
nian troops.
The greater part of the money of Carthage in this period consists,
however, not of electrum or potin, but of bronze coins of very bad style
and execution.
Carthaginian Coinage of Spain. In addition to the coins struck at
Carthage itself there are a number of others which, from their resemblance
in style to the undoubted Carthaginian issues, and from the fact of their
frequent occurrence in Spanish Finds, have been assigned by M. Zobel to
the Carthaginian possessions in Spain (see p. 4). Others in gold,
silver, and bronze are conjecturally attributed by Miiller (ii. 147) to Sar-
dinia, after it ceased to form part of the Carthaginian dominions.
Head of Persephone.
Young male head diademed.
Bull standing ; above, star ; beneath,
crescent enclosing disk K 46-5 grs.
Bull standing ; symbol, ear of corn .
^113 grs.
742
ZEUGITANA.
Young male head diademed.
Head of Persephone.
Id.
Head of Pallas in crested helmet.
Head of Apollo laureate.
Head of young Ares (?).
Bull standing; s?/m5o?, uraeus M. 54grs.
Three ears of corn, surmounted by
crescent containing disk . M i-o^
Bull standing ; above, star . ^-75
Horse standing (probably Spanish) . .
M I-05
Horse and radiate disk, flanked by two
uraei M 1-05
Palm tree (probably Spanish) M -8
Carthage under the Romans.
Carthage was rebuilt by Julius Caesar, b. c. 44, and in b. c. 29 it was
recolonized by Augustus, As a Roman colony it struck bronze coins
down to the reign of Tiberius. Inscr., KAR VENERIS, Temple of Venus.
Abbreviated names of the SVF[ETES] or Duumviri, also C, I. C. D. D.
P. P.=:Colonia Julia Carthago, decreto decurionum, pater patriae (?), etc.,
(Midler, ii. p. 149).
Clypea, founded by Agathocles, B.C. 310, under the name of Aspis
from the resemblance of the promontory on which it stood to a shield.
In Pliny's time it was a free town, ' liberum Clypea in promontorio Mer-
curii ' (Plin., //. N., v. 3). Under Augustus and Tiberius bronze coins
were struck at Clypea by the permission of the Proconsul, PERMISSV
PROCOS. Inscr., C. I. P. (Clypea Julia Pia, pulchra or pacensis (?).)
Ti/j^es — Heads of Augustus, Tiberius or Drusus Junior, rev. Hermes seated
on rock ; Bust of Hermes ; Demeter or Li via veiled, seated, holding ears
of corn and sceptre.
Hippo, surnamed Diarrhjrkus, from its position at the narrow outlet
of Lake Hipponitis, was an ancient Sidonian colony dependent upon
Carthage.
Under the Romans it was a free town, and as such struck bronze coins
in the reign of Tiberius, and again in that of Clodius Albinus. Inscr.,
HIPPONE LIBERA.
Head of goddess Astarte veiled and
wearing stephane.
Head of Tiberius.
Phoenician goddess facing, holding
caduceus and ears of corn . ^ -85
IVL. AVG Julia (Livia) seated M 1-3
Utica, a Tyrian colony of great antiquity, received its freedom at the
hands of the Romans after the fall of Carthage. The coins of Utica
belong to the reign of Tiberius. Inscr., M. M., or M. MVN. IVL. VTIC.
D. D. P. P., 'Municipium' or 'Municipes Municipii Julii Uticensis decreto de-
curionum pater patriae (?) ' abbreviated, usually with addition of the
names of the Roman Proconsuls, etc. Concerning the various interpre-
tations of the legends M. MVN. and D. D. P. P see Midler, ii. 164 sqq.
T/jpes — Veiled female bust (Livia 1) or Head of Tiberius, rev. Livia en-
throned and holding patera. The title Municipium was given to
Utica when Augustus conferred the right of Roman citizenship upon
its inhabitants.
ISLANDS OF AFRICA.
743
ISLANDS BETWEEN AFRICA AND SICILY.
Cossnra, midway between Sicily and Africa, was inhabited by a people
of Phoenician race. The island was taken from the Carthaginians by the
Romans in the first Punic war, but was recovered by them soon after.
Its coins are all of bronze and fall into two classes.
Second century b. c.
Female head with Egyptian head-
dress.
Id. crowned by Nike.
D33''N (= insula fihorum sc. Sadyci)
within a wreath of laurel . . ^ -8
Id ■ M'2,
First century b. c.
Similar head, with or without Nike.
COSSVRA within a wreath of laurel
M i-o-
Gaulos, a small island separated from Melita by a narrow strait. It
contains the remains of a Phoenician temple, and its coin-types refer to
the worship of Phoenician divinities.
Second and First centuries b.c.
Veiled female head.
Id.
Id.
Bearded head ; in front, caduceus.
Female head with crescent.
p^? Three divinities of Egyptian appear-
ance, the central one resembling
Osiris ^ i-i
Eam's head M -6
pN— px Tripod M -6
pX Sacrificial cap (galerus) in a wreath
M -8
rAYAIiriN Warrior ; in field, star .
iE.7
Melita, now Malta. Bronze of the second or first century B. c.
Head of Apollo.
Veiled female head.
Id.
Head of Demeter.
MEAITAinN Headoflsis.
MEAITAinN. Veiled female head.
(Eckhel, i. 268.)
MEAITAinN Lyre .... ^ -6
Id M-6
Tripod . . . iE .8
„ Horse ...MS
Four-winged Egyptian figure in crouch-
ing attitude, holding flail and sceptre
M 1-05
Curule chair with name of Eoman Pro-
praetor ^ -8
744
NVMIBIA.
N U M I D I A.
KINGS.
The series of silver coins which Muller (iii, p. 13 sqq.) has attributed
to the kings of Numidia, Masinissa, b. c. 202-148 ; obv. Young male head,
rev. Horse and Palm-tree (B. M. Guide, PI. LIX. 30) ; Micipsa and his
brothers, b.c. 148-1 18 ; obv. Head of Herakles, rev. Elephant ; and to Ju-
gurtha, B.C. 118-106 ; obv. Head of Herakles, rev. Elephant (B. M. Guide,
PI. LIX. 31), have all been restored by Senor Zobel to Spain (see p. 3).
The series ascribed by Miiller to Hiempsal II (b. c. 106-60), to whom
a portion of Numidia was assigned after the fall of Jugurtha, obv. Male
head bound with corn, rev. Prancing horse and Punic letter (B. M. Guide,
PI. LXX. 37) must be considered as of doubtful attribution. The only coins
which on the grounds of style I should be inclined to accept as correctly
attributed by Muller to Numidian kings before Juba I, are those de-
scribed on pp. 17 and 18, Nos. 19-35, and on p. 32, Nos. 37-42, of
his work.
Male head laureate, with pointed
beard.
Similar head, diademed.
Horse standing with caduceus, or gal-
loping. Various symbols and Punic
letters in the field . . M i-25— 7
Horse with star or pahn and Punic
letters ^ -9
Juba I, B. c. 60-46. The coinage of this king consists of denarii and
quinarii of the Roman standard and of bronze coins (Muller, iii. p. 42).
Fig. 399.
REX I VBA Bust of Juba bearded, with
hair elaborately arranged in formal
curls, and with sceptre at his
shoulder.
REX I VBA Bust of victory.
Bust of Juba.
Head of Africa in elephant's skin.
The bronze coins bear the same Nco-Punic inscription, but are without
the Latin one ; obv. Head of Amnion or of Africa in Elephant's skin, rev.
Elephant, Temple, or Lion.
n^POfon ''^31'' (= Jubae regnum or Juba
rex.) in Neo-Punic characters. Ty2)e,
Temple. (Fig. 399.) . M 66-45 g''^-
Same inscr., galloping horse M 30 grs.
Galloping horse . . . . .^28 grs.
Lion A\ i^ grs.
NUMIDIA. 745
The coins are chiefly remarkable for the characteristic portrait of the
king, whom Cicero [Ue Lege agra., ii. 22) calls 'adolescens bene capillatus.'
Cf. also Suetonius (/. Caesar, c. 71), who relates how Caesar on one
occasion pulled Juba by the beard.
TOWNS.
After the victory of Caesar at Thapsus, b. c. 46, and the death of Juba,
Numidia was divided between Rome and her African allies. It is prob-
able that some of the towns continued to strike bronze money down to
the time of Augustus.
Bulla Regia (Miiller, iii. 57). Bronze, ohv. Eagle, rev. Crescent con-
taining disk. Liscr., b^2'2.-
Cirta, the capital of Numidia, and the chief royal residence. Bronze
with Punic legends, \1ID2 j"1-)p'?D12 or nzb^ (Miiller, iii. p. 60).
Horse iE i-o
Turreted female head.
Id.
Two upi'igLit ears of corn . . JE, •'j
Gazauphala, some fifty miles east of Cirta. Miiller (iii. 6^) attributes
to this town bronze coins resembling those of Cirta, but reading Si^.
Hippo Regius and Tipasa. Hippo Regius was a maritime city near
the mouth of the river Ubus. Tipasa was about forty miles south of
Hippo, and connected with it by a road. The two places appear to have
struck money in common. Inscr., P3^i and tn^2Z0 = Thpatn. T^/pes — ■
Head of Baal laur. and surmounted by Star, behind, Sceptre, rev. Head
of Astarte veiled and surmounted by disk in crescent ; Head of Melkarth
surmounted by star and with club behind, rev. Head of Chusor-Phtah,
Hephaestos, surmounted by star and with axe behind. ; Youthful head,
rev. Panther leaping to right.
Macomada, an inland town of Phoenician origin. Bronze of late auto-
nomous times. Inscr., ti.typ^ { = Mkm?i). Ti/j^es — Head of Chusor-Phtah,
the Phoenician Hephaestos, in close-fitting cap with two floating ribands
at the top, rev. Hog ; Horse galloping, rev. Disk in crescent.
Salviaua, an inland town of Numidia, south-west of Cirta. Bronze of
autonomous times. Inscr., p'pZ'hJ ( = Aslbn). Tj/pe — Veiled bust of
Phoenician goddess with caduceus, rev. Horse, above, crescent and disk
(Miiller, iii. p. 68).
Sarai, in the south-west of Numidia. Bronze of autonomous times.
Inscr., >?N"1D ( = Sra'a). T^/jje — Head of Astarte (?) crowned with myrtle,
rev. Cornucopiae in myrtle- wreath.
Suthul, between Cirta and Hippo Regius. Bronze of late autonomous
time. Inscr., DD ( = St). Types — Head of Serapis wearing modius, or of
Hermes in petasos, rev. Wreath (Miiller, iii. 59).
746
MAURETANIA.
Tabraca and Tuniza, two maritime towns to the east of Hippo Regius.
Late autonomous bronze in alliance, hiscr., ji^D13D (= Tbrcan), and
Xl'^ir^ ( = Tnnzn). ^ Tj/pe — Veiled head of Astarte, rev. Beardless head with
ringlets behind, S, symbol of Baal.
Tagura, an inland town. Late autonomous bronze. Liscr., pJJI
(=Tgrn). Ti/2:)es — Bearded head, rev. Prancing horse, above, star (Miiller,
iv. 67.)
Tipasa. See Hippo Regius.
Tucca (?). Late autonomous bronze. Inscr., JJIJ^. Heads of the Dioskuri
or Kabiri laur., each surmounted by star, rev. Horses of the Dioskuri.
These coins have also been attributed to Utica (Miiller, ii. 164).
MAURETANIA.
KINGS.
The bronze coins and the silver tetradrachms of the Phoenician stan-
dard attributed by Miiller (iv. 69), the former to Syphax, circ. b. c.
213-203, and the latter to his son Vermina, circ. B.C. 200, T^/pes — Head
of king diademed, rev. Galloping horse, on the bronze with and on the
silver without a rider, and apparently reading DJJDDH p3D and 1JD11
ilD'^DJDH, are believed by SeSor Zobel to be of Hispano-Carthaginian origin
(see p. 4). ^ _
To the Carthaginian empire in Spain he has also attributed the fol-
lowing tetradrachms and didrachms of good silver and Phoenician
weight, dating to all appearance from the end of the third century b. c.
Prow of war galley roofed in and with
oval shield affixed to upper part ;
beneath, dolphin JR 229 and 113 grs.
The beginning of the series of the regal coins of Mauretania must
therefore be brought down to the time of Bogud II, king of western
Mauretania from about b. c. 50-38.
Griffin devouring stag.
(B. M. Guide, PL LXX. 40.)
Head of king, of good style, diademed.
(Miiller, iv. 71.)
Bearded head.
REX BOCVT Griffin standing, above
which, the jnihir
JR Denarius 64 grs.
„ Prow . . . ^ '95
Bocchus III, king of eastern Mauretania, circ. B.C. 50-38, and
of eastern and western Mauretania b. c. 38-33. Bronze. Liscr.,
tDp^ or li^pS, rev. ])^y\D ( = Sigan), indicating that they were struck
at the town of Siga. Also DDbDDH ^p2 and U^DIL' = ' Kingdom of
Bocchus' or ' Bocchus the king,' struck at Semes. Tj/pes — Male head
with pointed beard, rev. Bacchus holding a small bull by one horn ; Star
and grapes (Miiller, iii. 98).
Interregnum, B. c. 33-25. Bronze. Bust of Africa in Elephant's
skin, rev. Head of Janus or of Augustus, See Miiller's remarks (iv. p. 73)
on the Punic legend, which appears to contain the name of Bocchus.
3IAURETANIA. 7^7
^ Juba II, B, c. 35-A.D. 23. This king was the son of Juba I, who lost his
kingdom at the battle of Thapsus. He was made king of Mauretania
by Augustus, and married Cleopatra Selene, daughter of M. Antonius
and the famous Cleopatra. The silver coins of this king, denarii of light
weight, are very plentiful. They read REX IVBAorREX IVBA REGIS
IVBAI F, and in the latter part of his reign the regnal year is added on
the reverse (e. g. R. XXXI, etc). They bear as a rule the head of Juba on
the obverse and various types on the reverse : Head of Africa ; Ele-
phant ; Lion ; Club, and other symbols of Herakles ; Cornucopiae ; Star
and Crescent ; Altar, on which Uraeus ; Capricorn ; Temple of Augustus ;
Nike, etc. ; and sometimes a wreath, within which is the name of the
capital of Mauretania, Caesarea, the ancient lol. The bronze coins are
less numerous. On some of these the inscription is in Greek BACIAeuu
I OB A (Muller, p. 107).
The city of Carthago Nova conferred upon Juba the honorary title of
Duumvir quinquennalis. Cf. MUller, iii. iii.
Juba II and Cleopatra, or Cleopatra alone. Denarii and bronze with
portraits of Juba and of Cleopatra. Inscr., REX IVBA on the obverse,
and BACIAiCCA KAeOTTATPA on the re^-e?;-5e(Fig. 400), or with REX IVBA^
Fig. 400.
rev, BACIAICCA KACOTTATPA, and types referring to the worship of Isis
and other Egyptian divinities. Others bear the head and name, always
in Greek, of Cleopatra alone.
Ptolemy, A. D. 23-40, the son of Juba and Cleopatra, was co-regent
with his father before the death of the latter, as is evident from denarii
bearing thejoint names and portraits REX IVBA, rev. REX PTOAEMAEVS
The denarii of this king are all of very light weight and inferior in
execution to those of his father. Inscr,, REX PTOLEMAEVS, and date
R(egis) A(nno) I, 11, etc. T^2)es mostly conventional and of no special
The iDronze coins read REX PTOLEMAEVS REGIS IVBAE F. or REG.
REGE PTOLEMAEO.
ThQviscv. REX PTOL in the centre of certain bronze coins of Car-
thago Nova proves that that city paid the king of Mauretania the com-
pliment of electing him as one of the municipal Duumviri quinquennales.
Ptolemaeus was invited to Rome by Caligula A. D. 40, and there assassi-
nated, after which Mauretania was constituted a Roman province.
TOWNS.
Babba, a Roman colony founded by Augustus, under the title Colonia
Campestris Julia Babba, abbreviated on coins C. C. I. B. Other inscrip-
tions are D. D. PVBL. (Decreto Decurionum publico), and EX CONSENSV
D(ecurionum). Bronze of Claudius, Nero, and Galba.
748 MAUBETANIA.
Camarata, a maritime town not far from Siga. Bronze of barbarous
work. Inscr., i^QD, ohv. Rude head, rev. Grapes and ear of corn (Miiller,
iii. 143).
lol, a town of Phoenician origin, was the residence of Juba II, by whom
its name was changed to Caesarea. The inscr. CAESAREA occurs on de-
narii and bronze of Juba II, and on autonomous bronze of about the
same time (Miiller, iii. p. 13H).
Lix, the most important town on the western or Atlantic coast of Mau-
retania. The coins are of the late autonomous period, with the Neo-Punic
iiiscr. iD^b and iD'^b b^yt^ ( = Lks and Mbal Lks, the people of Lix), also
LIXS and LIX. Ti/pes — Head of divinity, Kabiros (?) in conical hat with
cord hanging from the top, rev. Two bunches of grapes ; Two fishes ;
Altar, etc. (Miiller, iii. 155).
Rusadir (Miiller, iv. 78). Late autonomous bronze. Inscr., ~)lJ>^ti^"l,
Bearded head, rev. Bee.
Sala, on the Atlantic coast, bordering upon the desert. Late autono-
mous bronze coins with Neo-Punic inscr. phy^ (Sal(a)t, Bearded head,
rev. Grapes ; Ear of corn, and disk within crescent (Miiller, iii. 163).
Semes. Site unknown. Bronze with name of Bocchus III and autono-
mous, probably of the time of Juba II. Inscr., U^!2^ DplD (Makom Sms,
City of the Sun), usually with bearded head of the Sun-god facing, rev.
Star ; Grapes and corn,
Siga, on the Mediterranean coast, near the mouth of a little river of
the same name, between Caesarea and Tingis. Regal bronze of Boc-
chus HI. Inscr., ti'pD and |^Tli^ (Bocchus and Sigan), (Miiller, iii. 97).
Tamusida or Tamusia, on the Atlantic coast, about thirty miles north
of Sala, probably identical with the Thymiateria of Scylax. Late auto-
nomous bronze with Neo-Punic inscr. HyiDJl (Tmdat ?), Head of bearded
divinity, rev. Two ears of corn (Miiller, iii. 162).
Timici, an inland town in the western part of Mauretania Caesari-
ensis. Late autonomous bronze. Inscr. ''DDJl (Tmci), Bearded head, rev.
Grapes between two laurel branches (Miiller, iii. 143).
Tingis, now Tangiers, on the straits of Gibraltar, the chief town of
Mauretania Tingitana. Late autonomous bronze with Neo-Punic legends,
K:irJl nbj^l or ii:iTn by2r2, etc. (city or citizens of Tingis), (Miiller, iii.'
144), Bearded head of Baal without neck, or of Demeter, etc., rev. Upright
ears or ear of corn. Also Imperial — Augustus and Agrippa, with Neo-
Punic and Latin legend, IVL TIN, rev. Bearded head of Baal facing.
Zilis, about twenty miles south of Tingis. Late autonomous bronze,
with Neo-Punic inscr., rshv)f(. Head of Hermes with caduceus, rev. Two
upright ears of corn (Miiller, iii. p. 153).
1
INDEXES.
I. GEOGRAPHICAL.
II. KINGS AND DYNASTS.
III. REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS:
(a) GeEEK.
(/3) Latin, Eteuscan, etc.
(y) Phoenician, Aeamaic, Punic, and Hebrew.
IV. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, MENTIONS OF SITES, etc.
(a) GeEEK.
(jS) Latin.
V. MAGISTERIAL TITLES:
(a) GeeEK.
(^) Latin.
VI. ENGRAVERS' NAMES.
VII. INDEX RERUM.
INDEX I.
GEOGRAPHICAL.
Aba(?) Cariae, 519.
Abacaenum Siciliae, 103.
Abbaeti Mysiae, 446.
Abdera Tbraciae, 218.
Abila Coelesyriae, 663,
Abila Decapoleos, 664.
Aboniteichos Paphlagoniae, 432.
Abydus Troadis, 467.
Acalissus Lyciae, 576.
Acanthus Macedoniae, 182.
ACARNANIA, 278, 282, 341.
Accilaeum Phrygiae, 556.
Ace Galilaeae, 676.
ACHAEA Peloponnesi, 347, 350,
352.
Achaei Phthiotidis Thes., 248.
Acharaca(?) Lydiae, 547.
Achulla Byzacenes, 736.
Acrae Siciliae, 103.
Acraephium Boeotiae, 292.
Acrasus Lydiae, 547.
Adada Pisidiae, 588.
Adana Ciliciae, 598.
Adraa Arabiae, 686.
Adramyteum Mysiae, 446.
Adranum Siciliae, 103.
Adriana Ciliciae v. Zephyrium,
618.
Aegae Macedoniae, 177.
Aegae Achaeae, 347.
Aegae Aeolidis, 478.
Aegae Ciliciae, 598.
Aegiale Amorgi, 409.
Aegialus (?) Paphlagoniae, 432.
Aegina, 331,
Aegira Achaeae, 347, 351.
Aegirus Lesbi, 485.
Aegium Achaeae, 348, 351.
Aegospotami Chersonesi Thra-
ciae, 222.
Aegosthena Megaridis, 329.
Aelia Capitolina Judaeae, 679.
Aeneia Macedoniae, 189.
Aenianes Thessaliae, 248.
Aenus Thraciae, 212.
Aeolis, 478.
Aesernia Sainnii, 24.
Aetna Siciliae, 103.
Aetna (Catana) Siciliae, 114.
Aetolta, 283.
Aezani Phrygiae, 556.
Agathopolis Chersonesi Thra-
ciae, 223.
Agrigentum Siciliae, 104.
Agrippia Caesareia Bospori, 422.
Agrippias Judaeae v. Anthedon,
Agyrium Siciliae, 109.
Alabanda Cariae, 519.
Alaesa Siciliae, no.
Alassa Cretae, 386.
Alba Fucentis Latii, 22, 23.
Alea Arcadiae, 352, 374.
Alexandria Troas, 469.
Alexandria ad Issum Ciliciae,
598.
Alexandria Aegypti, 718.
Alexandria NomusAegypti, 724.
Alia Phrygiae, 556.
Alinda Cariae, 519.
Alipheira Arcadiae, 352.
Alipota Byzacenes, 736.
Allaria Cretae, 386.
Alliba Campaniae, 26.
Alopeconnesus Chersonesi Thra-
ciae, 223.
Aluntium Siciliae, no.
Alyzia Acarnaniae, 279, 341.
Amantia Illyriae, 265.
Amasia Ponti, 423.
Amastris Paphlagoniae, 432.
Aniathus(?) Cypri, 623.
Amblada Pisidiae, 589.
Ambracia Epiri, 270, 341.
Amestratus Siciliae, in,
Amisus Ponti, 424.
Amorgos, 409.
Amorium Phrygiae, 557.
Amphaxitis Macedoniae, 21 1.
Amphictyonic Council, 289.
Amphipolis Macedoniae, 190.
Amphissa Locridis, 2S6.
Amyzon Cariae, 519.
Anactorium Acarnaniae, 2 79,
341-
Anaphe, 410.
Anazarbus Ciliciae, 598.
Anchiale (?) Ciliciae, 599.
Anchialus Thraciae, 236.
Ancona Piceni, 19.
Ancyra Galatiae, 629.
Ancyra Phrygiae, 557.
Andeda Pisidiae, 589.
Andros, 410.
Anemurium Ciliciae, 599.
Aninetus Lydiae, 548.
Antaeopolites Nonius Aegypti,
723-
Antandrus Mysiae, 447.
Anthedon Judaeae, 679.
Anthemusia Mesopotamiae, 688.
Anticyra Phocidis, 288.
Antigoneia Arcadiae, 352.
Antiochia Cariae v. Alabanda,
519-
Antiochia ad Maeandrum Cariae,
520.
Antiochia Pisidiae, 589.
Antiochia ad Cydnum Ciliciae,
599-
Antiochia ad Pyrammn Ciliciae,
599-
Antiochia ad Sarum Ciliciae, 599.
Antiochia ad Taurum Comma-
genes, 653.
Antiochia ad Euphratem Com-
magenes, 653.
Antiochia ad Orontem Syriae,
656.
Antiochia ad Callirrhoen, 658.
Antiochia ad Daphnen, 658.
Antiochia Ptolema'idis, 658.
Antiochia ad Hippum Decapo-
leos, 664.
Antiphellus Lyciae, 576.
Antissa Lesbi, 485.
Apameia Bithyniae, 437.
Apameia Phrygiae, 557.
Apameia Syriae, 658.
Aperlae Lyciae, 576.
Aphrodisias Cariae, 520.
Aphroditopolites NomusAegypti,
723-.
Aphytis Macedoniae, 186.
Apollonia Macedoniae, 181.
Apollonia Thraciae, 236.
Apollonia Illyriae, 265, 341.
Apollonia ad Ehyndacum My-
siae, 447.
Apollonia Salbace Cariae, 521.
Apollonia Lyciae, 576.
Apollonia Mordiaeum Pisidiae,
589. _
ApoUonis Lydiae, 548.
Apollonopolites Nomus Aegypti,
722.
ApoUonos Hieron Lydiae, 548.
Appia Phrygiae, 559.
Aptera Cretae, 386.
752
INDEX L
Apulia, 36.
Aquilonia Samnii, 24.
Aquinum Latii, 23.
Arabia, 685.
Arabia Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Aradus Phoenices, 665.
Araxa (?) Lyciae, 576.
Aecadia, 372.
Arcadia Cretae, 387.
Arcesine Amorgi, 410.
Ardea(?) Latii, 21.
Arethusa Sp-iae, 658.
Argolis, 366.
Argos Aniphilocliicuni Acarna-
niae, 279, 341.
Argos Argolidis, 352, 366.
Argos Ciliciae, 599.
Ariassus Pisidiae, 5S9.
Ariminum Umbriae, 1 7.
Armenia, 635.
Arna (?) Lyciae, 574.
Arnae Macedoniae, 182.
Arpi Apuliae, 37.
Arsinoe v. Ephesus.
Arsinoe (?) Cretae, 387.
Arsinoites Nomus Aegypti,
723-
Arycanda Lyciae, 576.
Ascalon Judaeae, 679.
Asculum Apuliae, 38.
Asculum (?) Piceni, 19.
Asea Arcadiae, 352.
Asia(?) Lucaniae, 75.
Asine Messeniae, 352, 362.
Asopus Laconiae, 363.
Aspendus Pamphyliae, 5S1.
Assorus Siciliae, III.
Assus Mysiae, 448.
Assyria, 690.
Astacus Acarnaniae, 279, 341.
Astacus Bithyniae, 437.
Astypalaea, 534.
Astyra Cariae, 521.
Atarneus Mysiae, 449.
Atella Campaniae, 26.
Athamanes Epiri, 271.
Athenae Diades (?) Euboeae,
302.
Athens, 309.
Athribites Nomus Aegypti,
723-
Atrax Thessaliae, 248.
Attaea Mysiae, 449.
Attalia Lydiae, 548.
Attalia Pamphyliae, 583.
Attica, 309.
Attuda Phrygiae, 559.
Atusa Assyriae, 690.
Augusta Ciliciae, 599.
Aureliopolis Lydiae, 548.
Aurunca Campaniae, 26.
Autocane Aeolidis, 478.
Axum Ethiopiae, 724.
Axus Cretae, 387 : v. also
Naxus Cretae in the Corri-
genda.
Azetium Apuliae, 38.
Azotus (?) Judaeae, 680.
B.
Babba Mauretaniae, 747.
Babylonia, 690.
Bactria, 701.
Bagis Lydiae, 54S.
Balanea Syriae, 659.
Balbura Lyciae, 577.
Baletiuui Calabriae, 42.
Bambyce v. Hierapolis Cjorhes-
ticae, 654.
Barata Lycaoniae, 595.
Barce Cyrenaicae, 733.
Bargasa Cariae, 521.
Bargylia Cariae, 521.
Baris Pisidiae, 590.
Barium Apuliae, 38.
Beneventum Samnii, 24.
Beroea Macedoniae, 211.
Beroea Cyrrhesticae, 654.
Berytus Phoenices, 668.
Beudos vetus Phrygiae, 559.
Bianus or Biennus Cretae, 388,
Bilan (?) SyTticae, 735.
Birytus Troadis, 470.
Bisaltae Macedoniae, 178.
Bisanthe Thraciae, 229.
Bithynia, 436.
Bithynium Bithyniae, 437.
Bizya Thraciae, 244.
Blaundus Phrygiae, 559.
Boeae Laconiae, 363.
Boeone Aeolidis, 47S.
BoEOTiA, 291.
Bosporus, 422.
Bostra Arabiae, 686.
Botrys Phoenices, 668.
Bottiaei Macedoniae, 209 sqq.
Bottice Macedoniae, 1S8.
Bria Phrygiae, 560.
Britannia, 9.
Briula Lydiae, 548.
Brundusum Calabriae, 43.
Bruttium, 75.
Bruzus Phrygiae, 560.
Bubastites Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Bubon Lyciae, 577.
Bulla Eegia Numidiae, 745.
Bura Achaeae, 348.
Busirites Nomus Aegypti, 724.
Buthrotum Epiri, 271.
Butuntum Apuliae, 38.
Byblus Phoenices, 668.
Byllis Illyriae, 266.
By'zacene, 736.
Byzantium Thraciae, 229.
C.
Cabasites Nomus Aegypti, 724.
Cabeira Ponti, 425.
Cabellio Galliae, 9.
Cadi Phrygiae, 560.
Caume v. Priene.
Cadyanda Lyciae, 577.
Caelia Apuliae, 38.
Caesareia-Germanica Bithyniae,
438.
Caesareia Cappadociae, 633.
Caesareia Paneas Trachonitidis,
663.
Caesareia ad Libanum Phoe-
nices, 669.
Caesareia Samariae, 678.
Caesareia Mauretaniae, v. lol,
748.
Caiatia Campaniae, 27.
Calabria, 42.
Calacte Siciliae, 1 1 1.
Caiatia Campaniae, 27.
Calchedon Bithyniae, 438.
Cales Campaniae, 27.
Callatia Moesiae Inferioris, 234.
Callipolis Cariae, 522.
Callista Arcadiae, 352.
Calymna, 534.
Calynda Lyciae, 577.
Camarata Mauretaniae, 748.
Camarina Siciliae, 112.
Camars Etruriae, 13 sq.
Came Aeolidis, 478.
Camirus Khodi, 538.
Campania, 25.
Camulodunum Britanniae, 10.
Canata Deeapoleos, 664.
Canatha Deeapoleos, 664.
Candyba Lyciae, 577.
Canusium Apuliae, 39.
Caphya Arcadiae, 352, 374.
Capitolias Coelesyriae, 662.
Cappadocia, 631.
Capsa Macedoniae, 1S7.
Capua Campaniae, 27.
Carallia Ciliciae, 600.
Cardia Chersonesi Thraciae, 223.
Caria, 519 sqq.
Came or Carnos Phoenices, 669.
Carpathus insula, 534.
Carrhae Mesopotamiae, 688.
Carthaea Cei, 411.
Carthago Zeugitaniae, 737.
Carthago Nova Hispaniae, 3,
741-
Carya (?) Lyciae, 574.
Caryanda Cariae, 522.
Carystus Euboeae, 302.
Casa Ciliciae, 600.
Cassandrea Macedoniae, 18S.
Cassope Epiri, 271.
Castabala Ciliciae v. Hieropolis,
603.
Catana Siciliae, 1 13.
Caulonia Bruttii, 78.
Caunus Cariae, 522.
Caystriani Lydiae, 54S.
Cebrenia Troadis, 470.
Celenderis Ciliciae, 600.
Cennatis v. Lalassis and Olba,
604, 609.
Centuripae Siciliae, 118.
Ceos, 410.
Cephallenia, 358.
Cephaloedium Siciliae, 118.
Ceraetae Cretao, 388.
Cerauius Cariae, 522.
Cerasus Ponti, 425.
Cercine Chersonesi Tauricae, 237.
GEOGRAPHICAL.
753
Ceretapa Phrygiae, 560.
Ceryneia Achaeae, 351.
Cetis V. Coropissus, Olba, and
Philadelphia, 601, 610.
Chabacta Ponti, 425.
Chaeroneia Boeotiae, 292.
Chalcidene, 655.
Chalcidice Macedoniae, 181, 185.
Chalcidice, 655.
Chalcis Euboeae, 303.
Chalcis ad Belum, 655.
Chalcis sub Libano, 655.
Characene, 697.
Cherronesus Chers. Taur., 237.
Chersonesus Thracia, 222.
Cheesonesus Taurica, 237.
Chersonesus Cretae, 388.
Chersonesus Cariae, 523.
Chios, 513.
Choma Lyciae, 577.
Cibyra Phrygiae, 560.
Cidramus Cariae, 523.
Cidyessus Phrygiae, 561.
Cierium Thessaliae, 249.
Cilhiani Lydiae, 549.
CiLiciA, 597.
Cimolus, 413.
Cirta Numidiae, 745.
Cisthene Mysiae, 449.
Cithus (?) Lesbi, 486.
Citiuna Cypri, 621.
Cius Bithyniae, 439.
Clannuda Lydiae, 549.
Claudiopolis v. Bithynium, 437.
Clazomenae loniae, 490.
Cleitor Arcadiae, 352, 374.
Cleonae Argolidis, 352, 368.
Clypea Zeugitaniae, 742.
Cnidus Cariae, 523.
Cnossus Cretae, 388.
Codrigae v. Tarsus.
Codrula Pisidiae, 590.
Coela Chers. Thrac, 223.
COELESYRIA, 662.
Colbasa Pisidiae, 590.
Colchis, 423.
Colone Messeniae, 362.
Colone Troadis, 471.
Colophon loniae, 492.
Colossae Phrygiae, 561.
Colybrassus Ciliciae, 601.
Comama Pisidiae, 590.
Comana Ponti, 426.
COMXIAGENE, 652 sq.
Compulteria Campaniae, 30.
Conane Pisidiae, 590.
Consentia Bruttii, 79.
Copae Boeotiae, 292.
Copia Lucaniae, 73.
Coptites Nomus Aeg3q)ti, 722.
Cora (?) Latii, 23.
Coracesium Ciliciae, 601.
Corcyra, 275, 341.
Corcyra Nigra, 268.
Coresia Cei, 412.
CoRlNTHiA, 334.
Corinthus, 334, 351.
Corinthi Coloniae, 340.
Corone Messeniae, 352, 362.
Coroneia Boeotiae, 292.
Coronta Acarnaniae, 279, 341.
Coropissus Ciliciae, 601.
Corycus Ciliciae, 602.
Corydalla Lyciae, 577.
Cos, 535.
Cosa (Campsa?) Samnii, 25.
Cossura, 743.
Cotiaeum Phrygiae, 561.
Cotusa V. Scotussa Macedoniae.
Cragus Lyciae, 577.
Cranae insula Laconiae, 365.
Cranii Cephalleniae, 358.
Crannon Thessaliae, 249.
Cremna Pisidiae, 590.
Greta, 382.
Creteia Bithyniae, 440.
Cretopolis (?) Pamphyliae, 583.
Crithote Chers. Thrac, 224.
Cromna Paphlagoniae, 433.
Croton Bruttii, 79.
Cubulteria v. Compulteria,
Cumae Campaniae, 30.
Curium Cypri, 622.
Cyane Lyciae, 577.
Cybistra Cappadociae, 634.
Cydna(?) Lyciae, 577.
Cydonia Cretae, 391.
Cyme Euboeae, 305.
Cyme Aeolidis, 479.
Cynopolites Nomus Aegypti,
723-
Cyparissia Messeniae, 362.
Cyprus, 620.
Cypsela Thraciae, 222.
Cyrenaica, 725.
Cyrene Cyrenaicae, 725.
Cyrrhestica, 654.
Cyrrhus Cyrrhesticae, 654.
Cythera Insula Laconiae, 365.
Cythnos, 413.
Cyum Cariae, 525.
Cyzicus Mysiae, 449.
D.
Dacia, 234.
Daldis Lydiae, 549.
Dalisandus Lycaoniae, 595.
Damascus Coelesyriae, 662.
Damastium lllyriae, 269.
Daorsi lllyriae, 266.
Dardanus Troadis, 471.
Decapolis, 664.
Delos, 413.
Delphi Phocidis, 288.
Demetrias Thessaliae, 250.
Demetrias Coelesyriae, 662.
Demetrias (?) Phoenices, 669.
Demetrias ad Tigrim Assyriae,
690.
Derbe Lycaoniae, 595.
Deultum Thraciae, 244.
Dia Bithyniae, 440.
Dicaea Macedoniae, 189.
Dicaea Thraciae, 218.
Diocaesareia Phrygiae v. Cere-
tapa, 560.
Diocaesareia Ciliciae, 602.
Diocaesareia - Sepphoris Gali-
laeae, 677.
Dioclea Phrygiae, 562.
Dionysopolis Moesiae Inferioris,
234-
Dionysopolis Phrygiae, 562.
Diopolites Magnus, Nomus
Aegypti, 722.
Diopolites Parvus, Nomus
Aegypti, 722.
Diopolites Inferior, Nomus
Aegypti, 724.
Dioscurias Colchidis, 423.
DJoshieron Lydiae, 549.
Diospolis-Lydda Samariae, 678.
Dipaea Arcadiae, 352.
Dium Macedoniae, 211.
Dium Decapoleos, 664.
Docimium Phrygiae, 562.
Doliche Commagenes, 653.
Dora Phoenices, 669.
Doron Ciliciae, 602 note.
Dorylaeum Phrygiae, 562.
Dyme Achaeae, 348, 351.
Dyrrhachii lllyriae, 266.
E.
Eboda Arabiae, 68 7.
Ebusus Insula Hispaniae, 3.
Edessa Macedoniae, 212.
Edessa Mesopotamiae, 688.
Edoni Macedoniae, 1 79.
Egypt, 711.
Eion Macedoniae, 176.
Elaea Aeolidis, 4S0.
Elaeus Chersonesi Thraciae, 224.
Elaeusa Insula Ciliciae, 618.
Elateia Thessaliae, 250.
Elateia Phocidis, 290.
Elea Epiri, 271.
Eleusis Atticae, 328.
Eleutherna Cretae, 393.
Eleutheropolis Judaeae, 680.
Elis, 352, 353.
Elisphasii Arcadiae, 352.
Elyrus Cretae, 393.
Emisa Syriae, 659.
Emmaus Judaeae v. Nicopolis,
681.
Emporiae Hispaniae, i.
Enna Siciliae, 119.
Entella Siciliae, 119.
Epictetus Phrygiae, 563.
Epidamnus lllyriae, 266, 341.
Epidaurus Argolidis, 352, 369.
Epiphaneia Ciliciae, 602.
Epiphaueia Syriae, 659.
Epircs, 269, 274, 341.
Ephesus loniae, 494.
Eresus Lesbi, 486.
Eretria Euboeae, 305.
Eriza Cariae, 525.
3C
754
INDEX I.
Erythrae loniae, 498.
Eryx Siciliae, 120, 341.
EsIdus Arabiae, 687.
Etenna Painphyliae, 583.
Ethiopia, 724.
Etkuria, 10.
EuBOEA, 301.
Eucarpia Plirygiae, 563.
Euesperides Cyrenaicae, 734-
Euippe Cariae, 525.
Eumenia Phrygiae, 563.
Euralimn Cariae, 525.
Eurea Tliessaliae, 250.
Euromus Cariae, 525.
Eurydicea Macedoniae, 188.
Eurymenae Tliessaliae, 250.
Eusebeia Cappadociae v. Cae-
sareia, 633.
F.
Firmum Piceni, 20.
Flaviopolis v. Creteia Bitliyniae,
440.
Flaviopolis Phrygiae v. Teme-
notliyrae, 569.
Flaviopolis Ciliciae, 602.
Formiae Latii, 21.
Fregellae Latii, 21.
Frentani, 25.
Fulvia Phrygiae, 564.
Fundi Latii, 21.
G.
Gaba Trachonitidos, 664.
Gabala S3rriae, 659.
Gadara Decapoleos, 665.
Gades Hispaniae, 2,
Gagae Lyciae, 577.
Galaria Siciliae, 121.
Galatia, 628.
Galilaea, 576.
Gallia, 7.
Gambrium loniae, 500.
Gangra Paphlagoniae, 433.
Gargara Mysiae, 455.
Gaulos, 743.
Gaza Judaeae, 6S0.
Gazauphala Numidiae, 745.
Gaziura Ponti, 426.
Gebal v. Byblus Phoenices, 668.
Gela Siciliae, 121.
Gentinus Troadis, 472.
Gerasa Decapoleos, 665.
Gergis Troadis, 472.
Gergis Syrticae, 735.
Germanicia Caesareia Comma-
genes, 653.
Germanicopolis Paphlagoniae,
433-
Germanicopolis Ciliciae, 602.
Germe Mysiae, 455.
Germe Galatiae, 630.
Gomplii Tliessaliae, 250.
Gonnus Tliessaliae, 251.
Gordium Bithyuiae v. Juliopolis,
441.
Gordus Julia Lydiae, 549.
Gorgippia Bospori, 422.
Gortyna Cretae, 394.
Gortys Arcadiae, 352.
Graxa Calabriae, 43.
Grimenothyrae Phrygiae, 564.
Grumuni Apuliae, 39.
Grynium Aeolidis, 480.
Gyaros, 414.
Gynaecopolites Nomus Aegypti,
724.
Gjrrton Tliessaliae, 251,
Gythium Laconiae, 363.
Hadriani Mysiae, 455.
Hadrianopolis Thraciae, 244.
Hadi-ianopolis (?) Bitliyniae, 440.
Hadrianopolis Phrygiae, 564.
Hadrianothera Mysiae, 455.
Hadrumetimi Byzacenes, 736.
Haliartus Boeotiae, 293.
Haliearnassus Cariae, 526.
Halonesus Insula Thessaliae,
264.
Halus Thessaliae, 251.
Hamaxitus Troadis, 472.
Harpasa Cariae, 527.
Hatria Piceni, 20.
Helice Achaeae, 349.
Heliopolis Coelesyriae, 663.
Heliopolites Nomus Aegypti,
723-
Hephaestia Lemni, 226.
Heptacom Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Heraea Arcadiae, 352, 375,
Heracleia Lucaniae, 57.
Heracleia Minoa Siciliae, 124.
Heracleia Sintica Macedoniae,
212.
Heracleia Trachinia Thessaliae,
251- ,
Heracleia Insula Illyriae, 268.
Heracleia Bithyniae, 441.
Heracleia loniae, 500.
Heracleia Salbace Cariae, 527.
Heracleia ad Sipylum Lydiae,
549-
Heracleopolites Nomus Aegypti,
723-
Herbessus Siciliae, 125.
Herdonia (?) Apuliae, 39.
Hermione Argolidis, 352, 370.
Hermocapelia Lydiae, 550.
Hermonthites Nomus Aegypti,
722.
Hermopolites Nomus Aegypti,
723-
Hierapolis Phi-ygiae, 564.
Hierapytna Cretae, 396.
Hierocaesareia Lydiae, 550.
Hierocharax Phrygiae, 565.
Hieropolis Phrygiae, 565.
Hieropolis Castabala Ciliciae,
603.
Hieropolis C3Trhestieae, 654.
Himera Siciliae, 125.
Hipana Siciliae, 129.
Hippo Diarrhytus Zeugitaniae,
742.
Hippo Regius Numidiae, 745.
Hipponium Bruttii, 85.
Hippus V. Antiochia ad Hippum,
664.
HisPANiA, 5 sqq.
Histiaea Euboeae, 308.
Holmi Ciliciae, 603.
HoMERiTAE, 687.
Homolium Thessaliae, 252.
Hybla Magna Siciliae, 129.
Hyde Lycaoniae, 595.
Hydrela Cariae, 527.
Hyllarima Cariae, 527.
Hypaepa Lydiae, 550.
Hypana Elidis, 352.
Hypata Thessaliae, 252.
Hyporon Bruttii, 89.
Hypselites Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Hyrcanis Lydiae, 550.
Hyrgalea Phrygiae, 565.
Hyria Calabriae, 43.
Hyria Campaniae, 32.
Hyrium Apuliae, 39.
Hyrtacina Cretae, 397.
I.
laeta Siciliae, 129.
lalysus Ehodi, 538.
lasus Cariae, 528.
Icaria, 515.
Ichnae Macedoniae, 177.
Iconium Lycaoniae, 595.
Icus Insula Thessaliae, 264.
Idalium Cypri, 622.
Idyma Cariae, 5 28.
Iguvium TJmbriae, 18.
Ilistra Lycaoniae, 596.
Ilium Troadis, 472.
Illtria, 265.
Imbros, 225.
India, 701.
lol Mauretaniae, 748.
lolla Mysiae, 455.
Ionia, 4S9, 512.
Ionia, Islands of, 513.
lonopolis V. Aboniteichos, 432.
Joppa Samariae, 678.
los, 414.
lotape Ciliciae, 603.
Ipsus Phrygiae, 565.
Irenopolis Ciliciae, 603.
Isaura Ciliciae, 603.
IsAURiA, 597.
Isinda Pisidiae, 590.
Issa Insula Illyriae, 268.
Issus Ciliciae, 604.
Istrus Moesiae Inferioris, 234.
Italia, 10 sqq.
Itanus Cretae, 397.
Ithaca, 359.
Judaea, 679.
Julia Phrygiae, 565.
Juliopolis Bithyiiiae, 443.
lulis Cei, 412.
GEOGRAPHICAL.
ii.
Lacanatis Ciliciae, 604.
Lacedaemon Laconiae, 352, 363.
Laconia, 363.
Laerte Ciliciae, 604.
Lalassis Ciliciae, 604, 609.
Lamia Tliessaliae, 252.
Lamponeia Troadis, 473.
Lampsacus Mysiae, 456.
Lamiis Ciliciae, 605.
Laodiceia Ponti, 426.
Laodiceia ad Lycum Phrygiae,
566. _
Laodiceia Lycaoniae, 596.
Laodiceia ad Mare Syriae, 660.
Laodiceia ad Libanum Coele-
syriae, 663.
Lapethus Cypri, 622.
Lappa Cretae, 399.
Laranda Lycaoniae, 596.
Larinum Frentanoruin, 25.
Larissa Thessaliae, 253.
Larissa Cremaste Thessaliae,
255-
Larissa Troadis, 473.
Larissa Phriconis Aeolidis, 480.
Larissa loniae, 500.
Larissa Syriae, 660.
Las Lacouiae, 365.
Lasaea v. Alassa Cretae, 386.
Latiuii, 20.
Latopolites Nomus Aegypti, 722.
Latus Cretae, 399.
Laiis Lucaniae, 60.
Lebadeia Boeotiae, 293.
Lebedus loniae, 500.
Lemnos, 226.
Leontini Siciliae, 129, 341.
Leontopolites Nomus Aegypti,
723-
Lepsimandus Cariae, 528.
Leptis Magna Syi-ticae, 735.
Leptis Minor Byzacenes, 736.
Lesbos, 483.
Lete Macedoniae, 1 76.
Letopolites Nomus Aegypti,
724.
Leucas Acarnaniae, 279, 282 sq.,
341-
Leucas Coelesyiiae, 663.
Leuce loniae, 500.
Libya Nomus Aegypti, 724.
Libya, 735. _ _
Lilaea Phocidis, 290.
Lilybaeum Siciliae, 131.
Limyra Lyciae, 577-
Lipara, 167.
Lissus Cretae, 399.
Lix Mauretaniae, 748.
Locri Epizepbyrii Brutt., 86,
341-
Locri Epicnemidii, 285.
Locri Opuntii, 285.
Locri Ozolae, 286.
LoCRlS, 285.
Longane Siciliae, 132,
Ldcania, 57.
Luceria Apuliae, 39.
Lugdunum Galliae, 9.
Lusi Arcadiae, 352.
Lycaonia, 595.
Lycia, 571.
Lycopolites Nomus Aegypti,
723,
Lydda v. Diospolis Samariae,
678.
Lydia, 544.
Lyndus Rliodi, 538.
Lyrbe Ciliciae, 605.
Lysias Phrygiae, 566.
Lysimachia Chersonesi Thra-
ciae, 224.
Lysinia Pisidiae, 591.
Lystra Lycaoniae, 596.
Lyttus Cretae, 399.
M.
Macae (?) Libyae, 735.
Macaraea (?) Syrticae, 735.
Macedonia, 169 sqq., 208 sqq.
Macomada Numidiae, 745.
Madytus Chersonesi Tbi-aciae,
224.
Maeonia Lydiae, 550.
Magnetos Thessaliae, 255.
Magnesia loniae, 501.
Magnesia ad Sipyluni Lydiae,
551-
Magydus Pamphyliae, 584.
Mallus Ciliciae, 605.
Mamertini Siciliae, 136.
Mantineia Arcadiae, 352, 376.
Marathus Phoenices, 669.
Marcianopolis Moesiae Infe-
rioris, 235.
Mareotes Nomus Aegypti, 724.
Marium Cypri, 623.
Maroneia Thraciae, 215.
Masicytus Lyciae, 577.
Massilia Galliae, 7.
Mastaura Lydiae, 551.
Matalia (?) Cretae, 400.
Mateola Apuliae, 40.
Mauketania, 746.
Medeon Acarnaniae, 280.
Megalopolis Arcadiae, 352, 372,
376.
Megara Siciliae, 132.
Megara Megaridis, 329, 351.
Megaris, 329.
Megarsus Ciliciae, 608.
Megiste, 537.
Meliboea Thessaliae, 256.
Melita, 743.
Melitaea Thessaliae, 256,
Melos, 414.
Memphites Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Menaenum or Menae Siciliae,
132.
Mende Macedoniae, 186.
Mendesius Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Menelaites Nomus Aegypti, 724.
Mesembria Thraciae, 237.
3c 3
Mesma or Medma Eruttii, 89,
341-
Mesopotamia, 688.
Messana Siciliae, 133.
Messene Messeniae, 352, 361.
Messenia, 361.
Metapontum Lucaniae, 62.
Metelites Nomus Aegypti, 724.
Methana Argolidis, 370.
Methone Macedoniae, 192.
Methydrium Arcadiae, 352, 377.
Methyckium Tliessaliae, 256.
Methymna Lesbi, 4S6.
Metropolis Acarnaniae, 2S0, 341 .
Metropolis Thessaliae, 256.
Metropolis loniae, 502.
Metropolis Phrygiae, 566.
Midaeum Phrygiae, 567,
Mideia Argolidis, 370.
Miletopolis Mysiae, 458.
Miletus loniae, 502.
Minasa Pisidiae, 590.
Minoa Amorgi, 410.
Mol .... Lucaniae (?), 69.
Molossi Epiri, 271.
Mopsium Thessaliae, 257.
Mopsus Ciliciae, 608.
Morgantina Siciliae, 137.
Mosteni Lydiae, 551.
Mothone Messeniae, 363.
Motya Siciliae, 138.
Mycalessus Boeotiae, 293.
Myconos, 415.
Mylasa Cariae, 528.
Myndus Cariae, 529.
Myra Lyciae, 577.
Myriandrus Syi-iae, 660.
Myrina Lenini, 226.
Myrina Aeolidis, 480.
Myrleia v. Apameia Bithyniae,
437-
Mysia, 446.
Mystia Bruttii, 89.
Mytilene Lesbi, 487.
Mytistratus Siciliae, 138.
My us loniae, 505.
]sr.
Nacolea Phrygiae, 567.
Nacona Siciliae, 139.
Nacrasa Lydiae, 551.
Nagidus Ciliciae, 608.
Nape Lesbi, 4S8.
Naucratis Aegypti, 718.
Naucratites Nomus Aegypti,
724.
Naulochus loniae, 505.
Naxos insula, 416.
Naxus Siciliae, 139.
Naxus Cretae, 400, v. Corn-
genda.
Nea Troadis, 473.
Neandria Troadis, 473.
Neapolis Campaniae, 32.
Neapolis Apuliae, 40.
Neapolis Siciliae, 140.
Neapolis Macedoniae, 175.
756
INDEX 1.
Neapolis loniae, 506.
Neapolis ad Cadmum Cariae,
529-
Neapolis Samariae, 678.
Nemausus Galliae, 9.
Neocaesareia Ponti, 426.
Neoclaudiopolis Paphlagoniae,
433-
Neon Phocidis, 290.
Neonteichos Aeolidis, 481.
Nesos Insula Lesbi, 48S.
Nesytes Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Nicaea Eithyniae, 443.
Nicephorium Mesopotamiae,689.
Nicoinedia Eithyniae, 443.
Nicopolis ad Istrum Moesiae
Inferioris, 235.
Nicopolis ad Nesturn Thraciae,
?^- .
Nicopolis Epiri, 272.
Nicopolis Syriae, 660.
Nicopolis-Emmatis Judaeae,68i.
Niniva - Claudiopolis Assyi-iae,
690.
Nisibis Mesopotamiae, 689.
Nisyros, 537.
Nola Campaniae, 34.
Nomes of Egypt, 722.
Nuceria Alfaterna Campaniae,
34- .
Nuceria Eruttii, 89.
NuMiDiA, 744.
Nymphaeum Chersonesi Thrac,
238.
Nysa Lydiae, 551.
Nysa-Scytliopolis Samariae, 678.
Ococlea Phrygiae, 567.
Odessus Thraciae, 235.
Odomanti (?) Macedoniae, 180.
Odrysus Thraciae, 233.
Oea Syrticae, 735.
Oeantheia Locridis, 286.
Oeniadae Acarnaniae, 280.
Oenoe Icariae, 515.
Oetaei Thessaliae, 257.
Olba Ciliciae, 609.
Olbasa Pisidiae, 591.
Olbia Sarmatiae, 233,
Olbia Eithyniae, 444.
Olbia (?) Pamphyliae, 584.
Olus Cretae, 400.
Olympus Lyciae, 578.
Olynthus Macedoniae, 184.
Ombites Nomus Aegypti, 722.
Onuphites Nomus Aegypti, 724.
Ophrynium Troadis, 474.
Opus Locridis, 285.
Orchomenus Boeotiae, 293.
Orchomenus Arcadiae, 377,
Oresteium (?) Lydiae, 552.
Oricus Illyriae, 266.
Oropus Atticae, 328.
Orra v. Hyria C'alabriae.
Orrescii Macedoniae, 174.
Orthagoreia Macedoniae, 181.
Orthe Thessaliae, 257.
Orthosia Cariae, 530.
Orthosia Phoenices, 670.
Otrus Phrygiae, 567.
Oxyrynchites Nomus Aegypti,
723-
Paeonia, 207.
Paestum Lucaniae, 68.
Pagae Megaridis, 330, 351.
Pal .... Lucaniae (?), 69.
Palaeopolis Pisidiae, 591.
Palaerus Acarnaniae, 281, 341.
Pale Cephalleniae, 358.
Pallantium Arcadiae, 352, 378.
Palmyra Palmyrenes, 656.
Palmyrene, 656,
Paltus Syriae, 661.
Pamphtlia, 581.
Pandosia Eruttii, 89.
Pandosia Epiri, 272.
Panemoteichos Pisidiae, 591.
Panopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Panormus Siciliae, 141.
Panticapaeum Chersonesi Tauri-
cae, 238.
Paphlagonia, 431.
Paphus Cypri, 623.
Pappa-Tiberia Pisidiae, 591.
P.arium Mysiae, 458.
Parlais Lycaoniae, 596.
Paropus Siciliae, 143.
Paroreia (?) Arcadiae, 3 78.
Pares, 417.
Parthia, 691.
Patara Lyciae, 574, 578.
Patrae Achaeae, 349, 351.
Pautalia Thraciae, 244.
Pednelissus Pisidiae, 591.
Peiraeeus Ponti v. Amisus, 424.
Peirasia Thessaliae, 258.
Pelagia Illyriae, 269.
Pelinna Thessaliae, 258.
Pella Macedoniae, 212.
Pella Decapoleos, 665.
Pellene Achaeae, 350, 351.
Peloponnesus, 342.
Peltae Phrygiae, 567.
Pelusium Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Pemptites Nomus Aegypti, 724.
Peparethus Insula Thessaliae,
265.
Perga Pamphyliae, 584.
Pergamum Mysiae, 459.
Perinthus Thraciae, 232.
Peripolium Eruttii, 91.
Perperene Mysiae, 464.
Perrhaebi Thessaliae, 258.
Persia, 698.
Persis, 696.
Pessinus Galatiae, 630.
Petelia Eruttii, 91.
Petra Siciliae, 143.
Petra Arabiae, 687.
Peumata Thessaliae, 258.
Phacium Thessaliae, 259.
Phaestus Cretae, 400.
Phalanna Thessaliae, 259.
Phalasarna Cretae, 402.
Phaloria Thessaliae, 259.
Phanagoria Eospori, 422.
Pharae Eoeotiae, 294.
Pharbaetites Nomus Aegypti,
723-
Pharcadon Thessaliae, 259.
Pharnacia Ponti, 426.
Pharos Insula Illyriae, 268.
Pharsalus Thessaliae, 259.
Phaselis Lyciae, 5 78.
Phellus Lyciae, 580.
Pheneus Arcadiae, 352, 378.
Pherae Thessaliae, 260.
Phigaleia Arcadiae, 352, 379.
Phila Macedoniae, 212,
Philadelphia Lydiae, 552.
Philadelphia Ciliciae, 610.
Philadelphia Decapoleos, 665.
Philippi Macedoniae, 192.
Philippopolis Thraciae, 245.
Philipj^opolis Thessaliae, 250.
Philippopolis Arabiae, 687.
Philomelium Phrygiae, 568.
Phistelia Campaniae, 35.
Phliasia, 344.
Phlius Pliliasiae, 344, 351.
Phocaea loniae, 506.
Phocis, 287.
Phoenice Epiri, 272.
Phoenicia, 665.
Pholegandros, 418.
Phrygia, 556.
Phtheneutes Nomus Aegypti,
724.
Phthiotis v. Achaei Phthioti-
dis, 248.
Phygela loniae, 508.
Phytaeum (?) Thraciae, 217.
Phytia Acarnaniae, 281, 341.
Piacus Siciliae, 143.
PiCENUM, 19.
Pimolisa Ponti, 426.
Pinara Lyciae, 580.
Pionia Mysiae, 464.
Pisa Elidis, 357.
PiSIDIA, 588.
Pisilis (?) Lyciae, 574.
Pitanatae v. Peripolium Eruttii,
.91-
Pitane Mysiae, 464.
Placia Mysiae, 465.
Plarasa Cariae, 530.
Plataea Boeotiae, 294.
Plotinopolis Thraciae, 245.
Podalia Lyciae, 5S0.
Poeessa Cci, 412.
Poemaninum Mysiae, 465.
Pogla Pisidiae, 591.
Polyrhenium Cretae, 402.
Pompeiopolis Paphlagoniae, 433.
Pompeiopolis v. Soli Ciliciae,
612.
PONTUS, 423.
Populonia Etruriae, 11-14.
Pordosilene Insula Lesbi, 48S.
GEOGBAPHICAL.
7^7
Poseidion Carpathi, 534.
Poseidonia Lucaniae, 67.
Potidaea Macedoniae, 188.
Praeneste Latii, 2 1 .
Praesus Cretae, 403.
Priansus Cretae, 404.
Priapus Mysiae, 465.
Priene loniae, 508.
Proconnesns Mysiae, 465.
Proerua Thessaliae, 262.
Proni Cephalleniae, 358.
Prosopites Nomus A.egypti, 723.
Prostanna Pisidiae, 591.
Prusa ad Olympum Bithyniae,
444.
Prusias ad Mare v. Cius Bithy-
niae, 439.
Prusias ad Hypium Bithyniae,
444.
Prymnessus Phrygiae, 568.
Psophis Arcadiae, 379.
Ptolemais (?) Pamphyliae, 5S5.
Ptolemais v. AceGalilaeae, 676.
Pydna Macedoniae, 192.
Pylus Messeniae, 363.
Pyranthus Cretae, 405.
Pyrrha Lesbi, 48S.
Pyxus Lucaniae, 69.
E.
Rabbath-Moba Arabiae, 687.
Kaphanaea Syriae, 661.
Kaphia Judaeae, 681.
ivhaucus Cretae, 405.
Khegium Bruttii, 91, 341.
Khesaena Mesopotamiae, 689.
Khithymna Cretae, 405.
Khizon Illyriae, 267.
Phoda Hispaniae, 2.
Rhodiapolis Lyciae, 580.
Khodus, 538 sqq.
Phoeteium Troadis, 474.
Rhosus Syriae, 66 1.
Koma Latii, 15.
Rubi Apuliae, 40.
Kusadir Mauretaniae, 748.
S.
Sabaei v. Homeritae, 6S7.
Sabrata Syrticae, 736.
Saettae Lydiae, 552.
Sagalassus Pisidiae, 591.
Saites Nomus Aegypti, 724.
Sala Phrygiae, 568.
Sala Mauretaniae, 748.
Salamis Atticae, 328.
Salamis Cypri, 624.
Salapia Apuliae, 40.
Salviana Numidiae, 745.
Samaria, 678.
Same Cephalleniae, 359.
Samnium, 24.
Samos, 515.
Samosata Commagenes, 653.
Samothrace, 226.
Sarai Numidiae, 745.
Sarbanissa Ponti, 427.
Sardes Lydiae, 553.
Sardinia, 168.
Samoa Illyriae, 269.
Savatra Lycaoniae, 596.
Scamandria Troadis, 474.
Scapsa V. Capsa Macedoniae,
187. _
Scarpheia Locridis, 286,
Scepsis Troadis, 474.
Sciathus Insula Thessaliae, 265.
Scione Macedoniae, 186.
Scodra Illyriae, 267.
Scotussa Macedoniae, 212.
Scotussa Thessaliae, 262.
Scythopolis v. Nysa Samariae,
678.
Sebaste Ciliciae, 610.
Sebaste Paphlagoniae, 434.
Sebaste Phrygiae, 568.
Sebaste Samariae, 678.
Sebastopolis Ponti, 427.
Sebastopolis Cariae, 530.
Sebennytes Superior Nomus
Aegypti, 724.
Sebennytes Inferior Nomus
Aegypti,_724.
Segesta Siciliae, 144.
Seleucia Pisidiae, 592.
Seleucia ad Pyramum Ciliciae
V. Mopsus, 608.
Seleucia ad Calycadnum Ciliciae,
610.
Seleucia Syriae, 661.
Seleucia ad Tigrim Mesopota-
miae, 689.
Seleucis et Pieeia, 656,
Selge Pisidiae, 592.
Selinus Siciliae, 146.
Selinus Ciliciae, 610.
Selymbria Thraciae, 232.
Semes Mauretaniae, 748.
Sepphoris v. Diocaesareia Gali-
laeae, 677.
Ser . . . Bruttii, 98.
Serdica Thraciae, 245.
Seriphos, 418.
Sermyle Macedoniae, 184.
Sesamiis Paphlagoniae, 434.
Sestus Chersonesi Thraciae, 225.
Sethroites Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Sibidunda Phrygiae, 568.
Siblia Phrygiae, 568.
SiCILIA, 99.
Sicinos, 418.
Sicyon Sicyoniae, 345, 351.
SiCYONIA, 345.
Side Pamphyliae, 585.
Sidon Phoenices, 670.
Siga Mauretaniae, 748.
Sigeium Troadis, 475.,
Signia Latii, 24.
Silandus Lydiae, 553.
Silarus (?) Lucaniae, 67.
Silerae Siciliae, 149.
Sillyum Pamphyliae, 587.
Sinde Bospori, 423.
Singara Mesopotamiae, 690.
Sinope Paphlagoniae, 434.
Siphnos, 419.
Siris Lucaniae, 69.
Smyrna loniae, 508.
Soli Ciliciae, 610.
Soli (?) Cypri, 626.
Solus Siciliae, 149.
Stectorium Phrygiae, 569.
Stiela Siciliae, 150.
Stobi Macedoniae, 212.
Stratoniceia ad Caicum Mysiae,
466. _ ^
Stratoniceia Cariae, 530.
Stratus Acarnaniae, 281 sq.
Sturnium (?) Calabriae, 43.
Stymphalus Arcadiae, 352, 379.
Suessa Aurunca Campaniae, 35.
Suthul Numidiae, 745.
Syangela (?) Cariae, 542.
Sybaris Lucaniae, 70.
Sybrita Cretae, 406.
Syedra Ciliciae, 612.
Syme (?) Insula Cariae, 542.
Synaus Phrygiae, 569.
Synnada Phrj'giae, 569.
Syracuse Siciliae, 150, 341.
Syria, 637.
Syros, 419.
Syetica, 735.
T.
Taba Cariae, 531.
Tabala Lydiae, 554.
Tabraca Numidiae, 746.
Tagura Numidiae, 746.
Tamusida or Tamusia Maure-
taniae, 748.
Tanagra Boeotiae, 295.
Tanites Nomus Aegypti, 723.
Tanus Cretae, 406.
Tarentum Calabriae, 43.
Tarsus Ciliciae, 612.
Taulara Ponti, 427.
Tauromenium Siciliae, 165.
Tavium Galatiae, 630.
Teanum Sidicinum Campaniae,
35-
Teate Apuliae, 41.
Tectosages Galatiae v. Ancyi'a,
629.
Tegea Ajcadiae, 352, 380.
Telamon Etruriae, 14.
Telesia Samnii, 25.
Telmessus (?) Cariae, 532.
Telmessus Lyciae, 580.
Telos Insula Cariae, 543.
Temenothyrae Phrygiae, 569.
Temesa Bruttii, 96.
Temnus Aeolidis, 481.
Tenedos, 485.
Tenestini Illyriae, 269.
Tenos, 420.
Tentyrites Nomus Aegypti, 722,
Teos loniae, 510.
Terina Bruttii, 96, 341.
Termera Cariae, 532.
Termessus Pisidiae, 593.
Terone Macedoniae, 183.
Teuchira Cyrenaicae, 735.
758
INDEX I.
Teuthis Arcadiae, 352.
Teuthrania Mysiae, 466.
Tliaena Byzacenes, 736.
Thalassa v. Alassa Cretae, 386.
Thapsus Byzacenes, 'J^fi.
Thasos, 227.
Thebae Plithiotidis Tliessaliae,
263.
Thebae Boeotiae, 295.
Thebe Hypoplaeia Mysiae, 466.
Theisoa Arcadiae, 352.
Tbelpusa Arcadiae, 352, 38 1.
Themisonium Phrj'giae, 569.
Thera(?) Siciliae, 167.
Thera, 421.
Tlienna (?) Macedoniae, 180.
Thermae Hiinerenses Siciliae,
128.
Thespiae Boeotiae, 299.
Thessali, 263.
Thessalia, 246.
Thessalonica Macedoniae, 212.
Thinites Nomus Aegypti, 722.
Thracia, 213.
Thronium Locridis, 286.
Thuria Messeniae, 363.
Thurium Lucaniae, 71.
Thyatira Lydiae, 554.
Thyessus Lydiae, 554.
Thymbra Troadis, 475-
Thyrrheium Acaruaniae, 282,
341-
Thysdrus Byzacenes, 737.
Tiberias Galilaeae, 677.
Tiberiopolis Phrygiae, 570.
Tibur Latii, 21.
Timaea (?) Bithyniae, 444.
Timbrias Pisidiae, 594.
Timici Mauretaniae, 748.
Timolaeum Paphlagoniae, 435.
Tingis Mauretaniae, 748.
Tipasa Numidiae, 745-
Tiryns Argolidis, 370.
Tisna Aeolidis, 48 2.
Titiopolis Ciliciae, 618.
Tityassus Pisidiae, 594.
Tium Bithyniae, 444.
Ties (?) Lyciae, 574.
Tlos Lyciae, 580.
Tmolus Lydiae, 554.
Tolistobogii (Pessinus) Galatiae,
630.
Tomara Lydiae, 554.
Tomi Moesiae Inferioris, 235.
Topirus Thraciae, 245.
Trabala Lyciae, 580.
Trachonitis, 663.
Tragilus Macedoniae, 191.
Trajanopolis Thraciae, 245.
Trajanopolis Phrygiae v. Gri-
menothyrae, 564.
Tralles Lydiae, 554.
Trapezopolis Cariae, 532.
Trapezus Ponti, 427.
Trebenna Lyciae, 580.
Tricca Thessaliae, 263.
Trierus (?) Thraciae, 221.
Tripolis Phrygiae, 570.
Tripolis Phoenices, 673.
Troas, 467.
Trocmi Galatiae (Tavium), 631.
Troezen Argolidis, 371.
Tucca Numidiae, 746.
Tuder Umbriae, 18.
Tuniza Numidiae, 746.
Tyana Cappadociae, 634.
Tylissus Creta,e, 406.
Tymena Lyciae, 58 1.
Tyndaris Siciliae, 166.
Tynteni Macedoniae, 178.
Tyra Sarmatiae, 234.
Tyrus Phoenices, 674.
V.
Velia Lucaniae, 73-
Venusia Apuliae, 41.
Verbis Pisidiae, 594.
Vestini, 20.
Vetulonia Etruriae, 13 sq.
Vibo Valentia Bruttii, 85.
Vienna Galliae, 9.
Viminacium Moesiae Superioris,
^34-.
Vipsania Phrygiae v. Amorium,
557-
Umbria, 17.
Volaterrae Etruriae, 13 sq.
Volci Etruriae, 10, 14.
Volsiuii Etruriae, 14.
Uranopolis Macedoniae, 183.
Ursentum Lucaniae, 75.
Utica Zeugitaniae, 742.
Uxentum C'alabriae, 56.
X.
Xanthus Lyciae, 581.
Xoites Nomus Aegypti, 724.
Zacynthus, 359.
Zaeelii Macedoniae, 175.
Zancle Siciliae, 133.
Zautha Mesopotaniiae, 690.
Zela Ponti, 427.
Zeleia Troadis, 475.
Zephyrium Ciliciae, 618.
Zeugitana, 737.
Zeugma Commagenes, 654.
Zilis Mauretaniae, 748.
INDEX 11.
KINGS AND DYNASTS.
A.
Abdagases of India, 710.
Abdeinon(?), Persian satrap, 434.
Abd-Hadad, Hieropolis Cyr-
rhesticae, 654.
Abdissares of Armenia, 635.
Abinerglus of Characene, 697.
Abyatha of Arabia, 6S8.
Aces of Bosporus, 430.
Achaeus of Syria, 641.
m!< or m!< of Amisus, 424.
Adaeus of Macedon (?\ 206.
Adramelek of Byblus, 668.
Aeropus = Archelaus II of
Macedon, 194.
Agathocleia of Bactria, 707.
Agathocles of Bactria, 703.
Agatbocles of Sicily, 158.
Agrippa I —
l^Caesareia Paneas), 663.
(Tiberias Galilaeae), 677.
(Caesareia Samariae), 678.
Agrippa II, 683 —
(Caesareia Paneas), 664.
Ajax, Olba Ciliciae, 609.
Aieb, Ethiopia, 725.
Ainel of Byblus, 668.
Aizana, Ethiopia, 725.
Aleuas of Thessaly, 255.
Alexander of Epirus, 272.
Alexander of Pherae, 261.
Alexander I of Macedon, 193.
Alexander II of Macedon, 195.
Alexander III (the Great), 197.
(Persia), 701.
(Bactria), 702.
Alexander IV of Macedon, 200.
Alexander V of Macedon, 201.
Alexander I of Syria, 643.
Alexander II of Syria, 646.
Alexander Bala —
(Laodiceia ad Mare), 659.
(Seleucia), 661.
(Sidon), 672.
•(Tyre), 675.
(Ace-Ptolemais), 677.
Alexander II (?), of Judaea, 682.
Alexander Jannaeus, 682,
Alexandra, Judaea, 682.
Amadocus I of Thrace, 240.
Amastris, 432.
Amyntas II (?) of Macedon, 194.
AmyntasIII(?) of Macedon, 195.
Amyntas of Galatia, 629.
(Side), 587. _
Amyntas of Bactria, 708.
Andragoras of Parthia, 691.
Anisades of Armenia, 635.
Antialcidas of Bactria, 706.
Antigonus ' King of Asia,' 201.
Antigoniis Gonatas of Macedon,
203.
Antigonus Doson of Macedon,
203.
Antigonus Doson (?), (Lacedae-
mon), 364.
Antigonus (Mattathias), Ju-
daea, 6S2.
Antimachus I of Bactria, 704.
Antimachus II of Bactria, 708.
Antiochus I of Commagene, 652.
Antiochus IV of Commagene,
652.
(Anemurium), 599.
(Antiochia ad Sarum), 599.
(Celenderis), 601.
(Lacanatis), 604.
(Sebaste Cil.), 610.
Antiochus I of Syria, 638.
Antiochus II of Sya-ia, 639.
(Bactria), 702.
Antiochus Hierax, 639.
Antiochus Seleuci III filius,
640.
Antiochus III (the Great) of
Syria, 640.
(Tyrus), 675.
Antiochus IV of Syria, 641.
(Athens), 320.
(Antiochia ad Cydnum),
599-
(Mopsus), 60S.
(Antiochia ad Orontem),
658.
(Apameia Syriae), 658.
(Laodiceia ad Mare), 659.
(Seleucia Syriae), 661.
(Sidon Phoenices), 672.
(Tripolis Phoenices), 674.
(Tyrus Phoenices), 675.
(Ace-Ptolemais Galilaeae),
677.
(Edessa Mesopotamiae),
689.
(Nisibis Mesopotamiae),
689.
Antiochus V of Syria, 642.
(Ace-Ptolemais Galilaeae),
677.
(Ascalon Judaeae), 679.
Antiochus VI of Syria, 644.
Antiochus VII of Syria, 645.
(Seleucia Syriae), 661.
(Tyrus Phoenices), 675.
Antiochus VIII of Syria, 646,
647.
(Laodiceia ad Mare), 660.
Antiochus IX of Syria, 647.
(Sidon Phoenices), 672.
(Ascalon Judaeae), 679.
Antiochus X of Syria, 648.
Antiochus XI of Syria, 648.
Antiochus XII of Syria, 649.
Aphilas, Ethiopia, 725.
Apodacus, Characene, 697.
Apollodotus of Bactria, 706.
ApoUonis (?), Cyzicus, 454.
ApoUophanes of Bactria, 708.
Archebius of Bactria, 706.
Archelaus I of Macedon, 194.
Archelaus of Cappadocia, 633.
Archelaus (?), Chalcidene, 655.
Aretas III of Nabathaea, 686.
Aretas IV of ISTabatbaea, 686.
Areus of Lacedaemon, 364.
Ariaramnes of Cappadocia, 631.
Ariarathes, satrap, 434.
Ariarathes I of Cappadocia, 632.
Ariarathes III-VI of Cappa-
docia, 632.
Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia,
632.
Ariarathes X of Cappadocia, 633.
Ariarathes of Armenia, 636.
Ariaus of Armenia, 635.
Ariobarzanes I-III of Cappa-
docia, 633 sq.
Aristarchus of Colchis, 423.
Aristobulus of Chalcis, Judaea,
684.
Aristocyprus (?), Cyprus, 626.
Aristophantus (?), Cyprus, 624,
Aristotimus, Elis, 356.
Arofuteiese (?), Lycia, 574.
Ai-saces I of Parthia, 692.
Arsaces of India, 710.
Arses of Persia, 698.
Arsinoe, wife of Lysimachus
(Ephesus), 496.
760
INDEX II.
Arsinoe, wife of Philadelphus
(Sidon), 672.
Arisinoe II of Egjpt, 713.
Arsinoe III of Egypt, 715.
Arsinoe IV of Egypt, 718.
Artabanus I of Partliia, 692.
Artabanus II of Parthia, 693.
Artabanus III of Parthia, 694.
Artabanus IV of Parthia, 695.
Artabanus V of Parthia, 696.
Artavasdes of Parthia, 696.
Artavazdes I and II of Armenia,
636.
Artaxerxes I-III of Persia, 698.
Artaxias of Armenia, 636.
Artemidorus of Bactria, 70S.
Artoampara (?) Lycia, 574.
Asander of Bosporus, 429.
Athenodorus = Vaballathus
(Alexandria), 71S.
Attains I-III of Pergamum,
460.
Attambelus of Characene, 697.
Audoleon of Paeonia, 207.
Azbaal (Citium Cypri), 621.
Azbaal (Byblus Phoeniees), 668.
Azes of India, 710.
Azilises of India, 710.
Baalmelek (Citium Cypri), 621.
Baalram (Citium Cypri), 621.
BaanaorBanaias(?), Tarsus, 61 2,
Bachasa, Ethiopia, 725.
Ballaeus of Illyria, 267.
Bastareus, Macedon (?), 179.
Bazodeo, India, 710.
Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Euer-
getes (Ephesus), 496.
Berenice I of Egypt, 712.
Berenice II of Egypt, 714.
(Marathus), 670.
Bergaeus, Thrace, 241.
Bocchus III of Mauretania, 746.
Bogud II of Mauretania, 746,
Brogitarus of Galatia, 62S.
C.
Callinicus of Commagene, 653.
(Lacanatis), 604.
Calliope, Bactria, 709.
Cambyses (?) of Persia, 698.
Canites, Scythia, 245.
Cassander of Macedon, 201.
Cavarus of Thrace, 243.
Cersibaulus of Thrace, 242.
Cersobleptes of Tlirace, 241.
Cetriporis of Thrace, 241.
Charaspes, Characene (?), 697.
Cher6e (?) Lycia, 573, 574.
Chosroes of Parthia, 695.
Clearchus I (?), Tyrant of Hera-
cleia, 441.
Clearchus II (?), Tyrant of Hera-
cleia, 442.
Cleopatra of Syria, 643, 646.
with Antioehus VIII (Ace-
Ptolemais), 677.
Cleopatra VII (Philopator) of
Egypt, 717-
(Ascalon), 679.
Cleopatra (Selene) of Maureta-
nia, 747.
Coson, Thrace, 244.
Cotys I-IV of Thrace, 241-244.
Cotys I-III of the Cimmerian
Bosporus, 430.
Cunobelinus of Britain, 10.
Cyrus (?), Persia, 698.
D.
Dabel (Emisa), 659.
Darius I-III of Persia, 698.
Datames Satrap, 434.
Datames of Cappadocia, 631.
Daxus, Altinius, 37, 40.
Deiotarus I and III of Galatia,'
629.
Demetrius Poliorcetes of Mace-
don, 202.
Demetrius II of Macedon, 204.
Demetrius, Thrace, 243 ; see
Corrigenda.
Demetrius I r,f Syria, 642.
(Tyrus Phoeniees), 675.
(Sidon Phoeniees), 672.
(Ace-Ptolemais Galilaeae),
677.
(Gaza Judaeae), 680.
Demetrius II of Syria, 643, 645.
(Mallus Ciliciae), 607.
(Tyrus Phoeniees), 675.
Demetrius III of Syria, 649.
Demetrius of Bactria, 702.
Demonicus(?) Citium Cypri, 621.
Derronicus, Macedon, 180.
Diodotus of Bactria, 702.
Diomedes of Bactria, 706.
Dion of Syracuse (Zacynthus),
360.
Dionysius Tyrant of Heracleia,
441.
Dionysius of Bactria, 707.
Dixatelmeus, Thrace, 243.
Docimus, Thrace, iSo.
Dropion, Paeonia, 208.
Dynamis, Pontus and Bosporus,
429.
E.
Eleazar, Judaea, 684.
Elpaal, Byblus Phoeniees, 66S.
Eminacus (?) Thrace (?), 233,
240.
Enylus v. Ainel, Byblus Phoe-
niees, 668.
Epander of Bactria, 707.
Epiphanes of Commagene, 653.
(Lacanatis), 604.
Euagoras I, Salamis Cypri, 625.
Euagoras II, Salamis Cypri, 625.
I Euanthes, Salamis Cypri, 625.
Eubr .... Thrace ? 241 .
Eucratides of Bactria, 704.
Euelthon, Salamis Cypri, 625.
Eumenes I and II of Pergamum,
460.
Eumenes II of Pergamum
(Ephesus), 497.
Eunostus (?), Cyprus, 626.
Eunostus II, Cyprus, 627.
Eupator, Cimmerian Bosporus,
430-
Eupolemus, Macedon, 201.
Euthydemus I of Bactria, 702.
Euthydemus II of Bactria, 703.
P.
Flamininus T. Q. Macedon, 205.
G.
Gelon, Syracuse, 162.
Gemilath, wife of Zabel, Naba-
thaea, 686.
Genthius of Illyria, 267.
Gepaepyris, Cimmerian Bos-
porus, 430.
Getas, King of the Edoni, 179.
Gondophares of India, 710.
Goterzes of Parthia, 695.
Hecatomnus of Caria, 533.
(Miletus), 503.
Heliocles of Bactria, 705.
Herod the Great, Judaea, 683.
Herod Archelaus, Judaea, 6S3.
Herod Antipas, Judaea, 6S3.
(Tiberias Galilaeae), 677.
Herod Philip II, Judaea, 6S3.
Herod Agrippa I and II, Judaea,
683.
Herod, King of Chalcis, Judaea,
683.
Hermaeus of Bactria, 709.
Hicetas of Syracuse, 160.
Hidrieus of Caria, 533.
Hiempsal II (?) of Numidia,
744-
Hieron II of Syracuse, 161.
Hieronymus of Syracuse, 163.
Himerus of Parthia, 693.
Hippostratus of Bactria, 708.
Hooerkes of Bactria, 710.
Hulda, wife of Aretas IV, Na-
bathaea, 686.
Hygiaenon, Bosporus, 429.
Hyspaosines, Characene, 697.
lagoas (?) Cibyra Phrygiae, 560.
Ininthemeus, Cimmerian Bos-
porus, 430.
John Hyrcanus I, Judaea, 6S2.
(Nabathaea\ 6S5.
John Hyrcanus II, Judaea, 6S3.
lotape of Commagene, 653.
KINGS AND DYNASTS.
761
(Lacanatis), 604.
(Sebaste), 610.
Juba I of Numidia, 744.
Juba II of Mauretania, 747.
Judas Aristobulus, Judaea, 682.
K.
Kadaphes, Bactria, 710.
Kadpliises I and II, Bactria,
709, 710.
Kamnaskii-es, Characene (?), 697.
Kanerkes, Bactria, 710.
Lacharidas, Salamis Cypri, 625.
Lamia (?), Thessaly, 253.
Laodice, wife of Demetrius I of
Syria, 642.
Laodice, wife of Heliocles of
Bactria, 705.
Leucon, Cimmerian Bosporus,
430-
Lycceius of Paeonia, 207.
Lysanias I, Chalcidene, 655.
Lysias of Bactria, 706.
Lysimachus, Thrace, 242.
M.
Magas of Cyrene, 714, 731.
Malchus I, Nabathaea, 685.
Malchus III, Nabathaea, 686.
Mannus VII and VIII, Edessa,
689.
Maues of India, 710.
Mausolus of Caria, 533.
(Miletus), 503.
Mazaeus Satrap (^Tarsus), 615.
(Sidon?), 672.
Melekiathon (Citium Cy^jri),
621.
Menander of Bactria, 707.
Menelaas, Salamis Cypri, 626.
Methrapata (?), Lycia, 574.
Metocus, Tlirace, 240.
Mithradates III, Bosporus, 430.
Mithradates IV, Pontus, 427.
Mithradates V, Pontus, 428.
Mithradates VI, Pontus and
Bosporus, 428.
(Athens), 324.
Mithradates of Armenia, 636.
Mithradates I of Commagene,
652.
Mithradates I-III of Parthia,
693-
Mithradates IV, Parthia, 695.
Moagetes, Cibyra Phrygiae, 560.
Moagetes, Paphus Cypri, 623.
Melon, Syria, 640.
Monunius, Illyria, 267.
Morphilig, Armenia, 635.
Mosses, Macedon, 179.
Mostis, Thrace, 243.
Musa, Bithynia, 440.
Musa, Parthia, 694.
Nicarchus of Paeonia, 208.
Nicias of Cos, 537.
Nicias of Bactria, 708.
Nicocles, Paphus Cypri, 624.
Nicocles, Salamis Cypri, 625.
Nicocreon, Salamis Cypri, 626.
Nicodamus, Salamis Cypri, 625.
Nicomedes I-III of Bithynia,
444. 445-
Nysa, Cappadocia, 632.
Obodas I and II, Nabathaea,
686.
Ochsas, Ethiopia, 725.
Ogollis (?), Cibyra Phrygiae, 560.
Oisames, Armenia, 636.
Onasioecus, Cypri, 622.
Oradaltis, Bithynia, 440.
Orodes I and II, Parthia, 694.
Orontas, Satrap, 447, 455, 491,
613.
Orophernes, Cappadocia, 632.
Orsoaltius, Thrace, 242.
Othagnes, India, 710.
Osir .... (?) Cibyra Phrygiae,
560.
Othontopates of Caria, 533.
Oxathres, Tyrant of Heracleia,
442.
P.
Pacores, India, 710.
Pacorus I and II, Parthia, 694,
695.
Paerisades, Cimmerian Bosporus,
430.
Pantaleon of Bactria, 703.
Pasippus (?) Cypri, 623.
Patraus of Paeonia, 207.
Pausanias of Macedon, 194.
Perdiccas II of Macedon, 193.
Perdiccas III of Macedon, 195.
Perekle, Lycia, 574.
Perseus of Macedon, 206.
Phahaspes (?), Persis, 696.
Phanes Halicarnassus (?), 526.
Pharnabazus, Satrap, Cyzicus,
453-
(Lampsacus), 457.
(Tarsus), 614.
Pharnaces I, Pontus and Bos-
porus, 428.
Pharnaces II, Pontus and Bos-
porus, 429.
Pharzanges, Cimmerian Bos-
porus, 431.
Pharzoius, Scythia, 245.
Philetaerus of Pergamum, 460.
Philip II of Macedon, 195.
Philip III of Macedon, 200.
Philip IV of Macedon, 201.
Philip V of Macedon, 205.
Philip of Syria, 649.
Philistis, Syracuse, 162.
Philocyprus (?), Cyprus, 626.
Philopator of (Jilicia, 618.
Philoxenus of Bactria, 708.
Phintias of Agrigentum, 108.
Phraapates or Priapatius, Par-
thia, 692.
Phraataces, Parthia, 694.
Pliraates I-V, Parthia, 693, 694.
Pixodarus of Caria, 533.
Plato of Bactria, 705 .
Pnytagoras, Salamis Cypri, 626.
Pnytus (?) Paphus Cypri, 623.
Polemo I, Pontus and Bosporus,
429.
Polemo II, Pontus, 430.
(Sarbanissa Ponti), 427.
(Lalassis Cil.), 604.
Polemo I, Olba, 609.
Polemo II, Olba, 610.
Praxippus, Cyprus, 622.
Priapatius or Phraapates, Par-
thia, 692.
Prusias I, Bithynia, 445.
Prusias II, Bithynia, 445.
Ptolemy I, Soter, 711.
(Paphus Cypri), 624.
Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, 712.
(Sidon), 672.
(Tyrus), 675.
(Ace-Ptolemais), 677.
(Joppa), 678.
(Gaza), 680,
Ptolemy III, Euergetes, 714.
(Sidon), 672.
(Tyrus), 675.
(Joppa), 678.
(Gaza), 680.
Ptolemy IV, Philopator, 715.
(Sidon), 672.
(Tyrus), 675.
(Ace-Ptolemais), 677.
Ptolemy V, Epiphanes, 715.
(Marathus), 670.
(Tripolis), 674.
Ptolemy VI, Philometor, 716.
Ptolemy VII, Eupator, 716.
Ptolemy VIII, Euergetes II,
Physcon, 717.
Ptolemy IX, Philopator II, Neos,
717.
Ptolemy X, Soter II, Lathyrus,
717.
Ptolemy Apion, 717.
Ptolemy XI, Alexander I, 717.
Ptolemy XII, Alexander II, 717.
Ptolemy XIII, Neos Dionysos,
Auletes, 717.
(Ascalon), 679.
Ptolemy, King of Cyprus, 717.
Ptolemy XV, 718.
Ptolemy XVI, Caesar, 718.
Ptolemy Mennaei, f. Chalcidene,
655-
Ptolemy Jubae II, f. Maure-
tania, 747-
Pumiathon, Citium Cypri, 622.
Pylaemenes, Paphlagonia, 436.
^62
INDEX 11.
Pyrrhus of Epirus, 273.
(Macedon), 202.
PythagoreSj Ionia, 512.
Pythodoris, Poiitus, 429.
B.
Kanjabala, India, 710.
Ehadamsades, Cimmerian Bos-
porus, 431.
Rhaescuporis, Thrace, 244.
Khaescuporis I-VII, Cimmerian
Bosporus, 430.
Ehoemetalces, Thrace, 244.
Khoemetalces, Cimmerian Bos-
porus, 430.
S.
Sadales, Thrace, 243.
Salas (?), Cjf^rus, 627.
Salome, Judaea, 684.
Sames, Armenia, 636.
Sanabares, Parthia, 695.
Sanabares, India, 695, 710.
Saratocus, Thrace, 241.
Sarias, Scythia, 245.
Sassanidae, 696.
Satyrus (?), Tyrant of Ileracleia,
441.
Saumacus, Scythia, 245.
Sauromates II- V, Cimmerian
Bosporus, 430.
Scilurus, Scythia, 245.
Scostoces, Thrace, 241.
Scostoces II, Thrace, 242.
Seleucus I of Syria, 637.
Seleucus II of Syria, 639.
Seleucus III of Syria, 640.
Seleucus IV of Syria, 641.
Seleucus V of Syria, 646.
Seleucus VI of Syria, 648.
Seqailat, wife of Aretas IV,
ISTabathaea, 686.
Seqilath, wife of Malchus III,
Nabathaea, 686.
Seqilath, wife of Zabel, Na-
bathaea, 686.
Seuthes I, Thrace, 240.
Seuthes III, Thrace, 241.
Sidqimelek,Lapethus Cypri, 622.
Simon Maccabaeus, 68 1.
Simon Nasi, 6S4.
Simon Barcochab, 685.
Simus, Tetrarch of Thessaly,
253, 255.
Sinatroces, Parthia, 693.
Sophy tes, Bactria, 702.
Spalahores, India, 710.
Spalirises, India, 710.
Spalyris, India, 710.
Sparadocus, Thrace, 239.
Spartocus, Cimmerian Bosporus,
430.
Spithridates, Satrap, Ionia, 512.
Stasander, Paphus Cypri, 623.
Stasicrates (?), Soli Cypri, 627.
Stasioecus, Curium Cypri, 622.
Stasioecus, Marium Cypri, 623.
Strato I and II, Bactria, 707.
Synges, Cimmerian Bosporus,
431-
T.
Tarcamus (?), Tarsus, 614.
Tarcondimotus I, Cilicia, 618.
Teiranes, Cimmerian Bosporus,
431-
Teisiphonus of Pherae, 261.
Telephus of Bactria, 709.
Teres II, Thrace, 240.
Themistocles, Magnesia loniae,
501.
Theonneses, Characene, 697.
Theophilus of Bactria, 706.
Thothorses, Cimmerian Bospo-
rus, 431.
Tigranes I, II, and III, Ar-
menia, 636.
Tigranes, Syria, 639.
Timarchus, Syria, 642.
Timocharis, Curium Cypri, 622.
Timocharis Salamis (?) Cypri,
625.
Timotheus, Tyrant of Heracleia,
441.
Tiraeus, Characene, 697.
Tiribazus Satrap, Issus, 604.
Tii'ibazus Satrap, Tarsus, 613.
Tiridates I, Parthia, 692.
Tiri dates II, Parthia, 694.
Trbboneme (?) Lycia, 574.
Tryphaena Pontus, 429.
Tryphon Syria, 644.
Tymnes, Termera, 532.
V.
Vabaliathus, Alexandria, 71 8.
Val, Edessa, 6S9.
Vardanes I and II, Parthia, 695.
Vasu Deva v. Bazodeo, Bactria,
710.
Ulzebas, Ethiopia, 725.
Vologeses I-IV, Parthia, 695.
Vologeses V, VI, Parthia, 696.
Vonones I, Parthia, 694.
Vonones, India, 710.
Xerxes, Armenia, 635.
Xerxes, Persia, 698.
Zabel, Nabathaea, 686.
Zeionises, India, 710-
Zenobia, Alexandria, 718.
Zenodorus, Trachonitis, 663.
Ziaelas, Bithynia, 445.
Zoilus of Bactria, 708.
INDEX III.
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS.
(See Introduction, § 13.)
(a) Greek.
ATAGH TYXH, Nicaea, 443.
ATAGOA Al MnN, Alexandria, 720.
ATAeOKAEIOZ, S^Tacuse, 159.
ATAeOZ HPnZ ANTINOOZ, Ha-
drianotliera, 455.
ArAGYPNOS.Tyndaris, 166.
An A I EPA SEBAZMIA, Damascus,
662.
ArNOZ, Temmis, 4S2.
ATPEYZ, Corcyia, 277.
ArnN ANTnNlNlANOZ, Tyana,
634-
ArnNEZ I EPO I, Nicaea, 443.
Arn[NEZ] IZOnVeiA.Ancyra, 629.
ArnNOBEZIA, Thessalonica, 213; Gor-
dus-Julia, 549.
AAEA<t)nN, Ptolemy II, 713.
A A P A N 0 Y, Mamertini, 1 36.
AAPIANA, Magnesia ad Sipylmn, 551;
Thyatira, 554.
AAPIANA nANAGHNAIA, Synnada,
569.
AAPIANOZ OIKOYMENIKOZ,
Anazarbus, 599.
AZIOTTHNOZ, Saettae, 552.
A0 A N A, Heracleia Lucaniae, 59.
AGANAZ AAEAZ,Tegea, 381.
AGE O AEMOZ, Athens, 318.
AGH, Cranae, 365.
A G H N A, Alexandria, 719.
AGHMA APEA, Ephesus, 498.
AGHNA ZEBAZT[OY], Ale.xambia,
719.
AGHNAZ APEIAZ, Pergamum, 463.
AGHNAZ lAlAAOZ, Ilium, 473.
AGHNAZ NIKH0OPOY, Pergamum,
463-
AG A A, Syracuse, 154.
AGPO, India, 710.
AGYMBPOZ, NysaLydiae, 552.
AIAZ, Locri-Opuntii, 285.
Al MOZ, Nicopolis ad Istrum, 235.
AINEAZ, Aeneia, 189.
AlZHfFOZ, Cyzicus, 454.
A I UN, Alexandria, 721.
A K P A r A Z, Agrigentum, 107.
AKTI A, Nicopolis Epiri, 272 ; Neocaesareia,
426.
AKTI A AOYZAPIA, Bostra, 686.
AKTI A KAIZAPIA, Tyrus, 676.
AKTI A KOM[OAEIA], Tyrus, 676.
AKTIA riYQIA, Thessalonica, 213; Per-
inthus. 232; Hierapolis Phrygiae, 564;
Ancyra, 629.
AKTIA nYGIA ANTIlNlNlANA.
Nicomedia, 444.
AKTIAZ, Anactorium, 279.
AKTIO, AKTIOY, Anactorium, 279.
AAAIZlNnN ZYMMAXIKON,
Alaesa, no.
AAEiAN APEI A, Byzantium, 232 ; Odes-
sus, 236; Pherae, 261; Magnesia ad Sipy-
lum, 551.
AAEIANAPEIA nYGIA, Philippo-
polis, 245.
AAEIANAPEION HTOAEMAIOY,
Ptolemy I, 712.
AAEIANAPEIOZ. Pherae, 261.
AAEIANAPIA EN *IAinnonO-
AEI, Philippopolis, 245.
AAEIAN APON, Nicaea, 443.
AAEiANAPOZ, Sagalassus, 592.
AAEiA[NAPOZ] KTIZ[THZ], Apol-
Ionia Pisid., ^89.
AAEIANAPOY TOY <t)IAinnOY,
Agathocles of Bactria, 703.
AAEOZ.Tegea, 381.
AAEYA[Z], Larissa, 255.
AAKA, Corcyra, 277.
AAKAIOZ, Mytilene, 48S.
AAKOZ, Morgantia, 138.
AAYZ, Tavium, 681.
AMBPOZIE nETPE, Tyrus, 676.
AMENANOZ, Catana, 1 16.
764
INDEX III.
A M M n N, Pitane, 464.
AM0IKTIONnN, Delphi, 289.
ANAKPEnN.Teos, 512.
ANAPOKAOZ, Ephesus, 498.
ANE9HKE, Achaia, 353; Creteia Flavio-
polis, 440 ; Cius, 440 ; Adramyteum, 447 ;
Cj'me, 479; Smyrna, 510; Aplirodisias,
520 ; Hydrela, 527 ; Mylasa, 529 ; Aninetus,
548 ; Alia, 556 ; Attiida, 559 ; Bruzus, 560 ;
Colossae, 561 ; Dionysopolis, 562 j Laodiceia
Phrygiae, 566; Otrus, 567.
ANKAIOZ, Samos, 518.
ANNA, Gabala, 659.
ANTINOON HPriA nponoAoi
AM0IKTYONEZ lEPEYZ APIZ-
TOTIMOZ ANEGHKEN, Delphi,
290.
ANTINOON GEON H nATPIZ,
Bithynium, 437.
ANTINOOZ HPnZ, Calchedon, 439;
Cyzicus, 454.
ANTINOOZ lAKXOZ, Andramyteum,
447-
ANTINOOY HPnOZ, Alexandria, 721.
ANTiNoni HPni,Tium, 444.
ANTlNOni HPni KIANIOIZ
ANEGHKEN, Cius, 440.
ANTIOXOY NIKATOPOZ, Agatho-
cles of Bactria, 704.
A N Tn N E I N I A, Cyzicus, 454.
ANTnNElNiA ZEBAZTA, Byzan-
tium, 232.
ANTIlNlNlANA, Magnesia ad Sipylum,
ANXEIZHZ, Ilium, 473.
A N X I A AO Z, Anchialus, 236 ; Anchiale (?)
Cil. 599-
AiOZ, Erythrae, 499.
AFTAAA, Philadelphia Decap., 665.
AnOAAfiN, Metapontum, 64 ; Adranum,
103 ; Catana, 116.
AnOAAnN AKT I OZ, Alexandria, 719.
AnOAAHN EMBAZIOZ, Ephesus,
49S.
ATTOAAnN HAIOZ, Tralles, 555.
AnOAAHN AEYKATHZ, Nicopolis
Ejiiri, 272.
ATTOAAnN riYGIOZ, Alexandria, 719.
AflOAAHNOZ, Tauromenium, 166;
Apollonia INlac., 181 ; Kicopolis Epiri, 265.
AnOAAHNOZ AKTAIOY, Parium,
45«-
AnOAAHNOZ IMIGEnZ, Alexan-
dria Troas, 469.
APABIA,Bostra, 686.
APAEIXPO,India, 710.
APrONAYT., Sidon, 673.
APTYPOZ, Pautalia, 244.
APT n, Magnates Thes., 256 ; Magnesia Ion.,
502.
APAOXPO, India, 710.
APEOZ, Mamertini, 1 36.
API ZTH, Metapontum, 64.
APIZTOI MEnZTOI.Nicaea, 443.
APIXO, Olbia, 233.
APKAZ, Pheneus, 378.
A P M E N I A, Alexandria, 721.
APnnKPATHZ, Alexandria, 720.
APTEMIAOZ, Nacolea, 567.
APTEMIAOZ nEPrXlAZ, Perga,
585 ; Andeda, 589.
APTEMIZ, Metropolis Ion., 502; Ala-
banda, 519; Gerasa, 565.
APTEMIZ AZTYPHNH, Antandrus,
447-
APTEMIZ Ect>EZIA, Ephesus, 498.
APTEMIZ KAAPIA, Colophon, 494.
APTEMIZ TYXH, Gerasa, 665.
APX or ARC, Alaesa, no.
APXAFETAZ, Alaesa, no; Tauromenium,
165.
APXEAAMIZ GEA, Mytilene, 488.
APXHTETHZ, HierapolisPhr., 565.
APXIATPOZ. See Index r.
APXIEPATIKON, Antiochia Syr., 657.
APXIEPEYZ A NEGHKE, Creteia, 440.
APXIEPEnZ, Zenodorus, 663.
AZI . . . ., Lucania, 75.
AZINIOY ANGYOATOY PHMAI-
nN, Atarneus, 449.
AZ. IT., KA or I B, Crete, 384.
AZKAHFFEIA, Tyrus, 676.
AZKAHHEIA ZnTHPEIA, Ancyra,
629.
AZKAHfTI A, Xicaea, 443.
AZK AHTFI El A, Epidaurus, 370 ; Laodiceia
Phr., 566.
AZKAHniOZ, Tium, 444; Cos, 537.
AZKAHniOY KAI YflEIAZ, Per-
gamum, 463.
AZKAHOIOY ZHTHPOZ, Pergamum
463 ; Cos, 537.
AZKAHnin ZnTHPI,Nicaea, 443.
AZ[ZAPIA] A, g, or H, Lacedaemon,
36.5.
AZZAPION, Chios, 514.
A Z Z I N O Z, Naxus, 140.
AZTPAIOZ, Metropolis Ion., 502.
AZTYPHNH, Antandrus, 447.
AZYAOY APTEMIAOZ, Ephesus, 498.
AZnnOZ, Tanagra, 295.
ATTAAHA, Aplmulisias, 520.
AYrOYZTEIA, Nicaea, 443; Thyateira,
554 ; Cadi, 560 ; Perga, 5S5.
RE3IARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS.
765
AYrOYZTOS KTIZTHZ, Nicopoiis
Epiri, 272.
AYAAITHS, Magnesia Ion., 502.
AYAINAHNOZ, Ceretapa, 560.
AYTOKPATnP, Alexandria, 721.
AOIEPnZIZ, Alexandiia, 721.
A0POAEITH, Ilium, 473.
A0PO[AEITH] MHAEIA, Magnesia
Ion., 502.
AXEAOIO AEeAON,Metapontum, 63.
AXIAAEYZ, TLessaly, 264.
B.
BAAANHOY, Alexandria, 721.
BAZIA, Colophon (?), 493.
BAZIAEYZ MIAAZ,Prymnessus, 568.
BAZIAE[YZ]MiePAAATHZ,Atliens.
317-324-
BETOYPIOZ TOIZ AKPAZI, Ar-
cadia, 373.
Bl AZ, Priene, 508.
BIZArO, India, 710.
BIAAAIOZ, Tium,444.
Bl AAEOZ, Creteia, 440.
BIZIAIMHAH, Axum, 725.
BOAAO, BOYAAO, India, 710.
BOPEITHNH, Attalia, 548; Tliyateira,
554-
BOTPYZ, Pautalia, 244.
BOYAH, Melos, 415; Antiochia ad Mae-
andrum Cariae, 520 ; Taba, 532 ; Alia, 556 ;
Appia, 559; Attuda, 559; Cibyra, 561;
Docimeum, 562 ; Eucarpia, 563; Hierapolis,
565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Peltae, 567 ; Prym-
nessus, 568 ; Sebaste, 568 ; Synaus, 569 ;
Synnada,569 ; Tiberiopolis, 570; Sagalassus,
592, etc. See also I EPA BOYAH.
BYIAZ, Byzantium, 232.
BnKAPOZ(?) {litt. Cypr.), Paphus Cypr.,
623.
r AAAOZ (?), Philomelium, 568.
rEAAZ,Gela, 122.
rEPOYZI A, Aezani, 556 ; Hierapolis Phr.,
565 ; Tiberiopolis, 570.
TEPMANIKOZ KTIZTHZ, Caesareia-
Germanica Bith., 438.
FEPONTnN, Lacedaemon, 365.
FEYAOZ, Nicaea, 443.
TAAYKOZ, Hierocaesareia Lyd.,550; Eu-
menia Phr., 564.
TAYKnN, Aboniteichos, 432.
rOPAIANHA OYAAEPIANA 01-
KOYMENIKA, Aphrodisias, 520.
rOPTYNOZ TO HAIMA, Gortyna,
240, 394-
rOPTYZ, Crete, 384; Gortyna, 396.
TYMNAZIAPXIA, Anazarbus, 599;
Colybrassus, 601 ; Syedra, 612.
A.
AAMATHP,Enna, 119.
AAM ATHP, Metapontum, 64.
AAMNEYZ, Myrina, 481.
AAPAANOZ, Ilium, 473.
AEKAETHPIZ KYPIOY, Alexandria,
718.
AHMAPX.EI.YnATOZ,Cypras,627;
Caesareia Cappadociae, 633 ; Antiochia Syr.,
657-
AHMHTEP (sic), Alexandria, 719.
AHMHTPEIA, Nicomedia, 444.
AHMHTPI A, Tarsus, 617.
AHMOZ, Melos, 415; Antiochia ad Mae-
andrum, 520; Harpasa, 527; Sebastopolis,
530 ; Taba, 532 ; Trapezopolis, 533. — Ani-
netus, 548 ; Apollonis, 548 ; Bagis, 548 ;
Daldis, 549 ; Dioshieron, 549 ; Hierocae-
sareia, 550; Maeonia, 550; Mosteni, 551;
Philadelphia, 552 ; Saettae, 552. — Aezani,
556 ; Alia, 556 ; Attuda, 559 ; Blaundus,
560 ; Cadi, 560 ; Ceretapa, 560 ; Cibyra,
561 ; Colossae, 561; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Dionys-
opolis, 562 ; Docimium, 562 ; Eucarpia, 563;
Eumenia, 564 ; Grimenothyrae, 564 ; Hiera-
polis, 565 ; Hyrgalea, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ;
Philomelium, 568 ; Prymnessus, 568 ; Sala,
568 ; Siblia, 568 ; Stectorium, 569 ; Synaus,
569 ; Synnada, 569 ; Temenothyrae, 569 ;
Tiberiopolis, 570 ; Tripolis, 570. — Sagalassus,
592, etc.
AHMOZ PjQM A I nN, Alexandria, 721.
AHMOY TAZAinN.Gaza, 6S0.
A I A BIOY (Strategos), Smyrna, 510.
AIA lAAION, Ilium, 473.
AIA OAYMniON,Prusa ad Olympum,
444.
AIAPAXMON, Ephesus, 498; Ehodus,
542.
AIAYMEIA, Miletus, 505.
AIAYMEYZ, Miletus, 505.
Al An,Tyrus, 676.
AIKAIOZYNH, Alexandria, 721.
AIKTYNNA KPHTHN, Crete, 384.
AIKTYNNA ZEBAZTH, Crete, 384.
AlO or A = Diobol, Corinth, 336, 337.
AIOAOTOY ZnTHPOZ.Agathoclesof
Bactria, 704 ; Antimachus of Bactria, 704.
AIOKAHZ TO AEY and TO TPI,
Athens, 324.
AIONYZIA, Adana, 598.
AIONYZIA HYe I A, Nicaea, 443.
AIONYZON KT I ZTHN, Nicaea, 443.
AIONYZOZ, Nysa, 552.
AIONYZOZ KTIZTHZ,Tium,444.
7m
INDEX III.
AIONYZOY ZHTHPOZ, Maroneia,
217.
AIOZ, Locri Epizepliyrii, 88.
AIOZ AnOY, Tiipolis, 674.
A I 01 ArOPAlOY, Nicaea, 443.
A I 01 rONAlOY, Tralles, 555.
AlOI EAEYGEPIOY, Syracuse, 160.
A I 01 EAAANIOY, Syracuse, 160.
AIOZ KATAIBATOY or KATEBA-
TOY, Cyrrhus, 654.
AlOI AAPAZIOY, Tralles, 555.
AIOZ AITAIOY, Nicaea, 443.
A I O Z M E Z, Mamertini, 1 36.
AIOZ OAYMTTIOY, Hii^ponium, 85;
Alexandria, 719-
AI[OZ] ZOAYMEn[Z], Termessus,
594-
AIOZ ZnTHPOZ, Agritrentum, 1 08.
AIOZ TAPZEnN, Tarsus, 618.
AIOZKOPOI,Tarentum, 47.
AIXAAKON, Chios, 514.
A I n N O Z, Zacyntlms, 360.
AOTMATI ZYNKAHTOY, Laodiceia,
566.
AOKI MOZ, Docimium, 562.
AOYZAPIA, Adi-aa,686; Bostra, 686.
A P AX M A, Byzantium, 231.
AP AX MH, Melos, 415 ; Ephesus, 498.
A YN A M I Z, Alexandria, 721.
AYn AZZAPIA.Chios, 514.
AnPEA, Side, 587; Aegae, 598; Mopsus,
608.
AnPEA ZITOY, Tarsus, 618.
E (the Delphic El), Delphi, 290.
E (Hemiobol), Mantineia, 376 ; Pallantium,
378 ; Tegea, 3S0.
EEE (Triheiniobol), Heraea, 375; Tegea,
380.
E B P O Z , Philippopolis, 245.
Er AlAYMnN I EPH, Miletus, 504.
EGNAPXOY HPnAOY, Herod Aiche-
laus, 683.
EIAOZ, Ilium, 473.
EIPHNH, Nysa, 552 ; Alexandria, 721.
EIPHNH AOKPnN, Locri Epizephyrii,
86.
EIPHNH ZEBAZTH, Magnesia ad Sipy-
luin, 551.
ElZ eANATOYZ KYPIOY, Caesareia
C<aj)padociae, 633.
ElZIZ ZYPlhN,Syros, 420.
E I n, Gaza, 680.
EinNnN,Teos, 512.
EKTHP, Ilium, 473.
EAEYGEPEIA, Alexandria, 721.
EAEY6EPIA, Thessalonica, 213; Corcyra,
277 ; Cyzicus, 452.
EAEYGEPIOZ, Metapontum, 64.
EAAA[Z], Larissa, 253, 255; Pherae,
261.
EATTIZ, Alexandria, 721.
EAYS'A, Aspendus, 582.
E M I N A K O, (uncertain,) 233.
EN KOAPirAlZOPOIZ KIAIKHN,
Tarsus, 617.
ENMONIAEIA, Magnesia ad Sipylum,
551-
HE5AZ, Segesta, 146.
Eni APXONTHN TnN OEPI ME-
NEZeEA IZOBOYNON, Aphrodi-
Bias, 520.
Eni APX nPYTANEI EniKPATOY
B, Aegiale Amorgi, (Note i,) 432.
ETTI AHMHTPOZ TO B, Byzantium,
232.
EniAHMIA B ZEYHPOY, Perinthus,
232.
EniMEAHTHZ nANAGHNAinN,
Mastaura, 551.
EFTINEIKIA, Tarsus, 617.
Eni N El KIOZ, Laodiceia Phr., 566.
EniAKHAA, Egypt, 723.
EPinN,Thelpusa, 382.
EPMHZ KTIZAZ THN HOAIN,
Amasia, 424.
EPMHZ ZYPinN,Syros, 420.
E P M O Z, Cyme, 479 ; Temnus, 482 ; Smyi-na,
510; Bagis, 548; Magnesia ad Sipylum,
551 ; Saettae, 552 ; Sardes, 553; Silandus,
553 ; Tabala, 554; Cadi, 560.
EPYKAIIB, Erjxx, 120.
ETOYZ lEPOY, Caesareia Cap., 633.
ETOYZ NEOY lEPOY, Antiochia By-
riae, 657.
EYr A Ml A, Alexandria, 721.
EYGHN I A, Alexandria, 722.
EYGYAHMOY GEOY, Agathocles of
Bactria, 704.
EYKAEI A, Corcyra, 277.
EYNOMI A, Gela, 124; Corcyra, 277.
EYnOZIA or EYBOZIA, Hierapolis
Plir., 565.
EYPYMEAOZA, Selinus, 148.
EYPYME[AnN], Timbrias, 594.
EYR (?), Gortyna, 395.
EYPnnH, Tyrus, 676.
EYZEBEIAZ K AIZAPEI AZ.Caesareia
Cap., 633.
EYTYXEIZ KAIPOI, Laodiceia Phr.
566.
E0EZOZ, Cyzicus and Ephesus, 455.
E0OPnN, Lacedaemon, 365.
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS.
767
F.
WAN A 4^ AS nPEIIAS, Perga, 585.
FEAXANOZ, Phaestus, 401.
F 1 1 Z, Poseidonia, 67.
z.
ZAKYN0OZ, Zacynthns, 359.
ZEYZ, Locri Epizephyi-ii, 86; Cos, 537;
Dioshieron, 549.
ZEYZ AKPAIOZ, Smyrna, 510.
ZEYZ APEIOZ, lasus, 52S.
ZEYZ AZEIZ, Laodiceia Phr., 566.
ZEYZ BOZIOZ, Hierapolis Phr., 565.
ZEYZ BOYAAIOZ, Mytilene, 488.
ZEYZ EAEYGEPIOZ, Aetna, 104;
Agyrium, 109 ; Alaesa, no; Syracuse, 156
sq. ; Magnesia ad Sipylum, 551.
ZEYZ EAAANIOZ, Syracuse, 157.
ZEYZ EniKOYPOZ, Alabanda, 519.
ZEYZ EYPriMEYZ, Euromus, 525.
ZEYZ lAAIOZ, Scepsis, 474.
ZEYZ KAnETnAI[OZ], Antiochia ad
Maeandrum, 520.
ZEYZ KAmTnAIOZ,Alexandi-ia,7i9.
ZEYZ KAZIOZ, Corcyra, 277; Seleucia,
661.
ZEYZ KEAENEYZ, ApameiaPhr.,558.
ZEYZ KEPAYN!OZ, Seleucia, 661.
ZEYZ KOPY<t)AIOZ, Philadelphia, 552.
ZEYZ KPHTATENHZ, Crete, 384.
ZEYZ AAOAIKEYZ, Laodiceia Phr.,
566.
ZEYZ AAPAZIOZ, Tralles,555.
ZEYZ AYAIOZ, Cidramus, 523; Sardes,
553-
ZEYZ METAZ, Aegium, 348.
ZEYZ MHAIOZ, Nicaea, 443.
ZEYZ NEMEIOZ, Alexandria, 719.
ZEYZ OAYMniOZ,Epliesus,49S; An-
tiochia ad Maeandrum, 520 ; Briula, 548 ;
Maeonia, 550.
ZEYZ TTANAHMOZ, Synnada, 569.
ZEYZ riATPIOZ, Saettae, 552.
ZEYZ nOTHOZ, Dionysopolis, 562.
ZEYZ ZAPAniZ, Alexandria, 720.
ZEYZ ZEPAniZ, TripolisPhr., 570.
ZEYZ ZOAYMEYZ, Termessus, 594.
ZEYZ ZTPATHrOZ, Amastris, 433.
ZEYZ ZYPrAZTHZ,Tium,444.
ZEYZ ZnTHP,Cyzicus, 454.
ZEYZ TPniOZ, Hierapolis Phr., 565.
ZEYZ OIAIOZ, Pergamum, 464.
ZIB, Panormus, 141.
ZMYPNAIOI THN nPIAN, Smyina,
510.
ZMYPNAinN nPYTANElZ, Smyr-
na, 509.
I50M (?), Phocaea(?), 506.
H.
H (Hemiobol), Corinth, 336 ; Cranii, 358.
H E (Hemitetartemorion), Metapontum, 66.
H r E M O N I A, Perperene, 464.
HrOYMENOY, Marcianopolis, 235.
HAI A, Odessus, 236.
HAIA TTYeiA, Emisa, 659.
HAIOZ, Briula, 548 ; India, 710.
HAIOZ ZAPAniZ, Alexandria, 719,720.
HAIOZ ZEBAZTOZ,Tralles, 555.
HAIOZ, ZEAHNH, Tripolis, 674.
HAIOZEIPOZ, Chalcis ad Belum, 655.
HMIOBEAIN, Aegium, 348.
HMYZY AZZAPION, Chios, 514.
HP A, Chalcis Euboeae, 305; Elis, 354;
Dioshieron, 549.
HP A APTEI A, Alexanch-ia, 719.
HPAIA, Argos, 36S.
HPAKIAO, India, 710.
HPAKAEIA OAYMniA, Tyrus, 676.
HPAKAEIA fTYGIA, Perinthus, 232.
HPAKAEION, Philadelphia Dec, 665.
HPAKAEITOZ, Ephesus, 498.
HPAKAEOYZ KTIZTOY, Cius, 440.
HPAKAEOYZ ZHTHPOZ, Thasos,
229 ; Thrace, 243.
HP AZ, Magnesia ad Sipylum, 551.
HPHZ, Samos, 517.
HPOAOTOZ, Halicarnassus, 527.
HPn, Abydus, 469.
HPnZ ANTINOOZ, Saia, 568.
H TO[YZ] KAnOYZ EXOYZA(?)Ter-
messus, 594.
Hfl, Alexandria, 719.
e.
eAPPArOPAZ, Metapontum, 65.
eAZION HTTEIPO, Philippi, 192, 228.
GEA AH MHT[HP], Nicaea, 443.
6EA IAEA, Pessinus, 630.
GEA KAAZOMENH, Clazomenae, 492.
GEA PnMH, Pergamum, 464; Smyrna,
510; Stratoniceia Cariae, 530; Gordus
Julia, 549 ; Hermocapelia, 550 ; Mosteni,
551 ; Sardes, 553 ; Acmonia, 556 ; Aezani,
556 ; Amorium, 557 ; Ancyra, 557 ; Syn-
nada, 569 ; Temenothyrae, 569.
GEA ZIBYAAA, Erythrae, 499.
GEA YfEl A, Nicaea, 443.
GEAN PHMHN, Cilbiani, 549 ; Magnesia
ad Sipylum, 551.
GEAZ ZYPIAZ, Hieropolis Cyrrhesticae,
654-
768
INDEX III
eEBH[ON], Thebes, 297.
GEZI, GEZA, eEZAE(?), Etruria, 12.
6 E M I A, Corycus Cil., 602.
e E M I A E Z, Syedra Cil., 612.
BE M I AOZ, Aspendus Pam., 583.
6 E M I Z, Palaeopolis Pis., 591.
GEOrAMI A, Corycus, 602 ; Tarsus, 617.
BEOrAMIA OIKOYMENlKA,Nysa,
?52.
GEOAOTOZ EnOEI,Clazomenae, 491.
eEOI AKPAIOI,Mytilene, 488.
6E0I ZYPIAZ, Hieropolia Cyrrhesticae,
654-
GEON ZYNKAHTON, Apoiionis, 548;
Gordus Julia, 549 ; Magnesia ad Sipylum,
551 ; Mosteni, 551 ; Nacrasa, 551; Aneyra,
557 ; Blaundus, 560.
GEO! AMMnN, Mytilene, 488.
GEOZ OAYMTTIOZ, Nicomedia, 444.
GEOZ ZYNKAHTOZ, StratoniceiaCar.,
530 ; Aezani Plir., 556.
GEOY EYXAPIZTIA,Axum, 725.
GEOY METAAOY OAH[ZITnN],
Odessus, 236.
GEOY TPA[1AN0Y], Selinus, 610.
GEO0ANHZ GEOZ, Mytilene, 488.
GEn MAPiNn, Phiiippopoiis, 687.
GEn ZHTHPI K GEn TEAEZ-
<l>OPn, AegaeCil., 598.
GEn TEAEZcI)OPn, Nicaea, 443.
GEnN, Ptolemy 11,713.
GEnN KABEIPnN ZYPinN, Syros,
420.
GHBA, Adramyteum, 447.
GHBE(?),Tyrus, 676.
GHBH AAPAMYTHNnN, Adramy-
teum, 447.
GHPA, Corcyra, 277.
GHZEA, Nicaea, 443.
GY, Olbia, 233.
I.
lAZOZ KTIZTHZ, lasus, 528.
I A TON, Himera, 126 sq.
I AH, Scamandria, 474 ; Scepsis, 474.
lEPA ATTHNH, Ephesus,498.
lEPA AZYAOZ. See Index IV.
I EPA BOYAH, Antiocliia ad Maeandrum,
520 ; Apbrodisias, 520; Bargasa, 521 ; Tra-
pezopolis, 533 ; P.agia, 548 ; Saettae, 552 ;
Acmonia, 556 ; Aezani, 556 ; Amorium,
557; Apameia, 558; Cadi, 560; Dionyso-
polis, 562 ; Grinienothjrrae, 564 ; Hyrgalea,
565 ; Stectoriuiii, 569 ; Tripolis, 570.
I EPA TEPOYZIA, Antiochia ad Maean-
drum, 520.
lEPA 6lK0YMENlKA,Adana, 598.
I EPA ZYNKAHTOZ, Alabanda, 519
Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520; Aphro
disias, 520; Harpasa, 527; Sebastopolis
530; Stratoniceia, 530; Trapezopolis, 533
Acrasus, 547 ; Apoiionis, 548 ; Apollonos
Hieron., 548 ; Attalia, 548 ; Aureliopolis, 548
Cilbiani, 549 ; Daldis, 549 ; Gordus Julia
549 ; Hermocapelia, 550 ; Hyrcanis, 550
Maeonia, 550 ; Magnesia ad Sipylum, 551
Mastaura, 551 ; Nacrasa, 551 ; Nysa, 552
Philadelphia, 552 ; Saettae, 552 ; Sardes
553 ; Thyateira, 554 ; Tomara, 554 ; Tralles
555. — Aezani, 556 ; Amorium, 557 ; An
cyra, 557; Blaundus, 560; Cadi, 560; Ci
byra, 561 ; Docimium, 562 ; Eumenia, 564
Hierapolis, 564 ; Prymnessua, 568; Sala, 568
Synnada, 569 ; Temenothyrae, 569 ; Tiberio-
polis, !\']o ; Tripolis, 570.
lEPEYZ AIONYZOY, Bionysopolis,
562.
lEPH ZYNKAHTOZ, Hierocaesareia,
550 ; Hypaepa, 550.
I EPOZ, Perga, 585 ; Side, 587.
lEPOZ AHMOZ, Apbrodisias, 520; Taba,
532 ; Bagis, 548 ; Magnesia ad Sipylum,
551 ; Tralles, 555. — Acmonia, 556 ; Aezani,
556 ; Cadi, 560.
I EPOZ OAYMTIIKOZ, Anazarbus, 599.
lEPOZ OAYMniOZ OIKOYME-
NIKOZ, Aspendus, 583.
IGHM, Messene, 362.
lAION, PnMH, Ilium, 473.
IMBPAZOZ, Samos, 518.
IMEPA, Himera, 126.
I. O. M. H., Heliopolis,663.
lOAAA, Adramyteum, 447.
I0NI0[Z], Issa(?), 268.
lOYAAIAZ EAAnKYIAZ, Judaea,
684.
lOY. nPOKAAN HPn I A A, Mytilene,
488.
I n n A P I Z, Camarina, 113.
I nn A P X O Z, Nicaea, 443.
innOKPATHZ, Cos, 537.
innoN BPOTorroAA, Nicaea, 443.
innOYPIOZ, Blaundus, 559.
innO*OPAZ, Apollonia Pis., 589.
IPYKAIIB, Eryx,i20.
IZGM[IA] nYGIA [nZOnYGIA],
Nicaea, 443.
IZOTTYGIA, Aneyra, 629.
IZTIAIA, Histiaea, 308.
inNnN, Ionia, 490.
inNnN TON KTIZTHN, Perinthus,
KABEIPI A,Thessalonica, 213.
KABEIPIA EniNEIKIA, Thessalonica,
213-
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS.
769
K ABE I PI A nYeiA,Thessalonica, 213.
K A B E I P O S , Thessalonica, 213.
K ABHPnN, Cabeira, 425.
KABIPnN ZYPl.Syros, 420.
KAAMH, Priene, 508.
KAAMOZ,Tyrus, 676.
K A Z A N H Z, Themisonium, 569.
KAIKOZ, Pergamum, 464; Stratoniceia ad
Caicum, 466 ; Acrasus, 547.
KAINON, Alaesa, no.
KAIZAPI SEBAZTn KPHTES,Gor-
tyna, 396.
KAAEnN, Smyrna, 510.
KAAAEI KAI MErEGEI. Smyrna,
510.
KAAAIPO A, Stratus, 281.
KAMAPEITHI, Nysa,552.
K A M A P I N A , Caraarina, 113.
KAMHANOM, HAMHANOM,
K Ann AN OM, Capua, 27.
KAMnANnN, Entella, 120; Nacona,
139-
K AnETHAI A, Aphrodisias, 520.
K AnPOZ, Laodiceia Phr., 566.
K AP I A, Laodiceia Phr., 566.
K A P M E I O Z, Hadrianopoli3 Phr., 564.
KAYZTPOZ, Ephesus, 49S ; Dioshieron,
549 ; Hypaepa, 550.
K E A A I N OZ, Apameia Phr., 558.
KENAPEIZEIA nVGIA, Philippopolis,
245-
KENAPEZIA, Nicaea, 443.
KEZTPOZ, Sagalassus, 592.
KE(t)AAOZ, Pale, 358.
K HT E I 0 Z, Pergamum, 464.
KIMAPA, Himera, 127.
K I ZZI OZ, Alabanda, 519.
KIZZOZ, Tomara, 554.
K A A A E A Z, Ephesus, 498.
KAAPIOZ, Colophon, 494.
K O I N A A Z I A, Laodiceia Phr., 566.
KOINA nONTOY, Neocaesareia, 426.
KOINOBOYAION, Anazarbus, 529 ; Tar-
sus, 618.
KOINOI and KOINON KIAIKIAZ,
Tarsus, 617.
K O I N O N , Cyrenaica, 732.
KOINON AZIAZ, Sardes,553.
KOINON TAAATriN, Ancyra, 629.
KOINON E<t)EZinN, Ephesus, 498.
KOINON GEZZAAHN, Thessaly,
264.
KOINON GPAKnN, Philippopolis, 245.
KOINON ir nOAEHN, Ionia, 490.
KOINON KPHTHN, Crete, 384; Cy-
donia, 393.
KOINON KYnPiaN,Cyprus,62 7.
3
KOINON AAAAZinN KAI KEN-
N ATHN, Lalassis, 605.
KOINON AEZBinN, Mytilene, 488.
KOINON AYKAONIAZ, Barata, 595;
Dalisandus, 595 ; Derbe, 595 ; Hyde, 595 ;
Ilistra, 596 ; Laranda, 596 ; Savatra, 596.
KOINON <J)0INIKHZ, Tyrus, 676.
KOINON <t)PYriAZ, Apameia Phr.,
557-
KOINOZ ZEOYHPIOZ OlAAAEA-
01 OZ, Caesareia Cap., 633.
KOINOZ TnN r EnAPXEinN,
IZAYPIA, KAPIA, AYKAONlA,
Tarsus, 617.
KOAnOI, Magnesia, 502.
KOMOAEIA, Nicaea, 443; Laodiceia,
566.
KOMOAEIOZ, Tarsus, 617.
KOMOAOY BAZIAEYONTOZ O
KOZMOZ EYTYXEI, Nicaea, 443;
Caesareia Cap., 633.
KOPAI A, Tarsus, 617.
KOPAIA AKTIA, Sardes, 553.
KOPAZ, Syracuse, 159.
KOPH, Attalia, 54S ; Nysa, 552.
KOPH ZHTEIPA, Cyzicus, 454.
KOPHZOZ, Ephesus, 498.
KOPKYPA,Corcyra, 277.
KOPOl ZEBAZTO I, Tarsus, 618.
K O Pn N I Z, Pergamum, 464.
KOTYOZ XAPAKTHP,Cotys, 240,243.
KPAGIZ, Pandosia, 90.
KPATHZIZ, Alexandria, 722.
KPHGHIZ, Cyme, 479.
KPHTAPXAZ, Crete, 3S4.
KPONOZ, Himera, 127.
KPHMNA, Cromna, 433.
KTIZTHZ, Cius, 439.
KYANOZ, Tarsus, 618.
KYAflN, Cydonia, 391 sq.
K YZ I KOZ, Cyzicus, 454 sq.
KYnAPIZZIA, Lacedaemon, 364.
KYnPIZ, Corcyra, 277.
KYPANAIOI niOAEMAin, Cyrene,
731-
KYPZA, Odessus, 235, 236.
KY^EAH in Ct)IAnN,Barce, 734.
K n M O Z, Corcyra, 277.
A, Himera, 125.
AAIPBHNOZ, Hierapolis Phr., 565.
AAONIK A, Corcyra, 277.
AEANAPOZ, Abydus, 469.
AEZenNAI HPnZ NEOZ.Mytllene,
770
INDEX III.
AEZBHNAi (DIAOZO<DOZ, Myti-
lene, 488.
AEYKAZm Z.Syracuse, 154.
AEYKinnOZ, Metapontum, 64.
AEYKOOPYNH, Magnesia, 502.
AEYKO0PYZ, Magnesia, 502.
AHenN or AHTnN,Euesperides, 734.
AHTn, Tripolis Phr., 570.
AHTHE I A, Hierapolis Phr., 564.
AHTHEIA FTYe I A, Tripolis Phr., 570.
AIMYPOI, Limyra, 577.
AIT[PA], Agrigentum, 105.
APOOAZnO, India, 710.
AYAIOZ, Tralles, 555.
AYK, Metapontuui, 6.^.
AYKIOZ ZnZnN,Themisomum, 569.
AYKOZ, Laodiceia Phr., 566.
AYKOYPrOZ, Lacedaemon, 365.
AYKnN,Croton, 84.
M.
MAAZHNO, India, 710.
MAIANAPOZ, Antiochia Car., 520;
Apameia Phr., 558 ; Tripolis Phr., 570.
MAKEAONnN nPHTHZ, Amphi-
polis, 191, 208.
MAKEAONnN AEYTEPAZ, Thes-
salonica, 209, 213.
MAKEAONnN TETAPTHZ, Mace-
don, 209.
MANAOBArO, India, 710.
MAO, India, 710.
MAPNA,Gaza, 680.
MAPNAZ, Ephesus, 498.
M APZYAZ, Apameia Phr., 558.
MEANAPOZ, Dionysopolis, 562.
MEIAHTOZ, Miletus, 505.
MEI Nn, Gaza, 680.
MEIPO, India, 710.
MEAHZ, Amastris, 433 ; Smyrna, 510.
MEAI (niXLTfvsl), Athens, 323.
MENEZeEYZ KTIZTHZ, Elaea, 480.
MENETYZ EAY^A, Aspendus, 582.
MEZMA, Mesma, 89.
MEZZAN A, Messana, 134 sq.
M HN, Laotliceia ad Libauum, 663.
MHN AZKHNOZ, Sardes, 553.
MHN KAPOY, Attuda, 559.
MHTHP GEnN, Briula, 548.
MHTPOZ, Tityassus, 594.
MHTPOZ eEnN HEZZINEAZ,
Pessiuus, 630.
MIAAZ BAZIAEYZ, Cadi, 560.
M I A A Z, I'rymnessus, 568.
M I NnZ, Cnossus, 389.
MONHTA, Alexandria, 722.
MOPZYNOZ, Antiochia ad Maeandrum,
520; Aj)hrodisias, 520.
MOYZHZ OPZOBAPIOZ, Cius, 440.
MOS'OZ, Hierapolis Phr., 565.
MYZTIKOZ, Side, 587.
N.
NANA, India,'"7io.
NANA PAO, India, 710.
N AN Al A, India, 710.
N AY M A X I A, Gadara, 665.
NAYZIKAAN HPniAA, Mytilene,
488.
NEIKH ZEBAZT[OY], Alexandria, 719.
NEIKOMAXIZ, Mytilene, 488.
NEMEI A, Argos, 368.
NEMEIA HPAIA, Argos, 368.
NEMEZIZ,Tium, 444.
NEO ATAGOAAIMnN, Alexandria,
720.
NEOTHZ, Corcyra, 277.
NEPnNi AnOAAnNi KTIZTH,
Nicopolis Epiri, 266.
NEPnNi AHMOZin HATPnNl
EAAA AOZ, Nicopolis Epiri, 266.
NEYANTOZ EHOEI, Cydonia, 391.
N I K A, Metapontum, 65 ; Hipponium, 85 ;
Terina, 97; Himera, 127; Corcyra, 277;
Cnossus, 391.
N I AOZ, Alexandria, 720.
NOMO<l>YAAKEZ, Lacedaemon, 365.
NYM[<l)HrETHZ](?), Hipponium, 85.
NnE, Apameia Phr., 558.
I.
i A N 6 O Z, G ei-manicopolis, 433 ; Cyme,
479-
iENAPXOY, Seleucia ad Calycadnum,
610.
iENO<t)nN,Cos, 537.
O.
OAAO, India, 710.
OANINAA, India, 710.
O BO AOZ, Metapontum, 66; Chios, 514.
OB[PI M AZ], Apameia Phr., 55S.
OAYO BOY ZAKAMA, India, 710.
OIKIZTAZ, Croton, 81,83.
OIKOYMENIKOZ, Attalia, 583; Side,
587 ; JNIopsus, 608 ; Tarsus, 617.
OKPO, India, 710.
OA, Pharzoius, 245.
OABIO, Scilurus, 245.
OABOZ, Diocaesareia, 602.
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS.
771
OAY(?), (uncertain), 407.
OAYMfTI A, Tliessalonica, 213; Elis, 356;
Cyzicus, 454 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Tralles,
555 ; Tarsus, 617.
OAYMniA AvroYZTEiA nveiA,
Tralles, 555.
OAYMniA OIKOYMENIKA, Ephe-
sus, 498 ; Side, 5S7.
OAYMfTI A TTYeiA, Pergamum, 464;
Taba, 532.
OAYMTTI AAOZ, Macedon, 211.
OAYMTTIKON.Elis, 354; Caesareia Ger-
manica Bith., 653.
OMHPOZ, Amastris, 433; Nicaea, 443;
Cyme, 479 ; Smyrna, 510; Chios, 515.
OMHPOY, 103,414.
O M 0 N O I A, Metapontum, 64 ; Alexandria,
722 ; also on alliance coins passim.
OMONOIA ZTPATIAZ, Caesareia
Cap., 633.
OfTAOctYAAI, Smyrna, 510.
OP [PAZ], Apameia Phr., 55S.
OPAATNO, India, 710.
OPTYrOeHPA, Tarsus, 61S.
OETIAIOI MAPKEAAOI O lE-
PEYZ TOY ANTINOOY TOIZ
AXAIOZ (or KOPlNeinN) ANE-
GHKEN, Achaia, 353.
OYI APOZ, Prostanna, 591.
n.
TTAAArK AIOS, Agyrium, 109.
TTAAAAZ, Corcyra, 277.
FTAAAAZ AeHNH, Tarsus, 618.
TTAN, Messana, 135.
fTANAeHNAIA, Synnada, 569.
n A N A I N A, Hipponium, 85 ; Terina, 98.
n A N A 0 1 1 A, Pandosia, 90.
TTAN inN I A, Smyrna, 510.
TTAN I nN I A TTYGIA, Miletus, 505.
Tl A N I n N I 0 N , Ephesus, 498.
TTANKPATIAHZ, Mytilene, 488.
nANOPMOZ, Panormus, 141.
n A P 0 E N I O Z, Amastris, 433 ; Nocolea, 567.
TTATHP rTATPIAOZ, Alexandria, 721.
TTATPOKAOZ, Ilium,473.
TTATPnOZ, Nysa, 552.
rTA<t>IH, Sardes, 553.
TTEinN E OEZ I nN, Ephesus, 498.
TlEA04',Himera, 126.
TTEAHPIAE, Messana, 135.
TTEN, Agrigentum, T05.
nEPTAMOE KTl'ZTHZ, Pergamum,
464.
T7EPI0A0Z AEK ATH, Alexandria, 718.
TTEPZIKH, Hierocaesareia, 550.
FTEPZIZ, Docimium, 562.
FTHrAI, Damascus, 662.
TT H r H , Philadelphia, 552.
nHTH ZOYNlAZ,"soli, 612.
TTI AAZOZ, Hyrcanis, 550.
TTIZTIZ, Locri Epizephyrii, 88; Comma-
gene, 653.
nAOYZlAI YnATHAZ,Temnus,4S2.
nAOYTOAOTHZ, Nysa, 552.
nOIMANAPOZ, Tanagra, 295.
TTOI MHZ, Poemaninum, 465.
TTOAI Z, Prostanna, 591 ; Atusa, 690.
TTOAXOZ, Cnossus, 391.
TTOZEIAAN, Messana, 136.
nOZEIAHN AZctAAEIOZ, Ehodus,
542.
rrOZElAnN IZGMIOZ, Alexandria,
719.
TTPIAMOZ, Ilium, 473.
TTPONOI A, Alexandria, 722.
FTPONCOIA] ZTPATIAZ, Caesareia
Cap., 633.
TTPUTA, Corcvra, 277.
nPniA KOINA THZ AZIAZ,
Smyrna, ^10.
niOAIOIKOZ, niOAIOITOZ, Ap-
tera, 3S6.
nYe ArOPHZ, Nicaea, 443 ; Samos, 518.
TTYGIA, Thessalonica, 213; Delphi, 290;
Aplirodisias, 520 ; Tralles, 555 ; Cibyra,
561 ; HierapoUs, 564 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Per-
ga, 5S5.
TTYGIA OAYMniA, Thyateira, 554;
Tralles, 555.
TTYGIOZ, Tralles, 555 ; Side, 587.
FFYP A M OZ, Aegae, 598 ; Mopsus, 608.
PAO PHOPO, India, 710.
P EH N, Hipponium, 85.
P H FM A, Limyra, 577.
PiriM, India, 710.
P. M. A., Philadelphia Decap., 665.
POAIOI YHEP THN ZEBAZTHN,
Ehodus, 542.
POAIOZ, Dardanus, 472.
POAOnH,Philippopolis, 245.
PYNAAKOZ, ApoUonia ad EhjTidacum,
44S.
PUMA, Locri Epizephyrii, 88.
PHMAinN NIKHN, Nicaea, 443.
PHMAZ, Gortyna, 396.
PilMH, Amisus, 425; Bithynium, 437;
Ilium, 473; Cotiaeum, 561; Synaus, 569;
Alexandria, 721.
PHMHN MHTPOTTOAIN, Nicomedia,
443-
3 D 2
n%
INDEX in.
ZATAPIZ, Nicaea, 443.
ZAABAKOZ, Apollonia Salbace Car., 521.
ZAAHNH,India, 710.
ZAMIIOHZ, Amisus, 425.
ZAfFOn, Eresus, 486.
ZAn(i>n, ZA<t)(j>n, za<doyz, or
S^AfF^n, Mytilene, 48S.
ZAPAniZ, Alexandria, 719, 720.
ZAPAflO, India, 710.
ZAPAn, Tium, 444.
ZAP An I, Tauromenium (?), 165.
ZEBAZMI A, Anazarbus, 599.
ZEBAZMIA OAYMTTIA, Damascus,
662.
ZEBAZTAKAIZAPHA, Metropolis Ion.,
502.
ZEBAZTOY KTIZMA.NicopolisEpiri,
272.
ZEBAZTO<J>OPOZ, Alexandria, 721.
ZEBAZTHN OMONOIA, Soli, 612.
ZEBHPEIA,Sardes, 553.
ZEBHPEIA METAAA, Nicomedia, 444.
ZEBHPEIA NYM0IA, Anchialus, 236.
ZErEZTAIIA,Segesta, 145.
ZETEZTAIIB, Segesta, 144.
ZErEZTAIIBEMI.Segesta, 144.
ZEI AA, Poseidonia, 67.
ZEITOZ, Tarsus, 618.
Z E A E I N O Z, Pergamum, 464.
ZEAINOZ, Selinus, 147.
ZENAPOZ, SebastePhr., 56S.
ZEIZTON HPHA, Mytilene, 438.
ZEOYHPEIA cDlAAAEAOEIA, Ni-
caea, 443.
ZEOYHPIA NEMAIA,Ancliialus, 236.
ZEYHPEIA, Tarsus, 617.
ZEYHPEIA TTPnTA.Perinthus, 232.
ZEYHPOY BAZIAEYONTOZ O
KOZMOZ EYTYXEI MAKAPIOI
K I AN 01, Cius, 440.
ZEYGA APrYPION.SeuthesI, 240.
ZEYGA KOMMA, SeuthesI, 240.
ZHM AZI A, Alexandria, 722.
ZIAHNOZ GEAZ, Sidon, 673.
ZIKEAI A, Alaesa, no.
ZinYAHNH, Smyrna, 510.
ZiriYAOZ, Magnesia Lyd., 551.
ZKAMANAPOZ, Alexandria Trcas, 470 ;
Ilium, 473.
ZKANAO KOMAPO, India, 710.
Z M A P A ., Phocaea, 508.
ZMYPNA, Smyrna, 510.
ZOAYMOZ, Termessus, 594.
ZOZinOAIZ, aela. 122.'
ZOTEP, Galaria, 121.
ZTTAPTH, Lacedaemon, 365.
ZTA[cl)YAOZC?)], Antiochus VI. Syr.,
644.
ZTAXYZ, Pautalia, 244.
ZTOAOZ, Nicomedia, 444.
ZTPATONEIKIA, Stratoniceia ad Cai-
cum, 466.
ZTPYMHN, Pautalia, 244.
ZYMMAXIKON, Alaesa, no.
ZYN, Ephesus, 495 ; Samos, 516 ; Cnidus,
524; lasus, 528 ; Ebodus, 540.
ZYNAPXIA, Antiochia ad Maeandrum
520.
ZYNKAHTOZ, Ortbosia,53o; Bagis, 548
Nysa, 552; Tabala, 554; Alia, 556; Cotv
aeum, 561 ; Laodiceia Phr., 566 ; Sebaste
568 ; Synaus, 569, etc.
ZYNKAHTn KPHTEZ, Axus, 3:
Cydonia, 393.
ZYPAKOZiol XI I, Syracuse, 162.
ZYPAKOZIOI rEAHNOZ XII,Syra-
cuse, 162.
ZYPAKOZIOI :«X 1 1 1, Syracuse, 164.
ZnZnN, Antiochia ad Maeandi'um, 520.
ZnZmOAIZ, Gela, 122.
ZriTElPA, Hipponium, 85; Agrigentum,
108; Syracuse, 156, 159, 160; C'orcyra,
277 ; Cyzicus, 453 ; Apameia Phr., 558.
ZnTHPEZ,Tyndaris, 166.
ZHTHPI A,Metapontum, 65.
T T T (Tritetartemorion), Cranii, 358 ; Ar-
gos, 367 ; Mantineia, 376.
T AAriN, Phaestus, 402.
TAN KPHTATENHZ, Hierapytna, 397,
398 ; Polyrhenium, 403.
TAPANTI NnN H M I , Tarentum, 48.
TE (Tetartemorion), Metapontum, 66.
TEIOZ, Tium, 444.
TEAMIZEYZ, Halicamassus, 527.
T E M B P I Z, Midaeum, 567.
TEPIN A, Terina, 97.
TEPM., Phocaea, 50S.
TETPAPXHZANTOZ TOY KAI
APXIEPEnZ, Ptolemy Mennaei f., 655.
TETP APXOY, Ptol. Mennaei f., 655 ; Ar-
chelaus (?), 655.
TETPAPXOY HPnAOY, Herod Anti-
pas, 677, 6S3.
TETPAPXOY 01 AinnOY, Herod Phi-
lip II, 6S3.
TETPAPXOY KAI APXIEPEHZ,
Lysanias I, 655 ; Zenodorus, 663.
TETPAXAAKON, Chios, 514.
THMENOZ KTIZTHZ, Temenothyrae.
569.
REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS.
773
THMNOZ, Temnus, 4S2.
TIBEPIZ OMONOIA, Alexandria, 721.
TIMEAHZ, Aphrodisias, 520; Heracleia
Salbace Car., 527.
TIOYAOZ (?), Prostanna, 591.
TIZNAIOZ,Tisna,4S2.
TIEYPOI (?), Gortyna, 394.
TITNAIOZ, Aegae, 478.
TfAD., TMHAOZ, Aureliopolis, 548;
Sardes, 553 ; Tmolus, 554.
TOIZ APKAZI, Arcadia, 373.
TOIZ AXAIOIZ ANEGHKEN,
Achaia, 353.
TO KOINON I nNnN, Colophon, 494.
TOMOZ KTIITHZ,Tomi, 235.
TOMOY HPnOZ, Tomi, 235.
TONZOZ, Hadrianopolis, 244.
TON KTI ZT AN, Heracleia Bith., 442.
TON KTI ZTH N, Cyzicus, 454 ; Midaeum,
567-
TON ZHTHPA [AZKAHniON],
Tium, 444.
TOPPHZOZ, Hierapolis Phr., 565.
TOYTO APEZH TH XHPA, Axum,
TPAIANOZ AYTOKPATHP EAH-
KEN, Diocaesareia Sepphoris, 677.
TPAIANOZ ZnTHP nOAEnZ, Ni-
copolis Epiri, 272.
TPI (Trias ?), Croton, 84.
TPI (Trill emiobol), Cranii, 358.
TPIA, Delos, 413.
TPI A AZZAPIA,Chios,5i4.
TPIH (Trihemiobol), Corinth, 336.
TPIZ NEHKOPnN KAI THZ AP-
TEMIAOZ, Ephesus, 498.
TPIXAAKON, Chios, 514. ,
TY, Himera, 125.
TYNAAPIZ,\vndaris, 166.
TYNTENON, Macedon, 178.
TYXH, Melos, 415; Smyrna, 510; Tralles,
^^^ ; Gabala, 659 ; Laodiceia ad Libanum,
663 ; Philadelphia Decap., 665 ; Bostra,
686.
TYXH AAPAHNnN,Adraa,6S6.
TYXH nOAEnZ, Attaea, 449.
TYXH ZEBAZT[OY], Alexandria, 719.
TYXH TAPZOY, Tarsus, 61S.
Y.
YrEIA KAI AZKAHnin, Nicaea, 443.
h Yr I E I A, Metapontum, 64.
YriEIA,Cos, 537.
YIOZ A*POAIZIEaN, Aphrodisias,
520.
YIOZ nOAEnZ, Attuda, 559;Cotiaeum,
561.
YAA, Himera, 125.
YAAOZ, Saettae, 552.
YAO (?), (uncertain,) 407.
YHEPNIKHZ PHMAinN, Edessa
Mesop., 689.
YHEP NIKHZ TnN KYPinN, Edessa
Mesop., 6S9.
YHEP NIKHZ THN ZEBAZTHN,
Edessa Mesop., 689.
YTTIOZ, Prusias ad Hypium, 444.
HYtAZ, Selinus, 148.
(t>.
(t)AIZTION TO riAIMA, Phaestus,
400.
<t)AM A, Corcyra, 277.
<t)ANOZ EMI ZHMA,Halicarnassus(?),
240, 526.
(t)APPO, India, 710.
<1)EPAI MnN, Messana, 135.
06 I AZ, Pyrrhus Epiri Eex, 274.
0IAAAEAct)EIA, Perinthus, 232 ; Sardes,
553-
01 AA AEA0I A, Eumenia, 563.
01 N AIOZ, Nicopolis Epiri, 272.
0ITTAKOZ, Mytilene, 488.
0P Yr I A, Laodiceia Phr., 566.
0nZ0OPOZ, Corcyra, 277.
X.
X A AK III, Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, 448.
XPHZMOZ, Limyra Lyciae, 577.
XPYZANeElNA, Sardes, 553.
XPYZANTINA, Hierapolis Phr., 564.
XPYZOPOA, Damascus, 662.
XPYZOPOAZ, Hierapolis Phr., 565; Leu-
cas C'oelesyriae, 663.
XPYZOZ, Pautalia, 244.
^.
4'H0IZAMENOY, Stratoniceia, 531.
n.
HKEANOZ, Ephesus, 498; Tyrus, 676;
Alexandria, 720.
nPAAAATIAOZ BAZIAEHZ AY-
KOMHAOY GYrATPOZ, Cius, 440.
nPON, India, 710.
774
INDEX III.
(/3) Latin, Etruscan, etc.
A.
ACTIA DVSARIA, Germa, 630, see
Corrigenila ; Bostra, 686.
AETERNVM BENEFICIVM, Sidon,
673-
A N TH I O S, Antiochia Pis., 589.
APOLLINI CLARI, Apameia Bith., 437.
APOLLINI PROPVLAEO, Cremna,
59°-
c.
CERT. SACR. CAP. OECV. ISE-
LASTI. HEL., Heliopolis, 663.
CERT. SAC. PER. OECV ME. I SEL A.,
Sidon, 673.
CH A. {litt. Etrusc), Etruria, 13.
CORNV PHEN ICES, Carne, 669.
CRYSAS, Assorus, III.
D.
DEO AESC[VLAPIO] SVBVEN[I-
ENTI] a), Parium, 459.
DEO CVPIDINI, Parium, 459.
DIANA EPHESIA,Ephesus, 498.
DIANA LVC IF., Apameia Bith., 437.
DIANA PERGENSIS, Perga, 585.
DIANAE CREM, Cremna, 590.
DONATIO, Cremna, 590.
FELSV {litt. Etrusc), Etruria, 10.
FELZPAPI {Hit. Etrusc), Etruria, 11.
G.
GEN. COL. COR., Corinth, 340.
GENT. I V LI ., Corinth, 340.
H.
H A M M 0 N , Parium, 459.
I.
ISTHMIA, Corinth, 340.
ISTHMVS, Corinth, 340.
IVDAEA CAPTA, Judaea, 684.
IVDAEA DEV I CTA, Judaea, 684.
IVN[ONl] AVG[VSTAE],ThapsusByz.,
73^J-
K.
KAR. VENERIS, Carthage, 742.
L.
LECH. CENCH., Corinth, 340.
M.
MERC[VRIO], Cremna, 590.
p.
PEITHESA or PEIRESA {litt. Etrusc),
Etruria, 14.
PLV {Utt. Etrusc), Etruria, II.
P V P L V N A {litt. Etrusc), Etruria, 14.
R.
ROMANOM, Latium, 23.
s.
S I L V A [N O], Cremna, 590.
SVF[ETES], Carthage, 742.
T.
TLA, TLATE {Utt. Etrusc), 'Etvm-ia,, 14.
V.
V ATL {lift. Etrusc), Etruria, 14.
VEAATHRI {litt. Etrusc), mruTia, 13.
VERCN AS {litt. Etrusc), Etruria, 14.
V E T L V N A {lift Etrusc), Etruria, 1 3.
V L T R I , Cremna, 590.
VOLCANOM, Aesernia, 24.
(y) Phoenician, Aramaic, Punic, and Hebrew.
mi^ or rr^i^, Amisus, 424.
nH /i^, Cirta Numid., 745.
"^ lIDD^i^, Hieropolis Cyrrh., 654; Tarsus,
616.
G-D,"^b5, Cossura, 743.
pfc^, Gaulos, 743.
rr^V^^^, Ariarathes I. Cap., 631.
"^^W, Eryx, 121, 341, 737.
r\!J1b^!l> Carthage, 740, 741.
)I51D n"ip^?2"in, Cirta Numid., 745.
inAlirn and "^ItAvn, Gaziura, 426; Ari-
arathea I. Cap., 631.
t^n7V3., Tarsus, 614 sqq.
fc^^^D'^n rhV2, Tingis Maur., 748.
n!37ttDrT Wp2, Bocchus III, 746.
JtEMAUKABLE INSCRIPTIONS.
77^
Vir^'On, Motya, 138, 737.
n57^?2n "T2D11(?), Hispano- Carthagi-
nian, 746.
Vy^T^ ''i^n, Simon Maccabaeus, 6S2.
n;:T'D?2n '•lov, juba i. Numid., 744.
b^^Di, Solus, 149, 737.
1V!J n /t^^^, Simon Maccabaeus, 682.
DT'IT'II"' ni'inT', Second Revolt of the
Jews, 685.
■?fc<5n\r''^ ni^inS, second Eevolt of the
Jews, 685.
t^ 12, Aradus, 666.
bVlf^, Gades, 3.
X^y^ h'^l'O, Lix Maur., 748.
i^Jirn hvyt^, Tingis Maur., 748.
D7n^) Gades, 3.
"^TfrD, Sidon(?), 672.
^^n 1 t^nn^mX* hv n ntrj. Tarsus,
615.
nDHD, Carthage, 737.
DIH!?nt3) Carthage, 737 sq.
U^ntr □p'O, Semes Maur., 748.
n3 /t2?Dn pDD (?), Hispano-Carthaginian,
746.
"nm^i*, Hieropolis Cyrrhesticae, 654.
DDPI^ n UV, Carthage, 737 sq.
r\lTV2 UV, Carthage, 737 sq.
nni^'^nj?, HieropoUs CyiThesticae, 654.
r\r\V, Tarsus, 616.
y^!^, Panormus, 141, 737.
nU?TniT^p, Carthage, 737 sq.
rr\phl2 ^^"^t Heracleia Minoa, 125.
nip7'?2 U?1, Heracleia Minoa, 124, 737.
Y''!? Sl^ltr, Panormus, 142.
h^'yi:'^ rh^:h nnt^ n^tr'.rirstRevoit
of the Jews, 6S4.
"'!Jn i?llb^ rsW, Simon Maccabaeus, 682,
V^l S^21t^ ri2lD, Simon Maccabaeus, 68 2.
r\^TV2 UV^, Carthage, 737 sq.
7t^1ID'^ VpI2?, Simon Maccabaeus, 681.
INDEX IV.
TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES,
MENTIONS OF SITES, etc.
(See Introduction, § 16.)
(a) Greek.
AAEAcl)nivl AHMHN, Antioch, Se-
leucia, Apauieia, and Laodiceia, 656, 660,
661.
AAPIANH or AAPIANnN, Amasia,
424 ; Neocaesareia, 426 ; Claudiopolis Bith.,
437; Smyrna, 510; Adana, 59S ; Diocae-
sareia Cil., 602 ; Germanicopolis, 603 ;
Mopsus, 608; Olba, 610; Tarsus, 617;
Petra, 687.
AAPI[ANnN] ZEY[HPIANnN]
ANTnNElNOYnO[AEITnN],
Adana, 59S.
AAPIANOnOAEITnN,Stratoniceiaad
Caicum, 466 ; Zephyrium, 618.
AIOAEnN,Cyme, 479.
AAEiANAPI ANA, Amasia, 424.
AAEIANAPIH, Tarsus, 617.
AAEiANAPOYn. MAilMElNlA-
NnN, Adana, 598.
A. M. K. r. B., Anazarbus, 599; Tarsus,
617.
A. M. K. r. r., Anazarbus, 599.
ANTIOXEjQN, Cebrenia, 470; Tralles,
555-
ANTIOXEHN THN nPOZ THI
KYANni, Tarsus, 617.
ANTHNEINIANH, ANTflNlNlA-
NHZ, or ANTHNlNlANnN, Ama-
sia, 424; Olba, 610; Tarsus, 617; Ancyra,
629.
ANTCnNlNlANHZ] KOAHNIAZ,
Tyana, 634.
AfTO IITTYAOY, Magnesia Lyd., 551.
APISTOI MEriZTOI,Nicaea, 443.
APXLOYZHZl nA4)A[ArONlAZ],
GanL,'ra, 433 ; Germanicopolis, 433.
AZiAi aVaiaz EAAAAOZ MH-
TPOnOAIZ, Sardes, 553.
AZYAI A. I'er-a, 585.
AZYAOIorAZ"YAOY(seealsolEPAZ
KAI AZYAOY), Perga, 585; Aegae
Oil., 598 ; Corycus, 602 ; Hieropolis Cil.,
603 ; Sebaste Cil., 610 ; Seleucia Cil., 610 ;
Caesareia Cap., 633 ; Tyana, 634 ; Capitolias,
662 ; Caesareia Paneas, 663.
AZYAOY APTEMIAOZ,Ephesus,498.
ATEAEIOZ or ATEAEIAZ, Alabanda,
519-
AYrOYZTHZ TPAIANHZ, Trajano-
polis, 245.
AYP. AYPHA., etc., Neapolis Ion., 506;
Carrhae Mesop., 688.
A. O. M. (Aurelia Opelliana Macriniana),
Edessa, 6S9.
AYP. ZEFT. KOA., Singara,69o.
AYTONOMOZ, AYTONOMOY, or
AYTONOMnN, Adada, 5S9 ; Termes-
sus, 593 ; Aegae Cil., 59S ; Anazarbus, 59S ;
Corycus, 602 ; Mopsus, 608 ; Sebaste Cil.,
610 ; Seleucia Cil., 610 ; Tyana, 634 ; Samo-
sata, 653 ; Antiochia ad Orontem, 656 ;
Apameia Syr., 658 ; Arethusa, 65S ; Laodi-
ceia ad Mare, 660; Rhosus, 661 ; Seleucia
Syr., 661 ; Capitolias, 662 ; Abila Decap.,
664 ; Gadara, 665 ; Dora, 669 ; Tripolis,
674 ; Diocaesareia, 677.
A X A I n N , Eumenia Phr., 563.
TEPMANIKHZ, Caesareia Bithyniae, 438 ;
Ace-Ptolemais (?), 677.
rCNnPIMOY (?)], Abila, 664; Gadara,
665.
AlOKAIZAPEnN, Ceretapa, 560.
AOMITIANnN or AOMITIANO-
nOAEITnN,Sala, 568.
AHPIEr^N, Synnada, 569.
EBAOMH THZ AZIAZ, Magnesia Ion.,
502.
E I nN nN, Teos, 512; Isinda, 590.
TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, SITES, ETC.
777
EK KE0AAOIAIOY, Heracleia Minoa,
EAEYGEPA, EAEYGEPAZ, or EAEY-
G E P n N , Cherronesus, 238 ; Amisus, 425 ;
Bhodus, 542 ; Termessus, 593 ; Anazarbus,
599; Sebaste Cil., 610; Seleucia Oil., 610;
Tarsus, 617.
ENAOIOZ or ENAOIOY, Side, 587;
Anazarbus, 598 ; Damascus, 662.
EN AOIOTEPAZ, Syedra,6i2.
EN I riN I A, Metropolis, 502.
EN no NTH, Apollonia Thrac, 237;
Heracleia Bith., 442 ; Miletopolis Mys.,
458.
E N T I M [0 Z], Lalassis Cil., 604.
EN Til AIBANH, Caesareia ad Libanum,
669.
ETTI ZTPYMONI, Heracleia Sintica,
212.
EniKNA[MIAinN],Locri, 285.
ETT I ZH M O Y, Neapolis Samariae, 678.
EZTIA GEnN, Germanicopolis, 433.
EYZEBEIZ KAI EYTENEIZ, Nicaea,
443-
EYZEBHN, Zephyrium Cil., 618.
z.
ZEc^YPininN, Iienopolis, 603.
H.
H TTPOZ AKT., Nicopdis Epiri, 272.
H nPnTHTHZAZIAZ,Pergamum,464.
HPAKAEOnO.n (Heracleiopolis Ponti),
Sebastopolis, 427.
H TOLYZ] KAnOYZ EXOYZA (?),
Termessus, 594.
G.
GEAZ, Sidoii,673.
GE I nN, Carrhae, 688.
G P A K n N , Apollonia Pisid., 589.
I.
I EPA or lEPAZ, Nicopolis Epiri, 272;
Epidaurus, 370 ; Germe, 455 ; Hyde, 595 ;
Aegae, 598 ; Hieropolis Cil., 603 ; Mopsus,
608 ; Sebaste Cil., 610; Tyana, 634; Are-
tbusa, 65S ; Laodiceia ad Mare, 660 ; La-
rissa Syr., 660 ; Nicopolis Syr., 660 ; Capito-
lias, 662 ; Damascus, 662 ; Demetrias, 662 ;
By bins, 669; Tripolis, 674; Nysa Scytho-
polis, 678.
lEPAZ AZYAOY or lEPAZ KAI
AZYAOY, Nicopolis Epiri (1), 272 ; Samo-
sata, 653 ; Antiochia ad Orontem, 656 ;
Apameia, 658 ; Epiphaneia, 659 ; Ehosus,
661; Seleucia, 661; Abila Decap., 664;
Caesareia Paneas, 664; Antiochia ad Hip-
pum, 664 ; Gadara, 665 ; Dora, 669 ; Sidon,
673; Tyrus, 676; Diocaesareia, 677; Ace
Ptolemais, 677 ; Ascalon, 679 ; Gaza, 680.
IEPOKAIZAP[EnN], Comana, 426.
I N A E I , Stratoniceia Car., 530.
lOYAI A, Gordus Lydiae, 549.
lOYAIEnN, Ancyra, 557; Laodiceia ad
Mare, 660.
lOYA. ZEOYH. MHTPOnOAEHZ,
Laodicieia ad Mare, 660.
lOY. ZETT. KOAnN., Ni8ibis,689; Sin-
gara, 690.
inNnN.Synnada, 569.
KAIZAPEnN, Bagis, 548 ; Mosteni,55i;
Tralles, 555 ; Cibyra, 561 ; Germanicia
Caesareia, 653.
KAIZAPEnN THN nPOZ ID.
ANAZAPBn, Anazarbus, 598.
KAI ZAP. Yn. ANAZAP., Anazarbus,
598-
KAZTABAAEnN, Hieropolis Cil., 603.
K A T I Z Z O N , Alexandria Cil., 598.
KATn TOnnN, Sebennytes, Nonius
Egypti, 724; Diopolites Inferior, Nomus
Egypti, 724.
KEAITnN,Cilbiani, 549.
KENNATHN, Lalassis Cil., 604.
KHTIAOZ, Olba and Philadelphia Cil.,
610.
KHTnN MHTPOnOAEnZ, Coro-
pissus, 602.
Kl BHTHN, Apameia Phr., 558.
KAAYAIAinN or KAAYAIEHN,
Leucas Coelesyr., 663.
KAAY[AIO ....], Derbe Lycaon., 595;
Iconium, 595 ; Laodiceia Lycaon., 596.
KAAYAIO TIBEPIEHN, Tiberias, 677.
KAAYAI. <l)IAin., Gaba, 664.
K0l[AHZ] ZYP[IAZ], Abila, 664; Ga-
dara, 665 ; Philadelphia, 665.
KOAnNiA, KOAnNiAZ, or KOA.,
Thessalonica, 213; Emisa, 659; Phlippo-
polis, 687 ; Carrhae, 688 ; Nisibis, 689 ;
Edessa, 6S9 ; Zautha, 690.
KOA. MHT. MEZZOTT., Edessa, 689.
KOMOAIANH, Tarsus, 617.
AAKEAAIMONinN, Alabanda, 519;
Amblada, 589.
AAKEAAIMflN, Sagalassus, 592.
AAMRPOTATHZ, Side, 587.
AIBANOY, Caesareia ad Libanum, 669.
AYAnN,Mosteni, 551.
A. ZEn.ZEOYHP., Diospolis Sam, 678;
Eleutheropolis Jud., 680.
AYKinN, Apollonia Pisid., 576, 589.
AY. GP. KO., Apollonia Pisid., 589.
778
INDEX IF.
M.
MAKEAONnN AM<t)AiinN, Am-
phaxitis, 211.
MAKEAONnN, Hj^rcanis, 550 ; Elaun-
dus, 559; Docimium, 562; Peltae, 567.
MAKPElNlANnN, Adana, 598.
MAKPEIN I ANH, Tarsus, 617.
M AK. AY p. (Macriniana Aurelia), Edessa,
689.
MAilMEIANnN orMAIIMElNl-
A N n N , Adana, 598.
MAP. AYP. ANT. (Marcia Aurelia An-
toniniana), Edessa, 689.
MATPqz AnoiKnN noAEnN,
Heracleia Eith., 443.
ME[rAZ], Diopolites Nom. Egypti, 722.
MHTPOnOAIZ, MHTPOnOAEnZ,
orMHTPOnOAEIinN, Thessalonica,
213; Philippopolis, 245; Amastris, 433;
Prusias ad Hypium, 444 ; Lampsacus, 458 ;
Pergamum, 464 ; Sardes, 553 ; Myra, 577;
Laranda, 596 ; Anazarbus, 598 ; Isaura,
603 ; Setaste Cil., 610; Tarsus, 617 ; Cae-
sareia, 633 ; Antiochia ad Orontem, 656 ;
Laodiceia ad Mare, 660; Damascus, 662;
Tyrus, 676 ; Petra, 687.
MHTPOnOAIZ KAI nPHTH BEI-
eVNlAS KAI nONTOY,Nicomedia,
443-
MHTPOnOAIZ THZ TAAATIAZ,
Ancyra, 629.
MHTPOTT. KENNATnN,Diocaesareia,
602.
MHTPOnOAEnZ KHTIAOZ, Oiba,
610.
MHTPOnOAEnZ KHTHN, Coropis-
sus, 601.
MHTPOnOAIZ THN KIAIKHN,
Tarsus, 617.
MHTPOn. KOAaNiA, Antiochia ad
Orontem, 657 ; Emisa, 659 ; Damascus, 662 ;
Edessa, 689.
MHT. KO. AY. Z. ZE., Singara,690.
MHTPO[nOAIZ] KOMMA[rH-
NHZ], Samosata, 653.
MHTPOncOAEnZ] AAMHTI-
AOZ, Lamus, 605.
MHTPOnOAIZ MEZZOn., Carrhae,
688.
MHTPOnOAEnZ THZ HAMOY-
Al AZ, Perga, 585.
MHTPLOnOAIZ] nA(DA[ArONl-
AZ], Pompeiopolis, 433 ; Hebaste, 434.
MHTPOnOAIZ nONTOY,Tomi,235;
Neocaesareia, 426.
MHTPOnOAEnZ nONTOY,Amasia,
424.
MIKPOZ, DiopolisNom. Egypti, 722.
MOZEANnN, DiocleaPhr., 562.
MOZ., Hierocharax Phr., 565.
MOAOZZnN, Cassope, 271.
MONnN npninN aziaz, Ephe-
sus, 498.
MYZTIZ or MYZTIAOZ, Side, 587.
M YZnN, Abbaeti Mys., 446.
N.
NAYAPXIZ or NAYAPXI AOZ,Tomi,
235 ; Nicopolis Epiri, 272 ; Side, 587 ;
Aegae Cil., 598 ; Corycus, 602 ; Sebaste Cil.,
610; Dora, 669; Sidon, 673; Tripolis, 674.
NEAZ TPAIANHZ, Bostra,686.
N E I K A E n N , Cilbiani, 549.
NEIKAEHN THN EN KIABIANn,
Cilbiani, 549.
NEHKOPOZ, NEnKOPOY,orNEn-
K O P n N , Beroea, 211; Macedonia, 211;
Thessalonica, 213 ; Tomi, 235 ; Philippo-
polis, 245 ; Amasia, 424 ; Neocaesareia,
426 ; Heracleia Bith., 443 ; Nicomedia,
443 i Cyzicus, 454 ; Pergamum, 464 ; Elaea,
4S0; Ephesus, 498; Smyrna, 510; Teos,
512 ; Heracleia ad Sipylum, 549 ; Philadel-
phia, 552 ; Sardes, 553 ; Acmonia, 556 ;
Hierapolis Phr., 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ;
Perga, 585; Side, 587; Tarsus, 617; An-
cyra, 629 ; Laodiceia ad Mare, 660 ; Trijjolis,
674; NeapolisSam., 67S. See aho Index V.
NEHKOPnN THZ APTEMITOZ,
Magnesia Ion., 502.
NEnKOPnN THN ZEBAZinN,
Smyrna, 510 ; Tralles, 555.
o.
OABEHN, Lalassia Cil., 604.
O YE I "k A N I nN, Amorium, 557.
OYAni ANnN, Anchialus, 236.
OYAniAz NiKonoAEnz npoz
MEZjn, Nicopolis Thr., 244.
OYATTIAZ, Pautalia, 244; Serdica, 245;
Topirus, 245.
n.
fTANlAZ or TTANIAAOZ, Caesareia
Paneas, 664.
riE I nN, Ephesus, 498.
fTEPrAMHNnN, Cilbiani, 549.
TTIEPIAZ, Seleucia, 661.
niZTHZ cDIAHZ ZYMMAXOY
PHMAinN. Side, 587.
TTOMTTHITEnN, Gadara, 665.
TTPOZ (see also THN TTPOZ, etc.)
nPOZ APTAin, Caesareia Cap., 633.
T7POZ EYct)PATHN, Antiochia ad Eu-
phrateni, 653.
nPOZ GAAAZZHI, Prusias ad Mare.
440.
TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, SITES, ETC.
779
TTPOZ IZTPONi or IZTPn, Nicopolis,
235-
TTPOZ AlBANn, Laodiceia ad Libanum,
663.
nPOZ MAIANAPON,Apameia, 557.
nPOS Tai MAIANAPni, Antlochla
ad Maeandrum, 520.
nPOZ MEZin, Nicopolis Thr., 244.
nPOZ OAYMnXl, Prusa ad Olympum,
444.
nPOZ OAYM ,Hadriani, 455.
TTPOZ PYNAAKn, Apollonia ad Ehyn-
dacum, 44S.
TTPOZ ZEBAZin AIMENl.Caesareia
Sam., 67S, 683.
TTPOZ ZKAMANAPON, Alexandria
Troas, 470.
TTPOZ YTTI n, Pnisias ad Hypium, 444.
nPHTA nAM<J>YAnN, Side, 587.
npHTH BieYNiAZ KAi noN-
TOY, Nicomedia, 443.
nPHTH AEZBOY, Mytilene, 488.
npniHZ niziAHN kai cdiahz
ZYN M AXOY, Sagalassus, 592.
nPniHZ TOY nONTOY, Amasia,
424.
TTPriTOI nONT. KAI BIG., Nicaea,
443-
nPriTOI THZ EnAPXEIAZ, Nicaea,
443-
TTPninN AZIAZ, Ephesus, 498;
Smyrna, 510.
rrPninN EAAAAOZ,Tralles,555.
TTPninN inNiAZ, Samos, 518.
TTPninN ZYPIAZ, Laodiceia ad Mare,
660.
z.
ZAMinN EN ePAKH, Samothrace,
227.
ZEB[AZTH], Hadrianopolis Bith., 440;
Pergamum, 464 ; Laranda, 596.
ZEBAZTHNnN, Ancyra, 629.
ZEBAZTHNnN TEKTOZAmN,
Ancyra, 629.
ZEBAZTHNnN TPOKMnN, Ta-
Tium, 631.
ZEAEYKEnN, TraUes, 555 ; Abila Decap.,
664.
ZEAEYKIAOZ, Nicopolis Syr., 660.
ZE M NHZ, Syedra Cil., 612.
ZETT. KOA., Ehesaena, 689.
ZETT. KOAH. MHT., Nisibis, 6S9.
ZEYHPI ANH, Amasia, 424; Tarsus, 617.
ZITTYAOY, Magnesia Lyd., 551.
ZYPI AZ, Balanea, 659 ; Sebaste Sam., 679.
ZYPIAZ nAAAIZTlNHZ, Neapolis
Sam., 678.
THZ E[rTI] TAY[Pn](?), Antiochia ad
Taiirum(?), 653.
THZ I EP AZ, Olba, 606 ; Selinus, 610.
THZ lEPAZ KAi AZYAOY, Hiero-
polis Cil., 603. (See also lEPAZ and
AZYAOY.)
THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY,
Mopsus, 60S. (See also lEPAZ and
AYTONOMOY.)
THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY
KAI AZYAOY, Aegae, 59S. (See also
under the separate titles.)
THZ KHTHN MHTPOHOAEHZ,
Coropissus, 601.
TIBEPIEnN,Pappa, 591.
T M n, Aureliopolis Lyd., 54S.
TOAiZTO[BnrinN]!pessinus, 630.
TOY nONTOY, Zela, 427.
TPAIANOnOAEITnN.Grimenothyrae,
564 ; Epiphaneia Cil., 602 ; Selinus Cil.,
610.
TPIZ NEHKOPnN KAI THZ AP-
TEMIAOZ, Ephe.sus,49S.
TnN ANHandTnN KATn,Cilbiani,
549-
TnN EM niEPIAI,Seleucia, 661.
TnN EN MYTAONIAI, Nisibis,
689.
TnN EN nTOAEMAlAI, Antiochia
Ptolemaidis, 658, 677.
TnN Em KAAAIPOHI, Antiochia ad
Callirrhoen (Edessa), 658, 689.
TnN MEIZONnN, Termessus, 593.
TnN nPOZ Aiini, Apamela Syr.,
65S.
TnN TTPOZ APTAin, Caesareia Cap.,
633.
TnN TTPOZ AA<t)NHI, Antiochia ad
Daphnen, 658.
TnN TTPOZ eAAAZZHI,Laodiceiaad
Mare, 660.
TnN TTPOZ I TTTTn, Antiochia ad Hip-
pum, 664.
TnN nPOZ TAYPn, Tyana, 634.
TnN TTPOZ TirPEI, Seleucia ad Ti-
grim, 690.
TnN nPOZ Tni KAAYKAANni,
Seleucia, 610.
T[nN] nPOZ T[ON] KAnPON-
Atusa Assyriae, 690.
TnN nPOZ Tni KYANni, Antio-
chia ad Cydnnm, 599 ; Tarsus, 617.
TnN npoz Tni nYPAMni,Hiero-
polis, 603.
TnN npoz Tni ZAPni, AntiocWa
ad Sarum, 599.
780
INDEX ir.
THN TTPOZ Tni TirPEI, Demetrias
ad Tigrim, 690.
TnN ZlNn[nEnN],Sarbamssa,427.
YnoK[NAMlAinN,Locri, 285.
YTTO n A N E I n, Caesareia Paneas, 664.
*.
(DIAHE ZYMMAXOY PflMAinN,
Sillyum, 588.
(t)|AOPnMAinN, Carrhae Mesop., 688.
(l)AABIOnOAIZ, ct)AABIOnOAEI-
THN, (DAAOYI, (DAABI, or 0AA,
Philadelphia, 552 ; Temenothyrae, 569 ;
Samosata, 653 ; Chalcis ad Belum, 655 ;
Joppa, 678 ; Neapolis Samariae, 678.
OPY, Metropolis, Phryg., 567.
(/3) Latin.
(See Introduction^ § 18.)
A.
AEL. MVNICIP. COEL., Coela, 224.
Al. MVN. COI LA, Coela, 224.
ARC, Halaesa, no.
AVR. ANTONINIA, Alexandria Troas,
470.
c.
C. A. A. P., Patrae, 349.
CAESAREA, lol. Maur., 748.
CAESAREA METROPOLIS PRO-
VINCIAE SYRIAE PALESTINAE,
Caesareia Sam., 678.
C. C. I. B., BabbaMaur., 747.
C. F. P. D., Deultum, 244.
C. G. P. I. and C. C I. P., Parium, 459.
C. I. BVT. or C.A. BVT., Buthrotum,
271.
C. I.e. A.D.D., Apameia Bith., 437.
C. I. C. D. D. P. P., Carthage, 742.
C. I. D.or C. I. A. DVM., Dyme, 349.
C.I.F.S.;C. I.F.AV.S.;orC.R.LF.S.,
Sinope, 435.
C. I. N. C, Cnossus, 391.
C. I. p., Clypea, 742.
C. L. I. COR., Corinth, 339.
C. M. L., Laodiceia ad Mare, 660.
COL. AEL. CAP., Aelia Capitolina, 679.
COL. AEL. CAP. CO MM., Aelia Capi-
tolina, 679.
COL. AEL. HAD. ICONlENSI. S. R.,
Iconium, 596.
COL. ALEX. TRO., or COL. AVG.
TRO., Alexandria Troas, 470.
COL. AVG. COM AM A, Comama Pis.,
590-
COLONIA AVGVSTA FELIX GER-
MENORVM,Germa, 630.
COL. AVG. IVL.V.PHrLIPP.,Philippi,
193.
COL. AVR. METROPOL. ANTONl-
NIANA. CA., Carrhae, 688.
COL. AVR. PIA. METROP., Sidon,
673-
COL. BER., Berytus Phoen., 668.
COL. CAES. ANTIOCH.,AntiochiaPis.,
589-
COL. CAESAREA LIB., Caesareia ad
Libanum, 669.
COL. CAR., Carrhae, 688.
COL. CLAVD. NERONIA, Ptolemais,
677.
COL. CLAVD. PTOL., Ptolemais, 677.
COL. C RE., Cremna, 590.
COL. GEM. IVL. HAD. PA., Parium,
459-
COL. HEL., Heliopolis Coelesyr., 663.
COL. IVL. AVG. CASSANDREN-
SI S, Cassandrea, 1S8.
COL. IVL. AVG. DIENSIS. D. D. or
COL. IVL. DIENSIS, Dium, 211.
COL. IVL. AVG. PELLA, Pella,2i2.
COL. IVL. AVG. OLB., OlbasaPis., ;^9i.
COL. IVL. Ave. FE. CPEMNA,
Cremna, 590.
COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. BER.; COL.
IVL. BER.; or COL. IVL. ANT.
AVG. FEL. BER., Berytus, 668,
COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. HEL., Heliopolis
Coelesyriae, 663.
COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. NiNlVA
CLAVDIOPOLIS, Niniva Assyr., 690.
COL. IVL. AVS. CL. LA., Laodiceia
Lvcaon., 596.
COL. IVL. FEL. GEM. LYSTRA,
Lystra, 596.
col. IVL.FLAV. AVG. COR., Corinth,
COL. IVL. NEAPOL., Neapolis Sam.,
678.
COL. LAO. P. S. METPOPOLEOS,
Laodiceia ad Mare, 660.
TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, SITES, ETC.
781
COL. LAOD. METROPOAEOS, Lao-
diceia ad Mare, 660.
COL. L. SEP. SEBASTE, Sebaste Sam.,
679.
COL. METPOPOLIS BOSTRA, Bos-
tra, 686.
COL.NEAPOLI.NEOCORO.,Neapolis
Sam., 678.
COL. PENIC, Tyrus, 676.
COLONIA PRIMA FLAVIA AV-
GVSTA FELIX CAESARENSIS,
Caesareia Sam., 678.
COL. SEP. TYRVS. METROP., Tyrus,
676.
COL. SERGIA NEAPOL., Neapolis
Sam., 67S.
COL. TROAD., Alexandria Troas, 470.
COM. BIT., Bithynia, 437.
I.
ICONIEN. COLO., Iconium, 596.
IVL. AVG. COL, PARLAIS, Parlais,
596.
IVL. TIN., Tingis Maur., 748.
L.
LIBERA, Hippo, 742.
M.
MALLO COLONIA S. C.,Mallus,6oS.
METROPOLIS PROVINCIAE SY-
RIAE PALAESTlNAE,CaesareaSam.,
678.
M. MVN. IVL. VTIC. D. D. P.P.
Utica, 742.
MVN. HENNAE, Enna, 119.
MVNICIPIVM STOBENSIVM,
Stobi, 212.
P.
P. M. S. COL. VIM., Viminacium, 234.
POR (Portus?), Panormus, 143.
P. S. S. C, PaestuBi, 69.
s.
SEPT. COL. LAOD. METRO., Lao-
diceia ad Mare, 660.
INDEX y.
MAGISTEEIAL TITLES.
(See Introductioti, § 14.)
(a) Greek.
A.
ArnNOeETHI, Perperene, 464 ; Apa-
meia, 55S ; Syunada, 569.
ArnNOeETHSAIA BIOY,Cotiaeum,
561.
AITHZAMENOZ, Alia, 556; Ancyra,
557 ; Eucarpia, 563.
AM(1)IKTY0NEZ, Delphi, 289, 290.
ANGYFTATOZ, Bithynia, 436 ; Caesareia
Germanica, 438 ; Heracleia, 443 ; Nicaea,
443 ; Nicomedia, 443 ; Atai-neus, 449 ;
Attaea, 449 ; Pergamum, 464 ; Pitane, 464 ;
Cyme, 479 ; Temnus, 482 ; Epliesus, 49S ;
Smyrna, 510; Harpasa (?), 527; Hiero-
caesareia, 550 ; Hyi'canis, 550 ; Sai'des,
553; Thyateira, 554; Ancyra, 557; Apa-
nieia, 557 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Docimium, 562 ;
Dorylaeum, 562 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Laodi-
ceia, 566 ; Nacolea, 567 ; Synaus, 569.
ANeVnATOZ PnMAinN,Atarneus,
449.
ANTIZTPATHrOZ, Perinthus, 232;
Bizya, 244; Ancyra Gal., 629 ; Cyi-enaica,
733-
APXIATPOZ, Heracleia Ion., 500 ; Hera-
cleia iSalbace, 527.
APXIEPATEYnN,Sala, 56S.
APXIEPEYZ, Thebes, 299; Creteia Flavi-
opolis, 440 ; Ionia, koivov, 490 ; Ephesus,
498; Smyrna, 510; Aphrodisias, 520;
Philadelphia, 552 ; Silandus, 553 ; Ancyi'a,
557 ; Apameia, 558 ; Cibyra, 561 ; Ci-
dyessus, 561 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Eumenia,
563 ; Sala, 568 ; Synnada, 569 ; Temeno-
thyrae, 569 ; Polemon, Olba Cil., 609 ;
Ajax, Olba Cil., 609 ; Ptolemy Mennaei f.,
655 ; Lysanias T, 655.
A P X I E P E Y Z A iVa Z, Eumenia, 563.
APXIEPEYZ METAZ, Sardes, 553.
APXIEPEYS M En ZTOS, Crete, 384.
APXnN, Jiyzantium, 232; Minoa, 410;
Melos, 415; Ahander of Bosporus, 429;
Hygiaenou of Bo.sporus, 429 ; Attaea, 449 ;
Cyzicus, 454 ; Germe, 455 ; Hadriani, 455 ;
Hadrianothera, 455 ; Stratoniceia ad Cai-
cum(?), 466; Abydus, 469; Dardanus, 472 ,
Cyme, 479 ; Elaea (?), 480 ; Miletus, 505;
Priene, 508; Chios, 514; Alinda, 519;
Aphrodisias, 520; Antiochia ad Maeandrum,
520 ; Halicarnassus, 527 ; Hyllarima, 527 ;
Myndus, 529 ; Sti-atoniceia Car., 531 ;
Taba, 531 sq. ; Trapezopolis, 533 ; ApoUo-
nis, 548 ; Bagis, 548 ; Cilbiani, 549 ; Dal-
dis, 549 ; Dioshieron, 549 ; Gordus Julia,
549; Hierocaesareia, 550; Hypaepa, 550;
Maeonia, 550; Mosteni, 551 ; Philadelphia,
552; Saettae, 552 ; Sardes, 553; Silandus,
553; Tabala, 554 ; Acmonia, 556; Aezani,
556; Amorium, 557; Ancyra, 557; Appia,
559; Blaundus, 559; Cadi, 560; Cidyessus,
561 ; Colossae, 561 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Do-
cimium, 562 ; Dorylaeum, 563 ; Grimeno-
thyrae, 564 ; Hadrianopolis, 564 ; Hiera-
polis, 565 ; Hyi'galea, 565 ; Julia, 565 ;
Metropolis, 567 ; Midaeum, 567 ; Nacolea,
567 ; Otrus, 567 ; Prymnessus, 568 ; Sala,
56S ; Sebaste, 568 ; Synaus, 569 ; Synnada,
569; Temenothyrae, 569 ; Tiberiopolis, 570;
Adada(?), 589.
APXnN TTPYTANIS, Aegiale Amor-
gi(?). 432.
AZIAPXHS, Cyzicus, 454; Pergamum,
464 ; Abydus, 469 ; Ionia, 490 ; Smyrna,
510; Hypaepa, 550; Magnesia, 551;
Sardes, 553 ; Alia, 556 ; Hierapolis, 565 ;
Laodiceia, 566 ; Otrus, 567 ; Stectorium,
569 ; Synaus, 569 ; Temenothyrae, 569.
B.
BAZ[IAEYZ?], Byzantium, 232.
TEPONTEZ, Lacedaemon, 365.
rPAMMATEYZ, Acb-amyteum, 447;
Pergamum, 464 ; Cyme, 479 ; Ephesus,
498 ; Magnesia, 502 ; Antiochia ad Maean-
drum, 520; Mylasa, 529; Neapolis Car. (?),
529; Cilbiani, 549 ; Hypaepa, 550 ; Nysa,
552 ; Sardes, 553 ; Tralles, 555 ; Acmonia,
556; Apameia, 558; Appia, 559; Colossae,
561; Grimenothyrae, 564; Laodiceia, 566 ;
I'cltae, 567.
TYMNAZIAPXHS, Pergamum, 464.
A.
AHMAPXIKHZ EIOYZIAZ YHA-
T O Z , Crete, 3S4 ; C3q>rus, 627; Caesareia
Cap., 633 ; Antiochia Syr., 657.
MAGISTERIAL TITLES.
783
AYNAZTHZ, Polemon, Olba Cil., 609.
AYO ANAPEZ,Lipara, 168.
E.
EeNAPXHZ, Herod Archelans, 683.
EniMEAHeEIS (nom. pi.), Philadelphia,
552; (gen. sing.), Eucarpia, 563; (gen.
sing.), Hierapolis Phr., 565.
ETTIMEAHeEIZA (gen. sing.), Eucarpia,
563-
ETTIMEAHTHZ, Antiochia ad Meandram,
520 ; Mylasa, 529 ; Stratoniceia Car., 531.
EniMEAHTHZ nANAGHNAinN
Mastaura, 551.
ETTIZKOnOZ, Ephesus, 49S.
EniTPOnOS, Bithynia, 436.
E0OPOZ, Lacedaemon, 365; Ancyra, 557.
H.
H r E M n N , Perinthus, 232 ; Nicopolis, 235 ;
Marcianopolis, 235 ; Anchialus, 236 ; Bizya,
244; Hadrianopolis, 244; Pautalia, 244;
Philippopolis, 245 ; Plotinopolis, 245 ; Ser-
dica, 245 ; Trajanopolis, 245.
HrOYMENOZ, Marcianopolis, 235.
HP[EMENOZ], Byzantium, 232.
e.
GEOAOrOZ, Pergamum, 464.
eVTATHP TOY AHMOY [lEPEI A],
Smyrna, 510.
I.
lEPEIA, Smyrna, 510; Acmonia, 556; At-
tuda, 559 ; Eucarpia, ^63 ; Pryninessus,
568.
lEPEYZ,Epirus, 275; Delphi, 290; Ephesus,
498 ; Aphrodisias, 520 ; Heracleia Salbace,
527 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Nysa, 552 ; An-
cyra, 557 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Sala, 568.
lEPEYZ AIA BIOY TnN SEBAI-
TnN, Perperene, 464.
lEPEYZ AIONYZOY,Dionysopolis, 562.
lEPEYZ TOY ANTINOOY, Achaia,
353-
IEPOMNA[MnN], Byzantium, 232.
ITTTTI KOS, Pergamum, 464 ; Smyrna, 510 ;
Gordus Julia, 549 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551 ;
Thyateira, 554 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Prymnessus,
568 ; Sala, 568.
K.
KOINOBOYAION, Anazarbus, 599;
Tarsus, 618.
KOPNIKOYAAPIOZ(0, Laodiceia, 566.
K P H T A P X A Z, Crete, 384, 396.
A.
AOnZTHZ, Cidyessus, 561; Synnada, 569.
N E a K 0 P O Z, Thyateira, 554 ; Aezani, 556 ;
Ancyra, 557; Appia, 559; Ceretapa, 560;
Cotiaeum, 561 ; Eucarpia, 563. See aho
Index IV.
NOMOGETHZ, Laodiceia Phr., 566.
NOMO<t>YAAi (nom. pi.), Lacedaemon,
n.
nANHrYPIAPXHZ,Apameia, 558.
nANHTYPIZTHZ, Cadi, 560.
TTATPflN, Nicaea, 443 ; Nicomedia, 443.
TTOAEMAPXOZ, Thebes, 299.
TTPEIBEYTHZ, Perinthus, 232; Bizya,
244 ; Philippopolis, 245 ; AncjTa Gal., 629 ;
Caesareia Cap., 633 ; Tyana, 634.
nPEZBEYTHZ KAI ANTIZTPATH-
rOZ, Ancyra Gal., 629.
nPEIBEYTHZ AYTOKPATOPOZ,
Ancyra Gal., 629.
TTPOnOAO I, Delphi, 290.
nPYT AN I Z, Pergamum, 462 ; Cyme, 479 ;
Smyrna, 509 ; Stratoniceia Car., 531 ; Prym-
nessus, 56S ; Synnada, 569.
z.
ZO<t>l ZTHZ, Smyrna, 510; Laodiceia Phr.,
566.
ZTE(I)ANHcl)OPOZ, Smyrna, 510 ;Bagis,
548 ; Hierocaesareia, 550 ; Hypaepa, 550 ;
Hyrcanis, 550; Maeonia, 550 ; Aezani, 556 ;
Ancyra, 557 ; Cadi, 560 ; Prymnessus, 568.
ZTPATHrOZ, Hadrianopolis Bith. (?),
440 ; Adramyteum, 447 ; Assus, 449 ; At-
taea, 449 ; Cyzicus, 454 ; Germe, 455 ; Ha-
driani, 455 ; Hadrianothera, 455 ; Lamp-
sacus, 458 ; Miletopolis, 458 ; Pergamum,
464 ; Perperene, 464 ; Pitane, 464 ; Stra-
toniceia ad Caicum, 466 ; Aegae, 478 ; Cyme,
479; Elaea, 4S0; Myrina,48i; Eresus Lesbi,
486; Methymna Lesbi, 486 ; Mytilene Lesbi,
488 ; Clazomenae, 492 ; Colophon, 494 ;
Erythrae, 499 ; Heracleia Ion., 500 ; Mag-
nesia Ion., 502 ; Metropolis Ion., 502 ; Mi-
letus, 505 ; Phocaea, 508 ; Smyrna, 510 ;
Teos, 512; Alabanda, 519; Apollonia Sal-
bace, 521 ; Bargylia, 522 ; Halicarnassus (?),
527; Heracleia Salbace, 5 2 7 ; Myndus, 529;
Stratoniceia Car., 531 ; Acrasus, 547 ; Apol-
lonis, 548 ; Attalia, 548 ; Aureliopolis, 548 ;
Cilbiani, 549 ; Daldis, 549 ; Dioshieron, 549 ;
Gordus Julia, 549 ; Hermocapelia, 549 ;
Hierocaesareia, 5 50 ; Hypaepa, 5 50 ; Hyrcanis,
550; Maeonia, 550; Magnesia Lyd., 551 ;
Mosteni, 551 ; Nacrasa, 551 ; Philadelphia,
552 ; Sardes, 553 ; Silandus, 553 ; Tabala,
554; Thyateira, 554; Tmolus, 554 ; Ti'alles,
555 ; Aezani, 556 ; Appia, 559 ; Blaundus,
559 ; Bria, 560 ; Cadi, 560 ; Ceretapa, 560 ;
Cibyra, 561 ; Dionysopolis, 562 ; Docimium,
562 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Na-
colea, 567 ; Peltae, 567 ; Philomelium, 56S;
Sala, 56S ; Stectorium, 569.
ZTPATHrOZ AIA BIOY, Smyrna, 510.
784
INDEX V.
TAMIAE, Macedon, 210, 211; Smyrna,
510 ; Rhodes, 542 ; Cyrenaica, 733.
TETPAPXHS, Ptolemy Mennaei f., 655;
Lysanias I, 655 ; Tiberias Galileae, 677 ;
Herod Antipas, 6S3 ; Herod Philip II, 683.
TETPAPXHS KAI APXIEPEYZ, Ze-
nodorus Trach., 663.
TOTTAPXOZ, Ajas, Olba CU., 609.
YIOZ TTOAEnS,Attuda, 559; Cotiaeum,
561.
YnATOZ AHMAPXIKHZ EIOY-
ZIAZ, Crete, 384; Cyprus, 627; Caesa-
reia Cap., 633 ; Antiochia Syr., 657.
(/3) Latin.
Consul (see YnATOZ).
D.
D. D. (Decreto Decurionum), Dium, 211 ;
Apameia Bith., 437.
D. D. P. P. (Decreto Decurionum Pater
Patriae?), Carthage, 742 ; Utica, 742.
D. D. PVBL. (Decreto DecurionumPublico),
Babba Maur., 747.
Duumviri (II VIR, II v.), Alaesa, iio; Ce-
phaloedium, 118; Enna, 119; Panormus,
143 ; Corinth, 339 ; Cnossus, 391.
Duumviri Quinquennales (II VIR Q), Buth-
rotum, 271 ; Dyme, 349.
Duumviri ex decreto Decurionum (|| VIR
EX DD), Buthrotum, 271.
EX CONSENSV D[ecurionum], Babba,
747-
EX D. D. (Ex decreto Decurionum), Buthro-
tum, 271 ; Dyme, 349 ; Cnossus, 391 , Sinope,
435-
LEG[atus], Macedon, 210.
LEG[atus] PRO Q [uaestore], Macedon,
210.
PERMISSV PROCOS. (Permissu Pro-
consulis), Clyj^ea, 742.
Praeses(seeHrEMnN).
PR[aetor], Macedon, 210; Ephesus, 497;
Tralles, 555.
PROCOS. (Proconsul), Panormus, 143;
Pergamum, 463 ; Ephesus, 497 ; Tralles,
555; Apameia, 557; Laodiceia, 566; Cyprus,
627 ; Cyrenaica, 733 ; Gergis, 735 ; Achulla,
736; Hadrumetum, 736. (See also AN-
eYHATOZ.)
Procurator (see ETTITPOTTOS).
Propraetor (see ANTIZTPATHTOZ).
Proquaestor, Amisus, 425"; Ephesus, 497.
Q [uaestor], Agrigentum, 109 ; Panormus, 143 ;
Macedon, 210; Cyrenaica, 733. (See also
TAMIAZ.)
S.
SACER SENATVS, Mallus, 608.
S. C. (Senatus Consulto), Antiochia Syr.,
657 ; Emisa, 659 ; Philippopolis Arab., 687.
S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Populusque Romanus),
Philomelium, 568.
S. R. (Senatus Romanus), Antiochia Pis., 589 ;
Iconium, 596.
SVF[etes], Carthage, 742.
INDEX VI.
ENGEAVERS' NAMES.
(See Inlrodiiction, § 13.)
A . . . ., Terina, 97.
APIZTOIE[NOZ], Metapontum, 64.
A A .... or A A Elis, 355.
EIAKEZTI AAZ, Camarina, 112.
EYAlNETOZ, Camarina, 113; Catana,
116 ; Syracuse, 154.
EY6 . . . ., Syracuse, 100 ; Elis, 354.
EYKAEI AAZ, Syracuse, 155.
EYMHNOZ, Syracuse, 153. .
HPA . . . ., Velia, 74.
HPAKAEI AA2, Catana, 116.
6E0A0T0Z, C'lazomenae, 491.
innOKPATHI, Ehegium, 94.
IITOPOZ,Thurium, 72.
K I AA n N , Syracuse, 155.
KAEYAnPOS, Velia, 74.
MOAOZZOZ, Thurium, 72.
MYP , Agrigentum, 106.
NEYANTOZ, Cydonia, 385, 391.
NIK AN APO I, Thurium, 72.
OAYM , Arcadia, 373.
TT , Terina, 97.
no AY , Metapontum, 64.
TTAPME , Syracuse, 100.
TTPOKAHZ, Catana, 116; Naxus, 140.
TTYGOAnPOZ, Aptera, 386; Polyrlie-
niuni, 403.
SnZinN, Syracuse, 100.
TET (?), Chalcidice, 186.
4) , Neapolis, 32 ; Thurium, 71 ;
Velia, 74 ; Pandosia, 90 ; Terina, 97.
ct>IAISTinN, Velia, 74.
01 AlZ . . . ., Terina, 97.
<t)PYriAAOZ, Syracuse, 100.
XAPI , Arcadia, 373.
XOIPinN, Catana, 116.
31^
VII. INDEX EERUM.
Aaron's rod (?) — Jeruf?alem, 68 1.
Abundantia — Alexandria, 722.
Acarnania, chronological table of coinage of,
278.
Acamanian Confederacy, 2 78.
Achaean Colonies in South Italy, 57, 78, 80,
92 ; Introduction, § 9.
Achaean League, 343, 344, 350.
Achaia, chronological table of coinage of, 343.
Acheloiis. See Rivers.
Achilles — Larissa Cremaste, 255 ; Thessaly,
264; Pyrrhus, 273.
Acrocorinthus, 339, 340.
Acropolis of Athens, 327.
Actian Games — goddess presiding over — Anac-
torium, 279. <S'ee a?50 Games.
Adar or Moloch, 137.
Adonis, birth of, Myra Lyciae, 578; worship
of at Byblus, 668.
Adranos, temple of, 103, 137.
Aegae, port of, 598.
Aegina, the earliest European mint, Tntrod.,
§8.
Aegina, port of, 334; chronological table of
coinage of, 343.
Aeginetic standard, origin of, Tntrod., § 8 and
p. 331 ; scale of weights of, 332 ; in the
Chalcidian Colonies, 30, 92 ; in Sicily, 99 ;
at Abdera, 220 ; in the Thracian Chersonese,
222; at Olbia, 233; at Callatia, 234; at
Istrus, 234 ; at Tyra, 234 ; in Thessaly, 246 ;
in Locris, 2S5 ; in Phocis, 28 7 ; in Boeotia,
291; in Euboea(?), 307; in Atfcica before
Solon's time, 309 ; in Peloponnesus, 331, 344 ;
in Elis, 353 ; in Messenia, 361 ; in Argolis,
366 ; at Epidaurus, 369 ; in Crete, 383 sqq. ;
in the Cyclades, 407 sqq., 417, 419 ; at Si-
nope(?), 441 ; at Cyme(?), 479; at Teos(?),
511; at Chersonesus Cariae, 523; at Cnidus,
523 ; at Camirus, 53S ; in Cilicia, 597 ; at
Celenderis, 600 ; at Mall us, 605 ; (reduced) at
Corcyra, 275 ; (reduced) in Cyprus, 620 sqq.
Aegipan, Psophis (?), 379; Aegiale, 409; Taba,
5.32.
Aeneas, founder of Aeneia, 189: with Anchi-
ses, Segesta, 1 46 ; with Anchises and Asca-
niiis, Dardanus, 472; Otrus, 567; with
Anchises, Kreusa,and Ascanius, Aeneia.iSg.
Aeolis, chronological table of coinage of, 482.
Aequitas, Alexandria, 721.
Aes grave, of Etruria, 13 ; of Italy, 14 sqq.;
of Luceria, 39 ; of Venu8ia,4i ; of Olbia, 233.
Ae8 rude Italian, 15.
Aesop (?), Delphi, 289.
Aetna, Mount, productions of, 115.
Aetolia, 283, 284; statue of at Delphi, 2S4.
Aetolos, Aetolia, 284.
Africa, head of, Juba I, 774 ; Mauretania, 746.
Agathodaemon, Thyateixa, 554 ; Alexandria,
720.
Agathyrnos, hero, Tyndaris, 166.
Agaue with head of Pentheus, 433.
Ageladas, statue of Zeus by, Messene, 361.
Agonistic types, on Tarentine coins, 46 ; at
Ehegium, 93 ; in Sicily, 100, 150 ; at Olyn-
thus, 185 ; on coins of Philip II, 197 ; on
coins of Cos, 535.
Agonistic and other Magistrates' titles on Im-
perial coins, Introd., § 14.
Agonothesia, Presidency of the Games, Tlies-
salonica, 213.
Agreus, Ehegium, 94; Corcyra, 277.
Ajax, son of Oileus, Opuntii, 285 ; Scarpheia,
286.
Ajax, shield of, Salamis, 329.
Ajax, death of, Prusa ad Olympuni, 444.
Ajax, oekist of Olba, 609.
Aktaeon(?), head of, Cyzicus, 451.
Alabandos, hero, Alabanda, 519.
Aleos, oekist of Tegea, 381.
Aleuas, Larissa, 253, 255.
Alexander the Paphlagonian,Aboniteichos, 432.
Alexander the Great, vision of, Smyrna, 510 ;
oekist of Apollonia Pis., 589 ; coinage of in
Lycia, 575 ; coinage of at Mallus, 607 ;
coinage of at Tarsus, 616.
Alexandria, tetradrachms of, tariffed as equi-
valent to the Roman denarius, 718.
Alexandria personified, Alexandria, 720.
Alexandrine coins (i. e. coins bearing the
types of the money of Alexander struck after
his death) at Thebes, 298 ; at Chalcis, 304;
at Aegina, 333 ; at Sicyon, 346 ; at Elis,
356; at Argos(?), 367; in Crete, 384; at
Cnossus, 3S9 ; at Lyttus, 399 ; at Assus,
449 ; at Atarneus, 449 ; at Cyzicus, 454 ;
at Lampsacus,457 ; at Pergamimi, 460 ; at
Alexandria Troas, 469 ; at Sigeium, 475 ;
at MjTina, 480; at Temnus, 481 ; at Me-
thymna, 486 ; at Mytilene, 487 ; at Clazo-
menae, 492 ; at Colophon, 493 ; atEphesus,
496 sq. ; at Erythrae, 499 ; at Heracleia
Ion., 500 ; at Magnesia Ion., 501 ; at Mi-
letus, 504; at Phocaea, 507; at Priene,
508; at Smyrna, 509; at Tecs, ;^ii ; at
Chios, 1^14; at Sauios, 517; at Alabanda, 519;
at Cnidus, 524; at Mylasa, 529 ; at Astv-
palaea, 534 ; at Cos, 536 ; at Nisyros, 537 ;
INDEX RERUAI.
787
at Rhodes, 541 ; at Phaselis, 579 ; at Side,
5S6 ; at Sillyum, 588 ; at Paiihus, 627 ; by
yeleucus I, 637 ; in Phoenicia, 650 ; at
Damascus (?), 662 ; at Aradus, 666 ; at Ma-
rathus, 670 ; at Sidon, 672 ; at Tyrus, 675 ;
at Ace, 676; at Joppa, 678; at Ascalon,
679; in Egypt, 711.
Alexarchus, founder of Uranopolis, 183.
Alliance coin-type, Cyrene, Lindus, and laly-
sus, 727.
Alliance coins, Introd., § 17.
Alkaeos, Mytilene, 488.
Alkamenes, statue of Dionysos by, Athens,
324> 327-
Alkathoos, oekist of Megara, 330.
Alkinoos, gardens of, (so-called), Corcyra, 276.
Alkos, epithet of Apollo, Morgantina, 138.
Amaltheia, divine goat, Crete, 382.
Amaltheia, Synuada, 569.
Amaltheia or Rhea, Laodiceia, 566.
Amaltheia and infant Zeus, Aegae, 598.
Amastris (Amazon?), 432.
Ambrosial rocks, Tyrus, 676.
Amen-ra, Egypt, 722, 724.
Amphiaraos, Oropus, 328.
Amphictyonic Council, 289 sq.
Amphilochos, Mallus, 608.
Amphinomos and Anapias, story of, ii^.
Amphion and Zethos binding Dirke, Thyateira,
554-
Amphora, numerals on, Athens new style, 317.
Amymone pursued by Poseidon, Argos, 368.
Anacreon, Teos, 512.
Anaitis, Zela, 427 ; Amastris (?), 432.
Anaxagoras the philosopher, Clazomenae, 492.
Anaxilas of Rhegium, 92.
Anchialos, oekist of Anchialus, 236 ; An-
chiale (?), 599.
Anchises, Aeneia, 189; Ilium, 473.
Anchor, type parlant, Ancyra, 557.
Androklos, oekist of Ephesus, 498 ; oekist of
Samos, 518.
Andromeda, Prusa ad Olympum, 444 ; Coro-
pissus, 602 ; Joppa, 678.
Androtion, statement of, concerning Solon's
monetary reforms, 309.
Ankaeos, Samian hero, 518.
Antigonus Gonatas, victory of, off Cos, 204.
Antigonus Doson, expedition of, against Caria,
204.
Antinoiis, coin dedicated to, by the Amphicty-
onic Council, 290 ; cultus of, at Mantineia,
373 ; Hadrianothera, 455 ; medallions of,
Bithynium, 438 ; Calchedon, 439 ; Cius, 440;
Adi-amyteum, 447 ; Cyzicus, 454 ; Smyrna,
510.
Antiochians, coins struck by, out of Antioch,
658.
Antiochus III (of Syria), European coins with
head of, 640.
Antiochus IV (of Syria), name of, on Athenian
coins, 317, 320 ; Egyptian coinage of, 716.
Anubis, Egypt, 723.
Apellicon of Teos, name of, on Athenian coin,
322-324.
'ATrqvr], agonistic type, Messana, 134.
Apesas, Mount, Herakles resting beneath,
Argos, 368.
Aphaia standing by Zeus, Aegina, 334.
Aphrodite, worship of, at Ancona, 19 ; temple
of, at Aegina, the first European mint, 331 ;
statue of, at Aegina, 334 ; worship of, at
Corinth, 335 ; temple of, at Corinth, 340 ;
statue of, holding shield, Corinth, 340 ;
holding her long hair after the bath, Me-
tliana, 370 ; cultus-image of, Aphrodisias,
520; statue of by Praxiteles, Cos, 536;
Ai^hrodite —
Aineias, Leucas, 280.
Akraia, Cnidus, 523.
Areia, Cyzicus, 454.
Knidia, statue of by Praxiteles, 525.
Doritis, Cnidus, 523.
Erycina, temple of, 120, 1 21.
Euploia, Cnidus, 523.
Kastnietis, Metropolis, 256 sq.
Melainis, Thespiae, 300.
Meleia, Magnesia Ion., 502.
Morpho (?), Lacedaemon, 365.
Nymphia (?), Troezen, 371.
Paphia, Sardes, 553.
Paphia, temj)le of, Cyprus, 627.
Urania, Uranopolis, 183.
Aphrodite with three Erotes, Cidramus, 523 ;
■with Eros, Eryx, 120 ; with Hermes, Mallus,
606.
Apis, Alexandria, 720, 723.
Apollo, worship of, at Metapontum, 63.
Apollo —
Agyieus, Ambracia, 270.
Aegletes, Anaphe, 410.
Aktaeos, Parium, 458.
Aktios, Ambracia, 270 ; Acarnania, 278,
283; Anactorium, 279; Thyrrheium,
282 ; Alexandria, 719-
Alexikakos, Selinus, 148.
Alkos (?) Morgantina, 138.
Amyklaeos, Lacedaemon, 364 sq.
Anaphaeos, Anaphe, 410.
Archegetes, Tauromeuium, 165 ; Hiera-
polis, 565.
Aulaetes, Magnesia Ion., 502.
Delios, Athens, 321, 325.
Delphinios, symbol of, Delphi, 289.
Didymeus,Aegiale(?), 432; Miletus, 504;
Alexandria, 719.
Embasios, Ephesus, 498.
Enagros, Siphnos, 419.
Gryneus, Grynium, 480; Myrina, 481.
Hekatos, Pordosilene, 488.
Hyakinthios, Tarentum, 44.
Karinos, Megara, 330.
Karneios (?), Metapontum, 64.
Karneios, symbols of, Delphi, 289.
Katharsios (?), Caulonia, 78.
Kissios, Alabanda, 519.
Kitharoedos, Acarnania, 283.
Klarios, Apameia, 437 ; Colophon, 493 sq.
Leukates, Nicopolis, 272.
Lydios, Tralles, 555.
Lykios, Athens, 324, 327 ; Lycia, 575.
Lykios Scufcui/, Themisonium, 569.
Musegetes, Imbros, 226 ; Mesembria, 237,
Nomios, Corcyra, 276.
Nymphegetes (?), Hipponium, 85.
Patareus, Patara, 578.
3 E 2
788
INDEX RERUM.
Apollo—
Patroos(?), Athens, 327.
Propylaeos, Cremna, 590.
Pythaeus, Asine, 362.
Pythios, Athens, 327; Megara, 330;
Tralles, 555; Mallus, 608; .Alexandria,
719.
Smintheus, Alexandria Troas, 469.
Smintheus, statue of, by Bcopas, 470.
Thearios (?), Troezen, 371.
Theoxenios, Pellene, 350.
Thymbraeos, temple of, at Thymbra, 475.
Triopios, Cnidus, 523 ; hieron of, opposite
Cos, 204.
Apollonia, various Asiatic cities bearing name
of, method of distinguishing their coins, 521.
Apollonis, Queen, head of (?), Cyzicus, 454.
Apteras or Pteras, oekist of Aptara, 387.
Apulia, chronological table of coinage of, 36.
Aramaic inscriptions on coins of Amisus, 424 ;
of Gaziura, 426 ; of Paphlagonia, 431 ; of
Sinope, 434; of Side(?), 586 ; of Cilicia, 597 ;
of Issus, 604 ; of Mallus, 606 ; of Tarsus,
612 sqq. ; of Ariarathes of Cappadocia, 631 ;
of Hieropolis,Cyrrhesticae,654; ofSidon(?),
672; of Persis, 696.
Aratus the Poet (?), Soli, 612,
Arcadia, chronological table of coinage of, 344 ;
federal money of, 372.
Arehedamis, wife of Theophanes, Mytilene, 4S8.
Archias, oekist of Syracuse, 157.
Ares, Mamertini, 136; as Sun-god, Mesembria,
237 ; Corinth, 340 ; Argos, 368 ; Amasia,
423 ; Cabeira, 425 ; Chabacta, 426 ; Ga-
ziura, 426 ; Laodiceia, 426 ; Pimolisa, 426 ;
Taulara, 427 ; Amastris, 433 ; Metropolis
Ion., 502 ; Prostanna (?), 591 ; Lyrbe, 605 ;
Tarsus (?), 614; Eabbath-Moba,6S7 ; Alex-
andria, 719.
Arethusa, Syracuse, 151, 155 ; Tarsus, 614.
Argaeus, Mount, Archelaus, Cappadociae Eex,
633 ; Caesareia Cap., 633.
Argo, the ship. Magnates, 256; Mag-nesia
Ion., 502 ; Sidon, 673.
Argolis, chronological table of coinage of, 343.
Ariadne and Dionysos, Perinthus, 232.
Ariadne (?), head of, Lampsacus, 457.
Arian Pali inscriptions on coins, Bactria, 705
sqq., 709.
Aries, the Constellation, Antioch, 657 ;
Nisibis, 689.
Arion, Thelpusa, 382 ; Methymna, 486 sq.
Aristaeos, Rhegium, 94 ; Corcyra, 276; Ceos,
410 sq. ; Cyrene, 726 sqq.
Aristeas, the Pythagorean, Metapontum, 63.
Aristion, partizan of Mithradates, name of, on
Athenian "coins, 322, 324.
Aristophanes' allusions to Athenian coins, 314.
Aristotle, on the origin of coinage, Introd., § i ;
statement of, as to new type of coins intro-
duced by Hippias, 311 ; his explanation of
Tenedian coin-types, 476.
Ark of Noah on coin of Apameia, 558.
Arkas, infant, beside his mother Kallisto,
Methydrium, 377 ; Orchomenus, 377 ; in-
fant, carried by Henries, Pheneus, 378.
Arne, nymph, Cierium, 249.
Aroe, ancient name of Patrae, 349.
Art, progress of, in Sicily, 99.
Artemis —
Agrotera, Cherronesus, 237; Megara, 330.
Amarynthia, Eretria, 306.
Astyrene, Antandrus, 447.
Boreitene, Attalia, 54S ; Thyateira, 554.
Brauronia, Laodiceia ad Mare, 660.
Britomartis, Crete, 383.
Ekbatesia, Siphnos, 419.
Ephesia, temple of, at Alea, 374.
Ephesia, Gortyna, 396 ; Cyme, 479 ;
Came, 479 ; Ephesus, 494 sqq. ; Me-
tropolis Ion., 502 ; lasus, 528 ; Taba,
531 ; Acrasus, 547 ; Aninetus, 548 ;
Cilbiani, 549 ; Gordus Julia, 549 ;
Nacrasa, 551 ; Tabala, 554; Acmonia,
556 ; Aezani, 556 ; Colossae, 561 ;
Cotiaeum, 561 ; Synnada, 569.
Eurippe, Pheneus, 378 sq.
Kindyas, Bargylia, 522.
Klaria, Colophon, 494.
Knakalesia, Caphya, 374.
Kyparissia, Lacedaemon, 364.
Laphria, statue and festival of, Patrae,
349 sq.
Leukophryne, Magnesia Ion., 502.
Limenoskopos Q), Massilia, 7.
Lykia(?), Troezen, 371.
Munychia, Phygela, 508.
Myndia, Myndus, 529.
Myrea(?), Myra, 577.
Perasia, Hieropolis Cil., 603.
Pergaea, Perga, 585 ; Andeda, 589 ;
Pednelissus, 591 ; Pogla, 591.
Persika, Hierocaesareia Lyd., 550 ; Hy-
paepa, 550.
Pheraea, Pherae, 261 ; Sicyon, 347.
Propylaea, Athens, 324.
Soteira, Agrigentum, 108 ; Syracuse, 156,
159 sq. ; Megara, 330.
Stymphalia, Stymphalus, 380.
Tauropolos, Amphipolis, 190 ; Macedonia,
208 ; Cherronesus, 237 ; cultus of, at
Panticapaeum, 239.
Tyche, Gerasa Decap., 665.
Aryandes, punishment of, 699 ; his silver
coins, 699, 711-
As, libral, 4390 grs., 15; triental, 1756 grs.,
16 ; uncial, 421 grs., 16; semuncial, 17.
Ascanius. See Aeneas.
Asia, Roman province, date of constitution of,
497 ; characteristics of coinage of, 547.
Askenos {see Men), Sardes, 553.
Asklepieion at Athens, inventory of, 201 ; at
Agrigentum, 108.
Asklepios, worship of, in Thessaly, 249, 263 ;
at Epidaurus, 369 ; at Pergamum, 459 sqq. ;
statue of, by Thrasymedes of Pares, Epi-
daurus, 369 ; suckled by goat, Epidaurus,
370 ; enthroned, with dog and serpent
beside him, Epidaurus, 369, 370 ; Phinaeos,
Nicopolis, 272.
Asklepios and Isis, sanctuaries of, Corinth,
34°-
Assaria Italica (?), Crete, 384.
Assarion, Chios, 514.
Astarte, Mallus, 606 ; Capitolias Coelesyriae,
662 ; Aradus, 667 sq. ; Berytus, 668 ;
INDEX RE RUM.
789
Botrys, 668 ; Byblus, 669 ; Caesareia ad
Libanum, 669 ; Dora, 669 ; Sidon, 673 ;
Tripolis, 674 ; Tyrus, 676 ; Caesareia Sam.,
678; Diospolis Lydda, 678 ; Aelia Capito-
lina, 679 ; Antliedon, 679 ; Ascalon, 679 ;
Adraa, 686 ; Esbus, 6S7 ; Eabbath-Moba,
687 ; Thysdrus Byz., 737 ; Hippo Zeug.,
742 ; Hippo Eegius Numid., 745 ; Sarai
Numid., 745 ; Tabraca Numid., 746.
Astragalos, meaning of, 126.
Astragalos on Euboean coins, 309.
Ateh, goddess, Tarsus, 616.
Atergatis, Hieropolis Cyrrhesticae, 654.
Athamas, oekist of Halus, 251.
Athena, archaic statue of, by Dipoenus and
Scyllis (?), Cleonae, 369.
Athena, presenting hair of Medusa to Sterope,
Tegea, 381.
Athena —
Alea, Tegea, 380 sq.
Alkis, Syracuse, 16 1 ; Bella, 212 ; Mace-
don, 203-205 ; Btolemy I, 712.
Archegetis, Athens, 325 sq.
Areia, Bergamum, 463 ; Ephesus, 498.
Chalinitis, Corinth, 334, 336, 340.
Hippia, Athens, 326.
Hygieia, Athens, 326.
Ilias, Athens, 326 ; Hamaxitus, 472 ;
Ilium, 473.
Itonia, Thessaly, 264 ; temple of, near
Coroneia, 291 sq.
Kranaea, temple of, at Elateia, 290.
Kydonia, Cydonia, 392.
Megarsis, Mallus, 607.
Barthenos, Athens, 316 sq., 323, 326.
Bolias, los, 414; Briene, 508.
Bromachos, Athens, 327.
Salmonia, Itanus, 397 sq.
SejSaffTov, Alexandria, 719.
Skyletria, Thurium, 72.
Soteira, Hipponium, 85.
Sthenias, Troezen, 371.
Athenian money superseded by Macedonian,
circ.B.C. 350-322, 315.
Athenian coinage of the ' old style,' cessation
of, 316.
Athenian coinage of the 'new style,' com-
mencement of, circ. B.C. 220, cessation of,
circ. B.C. 86, 316 ; classification of, 316 sqq.
Athenian types in Ci'ete at Cnossus, Cydonia,
Gortyna, Hierapytna, Bolyrhenium, and
Briansus, 390, 392.
Athenian coinage imitated by Mazaeus, 616.
Athenian coinage imitated in Arabia, 687 sq.
Athens, earliest coinage of, Introd., § 8.
Athens and Rome, ' foedus aequum ' between,
318.
Athletes drawing lots, Balaeopolis, 591 ;
Ancyra, 629.
Athymbros, oekist of Nysa, 552.
Atlas, Magnesia Ion., 502.
Attic standard, identical with the Euboic,
310 ; monetary scale of, 310 ; in Sicily, 99 ;
in Thasos, 229; at Byzantium, 231; at
Selymbria, 232 ; at Delphi, 2S9; inBoeotia,
291, 299 ; in Messenia, 361 ; at Argos, 368 ;
at Epidaarus (?), 369 ; at Troezen, 371 ; in
Crete, 384, 386, 390, 39 1) 392, 394.- 396,
397, 400, 402, 405 ; in the Cyclades, 408,
411, 417, 420; at Sinope, 435 ; at Calche-
don, 438 ; at Cyzicus, 454 ; at Lampsacus,
458 ; at Abydua, 468 ; at Ilium, 473 ; at
Sigeium, 475 ; at Tenedos, 476 ; at Aegae,
478; at Cyme, 479; at Myrina, 4S1 ; at
Temnus, 481; at Methymna, 486; at
Cithus, 4S6 ; at Clazomenae, 490 sq. ; at
Ephesus, 495, 497 J at Heracleia Ion., 500 ;
at Lebedus, 500 ; at Magnesia Ion., 501 ;
at Miletus, 503 sq. ; at Smyrna, 509 ; at
Alabanda, 519 ; at Bargyiia, 522 ; at
Caunus, 522; at Halicarnassus, 526; at
Myndus, 529 ; at Cos, 535 sq. ; at Rhodus,
542; at Syme(?), 542; at Sardes, 553; at
Attuda(?), 559; atBhaselis,58o; atEtenna,
583 ; at Berga, 584 ; at Sillyum, 588 ; at
Cremna, 590 ; at Sagalassus, 592 ; at Selge,
593 ; adopted by Mazaeus, 616 ; in Cappa-
docia, 631 ; Seleucidae, 637 ; at Hieropolis
Cyrrh., 654; at Aradus, 666 ; at Marathus,
670; at Tyrus, 675; in Barthia, 691; in
Bersis, 696 ; in Characene, 697 ; in Bactria,
701; in Egypt, 711 ; at Cyrene, 730; at
Euesperides, 734; of Siculo-Bunic coins,
737-
Attica, chronological table of coinage of, 343.
Attalis, Athenian tribe so named, 319.
Atys, Cyzicus (?), 451, 453; Antiochia ad
Maeandrum, 520 ; Bessinus (?), 630.
Auge, mother of Telephos, Tegea, 381 ; re-
leased from chest, Elaea, 4S0.
Auriol, find of archaic silver coins at, i, 7.
Autonomy granted to cities of European Greece
at the Beace of Antalcidas, 285.
Aziottenos {see Men), Saittae, 552.^
Baal Tars, Tarsus, 614 sqq.
Baal, symbol of, Siculo-Bunic coins, 737 ;
symbol of, Tabraca, 746.
Baal, Hippo Eegius, 745 ; Tingis, 74S.
Babylonic and Bhoenician silver minae,
Introd., § 6.
Babylonic standard at Neapolis Mac, 175 ;
at Aegae Mac, 177; at Ichnae, 178; at
Maroneia, 2 1 5 ; at Dicaea, 218 ; at Thasos,
227; at Tenedos, 475 ; in Ionia, 489; at
Astyra, 521 ; at Cnidus (?), 523 ; in Lycia,
544 ; falling to the Euboic, Lycia, 571.
Baccliic Term on Brow, MytUene, 487.
Bacchus Thracian, 174, 176.
'BaiTvKia, Mallus, 605.
Barcides, Hispano-Carthaginian coins of, 3.
Barter, primitive method of exchange, Introd.,
§ I.
Bassareus, Lydian Dionysos, 545.
Battus, founder of Cyrene, 725.
Bear, Kallisto transformed into, Mantineia,
376.^
Bee (fX€\iTTa), type parlant, Melitaea, 256 ;
emblem in Crete of Zeus, 382 ; symbol of
Artemis Ephesia, 494.
Bellerophon, Leucas, 279; Corinth, 334, 336,
339; Bargyiia, 522.
Beroe, nymph, seized by Boseidon, Berytus,
668.
790
INDEX RERUM.
Beset (Leto), Egypt, 723, 724.
Bias of Priene, 508.
Bimetallic currency of Philip II, 196.
Bipennis, symbol of Dionysos and of Kotys,
240; symbol of Dionysos of Pagasae, 261.
Bithynia personified, Nicomedes I, 444.
Bithynia, chronological table of the coinage
of, 446.
Boar, symbol of Artemis, Phocis, 287.
Boeotarchs, names of, on federal coins, 297.
Boeotia, chi-onological table of coinage of, 291.
Boeotian buckler, a religious emblem, 291.
Boeotian federal currency, 291.
Boeotian League, meeting place of, 291 sq.
Boeotian dialect, coin-legend in, 297.
Bonae Nuptiae, Alexandria, 721.
Boreitene. See Artemis.
Bosporus, Colchis, and Pontus, chronological
table of coinage of, 431.
BoCs km yXwaari PijSrjKei', the proverb, 309.
Branchidae, sacred coinage of, 504.
Brasidas in Macedon, 182 sq., 190.
Bridge over the Pyramus, Aegae, 598.
British imitation of Gaulish money, 9.
Britomartis, Crete, 383, 388, 400.
Bronze, the measure of value in Italy and
Sicily, Introd., § 9.
Bronze coinage of Athens first issued under
the archonship of Callias, B.C. 406, 315.
Bronze, plentiful reissue of, at Athens, B.C.
353-322, 315. _
Bronze, demonetization of, at Athens, B.C. 394,
315-
Bronze mouey, Attic denominations of, 328.
Bronze first coined in Aegina, circ. B.C. 404,
333-
Bronze coins of the Ptolemies, relation of to
silver coins, 713.
Bronze related to silver in Egypt as 120 : i,
713;
Bruttium, chronological table of coinage of, 76.
Bull's horn, emblem of Seleucus, 63S.
Bupalus, statue of Tyche by, Smyrna, 510.
Buraicus Herakles, statue of, Aegium, 348.
Byzas, oekist of Byzantium, 232.
Calabria, chronological table of coinage of, 42.
Calauria, naval confederation of, 293.
Callias, archonship of, at Athens, first issue of
bronze, B.C. 406, 315.
Campania, derivation of coinage of, Introd.,
Campania, chronological table of coinage of,
26.
Campanian bull, meaning of, 33.
Campano-Tarentine coinage, 49.
Campanians in Sicily, 104, 119, 139.
Canachus, statue of Aphrodite by, at Sicyon,
347 ; statue of the Didymean Apollo by, 505.
'Canopic' vases, Alexandria, 720.
Cappadocia, Iloman province, 633.
Car of Astarte, Sidon, 673.
Caranus, myth of, 177, 212.
Carchemish, weiglit of, In (rod., § 4, § 8.
Caria, chronological table of coinage of, 543.
Carthaginians in Spain, 3.
Catanaean brothers, Catana, 117.
Cattle, values estimated in, Introd., § i.
Cattle, medium of exchange in Attica, 309.
Cenchreae, port of Corinth, 340.
Cepliisodotus, group of Eirene and Plutos by,
Athens, 327.
Cetriporis of Thrace, mention of, in inscr.,
241.
Chalcidian colonies in the West, earliest coin-
age of, Introd., § 9.
Chalcidian colonies in Sicily, 99 ; in Macedon,
181.
Chalcidian League, 185.
Chalkous Attic, value of, 328.
Chares of Lindus, statue of Helios by, com-
monly called the Colossus of Rhodes, 540.
Charites, the three, Argos, 368 ; Itanus, 398 ;
Naxos, 417 ; Magnesia Ion., 502.
Charon the Boeotarch, 297.
Cheiron the Centaur, Magnetes, 256 ; Prusias
II, 445-
Chimaera, Corinth, 336, 339 ; Sicyon, 345 sq.;
Cyzicus, 451 ; Zeleia(?), 506.
Chian 'Portieth' ( = 240 grs.), 513.
Chian standard (didrachm 123-120 grs.), 513.
Chloris with Leto, Argos, 368.
Chnuphis (?), Egypt, 724.
Chronological classification of coins by style,
Introd., § 12.
Chrysippus the Philosopher, Soli, 612.
Chusor-Phtali, (Hejjhaestos) Hippo Kegius,
745 ; Macomada, 745-
Cilicia, chronological table of coins of, 619.
Koman province B.C. 67, 598, 607.
Cistophori, origin and history of the, 461 ;
struck at Gortyna, 384, 396 ; Imperial, of
Bithynia, 437.
Cistophoric mints in Asia, Adramyteum, 446 ;
Parium, 459 ; Pergamum, 462 ; Ephesus,
497 ; Smyrna, 509 ; Nysa, 552 ; Sardes,
553 ; Thyateira, 554 ; Tralles, 555 ; Apa-
meia, 557; Laodiceia, 566.
Cistophoric countermarks on coins of Side, 587.
Cistophoric standard at Cibyra, 560 ; at Pes-
sinus, 628.
Civic titles, — Imperial, ethnic, geographical,
titles involving privileges, and purely hono-
rific titles, Iiitrod,, § 16.
Cleopatra, portrait of on coins of, Patrae, 349 ;
Ascalon, 679.
Cleopatra with infant Ptolemy XVI as Aphro-
dite and Eros, 717.
Cock, emblem of the Dawn, Carystus, 303 ;
emblem of Cretan Zeus, 382.
Cock-fight, Dardanus, 471 ; Oplirynium, 474.
Coinage, probable invention of, in Lydia, circ.
B.C. 700, Introd., § 5.
Colonial coins (Roman) — Types and inscrip-
tions of, Introd., § 18.
Colossus of Rhodes, 540.
Connnemorative coins struck by Agathocles
and Antimachus of Bactria, 703, 704.
Concordia, Alexandria, 722.
t'onsecratio, Alexandria, 721.
Corcyrean standard (light Aeginetic) in Etru-
ria, 12; at Apollonia IlljTiae, 265 ; at
Dyrrhachium, 266 ; in Illyria, 267 ; in
Epirus, 272 ; in the islands of Ells, 358.
INDEX BE RUM.
791
Corinth, early commerce of, and origin of the
Corinthian standard, Introd., § 8.
Corinth, Roman colony, coinage of, 339.
Corinthia, chronological table of coinage of,
343-
Corinthian coin-types, 334 ; introduced into
Sicily by Timoleon, loi.
Corinthian drachms of Ph3i;ia, 281.
Corinthian standard, origin of, 334 ; extension
of? 334 > ^t Corcyra, 276.
Corinthian staters of Locri, 76, 86 ; of Mesma,
89 ; of Ehegium, 94, 95 ; of Terina, 98 ;
of Eryx, 121 ; of Leontini, 131 ; of Syracuse,
156, 158; ofApoUonia, 265; of Dyrrhachii,
266; ofAmbracia, 270; of Corcyra, 276;
of Acarnania, 278, 282 ; of Alyzia, 279; of
Anactorium, 279; of Argos Amphilochicum,
279; of Astacus, 279; of Coronta, 2 79 ; of
Leucas, 279; of Metropolis Acarnaniae,28o;
of Thyrrheium, 282; of Palaerus (?), 341.
Corinthian staters of reduced weight, Thyr-
rheium, 283.
Corinthian staters with Q and magistrate's
letters and symbols, chronological classifica-
tion of, 337.
Corinthian staters of Acarnania, Corcyra,
Epirus, lUyria, Sicily, and Bruttium, 340,
341-
Cow and calf as a coin-type, origin and mean-
ing of, 276.
Cow and calf, symbol of worship of Hera,
Euboea, 303.
Cow and calf, Lycia, 572 ; Tarsus (?), 612.
Crenides, 192.
Crescent, emblem of Aphrodite Melainis,
Thespiae, 300.
Crete, chronological table of coinage of, 385.
Creto-Eoman silver coinage, 384.
Critius and Nesiotes, statues of Harmodius
and Aristogeiton by, Athens, 324,
Ci'ocodile, Egypt, 723.
Croesus, his monetary reform, 546.
Cromna the Amazon, head of, Cromna, 433.
Crook and flail, Egyptian symbols of royalty.
Tyre, 674.
' Crux ansata,' Cyprus, 627.
Cumaean Sibyl, 32, 132.
Cupping vessel, aiKxia, Atrax, 249 ; Epidaurus,
352, 369; Amorgos, 409.
Curetes guarding infant Zeus, Crete, 384.
Curule chair, Melita, 743.
Cyclades, archaic coinage of, 407 ; chrono-
logical table of the coinage of, 409.
Cynoscephalus, Egypt, 723 sq.
Cypriote syllabry, 602 sqq. See PI. III.
Cyzicene staters, history and value of, 449.
D.
Daedalus of Sicyon, seated statue of Nike by,
Elis, 355.
Dagou, Aradus, 666.
Damneus, hero, Myrina, 481.
Damocleidas, name of, on Boeotian coins, 29S.
Danae, Argos, 368.
Danaos and Gelanor, contest between, Argos,
368.
Daphne, transformation of, Apollonia Cariae,
521 ; sanctuary of, near Antioch, 658.
Dardanos, Ilium, 473.
AapetKoi, derivation of, 698.
Daric, f^;j part of light Babylonian mina, 698.
Daric, double, probably first coined by Alex-
ander the Great, 699.
Dated coins and eras of towns, Introd., § 19.
Daton, mining district, Macedon, 192.
Decimal system of the ancient Egyptians,
Introd., § 2.
Decimal system in Etruria, 10.
Decussis, Roman, 16.
Dedicatory formulae, Introd., § 14.
Delphic omphalos, 289, 290 ; on a Cyzicene
stater, 453.
Delphic El, mystic word, 290.
Delphinium, harbour of, Oropus, 328.
Delphos, mythical founder of Delphi, 289.
Deluge, myth of the Noachian, Apameia, 558.
Demares, inventory of, 303, 308.
Demareteion, Syracuse, 151.
Demeter, epithets of, Metapontum, 64 ; temple
of, on Mount Ithome, 361 ; of Antliela, Del-
phi, 289 sq.
Demeter —
Chthonia, sanctuary of, at Hermione, 370.
Eleusinia, Pheneus, 378.
Erinys, Thelpusa, 381 sq.
Horia, Smyrna, 510.
Panachaia (?), Achaean League, 351.
Demeter and Triptolemus, statues of, at Enna,
119.
Demi of Antioch and Seleucia, 656.
Democritus of Abdera, 221.
Demos of Athens, coin struck in the name of
the, 318.
Denarius of Apollonia lUyriae, 265,
Derceto, Ascalon, 680.
Despoina (?), Arcadia, 372.
Dia-Hebe (1), Neapolis, 33.
Diana Lucifera, 437.
Dido, Tyrus, 676 ; Siculo-Punic coin, 738.
Didyma, sacred coinage of, 504.
Diktynna, Crete, 382 sqq.; Cydonia, 392;
Eleutherna, 393 ; Phalasarna, 402 ; Poly-
rhenium, 403.
Dindymus, Mount (?), Acmonia, 556.
Diomedes carrying off Palladium, 367 sq.
Dion of Syracuse, name of, on coins of Za-
cynthus, 360.
Dione, Amantia, 265 ; Ambracia, 270 ; Atha-
manes, 271 ; Pyi-rhus, 273, 275.
Dionysiac types on Ptolemaic coins, 715.
Dionysos tauriform, 33, 63.
Dionysos, temple of, at Aphytis, 186 ; worship
of, at Mende, 187; orgiastic worship of, in
Thrace, 227 ; statue of by Calamis, Tana-
gra, 295 ; theatre of, at Athens, 328 ; tem-
ple of, at Sicyon, 347 ; priest of, eponymous
magistrate of Naxos, 417 ; oekist of Nicaea,
443 ; oekist of Tium, 444.
Dionysos and Ariadne, janiform heads of, Te-
nedos, 476.
Dionysos —
Hebon, Neapolis, 33.
Lampter, Pellene, 350.
Libyan, 63.
792
INDEX RERUM.
Dionysos —
Melpomenos (?), Athens, 323.
niXiKvs of Pagasae, 261.
Tbracian, worship of, among the Satrae,
176.
Dioskuri as Scyr^pes, 166 ; worship of, at Istrus,
235 ; altar of, at Mantineia, 376 ; with lunar
goddess, Sibidunda, 568.
Dipoenus and Scyllis, statue of Athena by,
Cleonae, 369.
Dirke, death of, Acrasus, 547 ; Thyateira, 554.
Docimus, oekist of Docimeum, 562.
Dodona(?), coins struck at, 275.
Dog, symbol of the river Criraisus, 145.
Dogs in temple of Adranos, 137.
Dog-star Sirios, Ceos, 410 sqq. ; Cythnos, 413.
Dorian colonies in Sicily, 99.
Dove on coins of Sicyon, emblem of Aphrodite,
347-
Drachm, see Attic and other standards.
Drachm, Emporitan (78 grs.), 3.
Drachm, Hispano-Carthaginian (59 grs.), 4.
Drachm, Phocaean (60-58 grs.), 73.
Drachm, gold, Carystus, 303.
Apaxpi-ol '%Tiipavq(p6pov, 310.
Apaxi^rjy naxfia, 331.
Apaxfirj, derivation of, 698, note.
Drachms of Tenos, rate of exchange of, against
those of Rhodes, 421.
Ducetius, oekist of Calacte, ill.
Dupondius, Roman, 16.
Dusares, Arabian Bacchus, Germa, 630, see
Corrigenda ; Adraa, 686.
Dynamis, Alexandria, 721.
E.
Egestos, oekist of Segesta, 144.
Eileithyia, Aegium(?), 348; Bura (?), 348;
Argos, 368 ; Latus, 399.
Eirene, Locri Epizephyrii, 86 ; Terina, 98 ;
Nysa, 552.
Eirene Sebaste, Magnesia Lyd., 551.
Eirene with Plutos, group by Cephisodotus,
Athens, 327.
Eii-esione, Athens, 324.
Elagabalus (Sun-god), altar of, Emisa, 659.
Electrum coins of Capua, 28 ; of Syracuse,
156; of Chalcis, 303 ; of Eretria, 306 ; of
Athens, 310; of Aegina, 332; of Hera-
cleia (?), 441 ; of Cyzicus, 449 ; of Lampsa-
cus, 456 ; of Abydus, 467 ; of Birytus, 470 ;
of Cebrenia, 470 ; of Dardanus, 471 ; of
Sigeium, 475 ; of Zeleia, 475 ; of Cyme,
479 ; of Lesbos, 483 sqq. ; of Clazomenae,
490 ; of Ephesus, 494 ; of Erythrae, 498 ;
of Miletus, 503 ; of Phocaea, 507; ofTeos(.?),
511 ; of Chios, 513 ; of Samos, 515 ; of Ha-
licarnassus (?), 526 ; ofLydia, 545; of Tar-
sus (?), 612; of Cyrene, 726; of Carthage,
739-
Eleutheria, Thessalonica, 213; Cyzicus, 452.
Elis, chronological table of coinage of, 343.
Empedocles at Scliniis, 147.
Engravers' names, InlroiL, § 13.
Engravers, Italian, 98 ; Sicilian, lOO, 153 ;
Peloponnesian, 354 sq., 373 ; Cretan, 385 sq.,
39T, 403; Ionian, 491. {See Index of En-
gravers' Names.)
Enyo, worship of at Comana Ponti, 426.
Eos, Alexandria, 719.
Epaminondas, name of, on Boeotian coins, 297.
Ephesian tyjjes on coins of Aradus, 667.
Ephesos personified, Cyzicus, 455.
'Eni, with magistrate's name in dative case,
393. 396-
Epione, wife of Asklepios, Epidaurus, 369.
Epirus, chronological table of coinage of, 2 70.
Eponymous magistrates of Abdera, 221.
Era — Actian, B.C. 31, Beroea, 211; Antioch,
657; Apameia, 658; Rhosus, 661 ; Seleu-
cia, 661.
Era of —
Adana, B.C. 19, 598.
Adraa, B.C. 83 (?), 686.
Alexandria Ti-oas, B.C. 300, 469.
Alexandria ad Issum, B.C. 67, 598.
Amasia, B.C. 7, Amasia, 424 ; Sebastopolis,
427 ; Germanicopolis, 433 ; Neoclaudio-
polis, 433.
Amisus, B.C. 33, 425.
Anazarbus, (i) B.C. 19, 598 ; (ii) A.D. 20,
598.
Anthedon, a.d. 71, 679.
Arabia, A.D. 105- 4, Bostra, 686; Petra,
687.
Aradus, B.C. 259, Aradus, 666 ; Carne,
669 ; Marathus, 670.
Arethusa, B.C. 68, 658.
Ascalon, (i) B.C. 104, 679 ; (ii) B.C. 58, 680.
Asia (Roman province), B.C. 134-3, 497 ;
Nysa, 552.
Augusta Cil., A.D. 19 or 20, 599.
Balanea, B.C. 124, 659.
Berytus, B.C. 197, 668.
Botrys, B.C. 50, 668.
Byblus, B.C. 20 or B.C. 6, 669.
Era, Caesarian, B.C. 47, Sarbanissa, 427 ; B.C.
48, Neoclaudiopolis, 433 ; B.C. 47,Aegae
Cil., 598 ; B.C. 49, Antioch, 657 ; B.C. 47,
Gabala, 659; B.C. 48, Laodiceia, 660;
B.C. 48, Rhosus, 661 ; B.C. 47, Ace, 677;
B.C. 48, Nysa Scythopolis, 678.
Era of —
Caesareia Paneas, B.C. 3, 664.
Capitolias, A.D. 97, 662.
Chalcis ad Belum, a.d. 92, 655.
Cibyra Phr., a.d. 23, 561.
Comana Ponti, A.D. 40, 426.
Eleutlicropolis, a.d. 202-20S, 680,
EpipliM.neia, A.D. 37, 602.
Flaviopolis, a.d. 74, 602.
Era, Oabinian, B.C. 58, Raphia, 681.
Era of —
Gaba, B.C. 61, 664.
Gabala, (i) B.C. 47, 659 ; (ii) B.C. 32 or 18,
659-
Gaza, (i) B.C. 61, 680; (ii) A.D. 129, 680.
Germanicia Caesareia, A.D. 38 (?), 653.
Irenojmlis, a.d. 52, 603.
Laodiceia Phr., B.C. 177 (?), 566.
Leucas, (i) B.C. 37, 663 ; (ii) A.D. f8, 663.
Mopsus, B.C. 68, 608.
Neapolis Sam., a.d. 72, 678.
Neocaeisareia Ponti, a.d. 63, 426.
INDEX RERUM.
793
Nicopolis (Emmaus), a.d. 71, 6S1.
Paltus (i) B.C. 239, 661 ; (ii) B.C. 97-81 (?),
661.
Era, Pompeian, B.C. 64, Aiitioch, 657 ; Epi-
phaneia, 659 ; Seleucia, 661 ; Abila,
664 ; Antiochia ad Hippum, 664 ; Ca-
nata, 664 ; Dium, 664 ; Gadara, 664 ;
Pella, 665 ; Philadelphia, 665 ; Dora,
669.
Era of—
Pontus, B.C. 297, Apameia Bith., 437 ;
Bithynium, 437; Nicaea, 443; Nico-
media, 443 ; Prusa, 444 ; Nicomedes II,
445-
Pontus Polemoniacus (Roman province),
A.D. 63, 425.
Eabbath-Moba, a.d. 90 or 91, 687.
The Saka, A.D. 78 {X), 710.
Samosata, A.D. 71, 654.
Sarbanissa, B.C. 47, 427.
Sebaste Samariae, B.C. 25, 679.
Era, Seleucid, B.C. 312, 637; Cyrrhus, 654;
Hieropolis Cyrrh., 654; Antioch, 656;
Apameia, 658 ; Balanea, 659 ; Emisa,
659 ; Epiphaneia, 659 ; Seleucia, 661 ;
Damascus, 662 ; Demetriaa Coelesyr.,
662 ; Laodiceia ad Libanum, 663 ; Ca-
nata Decap., 664 ; Caesareia ad Liba-
num, 669 ; Orthosia, 670 ; Ti-ipolis,
674; Tyrus, 675 ; Ace, 677 ; Seleucia
ad Tigrim, 690 ; Ai-sacidae, 692 ; Plato
Bact. Hex, 705.
Era of —
Seleucia, B.C. 108, 661.
Sidon, B.C. Ill, 673.
Sinope, (i) B.C. 70, 435 ; (ii) B.C. 45, 435.
Soli, B.C. 67, 612.
Tavium, B.C. 25, 631.
Termessus, B.C. 71, 593.
Tiberias, A.D. 20, 677.
Trapezus, a.d. 63, 427.
Tripolis, B.C. iii, see Corrigenda.
Tyrus, (i) B.C. 275-4, 675 ; (ii) B.C. 1 26, 675.
Zela, A.D. 63, 427.
Era, Tyi'ian on Ptolemaic coins, 675, 714.
Eras, various, in Syria, Phoenicia, etc., 651.
Erinys, epithet of Demeter at Thelpusa, 381.
Eros, Amastris, 433 ; Tmolus, 554.
Eros of Praxiteles at Parium, 459.
Erymanthus, river, Psophis, 379.
'Eaar}v, High Priest of Ephesian Artemis, 494.
Estranghelo characters, Emisa, 659 ; Edessa,
689.
Etruria, coinage of, Introd., § 9.
Etrurian coins, weights of, 10 sqq.
Etruscan religion, its influence upon the coin-
age, 14- .
Euboea, earliest coinage of, 301 ; chronolo-
gical table of the coinage of, 302.
Euboea, nymph, 307.
Euboic Standard, origin of, Inirod., § 8.
Euboic standard identical with the Attic. See
Attic standard, 310.
Euboic standard in Chalcidice, iSi; atAenus,
214; at Maroneia, 216; in the Thracian
Chersonese, 222 ; in Euboea, 301 ; in Ionia,
489 ; at Colophon, 492 ; at Cyrene, 726 ; at
Barce, 733.
Euboic standard adopted by Solon at Athens,
310.
Euboic- Attic coinage of Alexander the Great,
197.
Euboic-Syracusan standard in Etruria, 11.
Euboic electrum, possibly Lydian, 545.
Eucleides the philosopher, head of, Megara,
330-.
Eunomia, epithet of Demeter, Gela, 124.
Eupkranor, statue of Leto by. Magnesia, 502 ;
Miletus, 505.
Euphron, tyrant of Sicyon, his name on the
coins, 346.
Euposia or Eubosia, Hierapolis, 565.
Europa —
Crete, 582.
Phaestus, 401.
Sidon, 673.
Tyrus, 676.
Europa on bull —
Cnossus, 390.
Gortyna, 394 sq.
Phaestus, 400.
Europa in Plane-tree,. Gortyna, 394.
Europa in coition with Eagle, Gortyna, 394.
Eurymedusa, Fountain nymph, Selinus, 148.
Eurysakes, son of Ajax, Salamis, 329.
Eurystheus (?) seated before Herakles, Aspen-
dus, 583.
Eutychides of Sicyon, statue of Tyche by,
Antioch, 657.
fdvaaaa, epithet of Artemis Pergaea, 585.
Federal bronze currency in Sicily, loi, no.
Federal coinage, Thessaly, 247, 264 ; Acarna-
nia, 278, 281 ; Aetolia, 2S3 ; Phocis, 287 ;
Boeotia, 291, 295, 297 sq. ; Euboea, 307;
Achaea, 350; Arcadia, 372 ; Ephesus, Sa-
mos, Cnidus, lasus, and Rhodes, 495, 516,
524- 528, 540; Lycia, 571, 575; Seleucis
and Pieria, 656; Cyrenaica, 732.
Felicitas, Alexandria, 722.
Fides, Locri Epizephyrii, 88.
Fire-altar, Persis, 696.
Fish, sacred to Artemis (?), Psophis, 379.
Fleet (Stolos) personified, Nicomedia, 444.
Fountain, Caleon, Smyrna, 510.
Fountain, Eurymedusa, Selinus, 148.
Fountains, vTjyai, Damascus, 662.
Fox, symbol of the Lydian Dionysos Bassa-
reus (?), 545.
G.
Gaia and Erichthonios, Cyzicus, 453.
Galatia, a Roman province, 629.
Galerus, saci-ificial cap, Gaulos, 743.
Galley races at Corcyra, 277.
Galley, Samian, 92, 516 sqq.
Galley, Sidonian, 671.
Gallia, earliest coinage in, Introd , § 9.
Games and Festivals, Introd., § 15.
Agones Hieroi, Nicaea, 443.
Agouothesia, Gordus Julia, 549.
794
INDEX RERUM.
Games and Festivals —
Aktia, Nicopolis, 272; Neocaesareia Ponti,
426.
Aktia Caesareia, Tyrus, 676.
Aktia Comodeia, Tyrus, 676.
Aktia Dusaria, Germa, 630, see Corri-
genda ; Bostra, 686.
Aktia Pytliia, TJiessalonica, 213; Perin-
thns, 232; Nicomedia, 444 ; Hierapolis,
564 ; Ancyra, 629.
Alexandreia, Byzantium, 232 ; Odessus,
236 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551.
Alexandreia Pythia, Philiiipopolis, 245.
Antoneinia, Cyzicus, 454.
Antoninia Sebasta, Byzantium, 232.
Antoniniana, Nicomedia, 444 ; Magnesia
Lyd., 551.
^AvroovLViavus dyuv, Tyana, 634.
Asklepeia, Tyrus, 676; — aurrjpeia, Ancyra,
629.
Asklepia, Nicaea, 443.
Asklepieia,Epidaurus, 370; Laodiceia, 566.
Attaleia, Aphrodisias, 520.
Augusteia, Nicaea, 443 ; Thyateira, 554 ;
Tralles, 555; Cadi, 560; Perga, 585.
Cabeiria, Thessalouica, 213.
Cabeiria Pythia, Thessalonica, 213.
Cabeiria Epineikia, Thessalonica, 213.
Capetolia, Aphrodisias, 520.
Cendreseia, Nicaea, 443.
Cendreiseia Pythia, Philippopolis, 245.
Certamina sacra periodica oecumenica ise-
lastica, Sidon, 673.
Certamina sacra Capitolina oecumenica
iselastica Heliopolitana, Heliopolis, 663.
Chrysantheina, >Sardes, 553,
Chrysantina, Hierapolis Phr., 564.
Koivof Qpaicwv, Philippopolis, 245.
KoLVuv 'EipfcriQji', Ephesus, 498.
Koivuv 'Aaias, Sardes, 553; Laodiceia, 566.
Koivoi' ^pv/ias, Apameia, 557.
Koivdv Twv KiXiKojy, Tarsus, 617.
Koivoi litKiKias, Tarsus, 617.
Koivus Tuv rpiwv ''Eirapxi^v, Tarsus, 617.
"Koivov KvTTpiwv, Cyprus, 627.
'Koivuv VaXarwv, Ancyra, 629.
KoLvus 'S.iovripios ^ikaSeXrpios, Caesareia
Gap., 633.
Koivdv ^otviKr]?, Tyrus, 676.
Comodeia, Laodiceia, 566.
Ko/ioSeios oiKovfiiviicus, Tarsus, 617.
Commodiana, Nicaea, 443.
Coraea, Tarsus, 617.
Coraea Aktia, Sardes, 553.
Demetria, Nicomedia, 444 ; Tarsus, 61 7.
Didymeia, Miletus, 505.
Dionysia, Adana, 5 98.
Dionysia Pythia, Nicaea, 443.
Dusaria, Adraa, 686 ; Bostra, 686.
En Monideia, Magnesia Lyd., 551.
Epidemia Severeia, Perinthus, 232.
Epineikia, Tarsus, 617.
Gordianeia Valeriana Oecumenica, Aphro-
disias, 520.
Gymnasiarchia, Anazarbus, 599 ; Coly-
brassus, 601 ; Soli, 612.
Hadriana, Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Tliya-
teira, 554.
Games and Festivals —
Hadriana Oecumenica, Anazarbus, 599.
Hadriana Panathenaea, Synnada, 569.
Helia, Odessus, 236.
Helia Pythia, Emisa, 659.
Heraea, Argos, 368.
Herakleia Olympia, Tyrus, 676.
Herakleia Pythia, Perinthus, 232.
'I(p6s, Perga, 585 ; Side, 587.
'Ifpos 'OXvpariKos, Anazarbus, 599.
'Ifpos 'OKv/XTTiKos oiicovfjievucos, Aspendus,
5S3;
'lepa olKov/xeviKo,, Adana, 598.
Isopythia, Ancyra, 629.
Isthmia, Corinth, 339.
Isthmia Pythia (? Isopythia), Nicaea, 443.
Lampadephoria, Mothone, 363.
Letoeia, Hierapolis, Phr., 564.
Letoeia Pythia, Tripolis Phr., 570.
Lykaea, Arcadia, 372.
Mystica, Side, 587.
Naumachia, Gadara, 665.
Nemeia, Argos, 368.
Nemeia Heraea, Argos, 368.
Oecumenika, Aspendus, 583; Side, 587;
Mopsus, 608 ; Tarsus, 617.
Olymiaia, Thessalonica, 213; Cyzicus, 454 ;
Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Tralles, 555 ;
Tarsus, 617.
Olympia oecumenica, Ephesus, 498 ; Side,
587-
Olympia Pythia, Pergamum, 464 ; Taba,
532.
Panathenaea, Mastaura, 551 ; Synnada,
569.
Panionia, Ephesus, 498 ; Smyrna, 510.
Panionia Pythia, Miletus, 490, 505.
Panionion, Ephesus, 498.
Philadelpheia, Perinthus, 232 ; Sardes,
553 ; Eumenia, 563.
npaiTa Koiva ttjs Aaias, Smyrna, 510.
Pythia, Thessalonica, 213 ; Delphi, 290 ;
Aphrodisias, 520; Tralles, 555; Cibyra,
561; Hierapolis Phr., 564 ; Laodiceia,
566 ; Perga, 585 ; Side, 587.
Pythia Olympia, Thyateira, 554.
Sebasmia, Anazarbus, 599.
Sebasmia Olympia, Damascus, 662.
Sebasmia 017(0 Upa, Damascus, 662.
Sebasta Caesareia, Metropolis Ion., 502.
Severia, Sardes, 553.
Severia fxeyaKa, Nicomedia, 444.
Severia Nemea, Anchialus, 236.
Severia Olympia imvilicia, Tarsus, 617.
Severia Philadelphia, Nicaea, 443.
Severia -npuna, Perinthus, 232.
Themides, Aspendus, 583 ; Palaeopolis,
591 ; Corycus, 602 ; Soli, 612.
Theogamia, Corycus (?), 602.
Theogamia oecumenica, Nysa, 552.
Theogamia Olympia Demetria, Tarsus,
617.
Ganymedes, Dardanus, 472 ; Sebaste Phr.,
56S.
Gaulish imitations of Greek coins, 9.
Gaulish settlements in Galatia, 628.
Gerizim, Mount, Neapolis Sam., 678.
Geryon, Blaundus, 559.
INDEX RERUM.
795
Glaukos (?), Heracleia, 60 ; Itanus, 39S ; Lyt-
tus, 400.
Glykon the serpent-god, Aboniteichos, 432.
Gold, relation of to silver in Sicily, 160 ; in
Macedon, 196.
Gold coinage of Panticapaeum, 239.
Gold coinage of Athens probably first issued
B.C. 394, 313 sq.
Gold coinage of Athens 'new style,' 324.
Gortynian plane-tree, Crete, 383.
Gortys, warrior or hero, Gortyna, 396.
Griffin, symbol of Apollo or Dionysos, Abdera,
219 ; symbol of iJionysos, Teos, 511.
Grifhus, gold guarding, Panticapaeum, 239.
H.
Hades, Apollonia lUyriae, 265; Heracleia
Lyd., 549.
Hades with Kerberos, Pessinus, 630.
Hades Serapis, Alexandria, 720.
Haemus, Mount, personified, Nicopolis, 235.
Har-Hut, the Horus of Hut, Egypt, 722.
Hare, sjrmbol of Pan, Rhegium, 93 ; Messana,
Harmodius and Aristogeiton, Athens, 31S,
324; Cyzicus, 452.
Harmonia (?), Thebes, 296.
Haroerus or Horus the Elder, Egypt, 722.
Harpokrates, Catana, 118; Bizya, 244; Byb-
lus, 669 ; Alexandria, 720.
Harpokrates-Herakles, Egypt, 723.
Harpy, Cyzicus, 451.
Hathor, Egypt, 722, 723, 724.
Hegemonia personified, Perperene, 464.
Hekate, Pherae, 261 sq. ; Aegina, 334 ; Argos,
36S ; Stratoniceia Car., 530; Tralles, 555;
Aezani, 556; Ancyra, 557; Apameia, 558;
Lysias, 566 ; Aspendus, 583.
Hekate, crescent symbol of, Byzantium, 232.
Hektor, Ilium, 473 ; Ophrynium, 474.
Helen, cultus of, at Tyndaris, 166.
Helen between the Dioskuri, Termessus, 594.
Helios, statue of by Chares (Colossus of
Ehodes), 540.
Helios on horseback, Eriza, 525 ; Alexandria,
719.
Helios Lairbenos, Hierapolis, 565.
Helios Sebastos, Tralles, 555.
Helios Serapis, Alexandria, 719, 720.
Helioseiros, Chalcis ad Belum, 655.
Hellanicus, cited by the Scholiast to Arist.
Manae concerning Athenian gold coinage,
314-
Hellas, head of, Pherae, 261.
Helle, Lampsacus, 457.
Hellotis, epithet of Europa, Crete, 38 2.
Hephaestos, cultus of, at Methana, 370 ; statue
of. Magnesia Ion., 502.
Hera, statue of, by Praxiteles at Plataea, 294 ;
temple of, on ;^Iount Oche^ 303 ; celestial,
Mount Dirphys, 304; celestial, Chalcis
Euboeae, 305.
Hera —
Areia, Hyria, 32 ; Neapolis, 33 ; Phis-
telia, 35 ; Poseidonia, 68.
Areia, Ai-geia, or Argonia, Poseidonia, 84.
Hera —
Argeia, Argos, 367, 368; Mideia, 370;
Alexandria, 719.
Hoplosmia, Croton, 84.
Lakinia, Croton, 82, 84; Pandosia, 90.
Parthenia, Aegiale (?), 432.
Samia, Samos, 517; statue of, by Smilis,
Samos, 517.
Hera with Hebe and Peacock, Argos, 368.
Heraeos, oekist of Heraea, 375.
Herakleitos, philosopher of Ephesus, 498.
Herakles, infant, strangling serpents, 82 ^
Zacynthus, 360 ; coin-type of Anti-Spartan
confederacy, 495.
Herakles and Iphikles, Cyzicus, 452.
Herakles, oekist of Perinthus, 232 ; of Callatia,
234; ofCius, 439; of Heracleia Bith., 442 ;
of Cyzicus, 454.
Herakles, priest of, in woman's dress, Cos, 537.
Herakles —
' Farnese,' Mateola, 40.
Hoplojjhylax, Smyrna, 510.
Ipoktonos, Erythi'ae, 499.
Lykon, Croton, 84.
Herakles carrying off the Delphic tripod,
Tliebes, 296 ; labours of, Alexandria, 719.
Hermes, statue of, Tyndaris, 167; cultus statue
of, at Aenus, 215; carrying infant Dionysos,
Corinth, 340 ; carrying infant Arkas,
Pheneus, 378 ; oekist of Amasia, 424.
Hermes —
Agoraios, Lacedaemon, 365.
Imbramos, Imbros, 225.
Kriophoros, Tanagra, 295 ; Aegina, 334.
Pelasgic, cult of, 226.
Promachos, Tanagra, 295.
Hermocreon, altar of Parium by, 459.
Hero and Leander, Sestus, 225 ; Abydus, 469.
Herodotus of Abdera, 221.
Herodotus, Halicarnassus, 527.
Herophile, the Sibyl of Erythrae, 499.
Hesperides, garden of, Cyrene, 727.
'lipa dirrjUTi (sacred car), Ephesus, 498.
'lepa aroixfio-, Mall us, 605.
'lepos yafios of Zeus and Hera, Crete, 382.
Himera, nymph, 126.
Himyarite characters on coins of South Arabia,
6S8.
Himyarite imitations of Alexandrine and
Athenian coins, 6SS.
Hipparchos of jS'icaea, 443.
Hippias, new tyjDe of coins introduced by, 311.
Hippocrates of Cos, 537.
Hippolytos as hunter, Troezen, 371.
Hippolytos and Phaedra, Troezen, 371.
Hippopotamus, Egypt, 724.
Hippos Brotopous, Nicaea, 443.
'laTiatKo., dpjvpiov 'lariaiKov, Histiaea, 308.
Histiaea, nymph, seated on galley, Histiaea,
308.
Homer, head of, los, 414; Amastris, 433.
Homer, Nicaea, 443; Cyme,479; Colophon(?),
494; Smyrna, 509 sq. ; Chios, 515.
Homereia, coins of Smyrna, 5 1 o.
Homeric talent, Introd., § 8.
Homonoia, head of, Metapontum, 64.
'OvXoafjLia, epithet of Hera, 84.
Horse, with loose rein, symbol of Freedom, 104.
796
INDEX EERUM.
Horse, emblem of Apollo, Maroneia, 217;
emblem of Poseidon, Thessaly, 246 ; Cyme
Eub., 305 ; meaning of, on coins of Tanagra,
295-
Horus, Egypt, 723 sq. ; hawk of, Alexandria,
720.
Horus —
Harpokrates, Egypt, 724.
Khem, Egypt, 722.
Hyblaea, goddess, Hybla Magna, 129.
Hybreas the orator, Mylasa, 529.
Hydria on chariot, itapaffrj/iov of Crannon, 249.
Hylas, Cius, 440.
Hypereia (fountain), Pherae, 260, 262.
Hypnos and sleeping Gorgons, Daldis, 549.
Hypnos, Laodiceia, 566.
I, J.
Jackal of Anubis, Egypt, 723.
Janus, head of, Mauretania, 746.
Jason, sandal of, Larissa, 253.
lasos, oekist of lasus, 528.
Iberian inscriptions on coins, 5 sq.
Ichneumon, Egypt, 723 sq.
Ida, mountain nymph, Scamandria, 474.
Ida, Mount, Scepsis, 474.
Ilea, epithet of Kybele, Pessinus, 630.
Ilos, Ilium, 473.
Imperial coin-types, chief interest of, Infrod.,
§ 10.
Indian standard, stater, 152 grs., 702, 705 sqq.
Indian Pali inscription, Pantaleon, 703, 709.
Ino and Melikertes, Corinth, 339.
Inscriptions on autonomous and regal coins,
Introd., § 13.
lo, myth of, Byzantium, 229.
lo, Gaza, 680.
lodama, jJi'iestess of Athena Itonia, 292.
Iolaos(?j, Agyrium, 109.
lolaos, worshi}^ of, at Agyrium, 109.
Ionia, chronological table of coinage of, 518.
Ionian League, 489.
Ionic alphabet at Velia and Thurium, 71, 73.
Ips, the insect, Erythrae, 499.
Iron money of Byzantium, 229 ; Lacedaemon,
363-
Isis, Catana, 117; Bizya, 244; Athens, 323;
Pagae, 330 ; Mothone, 363 ; Boeae, 363 ;
Argos, 368 ; Andros, 410 ; Syros, 420 ;
Amastris, 433; Alinda, 519; Apollonia
Car., 521 ; Heracleia Car., 527 ; Saettae,
552 ; Bria, 560 ; Colossae, 561 ; Flavio-
polis, 602 ; Irenopolis, 603 ; Byblus, 668 ;
Alexandria, 720 ; Egypt, 723 sq. ; Melita,
743-
Isis, Cleopatra I as, 716.
Isis with Harpokrates, Philadelphia, 552.
Isis Pharia, Auchialus, 236 ; Corinth, 340 ;
Cleonae, 369 ; Cyme, 479 ; Phocaea, 50S ;
Aspendus, 583; Byblus, 669; Alexandria,
720.
Isis Hothis, Stratoniceia Car., 530 ; Alexan-
dria, 720.
Isis, head-dress of, Patrae, 349 ; Myndus, 529.
Islands of Caria, chronological table of coinage
' of, 544.
Isnienias, name of, on Boeotian coins, 298.
Isopoliteia, treaty of, between Pares and
Allaria, 418.
Isthmos, Corinth, 339, 340.
Ithomaea, festival at Messene, 361.
' J udaea capta,' coins reading, 684.
Julia Gen.s, temple of, Corinth, 340.
Julia Procula, Mytilene, 488.
Jupiter Capitolinus, Heliopolis, 663.
K.
Kabeiri, mysteries of, at Samothrace, 226;
^ Syros, 420 ; heads of, Tucca Numid, 746.
Kabeiros, dancing, Ebusus, 3 ; Thessalonica,
213.
Kabeiros (?), head of, Lix Maur., 748.
Kadmos, Tyrus, 676.
Kallirrhoe, Stratus, 281, 282.
Kallisto, Mantineia, 376; Methydrium, 377;
Orchomenus, 377.
Kamarina, nymph, 113.
Kamarites, epithet of Men, Nysa, 552.
Karanos, founder of Aegae Mac, 177.
Karou, epithet of Men, 559.
Kat, Egyptian weight, Introd., § 2,
Kekrops, Cyzicus, 452.
Kelainos, oekist of Apameia, 558.
Kephalos, Cephallenia, 358, 359.
Kepheus, Tegea, 380, 381.
KfjTos, type parlant, Cetis, 602.
Kios, Cius, 440.
Klazomene, Amazon, 492.
Kleobis and Biton, group of, Argos, 368.
Kleruchs, Athenian, in Imbros, 225.
KoLvov. See Index III and Index VII, s.v.
Games.
Kollybos, value of, 328.
Koresos, founder of temple of Ephesus, 498.
Koronis, Pergamum, 464.
Korybantes, Magnesia Ion., 502.
Kritheis, mother of Homer, Cyme, 479.
Kronos, worship of, at Himera, 127.
Kronos, Heracleia Lyd., 549 ; Alexandria, 719.
Kronos, Phoenician, Mallus, 606 ; Byblus,
669.
Kyane, fountain nymph, Syracuse, 157.
Kybele, Trajanopolis, 245 ; Pagae, 330 ;
Corinth, 340; Hermione, 370; Cyzicus,
453; Placia, 465; Clazomenae, 492 ; Metro-
polis Ion., 502 ; Smyrna, 509 ; Trapezopolis,
533 ; Acrasus, 547 ; Apollonis, 54S ; Briula,
548 ; Daldis, 549 ; Hermocapelia, 550 ;
Magnesia, 551 ; Nacrasa, 551 ; Saettae, 532 ;
Tabala, 554; Acmonia, 556; Aezani, 556;
Ancyra, 557 ; Attuda, 559 ; Ceretapa, 560 ;
Cidyessus, 561 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Dionyso-
polis, 562 ; Docimium, 562 ; Dorylaeum,
562 ; Euearpia, 563 ; Grimenothyrae, 564 ;
Hyrgalea, 565 ; J ulia, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ;
Lysias, 566 ; Ococlia, 567 ; Otrus, 567 ;
Sala, 568 ; Sebaste, 568 ; Synaus, 569 ;
Synnada, 569 ; Amblada, 5S9 ; Lysiuia,
591; Termessus, 594; Tityassus, 594;
Laodiceia Lycaon., 596 ; Irenopolis, 603 ;
Alexandria, 719-
Kybele J)iudymeiie, Pessinus, 630.
Kydon, oekist of Cydcmia, 391 sqcj.
Kyme, Amazon, founder of Cyme, 479.
mBEX BE RUM.
797
Kynossema, tomb of Hecuba, symbolized by a
dog, Madytus, 224.
Kvipe\T], type parlanf, Cypsela, 222, 241.
Kyrene, nymph, Cyrene, 726 sq.
Kyzikos, oekist of Cyzicus, 454 sq.
L, symbol on Egyptian coins, 716, 718-
Labrys, emblem of Carian Zeus, 528.
Labyrinth, Cretan, 383 ; Cnossus, 3S9, 390.
Laconia, chronological table of coinage of,
343-
Laelaps (?), the dog. Same, 359.
Lairbenos, epithet of Helios, Hierapolis, 565.
Lais, the Hetaira, Corinth, 340 ; tomb of,
Corinth, 340.
Lamia, the Hetaira, 253.
Lampadephoria at Amphipolis, 190.
Lampsacene staters, electrum and gold, 456.
Larissa, fountain nymph, 253 sq.
Latin coinage of Spain, 6.
Leander, Sestus, 225.
Lechaeum and Cenchreae, ports of Corinth, 340.
Lepton, value of, 32S.
Lesbonax, a philosopher of Mytilene, 488.
Leto with her children, Megara, 330 ;
nesia Ion., 502 ; Miletus, 505 , Attuda,
559 ; Stectorium, 569 ; Tripolis, 570.
Leto carrying infant Meliboea '^?), Ai-gos, 368.
Leto and Chloris, Argos, 36S.
Leukaspis, Sicilian hero, 154.
Leukippos, oekist of Metapontum, 62, 64.
Lex Papiria, 15, 17, 86.
Libertas, Alexandria, 721.
Libra, Roman, 5057 grs., 15 ; in Picenum,
circ. 6000 grs., 17; in Etruria, circ. 3375
grs., 17; at Ariminum, circ. 6000 grs., 18 ;
at Iguvium, circ. 3300 grs., 18 ; in Apulia,
circ. 5000 grs., 36.
Libya, Ptolemy II and Magas, 714 ; Cyrene,
730.
Ligeia (?), the Siren, Terina, 97.
Lion and Duck weights of Babylonia and
Assyi'ia, Introd., § 2.
Lion, emblem of Apollo, Leontini, 131 ; Syra-
cuse, 152 ; Apollonia Thrac, 236.
Lion and Bull, symbolical of Sun and Moon,
545-
Lions in Macedon, 182.
Litra, Sicilian, I3'5 grs. of silver, 99.
Litra, depreciation of, in Sicily, 164.
Litra, bronze, at Himera (B.C. 472-415) =990
and 200 grs., 128.
Litra, bronze, at Agrigentum (before B.C. 415)
= 750 grs., 105 ; (B.C. 415-406) = 675 grs.,
107; (B.C. 340-287) = 536 grs., 107.
Litra, bronze, at Camarina (B.C. 415-405) =
221 grs., 113.
Local Amphictyones and 'Koiva, Introd., § 15.
Lucania, chronological table of the coinage of,
58.
Lycian coin legends, 572, 574.
Lycian League, later, 575.
Lycurgus, Lacedaemon, 364 sq.
Lycus (?), River-god, Byzantium, 231.
Lydia, chronological table of the coinage of,
555-
Lydian electrum money, Introd., § 5.
Lydian weight system, origin of, Introd., § 4.
Lydians, the first to strike coins, 544.
Lykasto (?), the Amazon, Amisus, 425.
Lykon, Croton, 84.
Lysimachian coinage of Ephesus, 495 ; of
Erythrae, 499 ; of Magnesia Ion., 501 ; of
Rhodes, 541.
Macedon, chronological table of coinage of, 168.
Machaon (1), Tricca, 263.
Magistrates' signatures and monograms,
Introd., §§ 13, 14.
Magistrates' titles on Imperial coins, Introd.,
§ 14-
Magistrates' names on Imperial coins of the
Province of Asia, 432.
Marks of value: Etruria, 10 sqq. ; Stratus,
281 ; Corinth, 336 ; Sicyon, 345 ; Aegium,
348 ; Lacedaemon, 365 ; Crete, 384 ; Me-
los, 415 ; Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, 448 ;
Ephesus, 49S ; Chios, 514; Rhodes, 542;
Antiochus IV of Syria, 641.
Marna, Gaza, 680.
Maron, Maroneia, 215.
Marsyas, Apameia, 558.
Marsyas and Apollo, Gargara, 455 ; Acrasus,
547 ; Alexandria, 719.
Marsyas and Athena, Athens, 326.
Megaris, chronological table of the coinage of,
343-
Meino, Gaza, 680.
Melampus, Aegosthena, 329.
Melikertes or Palaemon, myth of, 339.
Melissae, priestesses of Artemis Ephesia, 494.
Melkarth, cultus of, at Gades, 2 ; Aradus, 666 ;
Tyrus, 674 sq. ; Siculo-Punic coins, 738;
Hippo Regius Numid., 745.
Mri\ov, type parlant, Melos, 414.
Men, the Moon-god, Istrus, 235 ; Panti-
capaeum, 239 ; Nicopolis Thrac, 244 ;
Trapezus, 427; Jidiopolis, 443; Prusa ad
Olympum, 444 ; Antiochia ad Meandrum,
520; Taba, 532; Trapezopolis, 533; Gor-
dus Julia, 549 ; Silandus, 553 ; Accilaeum,
556 ; Beudos vetus, 559 ; Grimenothyrae,
564 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Julia, 565 ; Laodi-
ceia, 566; Metropolis, 567; Sebaste, 568;
Sibidunda, 568 ; Siblia, 568 ; Synuada,
569 ; Temenothyrae, 569 ; Sillyum, 5S8 ;
Olbasa, 591 ; Pappa Tiberia, 591 ; Pros-
tanna, 591 ; Seleucia, 592 ; Parlais, 596 ;
Ancyra, 630 ; Laodiceia ad Libanum, 663 ;
Gaba, 664.
Men Askaenos, Sardes, 553 ; Alia, 556 ; An-
tiochia Pis., 5S9.
Men Aziottenos, Saettae, 552.
Men Kamareites, Nysa, 552.
Men Karou, Attuda, 559.
Men Pharnakes, Cabeira, 425.
Menaechmus and Soidas, statue of Artemis
Laphria by, at Patrae, 349.
Menas, superintendent of the Mint at Sestus,
225.
Mendes, Egypt, 723.
7D8
IN BEX RE RUM.
Menestlieus, oekist of Elaea, 480.
JNIenetus and Elypsas,two wrestlers, Aspendus,
582.
Mentu {MojvO), Egy]5t, 722.
Mesma (fountain nynipli), Mesma, 89.
Messana (nynipli), Messana, 135.
Messene (nyniph), Messene, 362.
Messenia, chronological table of the coinage
of, 343-
Metals substituted for cattle as measures of
value, Inirod., § i.
Mtittjp UXaKiavri = Kybele, Placia, 465.
Metric systems of the ancient Egyptians,
Babylonians, and Assyrians, Introd., § 2.
Micion and Eurycleides, names of, on Athenian
coins, 319, 320, 321.
Micythus, tyrant of Messene, 70.
Midas, Cadi, 560 ; Prymnessus, 568.
Midas, oekist of Midaeum, 567.
Milesian standard, electrum coinage of Chios,
513 ; of Samos, 515.
Miletos, brother of Kydon, 392 ; oekist of
Miletus, 505.
Miltiades, monument of, Athens, 327.
Mina Attic, related to the Aeginetic mina as
100: 137, 309,
Mina, Attic commercial, identical with the
Aeginetic mina, 309.
Mining industry in the Pangaean district of
Thrace, 174; in Thasos, 227.
Mining villages in Illyria, 269.
Minos, founder of Heracleia Minoa, 1 24 ;
Crete, 383 ; enthroned, Cnossus, 389.
Minos (?) as Hunter, Eleutherna, 393 ; Rhi-
thymna, 405.
Minotaur, Crete, 383 ; Cnossus, 3S9.
Mint-marks on Athenian coins, 317.
Mithradates, name of, on Athenian coins, 3 1 7,
324-
Mithras, Amastris, 432.
Mnevis, Egypt, 723.
Modius in car of serpents, Alexandria, 721.
Moluris the rock, Corinth, 339.
Moneta, Alexandria, 722.
Monetary Convention between Phocaea and
Mytilene, 507.
' Monnaies isonomes' Egypt, 713 note.
Months, Parthian, 692.
Moon worship in Euboea, 306, 308 ; at
Carrhae, 688, See also Men and Selene.
Mopsos, Mopsium Thes., 257 ; Hierapolis,
565-
Morges, founder of Galaria, 121.
Morning star, badge of the Eastern Locrians,
285.
Mothone, port of, Mothone, 363.
Mule-car {aTr-qvrj), llhegium, 93 ; Messana,
I. 34-.
Municipal magistrates' titles on Imperial coins,
Inirod., § 14.
Mygdon (?), Stectorium, 569.
Myron, statue of Aj)ollo by, Agrigentum, 108.
Myrrlia, transformation of, Aphrodisias, 520;
Myra, 578.
Myscellus, oekist of Croton, 79.
Mysia, clirouological table of coinage of, 467.
Nabathaean inscriptions, 685.
Nana or Nanaia, 710.
Nausicaa, Mytilene, 48S.
Neapolis, obols and litrae of, 33.
Neith, Egypt, 724.
Nemesis, Nicopolis Thrac, 244 ; Asopus, 363;
Argos, 368 ; Amastris, 433 ; Tium, 444 ;
Samos, 518 ; Taba, 532 ; Hierapolis, 565 ;
Peltae, 567 ; Synnada, 569 ; Tripolis, 570 ;
Rhodiapolis, 580 ; Aspendus, 583 ; Attalia,
583 ; Amblada, 589 ; Comana Pis., 590 ;
Pednelissus, 591; Termessus, 594; Pessi-
nus, 630.
Nemeses, Two, Temnus, 482; Smyrna, 510;
Acmonia, 556; Amorium, 557; Synaus,
569 ; Alexandi-ia, 719.
Neo-Punic inscriptions, Numidia, 744 J Mau-
retania, 748.
Nicomachis, Mytilene, 48S.
Nike apteros, Terina, 97.
Nike of Samothrace, 202.
Nike 'SfPaarov, Alexandria, 719-
Nilus, Alexandria, 720 ; Egypt, 724.
Noah, ark of, Apameia, 558.
Nomes of Egypt, coinage of, limited to 54
years, 722.
Numerals, Roman, on Syracusan coins, 162,
164.
Numerals on Thracian coins, 235.
Nummus of Tarentum, 36, 55.
Num-Ea, Egypt, 722.
Nymphaeum of Apollonia Elyriae, 365 sq.
Nymphodorus of Abdera, 221.
Nymph playing with astragali. Tarsus, 614.
Nysa nursing infant Dionysos, Nysa Scytho-
polis, 67S.
O.
Obelisk of Apollo, Apollonia 111., 265 ; Ori-
cus, 266.
Obelisk of Apollo 'Ayvuvs, Ambracia, 270.
Obelisk of Apollo KapivSs, Megara, 330.
Obolos, Chios, 514.
Odysseus, Ithaca, 359.
Okeanos, Ephesus, 498 ; Tyrus, 676 ; Alexan-
dria, 720.
Olba, priestly dynasty of, 609.
Olbia, fish-shaped coins of, 233.
Olympia, the nymph, Elis, 356.
Olympias, head of, Macedon, 211.
Olympic Festival, coins struck for, Elis, 354.
Olympus, Mount, Caesareia Germanica Bith.,
653-
Omphale, Maeonia, 550 ; Sardes, 553 ; Tmo-
lus, 554.
Omphalos of Delphi, 289, 290, 453 ; of Phlius,
344-
Onuris, Egypt, 722.
Onymarchus, strategos of the Phocians, 28S.
Oplieltes and Hypsipyle, Argos, 368.
Opous (?), Locri Opuntii, 286.
Oracular Fountain, prjyfxa or xp-qayLos, Limyra,
577-
Orestes, Cyzicus, 452.
Ormuzd, Issus, 604.
INDEX RERU31.
799
Orpheus, Alexandria, 720.
Orthros (?), Cyzicus, 452.
Oscan inscriptions on Campanian coins, 26.
Oscan inscriptions on Apulian coins, 38.
Osiris, Egypt, 724.
Osiris (?), Gaulos, 743.
Owl, emblem of Athena, Syracuse, 159;
Athens, 309 sqq.
Paeonian standard in IHyi-ia, 269.
Palaemon, temple of, Corinth, 339.
Palankaios (Eiver-god ?), Agyrium, 109.
Palladium brought to Argos by Diomedes,
Argos, 367 sq.
Pallas Athena, worship of, by Alexander the
Great, 198.
Pallas subduing Giants, Seleucia, 610.
Pallene (?>, Potidaea, 188.
Pamphylia, chronological table of coinage of,
5S8.
Pamphylian inscriptions on coins of Aspendus,
5S2; Sillyum, 587; Selge, 592.
Pan, worship of, at Messana, 135 ; at Panti-
capaeum, 239 ; in Arcadia, 373 ; carrying
infant Dionysos, Zacynthus, 360; and
nymph Syrinx, Thelpusa, 38 2 ; grotto of,
C'aesareia Paneas, 664.
Pandina, Hipponium, 85 ; Terina, 98,
Pandosia, nymph, Pandosia, 90.
Panionion, 490.
Pankratides, epithet of Asklepios, Mytilene,
488.
Paris, judgment of. Scepsis, 474 ; Alexandria,
720,
Parium, altar of, work of Hermocreon, 459.
Paros, Chronicle of, 331.
Parthenon, view of, on Athenian coin, 327.
Parthenope the Siren, 32.
Pasiphae wife of Minos, Crete, 383.
Patrae, find of Alexandrian coins near, 346 ;
plan of town and harbour on coins of, 350.
Patreus, oekist of Patrae, 349 ; tomb of,
Patrae, 349.
Patroklos, Ilium, 473.
Patron, oekist of Aluntium, no.
Pax, Alexandria, 721.
Pegasos-staters of Corinth, date of first issue
of, 334-
Pegasos, taming of, Corinth, 335, 339 ; Achaia,
353; .
Pehlvi inscription, Persis, 696.
Peirene, the fountain, Corinth, 334, 340.
XliXiKvs of Tenedos, 476, 477.
Peloponnesian war, wholesale coinage in time
of, at Athens, 314.
Peloponnesus, chronological table of the
coinage of, 343.
Peloponnesus, early coinage of, 344.
Pelops, Himera, 126.
Pelorias, goddess, Messana, 135.
Pentagon, called Hygieia, Pitane, 465.
Pergamos, oekist of Pergamum, 464.
Periods of Greek art as exemplified by coins,
In trod., § 12.
Persephone, temple of, at Locri, 89.
Persephone (?) with serpent, Priansus, 404.
Persephone, rape of, Enna, 119; Elaea, 480 ;
Orthosia, 530 ; Aninetus, 548 ; Gordus Ju-
lia, 549; Hermocapelia, 550; Hyrcanis,
550; Nysa, 552; Sardes, 553 ; Tomara, 554 ;
Tralles, 555 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Tripolis,
570; Sebaste, 679; Alexandria, 719.
Perseus, the hero, Macedon, 205 ; Larissa
Cremaste, 255 ; Gyaros, 414 ; Seriphos, 418 ;
Amisus, 424; Cabeira, 425; Chabacta, 426 ;
Comana, 426; Mithradates V, Ponti, 42S ;
Amastris, 433 ; Sinope, 435 ; Cyzicus, 451 ;
Astypalaea, 534; Iconium, 595.
Perseus and sleeping Gorgons, l3aldis, 549.
Perseus and Andromeda, Coropissus, 602 ;
Alexandria, 719.
Perseus, harpa of, Joppa, 678.
Persic standard : — in Macedon, 194; at Maro-
neia, 216; at Abdera, 220; at Byzantium,
230; at Selymbria, 232; at Amisus, 424 ;
at Trapezus, 427; at Calchedon, 438; at
Lampsacus, 456 sq. ; at Abydus, 468 ; at
Dardanus, 471 ; in Lesbos, 484 ; at Myti-
lene, 487 ; at Colophon, 493 ; at Erythrae,
499 ; at Magnesia, 501 ; at Miletus, 504 ;
at Priene, 508 ; at lasus, 528 ; at Calymna,
534; at Phaselis, 578 ; at Aspendus, 581 ;
at Etenna, 583 ; at Perga, 584 ; at Side,
586 ; at Selge, 592 ; in Cilicia, 597 ; at Ce-
lenderis, 600 ; at Issus, 604 ; at Nagidus,
608; at Soli, 611; at Tarsus, 612; in
Cappadocia, 630 ; at Aradus, 650, 666.
Persic (?) standard, Nabathaea, 686.
Persic standard used by the Himyarites, 688.
Persis, hill so called, Docimium, 562.
Perso-Babylonic standard, Introd., § 8.
Pessinus, sacred stone of, Athens, 324; Pes-
sinus, 630.
Phalaecus, strategos of the Phocians, 288.
Phalanthos, oekist of Tarentum, 43.
Phanes of Halicarnassus, coin attributed to,
526.
Pharnabazus, head of, Cyzicus, 453.
Pharnabazus (?), head of, Lampsacus, 457.
Pharos, lighthouse, Alexandria, 720 sq.
^aa-qXoi, galleys, type parlaiit, so called from
city of Phaselis, 578.
Phayllus, strategos of the Phocians, 2S8.
Pheidias, statue of Zeus Olympiosby, Elis, 357.
Pheidon, the first to strike coins in European
Greece, Aegina, 331 ; In f rod., § 8.
Phemius, mythical king of the Aenianes, 248.
Pheraemon, son of Aeolos, Messana, 135.
Philaeus, grandson of AJax, Salamis, 329.
Philip of Macedon, victories of, at Olympia,
197. ^
Philippi, gold mines of, 195.
Philippine coins, of Ehodes, 541; of Clazo-
menae, 492.
Philochorus, statement of, as to original types
of Athenian coins, 309.
Philochorus, cited by the Scholiast to Aristo-
phanes Ranae concerning Athenian gold
money, 314.
Philoktetes, Homolium, 252 ; Lamia, 252.
Philomelus, strategos of the Phocians, 288.
Phliasia, chronological table of the coinage of,
343-
800
INDEX RERUM.
Phobos, Cyzicus, 452.
Phocaean standard, Campania, 25, 31 ; Pho-
caea, 506.
Phocaean standard, electrum, Eirytus, 470.
Phoenician carrying-trade, Introd., § 3.
Phoenician inscrijjtions on coins, Gadcs, 3 ;
Ebusus, 3 ; Hispania Ulterior, 6 ; Cyprus,
621; Seleucidae, 642 sqq. ; Byblus, 668;
Carne, 669 ; Marathus, 670.
Phoenician standard in Spain, 4 ; at Neapolis,
Mac, 175; Bisaltae, 178; at Ichnae,
178 ; in Chalcidice, 181 sqq. ; in Macedon,
193, 196 ; at Maroneia, 215 ; at Abdera, 218;
at Dicaea, 21S ; in Thasos, 228 ; at Byzan-
tium, 230 ; in the Cyclades, 414, 416 ; (re-
duced) at Sinope, 434 ; at Calchedon, 438 ;
at Cyzicus, 453 ; at Lampsacus, 456 ; at
Abydus, 468 ; at Tenedos, 476 ; in Lesbos,
483 ; at Methymna, 486 ; in Ionia, 489; at
Clazomenae, 490 ; at Ephesus, 494 ; at
Erythrae, 499 ; at Gambrium, 500 ; at Mag-
nesia, 501 ; at Miletus, 504; at Phygela, 508 ;
at Teos, 511; at Halicarnassus, 526; at
Poseidion, 534; at lalysus, 538 ; atLindus,
538; in Lydia,' 544 ; at Phaselis, 578 ; at
Mopsus, 608; at Tarsus (?), 612, 616; at
Caesareia Cap., 634; Seleucidae, 642 sq. ;
in Phoenicia, 650 ; at Byblus, 668 ; at Si-
don, 670, 673 ; at Tripolis, 674; at Tyrus,
674 sq.; at Jerusalem, 681 ; first revolt of
Jews, 684; second revolt of Jews, 685;
Ptolemy I, 712 sqq.; at Cyrene, 726; at
Barce, 733 ; at Euesperides, 734 ; of Siculo-
Punic gold coins, 737 ; at Carthage, 739 ;
of Hispano-Carthaginian coins, 746.
Phoenician system of weight, a mixed one,
Introd., § 3.
Phoenix, Alexandria, 721.
Phokos, eponymous hero of Pliocis, 287.
Pholegandros (?), son of Minos, 418.
Phrixos and Helle, Halus, 251 ; Lampsacus,
458.
Phrygia, chronological table of coinage of, 570.
Phrygia and Caria personiiied Laodiceia, 566.
Phthia, Pyrrhus, 274.
Phthia, nymph, Aegium, 348.
Pietas, Alexandria, 722.
Pion or Prion, Mount, Ephesus, -^98.
Pindar's odes, coin-types illustrating, 112, 113,
"5-
Pisidia, chronological table of coinage of, 594.
Pistrix symbol of Poseidon, Syracuse, 152.
Pittacus the philosopher, Mytilene, 488.
Plane-tree of Gortyna, 395.
Plutarch, his relations with the Delphic oracle,
290.
Plutonium of Hierapolia Phr., 564.
Plutos, infant, Hierapolis Phr., 565.
Podaleirios (?), Tricca, 263.
Poemes, oekist of Poemaninum, 465.
Poemander, oekist of Tanagra, 295.
XlwXoi, staters so called, Corinth, 335.
Polycleitus, statue of Hera Argeia by, Argos,
Port of Caesareia Germanica I'.ithyniae, 438.
Portraits as coin-types, introduction of, after
Alexander the Great, Introd., § 10.
Poseidon, worsliip of, at Mcssana, 135 ; in
Thessaly, 246 ; at Corinth, 335, 340 ; at
Tenos, 420.
Poseidon pursuing Amymone, Argos, 368 ;
dragging Beroe, Berytus, 668.
Poseidon —
Asphaleios, Rhodes, 542.
Helikonios, Helice, 349 ; Priene, 508.
Hippios, Potidaea, 188 ; Mantineia, 376 ;
Pheneus, 379 ; Rhaucus, 405.
Isthmios, Alaxandria, 719.
Onchestios, Haliartus, 293 ; Tanagra,
295-
Potestas, Alexandria, 722.
'Potin ' coins of Lesbos, 483 ; of Alexandria,
718.
Praxiteles, statue of Eros at Parium by, 459 ;
statue of Aphrodite of Cnidus by, 525 ;
statue of Aphrodite of Cos by, 536.
Priamos, Ilium, 473.
Priapos, Lampsacus, 458.
Priestess as magistrate — Byzantium, 232 ; see
also Index V, s. v. tepeia and Introd., § 14.
Propitiatory coin-type, Agrigentum, 108.
Propylaea of Corinth, 340.
Protesilaos, Thebae, Thes., 263 ; temple and
tomb of, Elaeus, 224.
Tlpu^, type parlant Proconnesus, 466.
Prytaneis of Corcyra, 277; of Leucas, 280;
of Smyrna, 509.
Prytanies, Athenian, 317.
Ptolemaic coinage in Phoenicia, 650,
Ptolemaic coinage in Phoenicia dated according
to the Tyrian era, 715-
Ptolemaic coins of Sidon, 672 ; of Tyrus, 675 ;
of Ace-Ptolemais, 677 ; of Joppa, 678 ; of
Ascalon, 679 ; of Gaza, 680.
Ptolemaic standard in Nabathaea, 6S5.
Punic inscriptions, Syrtica, Byzacene, etc.,
735 sqq. ; Mauretania, 746 sq.
Pyrrhus, various coinages of, in Italy, Sicily,
and Greece, 273.
Pythagorean symbolism, 84.
Pythagoras, Nicaea, 443 ; Samos, 518.
Pythian festival, coins struck for, 290.
Q.
Quadriga, frequent agonistic type in Sicily,
106.
Quadrigatus, coin so called, Campania, 28.
Quaestorial insignia, 210.
Quail hunt. Tarsus, 618.
R.
Ra, Egypt, 723.
Race-torch, symbol of Artemis Tauropolos, 190.
Racing galleys, names of, Corcyra, 277.
Reductions of the Roman aes grave, 16.
Religious character of early coin-types, Jw^rorf.,
§ 10.
Rhea (?), holding infant Zeus, Crete, 3S4.
Rhea or Amaltheia nursing Zeus, Laodiceia,
566.
Rhodope, Mount, Philippopolis, 245.
Rhodes, a member of the Anti-Spartan al-
liance, 540.
Rhodes the nymph, Rhodes, 539.
INDEX REBUM.
801
Rhodian standard at Aenus, 214 ; in the Cy-
clades, 408, 410, 413-417 ; at Cyzicus, 453 ;
at Colophon, 493 ; at Ephesus, 495 ; at
Erythrae, 499 ; at Miletus, 504 sq. ; of Sa-
trapal coins of Ionia, 512 ; at Samos, 517 ;
at Cnidus, 524; at Idyma, 52S ; at Taba,
531 ; of coins of Dynasts of Caria, 533 ; at
Calymna, 534 ; at Cos, 535 sq. ; at Megiste,
537 ; at Nisyros, 537 ; at Rhodes, 539 sq. ;
in Lycia, 575; in Cyprus, 620 sqq. ; Pto-
lemy I, 712 ; at Cyrene, 731.
Rivers —
Acheloiis, Metapontum, 63 ; Ambracia,
270; Acarnania, 278, 2S2 sq. ; Leucas,
279; Stratus, 281 sq. ; Oeniadae, 281 ;
Thyrrheium, 2S2.
Acis (?), Piacus, 144.
Acragas, Agrigentum, 107 sq.
Adranus, Adranum, 103.
Aesarus, Croton, 83, 84.
Aesepus, Cyzicus, 454.
Alabon, Solus, 150.
Alpheius, Elis, 357; Heraea, 375.
Amenanus, Catana, 114 sq.
Anapus, Syracuse, 154, 157.
Anthios, Antioch Pis., 589.
Asopus, Tanagra, 295.
Asopus, Phlius, 344 ; Sicyon, 345.
Assinus, Naxus, I40sq.
Astraeus Metropolis Ion., 502.
Aulindenus (?), Ceretapa, 560.
Axus, Erythrae, 499.
Belus, Ace-Ptolemais, 677.
Billaeus, Creteia, 440 ; Tium, 444.
Bocarus (?), Paphus, 623.
Borysthenes, Olbia, 233.
Caicus, Pergamum, 464 ; Stratoniceia,
466 ; Acrasus, 547.
Calycadnus (?), Diocaesareia, 602 ; Ireno-
polis, 603.
Caprus, Laodiceia, 566.
Caprus, Atusa, 690.
Carcines (?), Consentia, 79-
Carmeius, Hadrianopolis, Phr., 564.
Catarrhactes (?), Magydus, 584.
Cayster, Ephesus, 498 ; Cilbiani, 549 ;
Dioshieron, 549.
Cazanes, Themisonium, 569.
Cestrus (?), Perga, 585 ; Sillyum, 588 ;
Sagalassus, 592.
Ceteius, Pergamum, 464.
Chrysas, Assorus, 1 1 1 .
Chrysoroas, Hieropolis, 565.
Chrysoroas, Damascus, 662 ; Leucas, 663.
Cissus, Tomara, 554.
Cladeas, Ephesus, 49S.
Crathis, Thurium (?), 72 ; Consentia (?),
79 ; Pandosia, 90.
Crimisus, Segesta, 1 44 sq.
Cydnus, Tarsus, 617 sq.
Euphrates, Samosata, 654.
Eurymedon (?), Aspendus, 583.
Eurymedon, Termessus, 594.
Gallus (?) of Phrygia, Philomellum, 568.
Gelas, Gela, 121.
Geudus (?), Nicaea, 443.
Glaucus, Hierocaesareia, 550 ; Eumeuia,
564.
Rivers —
Halys, Taviuni, 631.
Harpasus, Harpasa, 527.
Hebrus, Philippopolis, 245 ; Plotinopolis,
245 ; Trajanopolis, 245.
Hermus, Cyme, 479 ; Temnus, 482 ;
Smyrna, 510; Bagis, 548; Gordus Ju-
l^ia (?), 549; Magnesia, Lyd., 551;
Saettae, 552 ; Sardcs, 553 ; Silandus,
553 ; Tabala, 554; Cadi, 560.
Hipparis, Camarina, 1 12.
Hippophoras, Apollonia Pisid., 589.
Hippurius, Blaundus, 559.
Hyllus, Saettae, 552.
Hypius, Prusias, 444.
Hypsas, Entella, 119 ; Selinus, 148.
Imbrasus, Samos, 518.
Iris, Amasia, 424.
Is (?), Poseidonia, 67.
Ister, Istrus, 235 ; JS^icopolis, 235.
Lamus, Tyana, 634,
Lathon, Euesperides, 734.
Limyrus, Limyra, 577.
Lissus (?), Leontini, 131.
Longanus (?), Longane, 132.
Lyeus (?), Byzantium, 231.
Lycus, Neocaesareia, 426 ; Thyateira,
554 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Sala (?), 568.
Maeander, Antiochia, 520; Acmonia (?),
556 ; Apameia, 558 ; Dionysopolis, 562 ;
Hyrgalea, 565 ; Tripolis, 570.
Mamas, Ephesus, 498.
Marsyas, Gargara, 455 ; Apameia, 558.
Melas, Side, 587.
Males, Amastris, 433 ; .Smyrna, 510.
Metaurus (?), Mesma, 89.
Morsynus, Antiochia, 520; Aphrodisias,
520.
Neda, Phigaleia, 379.
Nilus, Alexandria, 720 sq.
Obrimas, Apameia, 55S.
Orgas, Apameia, 558.
Orontes, Tigranes, 649 ; Antioch, 657.
Palancaeus, Agyrium, 109.
Parthenius, Amastris, 433.
Parthenius of Phrygia, Nacolea, 567.
Pidasus, Hyrcanis, 550.
Pyramus, Aegae, 598 ; Hieropolis, 603 ;
Mopsus, 608.
Rheon, Hipponium, 85.
Rhyndacus, Apollonia, 448 ; Hadriani,
455 ; Aezani (?), 556.
Sagaris, Nicaea, 443.
SagTas, Caulonia, 79-
Sangarius, Pessinus, 630.
Sardo, Tium, 444.
Sarus, Adana, 598.
Scylax, Amasia, 424.
Scamander, Alexandria Troas, 470 ; Ilium,
473-
Selinus, Selinus, 147.
Selinus, Pergamum, 464.
Senarus, Sebaste Phr., 568.
Silarus (,?), Paestum, 68.
Smard . . . (?), Phocaea, 508.
Strymou, Pautalia, 244.
Tembris, Midaeum, 567.
Term . . . (?), Phocaea, 508.
3F
802
INBEX BERUM.
Rivers —
Thymbrius (?), Dorylaeum, 563.
Tiber and Nilus, Alexandria, 721.
Timeles, Aphrodisias, 520 ; Heracleia
Car., 527.
Tisnaeus (?), Tisna, 482.
Titnaeus, Aegae Aeol., 478.
Tiulus (?), Prostanna, 591.
Tonzus, Hadrianopolis, 244.
Xanthus, Germanicopolis, 433; Cyme, 479-
Eoma, head of, Gortyna, 396 ; Alexandria,
Roma crowned by Fides, Locri Epizephyrii, 88.
Roman coinage, origin of, 15.
Roman denarius standard, Bogud II, Maur.,
746 ; Juba II, Maur., 747.
Roman magistrates' titles on Greek Imperial
coins, Introcl., § 14.
Romano-Campanian coinage, 27.
Romano Iberian coinage, 5, 6.
Rose, type parlant, symbol of the sun, Rhodes,
539-
Roses of Mount Pangaeum, 192.
S.
Sagittarius, Rhesaena, 689 ; Singara, 690.
Saka era, a.D. 78 (?\ 710.
Salamis, head of, Salamis, 329.
Salbacus, Mount, personified, ApoUonia Car.,
521.
Samaena, Samian galley, 518.
Samian standard, Miletus, 503; Samos, 516;
Cyrene, 729.
Samian types on coins of Rhegium and
Messana, 92, 134.
San, alphabetical character, Mesembria, 237.
Sandan or Asiatic Herakles, Antiochia ad
Cydnum, 599; Tar.sus, 617; Alexander
Bala, 643 ; Antiochus VII, 645 ; Deme-
trius II, 645.
Sandan, altar of, Antiochus VII, 645 ; Deme-
trius II, 645 ; Antiochus VIII, 647 ; An-
tiochus IX, 648.
Sappho, Mytilene, 485, 488 ; Eresus, 486.
Sassanian coinage, 696.
Satrae of Thrace, 176.
Satrap, head of, Lycia, 573 ; Mallus, 606 ;
Soli, 611 ; Tarsus, 613.
Satrapal coinage, Paphlagonia, 431 ; Ionia,
512 ; Cilicia, 597 ; Issus, 604 ; Tarsus, 613
sqq. ; Syria or Phoenicia, 676.
Satyr, nymph, and Pan, Alexandria Troas, 470.
Scarabeus Aetnaean, 114.
Scopas, statue of Apollo Smintheus by, 470.
Scripulum, Roman, 17-56 grs., 13, 15.
Seasons, the, Laodiceia, 566.
Sebastophorus, Imperial galley, Alexandria,
721.
Sebek-ra, Egypt, 723 sq.
Segesta, nymph, Segesta, 144.
Selene, Thyateira, 5=;4 ; Hierapolis, 565.
Seleucid coinage of Phoenicia with Ptolemaic
tyjjes, 650.
Seleucid coins of Sidon, 672 ; of Tyrus, 675;
of Ace-Ptolemai8, 677; of Ascalon, 679;
of Gaza, 6S0.
Selinon leaf, emblem of River Selinus, 146.
Semasia, Alexandria, 722.
Sepia, badge of the Eretrians, 306.
Serapis, Menaenum, 132; Anchialus, 236;
Odessus, 236 ; Mesembria, 237 ; Bizya,
244 ; Amasia, 424 ; Trapezus, 42 7 ; Sinope,
435) Juliopolis, 443 ; Samos, 518; Alinda,
519 ; Heracleia Car., 527 ; Thyateira, 554;
Bria, 560; Ceretapa, 560; Colossae, 561;
Dionysopolis, 562 ; Docimium, 562 ; Dory-
laeum, 563 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Hyrgalea,
565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Midaeum, 567 ;
Tripolis, 570; Adada, 589; Cremna, 590;
Epiphaneia, 602 ; Flaviopolis, 602 ; Lyrbe,
605; Olba, 610; Caesareia Sam., 678;
Diospolis-Lydda, 678 ; Neapolis Sam.,
678; Alexandria, 720 ; SuthulNumid., 745.
Serapis and Isis, Catana, 117.
Sexagesimal system of the Babylonians,
Introd., § 2.
Sextus, Mytilene, 488.
Shekels, Jewish, 68 1.
Shield of Ajax, Salamis, 329.
Shrine on car, Philadelphia Decap., 665.
Sibyl Cumaean, tomb of, 132.
Sibyl, the Gergithian, 472.
Sibyl, the Erythraean, 499.
Sicily, chronological table of coinage of, 102 ;
weicfht standards of earliest coins of, Introd.,
Sickle, topographical emldem, Zancle, 133.
Sicyonia, chronological table of coinage of, 343.
S/St;, t^j^e parlant, Side, 585.
Sidon hoard (gold Alexanders, etc.), date of
burial of, 439.
Siglos, Y!7o pai't,in weight, of Persic silver mina ;
t;\j part, in value, of the gold daric, 699.
Sikel towns, coinage of, 99.
Sikelia, Adranum, 103; Alaesa, no; Her-
bessus, 125 ; Morgan tina, 138.
Silenos, Lete, 177 ; with wine skin, Roman
colonial type, Coela, 224; with nymph,
Thasos, 227; Bergaeus, 241; with infant
Dionysos, Sardes, 553 ; head of, Lycia, 573.
Silphium plant, Cyrene, 726; JBarce, 733;
Euesperides, 734 ; Teuchira, 735.
Silvanus, Cremna, 590.
Sinope, daughter of Asopos, Sinope, 434.
Siphnos, gold and silver mines of, 419.
Sipylene, epithet of Kybele, Smyrna, 510.
Sipylus, Mount, Magnesia Lyd., 551.
Siren Ligeia, Terina, 97.
Skylla, C3'zicus, 452.
Skythes, giant, Ttlephus Bact. Rex, 708.
Slinger and sling, ti/pes parlants, Aspendus,
5S2.
Slinger, Selge, 593.
Smilis, statue of Hera Samia by, Samos, 517.
Sminthion, temple of Apollo Smintheus,
Alexandria Troas, 470.
Smyrna, gold stater of, 509.
Smyrna, the Amazon, 510.
Solon, Athenian coins of time of, 311.
Solymos, Termessus, 594.
Sosipolis, Gela, 122.
Soter, title adopted by Antiochus I, 639 ;
worship of Ptolemy I under title of, 713.
Sothiac cycle, Alexandria, 721.
Sozon, divinity, Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520.
INDEX RERUM.
803
Sparta, daughter of Eurotas, Lacedaemou, 365.
Spes, Alexandria, 721.
"Xfivbov-q, iype farlant, Aspendus, 592.
Sphinx, symbol of cult of Dionysos, Chief, 513 ;
three-headed, Alexandria, 720.
Stadium of the Isthmian games, 340,
Standards of weight, derivation of, Introd.,
§ 7 ; transmission of, from Asia to Europe,
Introd., § 8 ; transmission of, from Greece
to the West, Infrod., § 9.
Stephanephoros, the Hero ( = Theseus) , 3 1 o, 3 2 3 .
Sterope, daughter of Kepheus, priestess of
Athena, Tegea, 381.
Stesichoros, statue of, Thermae, 128.
^rXeyyis (strigil), ti/jye parlaiit of Selge, 592.
Stone, conical, seat of the celestial Hera,
Chalcis, 305.
Strategi of the Thessalian League, 264 ; of
the Acarnanian League, 283 ; of the Pho-
cians, 288.
Stymphalian birds, 380.
Styrax or Storax shrub, Selge, 593.
^v/yLnoXiTevofievoi Srjfioi in Lycia, 57^-
Sun and Moon, Tripolis, 674.
Sunias, fountain, Soli, 612.
Supt-akhom, Egypt, 723.
Supt-sekhet, Egypt, 723.
Swastika, Corinth, 335 ; Apollonia ad Rhyn-
dacum, 447 ; Erythrae, 498.
Symbols, various significations of, Introd., § 11.
Synarchy, Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520 ;
Aphrodisias, 520.
Syracusan types initiated in Locris, 285.
Sya-ian goddess, Hieropolis Cyrrh., 654.
Syrinx, the nymph, transformed into a reed,
Thelpusa, 382.
T.
Tabulae Heracleenses, 55.
Talos, Phaestus, 402.
Tan Kretagenes, Hierapytna, 397 ; Poly-
rhenium, 403.
Taras, Teate, 41 ; Baletium, 42 ; Brundusium,
43 ; Tarentum, 44 sqq.
Tarentine horsemen, Caniisium, 39 ; Teate,
41 ; Tarentum, 49 sqq.
Tarentum, Eubo'ic-Attic coinage at, Introd.,
§9- , , . .
Tavpfia and TavpoKa6a\pia, Thessalian festivals,
246.
Tectaeus and Angelion, statue of Apollo Delios
by, Athens, 321.
Tefnet, Egypt, 723.
Teios, oekist of Tium, 444.
Telephos, infant, suckled liy hind, Tegea, 381 ;
carried by Herakles, Cotiaeum, 561 ; Mi-
daeum, 567.
Telmiseus, Halicarnassus, 527.
Temenos, oekist of Temenothyrae, 569.
Temnos, the city personified, 482.
Temple-key, Argos, 366 sq.
Tennes, story of, 477.
Terina, nynqsh, Terina, 97.
Tetrachalkon, etc., Chios, 514.
Tetrachma Antigoneia, 201.
Thalassa, Corycus, 602.
Thalassa (?), lotape, 603.
Thalassocracy, Phocaean, 506.
Thauatos, Dorylaeum, 563.
Tharragoras, Metapontum, 65.
Thebes (?) personified, 296.
Thelpusa, nymph, daughter of the River
Ladon, 381.
Themistocles, his comparison of the Eretrians
to cuttle-fish, 307.
Themistocles, standing on galley, Athens, 327 ;
plated coin struck by. Magnesia Ion., 501.
Theodaesia, Andros, 410.
Theophanes of Mytilene, 488.
Theopompus, name of, on Boeotian coins, 298.
Thera Find (1821), 407.
Thermae Himerenses, nymph of city, 128.
©f'pos xp^'^ovv, 62.
Theseus, name of, Nicaea, 443.
Theseus, traditional inventor of money, 309 sq.
Theseus and Marathonian bull, Athens, 327.
Theseus, raising rock, Athens, 327; Troezen,
371; slaying Minotaur, Athens, 327; Troe-
zen, 371.
Theseus and Cretan labyrinth, 389.
Thessaly, chronological table of coinage of,
247.
Theta (© and 0),conteniporary forms of, 311.
Thetis, Bruttium, 77 sq. ; Larissa Cremaste,
255 ; Perrhaebi, 258 ; Pyrrhus, 273 ; Cy-
zicus, 452.
Thoth, Egypt, 723.
Thrace, chronological table of the coinage of,
Thrasymedes of Paros, statue of Asklepios by,
Epidaurus, 369.
Thuria, fountain, Thurinm, 72.
Timoleon, the liberator of Sicily, loi, 156.
Tmolus, Mount, Aureliopolis, 548 ; Sardes,
553 ; Tmolus, 554.^
Tomos, oekist of Tomi, 235.
Torresos, Hierapolis, 565.
Tortoise, symbol of Aphrodite, Aegina, 331.
Trajan, temple of, at Selinus Cil., 610.
Treaty between Mytilene and Phocaea con-
cerning the issue of electrum (?) coins, 484.
Tressis, Roman, 16.
Trikka, nymph, Tricca, 263.
Triptolemos, Enna, 119; Anchialus, 236;
Athens, 322, 324, 326, 327; Eleusis, 328;
Corinth, 340; Cyzicus, 452; Sardes, 553;
Tarsus, 618 ; Alexandria, 719.
Triskelis, on coins of Sicily, loi, 158 ; on
Euboean (?) coins, 309 ; on stater of Aegina,
332; Hierapytna, 397; on Lycian coins,
571 ; Phaselis, 578 ; Aspendus, 581 ;
Etenna, 583.
Ti'oas, chronological table of coins of, 477-
Troezen, statement of Pausanias as to its coin-
types, 371-
Tunny {TrrjKafjiiis), badge of Cyzicus, 450.
Tyche aKpaia, Sicyon, 347.
Tyche holding chUd, Melos, 415.
Tyche of Antioch, statue of, by Eutycliides,
657-
Tyche ^ePaarov, Alexandria, 719.
Tyndaris ( = Helen), Tyndaris, 166,
Ti/pe parlant, Ancona, 19 ; Aegospotami, 222 ;
Cypsela, 222 ; Alopeconnesus, 223 ; Rhodes,
539 ; Artemidorus Bact., 708 ; etc.
3 F 2
804
INDEX RERUM.
Types of Greek coins, Introd., § i o.
Types suggested by magistrates' name-, Ab-
dera, 221.
Typhon, oekist of Caulouia, 78.
U,V.
Valleys {koKvoC), Magnesia Ion., 502.
Velchanos, Cretan Zeus, 382 ; Phaestus, 401.
Viarus, Mount, Prostanna, 591.
Victimarius leading cow to sacrifice, Her-
mione, 370.
Victoriatus, f of the Roman denarius, 8, 264.
Victoriatus, Saguntum, 6 ; Campania, 28 ;
ApoUonia 111., 265 ; Dyrrhachium, 266.
Virtus, Alexandria, 722.
Ultrix, epithet of Nemesis, Cremna, 590.
Uncia, Roman (421 grs.), 15.
Vota decennalia, Alexandria, 71 8.
Uraeus, Alexandria, 720.
Uten, Egyptian weight, Introd., § 2.
Wolf, symbol of Apollo Lykios, Argos, 366.
Wrestlers, two, Aspendus, 5S2 ; Selge, 593.
X.
Xenarchus, the philosopher, Seleucia Cil., 610.
Xenomenes of Thyrrheium, 282.
Xenophon of Cos, 537.
Youth beloved by dolphin, lasus, 528.
Zaleucus, laws of, 86.
Zankle, port of, 133.
Zeno-Poseidon, lasus, 528.
Zeus, infant, Crete, 384 ; suckled by goat,
Aegium, 348; Tralles, 555 ; Acmonia, 556.
Zeus, infant, and Corybantes, Maeonia, 550.
Zeus —
Aenesios, Proni, 358.
Aetnaeos, Aetna (Catana), 114.
Agoraeos, Nicaea, 443.
Akraeos, temple of, Gomphi, 250 ; seated
on rock, Gomphi, 251 ; Smyrna, 510.
Amnion, Metapontum, 64 ; Aphytis, 186 ;
Arcadia Cretae, 3S7 ; Tenos, 420 sq.;
Cyzicus,45i; Lampsacus,457; Parium,
459 : Pitane, 464 ; Thymbra, 475 ;
Mytilene, 488 ; Lycia, 573 ; Soli Cypr.,
627; Ptolemy II, 713; Alexandria,
719; Cyrene, 726 ; Barce, 733 ; Eues-
perides, 734; Teuchira, 735; Juba I,
744-
Areios, lasus, 528.
Aristos, Corcyra, 276.
Aseis, Laodiceia, 566.
Askraeos, Halicarnassus, 527.
Asterios, Gortyna, 383.
Bosios, Hierapolis, 565.
Bulaeos, Mytilene, "488.
Zeus-
Capitolinus. See Zeus Kapetolios.
ChrysaoraeuSjCeramus, 522 ; Stratoniceia,
531-
Diktaeos, Crete, 382 ; Itanus, 398 ;
Praesus, 403.
Dodonaeos, Teate, 41 ; Amantia, 265 ;
Dyrrhachium, 266; Cassope, 271;
Epirus, 272, 274 sq. ; Pandosia, 272;
Pyrrhus, 273.
Dodonaeos and Dione, Epirus, 274 sq.
Eleutherios, Metapontum, 64 ; Aetna,
104; Agyrium, 109; Alaesa, no;
Syracuse, 156, 160; Magnesia Lyd ,
551- .
Epibemios, Siphnos, 419.
Epikurios, Alabanda, 519.
Euromeus, Euromus, 525.
Gonaeos, Tralles, 555.
Hagios, Tripolis, 674.
Hellenios, Syracuse, 157, 160.
Homagyrios, Achaean League, 350.
Hyetios, Ej^hesus, 498.
Idaeos, Crete, 382 ; Ilium, 473 ; Scepsis,
474-
Ikmaeos, Ceos, 411.
Ithomatas, ]Messene, 361 sq. ; Thuria
Mes., 363.
Kapetolios, Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520.
Kapitolios, Alexandria, 719.
Karios, lasus, 528.
Kasios, Corcyra, 277 ; Seleucia, 661.
Kataebates, Cyrrhus, 654.
Keleneus, Apameia, 558.
Keraunios, Seleucia, 661.
Koryphaeos, Philadelphia, 552.
Kretagenes, Crete, 382, 384.
Labrandeus, Euromus, 525 ; lasus, 528;
Mylasa, 529 ; Dynasts of Caria, 533.
Laodikeus, Sardes, 553 ; Colossae, 561 ;
Grimenothyrae, 564 ; Hierapolis, 565 ;
Laodiceia, 566 ; Sala, 568 ; Temeno-
thyrae, 569; Tiberiopolis, 569; Tri-
polis, 570 ; Baris, 590,
Laphystios, Halus, 251.
Larasios, Ti'alles, 555.
Litaeos, Nicaea, 443.
Lydios, Cidramus, 523 ; Sardes, 553.
Lykaeos, Arcadia, 372 ; Megalopolis, 377.
Megas, Aegium, 348.
Melios, Nicaea, 443.
Naios, Dodona, 275.
Nemeios, Alexandria, 719.
Olympios, Hipponium, 85 ; Chalcis, 304 ;
Athens, 327 ; (?) Megara, 330 ; Elis,
353> 357 j Prusa ad Olympum, 444 ;
Ephesus, 498 ; Antiochia ad Maean-
drum, 520; Briula, 54S; Maeonia, 550;
Alexandria, 719.
Osogos, Ceramus, 523 ; lasus, 528.
Pandemos, Synnada, 569.
Patrios, Saettae, 552.
Pel tenos, Peltae, 567.
Philios, Pergamum, 464.
Plutologes, Nysa, 552.
Polieus (?), Athens, 325, 327.
Poteos, Dionysopolis, 562.
Salaminios, Cyprus, 627.
INHEX REBU31,
805
Zeus-
Serapis, Tripolis, 570 ; Ptolemy VI, 716 ;
Alexandria, 720.
Solymeus, Termessus, 594.
Soter, Agrigentum, 108; Galaria, 121;
Cyzicus, 454.
Strategos, Syracuse, 164 ; Araastris, 433.
Stratios, Amasia, 424 ; lasus, 52S ;
Dynasts of C'aria, 533.
Zeus —
Syrgastes, Tium, 444.
Syrios, Hieropolis Cyrrh., 654.
Tarsios, Tarsus, 617.
Troios, Hierapolis, 565.
Zeuxis at Croton, 81.
Zodiac, Amastris, 433 ; Alexandria, 721.
WEIGHTS.
The weights of gold and silver coins ai'e stated in English grains Troy. The
following Table for converting grains into metric grammes will be useful to
Students for comparing EngHsli with Foreign weighings : —
Table or the Relative "Weights of English Geains and
French Grammes.
Grains. Gr
mimes.
Grains.
Grammes.
Grains.
Grammes.
Grains.
Grammes.
I
064
33
2-138
65
4-2II
97
6.285
2
129
34
2-202
66
4-276
98
6350
3
194
35
2-267
67
4^341
99
6-415
4
259
36
2-332
68
4-406
100
6-480
5
324
37
2-397
69
4-471
lOI
6-544
6
388
38
2-462
70
4^536
102
6-609
7
453
39
2-527
71
4-600
103
6-674
8
518
40
2-592
72
4-665
104
6-739
9
583
41
2-656
73
4729
105
6-804
lO
648
42
2-720
74
4^794
106
6-868
II
712
43
2-785
75
4-859
107
6-933
12
777
44
2-850
76
4-924
108
6-998
13
842
45
2-915
77
4-989
109
7-063
14
907
46
2-980
78
5-054
no
7-128
15
972
47
3^o45
79
5-119
III
7-192
16 I
036
48
3-IIO
80
5-184
112
7-257
17 I
lOI
49
3^i75
81
5-248
"3
7-322
18 I
166
50
3-240
82
5-312
114
7-387
19 I
231
51
3-304
83
5-378
115
7-452
20 I
296
52
3-368
84
5-442
116
7-516
21 I
360
53
3^434
85
5-508
117
7-581
22 I
425
54
3-498
86
5-572
118
7-646
23 I
490
55
3-564
87
5-637
119
7-711
24 I
.555
56
3.628
88
5-702
120
7-776
25 I
•620
57
3693
89
5-767
121
7-840
26 I
•684
58
3^758
90
5-832
122
7-905
27 I
•749
59
3^823
91
5896
123
7-970
28 I
814
60
3.888
92
5-961
124
8-035
29 I
879
61
3^952
93
6-026
125
8-100
30 I
•944
62
4-017
94
6091
126
8-164
31 2
•008
63
4-082
95
6-156
127
8-229
32 2
•073
64
4- 1 46
96
6-220
128
8-294
TABLE OF RELATIVE WEIGHTS.
807
Grains.
GriUiiiues.
Grains.
1
Graniiiies.
Gi-ains.
Grauuiies.
Grains.
Graiiinie.-*.
129
8-359
177
11469
225
14-580
273
17-689
130
8-424
178
11-534
226
14-644
274
17-754
131
8-488
179
11-599
227
14.709
275
17-819
132
8-553
180
11-664
228
14-774
276
17.884
133
8-6i8
181
11-728
229
14-839
277
17-949
134
8-682
182
11.792
230
14-904
278
18-014
135
8-747
183
11.858
231
14-968
279
18-079
136
8-812
184
11-922
232
15-033
280
18-144
137
8-877
185
11.988
233
15-098
290
18-79
T38
8-942
186
12.052
234
15162
300
19-44
139
9.007
187
12-117
235
15.227
310
20-08
140
9-072
188
12-182 1
236
15-292
320
2073
141
9.136
189
12.247
237
15-357
330
21.38
142
9.200
190
12-312
238
15.422 1
340
22-02
143
9.265
191
12.376
239
15-487 '
350
22-67
144
9-33°
I92
12-441
240
15-552 '
360
23-32
145
9-395
193
12-506
241
15.616
370
23-97
146
9.460
194
12.571 1
242
15.680
380
24.62
147
9-525
195
12-636 1
243
15-745
390
25-27
148
9-590
196
12-700
244
15.810
400
25-92
M9
9-655
197
12-765
245
15-875
410
26-56
150
9.720
198
12-830
246
15940
420
27-20
151
9.784
199
12-895
247
16.005
430
27-85
152
9-848
200
13-960
248
16.070
440
28-50
153
9.914
201
13-024
249
16.135
i 450
29.15
154
9.978
202
13-089
250
16-200
460
29-80
155
10-044
203
13-154
251
16-264
1 470
30-45
156
10-108
204
13.219
252
16.328
i 480
31.10
157
10-173
205
13.284
253
16-394
490
31-75
158
10-238
206
13-348
254
16.458
500
32-40
159
10-303
207
13-413
255
16.524
510
33-04
160
10-368
208
13-478
256
16.588
520
33-68
161
10.432
209
13-543
257
16.653
530
34-34
162
10.497
210
13-608
258
16-718
540
34-98
163
10-562
21 I
13-672
259
16.783
550
35-64
164
10-626
212
13-737
260
16-848
560
36-28
165
10-691
213
13-802
261
16-912
570
36-93
i66
10-756
214
13-867
262
i6-977
580
37-58
167
10-821
215
13-932
263
17-042
590
38-23
168
10-886
216
13-996
264
17-106
1 600
38-88
169
10.951
217
14-061
265
17. 171
700
45-36
170
ii.ot6
218
14-126
266
17-236
800
51.84
171
11-080
219
14-191
267
17-301
900
58-32
172
II. 145
220
14-256
268
17-366
1000
64-80
173
11.209
221
14.320
269
17-431
2000
129-60
174
11.274
222
14-385
270
17.496
3000
194-40
175
11-339
V23
14-450
271
17.560
4000
259-20
176
11-404
224
14-515
272
j
17-625
5000
1
324-00
MEASUREMENTS.
The sizes of bronze coins are stated in English inches and tenths, thus JE -5
stands for j^ or h an inch : but as foreign Numismatists make use either of
French milimfetres or of the arbitrary measures of Mionnet's scale, the following
Table is appended : —
Table fok converting English Inches into MillimIitees and the
MEASURES OF MlONNEX's SCALE.
English
Inches
Fren
MO
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
GO
55
SO
45
40
35
30
2S
20
15
10
5
CM
Millimetres
3 5
3.
a-5
2-
1-5
1-
•9
•8
•7
•6
•5
•4
•3
•i
Iionnet's Scale
T"
14
n-
30^
-S'
-5
—
3
2
—
—
—
—
—
PLATE I.
tt>u4^can..
\Xyr^.\yxLam.
Sa b^LLiictyn.
Osccun^.
Lccti7x etc.
a
f\
(\
^^
R F1
AAAAA
I.
a
B
a B
B
y
> ) c
< C G
R
9,
D
e
\ 3
^3
E
3 E
^EC II
ur.f
\-2
:3 f^
C
3 1 t
!^F I'
2
i^t^s:
^
X
Z
h
B
H ®
e Hl-
H
tk
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L
1
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1 1-
t V
1
k
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K
>l
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t
v/ 4
n/
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l-L
m
^A/\ VV\
wy^ M
AA
mhw /A
i\N A^
n
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V/^ Nr* M
N
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o
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1
r
nn n
ppp
f
Q Q
t
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Q ^ 1?
l> l>
Od D
R
S
^^2
^^2d.
^1^
l^
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Sa.n
M
M
t
-r 1- ^
-H'l K
>T
T
uv.
V Y
V
V V
VV V
V
^k
CD
m isi
c/.
4- Y
/
8
8
8$
T A L I C
PLATE II
G x. e e U e aj\^ LL^x. ,
G -cte^k La.tt.'L.
Ly cxcLn-.
01
A A(^ AA
A A
/AR = a. X ^ a(m;
/3
^B <C ^ J^STivT"
B ^
Bb= ^.K.
r
<C A r r
r
< =c,^.
B
> D A
A
A = ^
€
^>^ ^P<^^E
E €
E = e,c.
F
^ t 1^ F
F = <^. v^,
C
tx
X Z
X = 2
v^
^MNMQHh
H
-^ = e + = ^.
e
EH#^e®H<s>o
0 0 «^ a
X = t/t.
t
S^ S 1 S 1
1
1=1 BE = t(^tj
K
K
K
K - k.
X
V rAA
A
A= ^.
P-
■ -
M H
/SA wi M -= ^
V
A'r NA^ N
N
Ai /V N = n.
^
+ X W $ 5 H z: '^ 1
Z X5£
0
D O 0 O fiC
O
o = o , a ■
n
P P c
P HTT
V r-r^ = A.
9
? ?<!' Y
e
f^ R t> DPP
P
p = ^.
<r
^ SIM
zee
^ J S = s.
saTv
1
r > T
T
T =t
u
W Y
V
)K ^ )ie = vv, ^, 5
1
1
;^SJ^vi>'f Ny YrY=^.^
^
B 03 00 45 PB
+ ^ +
X
^ Y^ ^x :g
X
v;/ = ck, a..
t
^ Y T n|^
r
CO
©on
n ri cow
BB ^ 5 , tz.
G R. E E K
plate: III
A
E
1
0
u
X^ ^ ^11 x
tK /}v >t X
X
/^ 0-> A^s
K
ke
ki
Anna
ko
:?^ >fC * >Y(
ku.
T
tt
7^ F-:? A-
P
5
^
Ai
1—
8$ X 8
C4.
k4 ^ ^
4-
R
Q
He
N
T
ISl •$• •)•
PC
M
re
X /^L ^
o 0 o <d
-X-
Y
^ Q
ye
:)'c
1
&' ^ ^
S
0 9 vli
5a.
pj r ^
sc
2: ^
56
Z
n
Za.
^5
X
X ?
\
A
E
i
o
u
C Y P p. I 0 T E.
PLATE IV.
HtWw
PKoeaiciflA PKoem'ctan. Pu.mxc pLcrtic \sXjaeute. Israeutk Alttmaic
H
X: K^^
^K^
>C ^
T>^ -fV^l^
^\-\
n
^9 19
9^)
1*^3JI
4a 4
':)y3
n
>7'7
0
A
A
1 A 1
A X
T
^^
^1
A q
qH7j
^S
^ 'i
rr
^
fl 7A
A V
A
^
3"
^ 71
1
11
Y
; 1
X\M.t.
^f
itn
m
T
la'j'
^9-
1
n
BH*?
^^^
W IH 1)1
B
bB
H
12
©®e y
©
«£/ ^
s
2M'>s/ /TV
^N ''V^
2 Z
<v^
^^■L
\ \
1^
^/M
Yry
*:)
/>^
"j^U
111
^
V4t
1,
4
K/r/
/-
V
L i
D/^
wj^y^
"1)11
Mj y?
X )0
uj ty
L^cyjUj 4y
n
7>
7 K
>
)IC\
3 y
s^5 ^ 1
0
f^^
n
i^ ^
y
oo
0
o
a a
o<^v
o <^ o
^0
T17
^ ■)
'^J
1 -1
f^
/t-^r
\irt- \
Pffl
"^ ^
w^^%
p
T^t
"^yy
tf $t T V
V
1
'\'^i
'\'\
<\
^3 1
*^1
s 1
tHH
^
W ^^ 1-^
-</
1*5 V4^
X^>^n
W CO
COWC
n
x+ /> A
y^A
////yv
X ^
t X
A /^
SEMITIC
PLATE V
10 1
OL
si
% 2
otm.
9«
A
ye
r
•
a (medial) m
ffJto.
JvhxL
"1
TCL
9-
i
1 \
\ z
tro.
TCLTTV
irn
Y ¥
tsa.
fuvrd.
0
a :^ Y
>
so.
r
€
*1
u ^
rnn-e
Sam
si
^^■^
SIX
.>
da.
IrrcL
r-vo.
So
J'
jkofn.
.>
IrfircL
u ^
s« ^
kra.
^
(^/•O-
rrux.
2
to.
dka.
V
m-5.
^-^
2-?
tha.
1
mam
Co
9S
tU
rrvi
7
VOL
s
tku.
. f
;.. 2
A J'
Vll
he
4^
1^
A
. 2-
VTL
k. ^
d.hcL
Jvu.
n
ARIAN PAH BACTR\AN COINS.
r-' t^' jK" .^
FORM NO. DD6
BERKELEY, CA 94720
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